Professional Documents
Culture Documents
فاعلية استراتيجية تحاور PDF
فاعلية استراتيجية تحاور PDF
Y .e .L
[Mz}y
-QY9"gy OI
Qwq@
?IQAtC 9; ?+G+@QAS ~*Ot@ )y EJ=y O$
9%| ?+}"@ Q 9%A+zf9p 9+s xzY(@ hF -?y } rc {Y(Ay O<
QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgA| Oy (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g< {Y(Ay
(ATC Q QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgA}< ?Y9L
BS EI9=y Of
?"*OC Q ?+|;S ?g|9@9< 9%< _t_9"y Q+jy ?+<Qgy ?jzy ~+zg@ O%g| Q h<Qy (ATC
("C
,aS(A| _< &,& ?y: (AT| O"f 9+9ZI " (Qp (F )y EJ=y {Y(@ 9}v
9%| 9=AL: Og=y u+=aAy Ky9Zy Og=y ,z=ty _t+=aAy Q _}zgAC
9F
9IQAtC
9+Y(Ay #| Of ~*Ot@ ~@ H9A"y !P$ )zf 9"<
?|Ot|
#f Q+=gAzy 9%!(|OMAT* PE ;QW=yG _< {YG(Azy ?T+FQ ?z+Sh ?jzyG Og@
#}]A@ 9%!} ;9%Tq! ?jzyG ?g+=_ #| H@9! GP$h ,#*QL6G #| ~+tyGh JGQ9%CGh
9%zt! )yE ?F9JyG JOGR ,J9|(zgCGh ?pQgCG JOGR 9}zvh ,jO9ZAs:Gh ,S9+TyGh
k
IOf JQ9VC O tp ,f9T! G I9+I Q {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}$} GO+vz@h
RvQ| :{D|( I9+JyG JGQ9%| #| ?T+FQ IQ9%| {YG(AyG fC )yE J9SGQOh J9+<OC
Peace Corps ;16-14 :2001 ,,J=Yh jh9"WyGh fGQ}f ;Powney et al, 2000
,e+qJyG O=f ;Patti, 2006, h ;98 :2006 ,?aWsh (y(zyG ;Center, 2001: 9
,}+wJyG ;886 :2014 ,T(a=yG ;139 :2013 {*9}JyG ,<C ;100 :2007
OGOR@ 9%A+}$C f{p ,?|9f IQ(Z< S9"zy ?}%| {YG(AyG JGQ9%| B!9v GPEh
,AyG JGQ9%CG c;A|G )yE ?F9I Q ~%!E PE ;?+!9DyG /?+="F}G J9jzyG ,}zgAC
,AyG ?jzyG H9JYC h| {YG(AyG 9%}$C #|h ,?jzyG ~zg@ #| ~%pGO$C ~%y ut;
v ?jzyG JGQ9%|( ?T+FQyG f9vQ}G OIC {D}@ {YG(AyG JGQ9%| fC 9}v .9%!(}zgA*
,?+!9C /?+="FC ?jy ?*C ~zg@ 9%+zf e(t* ,AyG )Q9tDyG ,f(yG v {YG(AyG JGQ9%|
k
BzgF Otp ,?+="F}G J9jzyG ~+zg@ Q {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}$} GQd!h
dhC ){YG(AyG( ?+="F}G ?jzyG ~+zg@ Q+*9g| h\(< ?}A%CG J9TS|CG #| Q+Dv
?jzyG ~+zgAy ,w*Q|}G RvQCG Q+*9g| Q 9}v xyPh ,Q+*9gCG gP$ #| Q9+g|
fQtzy GOGOfE ?+="FC ?jy 9%qY(< ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG ~+zgAy Q+*9g| eOs jPyG
Q+*9g| &+zf B|9s jPyG Rw@QCG ?<9D}< Q+*9gCG gP$ B!9vh ,#*QWgyGh jO9JyG
)1(
fC d(tyG #w}* xyPy , Og< 9}+p OGQp}Gh J9}d"CG 9%A|Os ,AyG ?+="F}G ?jzyG
Og* iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@
k
:#| {v 9%|Os 9| 9]*C Q+*9gCG gP$ #| )1(
2005.
)zf ?+<9g+AS:Gh ?+Tq"yG &@GQ+Cz@ &y )2013( {fR| ?SGQO JQ9VC 9}v uztyG
gGOgA* 9}!Eh ,btp ,SGQOyG b+JCG Q Q%d* : Q+CzAyG GP$h ,_}zgACG AGOC
k k
BzY(@ Osh ,e9f {wW< #*QL6G h| {YG(AyG Q 9a=D| GRF9I K=Z* )AI
Q _}zgACG iOy ?gq@Q| uztyG ?FQO fC )yE (Qaddomi, 2013) ,|hOtyG ?SGQO
J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| fC )yE )102 :2013( O}I Q9VCh
k k
Q 9}+zS :9}gASG )JZqyG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG d9}gASG Q rg\ #| f(!9g* iQLC
OQqyG #w}A* )AIh .,<9AwyGh j(qWyG #*O+gZyG )zf ,|(+yG {YG(AyG rsG(|
~zg@ A9"CC gQ@(@h &tzs #| {zt@ JGOtAgCG gP$ f} ;d9gqyG {YG(AyG )zf &@QOs
gR+vQ@ #| O*R+S xyP f{p 9| ?}%| AGOC )zf &@QOt< O9tAfG OQqyG iOy f9v
#| A9%A!;y ?pQg|h IQ9%| OQqyG iOy f9v GPEh ,?}%CG gP$ Q &v9}%!Gh gO%Fh
Q+Cz@ ?s;f c9"$h .9%|9}@E )zf QO9s &!C IQhQ]y9< ,"g* : xyP f {p ?}%|
?SGQO JQ9VC E+I ,?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| #w}AyG _< ?yO9=A|
#| #w}AyG _< IQ+=v W9=@QG ?s;f c9"$ fC )yE (Erozkan, 2013) f9vRhQE
?+}"@ )yE ?F9I c9"%p ~C #|h .OGQp}G iOy ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%|
~%@A9qv hpQh ~%Tq!C Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| ?tC
iQ* #*QL6G h| QG(I IQGO JGQ9%|h JGQOs #| &wzA}* 9}f OQqyG JGOtAg|
xyP Q &I9G! iO|h ,&qY )yE ~%}\h ,&*CQ< #*QL6G Y9"sE #| &"w}@ 9%!C
#| ?+}zf ?yOCh ?*Qd! USC )zf O}Ag* jO9VQE H|9!Q< ~*Ot@ )yE BpO$
jCQzy >ZgAyG ^+qMAy Q+wqAyG JGQ9%| ~+zg@ {LGO|h ?+pQgCG ?*Qd"yG d;L
?W+< Q ?+<QAyG ?+zv H;_ #| ?"+f iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@h
k
.9=y9_ 240 ~$OOf kz< Oy9L xzCG ?g|9F
9%+p QpG(A@ U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG eGOMASG ~%CG #| &!{p ,_}zgACG iOy QG(JyG
k k
>!G(F u+t; Q 9}%| GQhO U*QOAyG J9+G+@GQAS: fE E+I ,IOOJ| WhQV
k k
,GO+F GOg| i(AJCG f(w* O tp ;)J9+!GOF(yG - JGQ9%CG v aQ9gCG( ?qzAMCG ~zgAyG
J9+G+@GQASG eOMAT* &! C :E ;9%SQO* ,AyG ?+}zgyG IO9CG #| 9"w}A| ~zgCG f(w*h
k
.?<(zaCG ~zgAyG J9FQM| u+t; Q 9tF9f f(w* 9F ,?=S9"| Q+i U*QO@
9%}+zg@h ,?|9f IQ(Z< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ )zf &Tq! e;wyG u=a"*h
#| ?D*OIh IQwA=| U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG MGQAsG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ fzW< _}A%CGh
.iQLC ?%F #| ?+!9C hC ?+="FC ?jy 9%qY(< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?g+=_ >S9"@h ,?+I9!
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh
c9"$ fC rWAvG &T*QO@ d;Lh ,IQ| #| QDvC h<GQyG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz<
k
h |h ,?qzAMCG J9+T"@G #| ~%!GQsC h| _}zgACG {YG(@ Q 9qg\h ?zwW|
f(zYG(A* 9|O"f ?+zY}G ~%Ajy _}zgACG #| Q+Dv eOMAT* E+I ;9]*C ~%+}zg|
Q &T*QO@ Q f(vQAW* #*PyG A;|RyG ?Ws9"| ?YQp &y M9@C 9F ;IQ| #| QDvC
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC Q+=gAyG QQt| U*QO@ #| U+FQyG aO%yG :9%}$C Q(|C IOf
?+<QgyG ?jzyG (}zgA| 9%"| ,!9g* ,AyG J;wWCG QDvCh ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG
e9gyG Q Q+=gAyG QQt| f(SQO* #*PyG U*QOAyG ?8+$ A9]fC OOf f9vh
o
/ 2014 upG(CG v$1436 /1435 ,g|9@G e9gyG( EJ=yG &+p jQFC jPyG
dG|S &+F(@ d;L #| 9g+}F ~%*CQ EI9=yG hzaASG A9]fC ?g=S )2015
G("t@G #*PyG #*R+}CG _}zgACG ^g< O(Fh #| ~iQyG )zf ,?=@Q| Q9wpz< Q+=gAyG
OGOf{< EI9=yG e9s EI9=y &< 9s Py ,f;aAS: 9=AL: H9A! )
?"+f iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| S9+ty ;?z8SC ?T}L #}]@ ,f;aASG Q9=ALG
QDvC &T*QO@ Q cQAW* jPyG QQtCG #f e9f Q*Qt@ OGOfE #f d(8TCG [MWyG ($ QQtCG uT"| )*(
?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g}< iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| #| ?+FG(Wf
k
,9}zgA| )62( ~$OOf kz< ,?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG
{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q rg]yG Q$9d| #| OOf OYQ Q9=AL:G GP$ ?G+A! B!9vh
o
.)>Wf O(ZtCGh >gV( ,!9wCG >ztyG -
k k
.)?*(+!OyG :O(ZtCGh ?*(!OyG ,;+zF :O(ZtCGh 9+zF 9+<9JY f9v( ahQJyG aPI -
.)OIC
gO=g< iQSC jPyG f9J=S" H(zaCG {+yOyGh ,"GP$ 9"y QMS jPyG f9J=S"
.)f(}zTCG
.),"g* #wF ,,"g* &!E d(t* :{D|( YGO fhO >+vGQAzy J9}zv ?p9\E -
.?+@(ZyG J9|R;yG -
fhO {*(ayG B}ZyG( JGOQqCG hC {}@G _< E*OJyG A9"CC Q ?qs(yG d(_ -
.)YGO
k
.)_"+gyG {YG(@ eOf( 9}FGO {qS~y Qd"yG -
{Y(Ay
9%| ?+}"Ay ?D*OJy
9+G+@QAS: OMAS Q (Zty )
QL
9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC
?jzyG ~+zg@ >Av Q IQ$9dyG H(+gyG #| fC )yE )39 :2005( U!(* Q9VC
>*QO@ G(IQAsG xyPyh ,?Ws9"CGh QG(JyGh ,IQ\9JCG d(I QhO@ 9%!(|OMAT* ,AyG
_t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%gC ?+@GPyG ?SGQOyG Q*Qt@ Q9VC 9}v
n o
~v*(vtvAvzvy ?v+v"v_(vyG ?v8v+v%vyG Qv+v*9vgC 9vtvph OvfC jPvyG ?v+v|;vS G ?vgv|9v@G Q 9v%v<
~+zg@ O%g|( )5( #| )0,91( ?FQO )zf BzZI O%gCG 9%|Ot* ,AyG ?+SGQOyG
JGQQt| 9%+p 9}< 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| JGQQt| U*QO@
.{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q _}zgACG i(AT| d(I ~%*CQ Y;aASG ~@ #*PyG ?g=TyG A;|RyG ~$ )1(
?gFGQ| IQhQ\ )zf dO* 9F )%18,2( ?=T"< aGO$}G u+tJAy ?=S9"| Q+=gAyG
Q+=gAyG JGQQt| 9%+p 9}< O%gCG JGQQt| U*QO@ Q eOMAT@ ,AyG J9+G+@GQAS:G
?+}$Ch ,_}zgACG iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%C ?+}"CG ?T+FQyG JGQQtCG {D}@ ,AyG
.&y _wz%AT| G(T+yh ~zgzy _GA"| ~%!(v Q _}zTCGh HQgyG ?!9w| OGOQAS:
k
,AyG ,&A*DQy 9tph 9$OOJ*h &y ?|9gyG Q_}G h]* #| ($ ~zgyG HA"| fCh ?Y9L
QL6G &y &|Ot* 9}< )\Q* fC &+zf ~zgyG xz%AT| fCh ,gQ+i h| >S9"A@ : Os
.&+v9J* fC haAT* ~y 9C9_
J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh {YG(AyG
9%=*Qg@ hC 9%A}FQ@ >gZ* U*QOAyG J9+G+@GQASG ^g< c9"$ fE E+I ,iQLC
JGQ9v%v| ?v+v}"Avy "Qh9v;" ?v+vGv+v@GQvAvSG MGQvAvsG ~v@ ?vzvwvWCG gPv$ )vzvf >vzvjvAvzvyh
_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG hpQh ,{YG(AyG
EJ=y ?z8S
:?+@6G ?z8S}G #f ?<9F G EJ=yG dh9I
J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| jOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ iO| 9| *
?iQLC
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| jOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C QpG(@ iO| 9| *
?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG
EJ=y O$
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| O*O; *
_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C O*O; *
.iQLC J9jz<
J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ iO| O*O; *
.iQLC
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C QpG(@ iO| O*O; *
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG
EJ=y
9JzaZ|
9; ?+G+@QAS
{v #| dh}G aQJyG )yE 9%"| aQI {v Q+W* ,AyG ?z|9wACGh ?+y9AACGh ?}d"CG
q
- ?yO}G rch - {YG(AyG CO<G - QY9"gyG OOI v Qwq@( 9%zIGQ| #| ?zIQ|
.)xzYG(@ hFGQ
:#*Q|C )yE
~@ AG(S ,OGQp}G _< Qh9JAyG ($h ;?+G+@GQAS:G &+p eOMAT@ jPyG d9GCG -
k k
{F9Sh iOIE Q=f eC &F(y 9%Fh ~@ AG(Sh ,9+<9Av eC 9*(qV Qh9JAyG GP$
IQwp hC ?|(zg| ?*C {t! :9+FGQFE {YG(AyG JGQ9%}< OZt* :{YG(AyG JGQ9%| *
.O%F {sCh ,Bsh YQSCh ,?sO< ~%"| 9%y9=tASGh ,#*QLB )yE IQ=L hC
k
:9+FGQFE QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwy9< OZt* :QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG *
#*QL6G h| 9*(qV {|9gAzy JGQ9%|h JGQOs #| &wzA}* 9}f OQqyG JGOtAg|
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA}< OZt* :iQLC J9jz< f(t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG (}zgA| *
~+zgAy ?|OtCG H|GQ=yG OIz< f(tJAz* #*PyG OGQp}G :iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG
EJ=y OI
#|h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ J9*(AT| #| eOtACG i(ATCG *
?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| Q h<GQyG i(ATCG H;_ #| EJ=yG ?"+f Q9+ALG ~@ ~C
,9*(qV ?+<QgyG ?jzyG L9A!{< ?tzgACG ,dqzyG Q+ih ,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| *
Q9+ALG ~@ Osh ,9$Q+i fhO JGQ9%CG gP$ )zf QZAt@ EJ=yG HF9A! f{p ~C #|h
:{YG(AyG 9=!9F 9%+p Q%d* ,AyG 9%!} ;j(qWyG ,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|
! (| EJ=y
:?+@6G
9!9+< h}F 9@
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?!9=ASG -
_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C ?!9=ASG -
.iQLC J9jz<
U*OAy 9|
i(AJ| :#}]A*h( iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG
9+ty
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=ALG -
Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| AGOC J9*(AT| Q*Ot@ IQ9}ASG -
.{YG(AyG JGQ9%|
J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG -
.iQLC
EJ=y ?+}$
:&!(v #| EJ=yG ?+}$C JQ%c
Q 9]*C eOMAT@ fC #w}*h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@h ,?|9f
,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q &|Os jPyG H|9!Q=yG d;L #| ~%T* -
9%"+< #| ,AyG ,_}zgACG iOy JGPyG IA9qv ?+}"@ Q ?D*OJyG J9%F(AyG Q*9T* -
?jzyG ?g+=_ >S9"@ U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG MGQAs: _DI9=yG e9|C d9GCG KAq* -
EJ=y ?+G%"|
,EJ=yG P+q"Ay ?+G%"CG JGAGQF G V Qf )yE EJ=yG #| AR@G GP$ aO%*
O"f Bg=@G ,AyG JG(aBGh ,&G%"|h ,&A"+fh EJ=yG h}AGC 9\Qf dh9"A* ~C #|h
VQgy GO+%}@ ,EJ=yG ?<Q: u+=a@ JGAGQFE ~C ,gOG(|h EJ=yG JGhOC OGOfE
Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| Q f(SQO* #*PyG ?+<QgyG
?"*OCG Q ?+|;S G ?g|9@9< 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| Q
k
35(h ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=AL: ?+f;aASG ?"+f )9}zgA| 62( 9%"| ,IQ("CG
k k
)9}zgA| 31(h ,QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG S9+tC ?+f;aASG ?"+f )9}zgA|
QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<Ch ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ iO| O*O; ?"+f
k
?+=*Q: ?"+f )9}zgA| 38(h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iO y
EJ=y ?+G%"|
:_+@6G _G%"CG ,y9JyG EJ=yG eOMASG
JGAGQFE rYhh ,EJ=zy jQd"yG Q9_ G ?<9Av O"f xyPh ,qY(y H%"C *
.&@GhOC OGOfE
k
eGOMASG )yE aO%* ,y9JyG EJ=yG f} GQd! ,=*QGAy &=V H%"C *
iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"Ay ?IQAt| ?+G+@GQASG
9}< ~zgACG H9Av OGOfE ~C #|h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA|
! (| EJ=y
Of
EJ=yG JhGOC OGOfE O"f EI9=yG 9%g=@G ,AyG JG(aMzy K+\(@ ,@z* 9}+p
:gOG(|h
_t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC {Y(Ay
9%| ?!9=AS Of % :
QL
9jz<
)2 (
JGQ9%|h , iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG
)3(
EI9=yG IQ=Lh , ?+!9DyG hC ?+="F}G ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG
9%F9AJ* ,AyG JGQ9%CG #| OOf )yE 9%+p {Y(@h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG
;57-53 :2003 ,)S(|h ,j(T+gyG ;147-146 :2003 ,#*hG(Y ,<C ;143 :1998 ,O}IC :{D| )1(
Such as: American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Language, 1996; Nebraska )3(
,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| {D}@ IQ9%| )12( 9%"| ,IQ9%| )19( IQWf hT@
?=@Q| K=ZAy ,JGQ9%CG ^g< >+@Q@ IO9fE )yE _}wJCG ^g< Q9VC -
:,$ JGQ9%CG gP$h ,jCQyG GP%y 9]*C EI9=yG H9GASG Osh ,9+ta"|
k
,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| )9J+JY 9ta! JG(Y}G ua"*( IQ9%|
.,dqzyG Q+i
K\(* ,y9AyG dhO@Gh ,?+fQp IQ9%| IQWf hT@ 9}%"f uD=!G ,_T+FQ
:xyP
~s "OF
100,00 19 2 Y(}GCG
~zgC {+ y ~zgAC 9Av O f - 9+!9C
k
O%g| Q h<GQyG i(ATCG H;ay eOt* jPyG Q+=gAyG H9Av i(AJ| f} GQd!
BzY(@ 9}v( IO(@G Q+*9g| h| >S9"A* : 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@
fG("f {}J* O*OF i(AJ| OGOf{< EI9=yG e9s Otp )2015 ,jO+VQyG ?SGQO &+yE
eOtCG ,}+zgAyG j(AJCG ~+}Z@ IO(F Q+*9g| h| upG(A* E+J< ){YG(AyG JGQ9%|(
?vgv+v=v_h ,?v+vI9v! #v| iQvLC J9vjvzv< _vtv_9v"vzvy ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ~v+vzvgv@ Hv|GQv< Q
~zgCG {+yO OGOf{< EI9=yG e9s 9}v ,?+!9C ?+I9! #| ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG
k
:,@z* 9}v xyPh ,?IQAtCG ?+G+@GQAS;y 9tph J9f(\(CG gP$ U*QOAy
,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?!9=ASG :)zf A9"< ~zgACG H9Av OGOfE ~@
QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C ?!9=ASGh ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG
EI9=yG IQ=L )yE ?p9\ 9< ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG
.)*(
iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ H$9"| ~+}Z@ Q
iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ H$9"| ~+}ZAy uF9Ch ~+w;h ,OGOfE Q EI9=yG cQ9V )*(
.R*RgyG O=f xzCG ?g|9Fh ,iQtyG eC ?g|9Fh ,IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q
,H|9!Q=yG i(AJC ?+yhC IQ(Y OGOfE ~@ ~zgAC 9Awy ?+y (Y Of %
,H9AwyG i(AJ|h ?H9AwyG GP$ #Ch ,?|Ot| :?+@6G QY9"gyG )zf Bz}AVG
?jy ,%p ,iQL}G OG(CG hC J9jzyG #f 9$R+}@ ,AyG ?+<QgyG ?vjzyG ?g+=_ -
.?IQAtCG
H|9!Q=yG h\h Osh ,?+}+zgAyG ?+z}gyG Q(J| &!} xyPh ,~zgACG ?+<9G*E -
.&zFC #|
.iQLC
#| aO%yG 9%+p &y K\hh ,H9AwyG ?SGQO Q &< >IQ ~zgA}zy ?|Ot| *
.&ASGQO
.H9AwyG ~zg@ ?+q+v &y K\h ~zgAy Q O=y {=s ~zgA}zy ?|9f
9V *
Q=g* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG #f ?|9f IQwp ~zgACG iOy f(wA@ E+J< ,IQZAM|
k
.#*QL6G h| {YG(AyG )zf GQO9s f(w+y ;&"f
k
9t<9S &=Av jPyG Y(\(CG VQg* &+ph , 9*(qV {Y(@ - ,!9DyG W9W"yG *
KOJA*h ,9*(qV ?+<QgyG ?jzyG eGOMASG )zf O(gA* )AI ,9*(qV IQ(Z<
.?sOh ?s;a<
Y(\(| Q &F;|R OIC h| QG(J< e(t* &+ph , , ;|, 9I - Ey9DyG W9W"yG *
)zf &=*QO@ ~A * W9W"yG GP$ Qh ,9}%"+< QG(JyG dO9=@ ~A* E+J< ,SQOyG
.Y(\(| {v
k
)yE ?F9JyG f{p ,?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG eOt@ ?SGQOyG f} GQd!
H9Av i(AJ| U*QOAy ~zgCG {+yO OGOfE ~@ &+zf A9"<h ,OGOR@ ~zgCG {+yO OGOfE
k
:?+@6G JG(aMzy 9tph ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%|
^g< ~*Ot@ ($ {+yOyG GP$ OGOfE #| aO%yG f9v {+yOzy ?+y (Y Of -
IQT+| IQ(Z< U*QOAyG ~A* )AIh ,iQLC J9jy _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC
Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ {FC #| ;K+JZyG &F(yG )zf
._}zgACG A:|$ iOy QG(JyG
~@ ,&A|;vSh ~zgCG {+yO OGOfE bOY #| OvzAzy _}wJC )zf {+yOy +Qf -
,?+F9%"yG &@Q(Y Q ~zgCG {+yO {}AVG ?+9%"y &@(Y Q ~zgC {+y ?i9+Y -
,{+yOyG 9%+zf e(t* ,AyG ?qTzqyGh ,{+yOyG ?+}$Ch ,?|Ot| :,@z* 9| )zf
k
9tph U*QOAyG JG(aLh ,9%< O9VQAS:Gh ?!9gAS:G #w}* J9IQAt|h
_t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC {Y(Ay
9%| 9=AL Of % 9Dy9C
QL
9jz<
?jzyG ,}zgA| i(AT| S9+s )yE Q9=AL:G aO$ 9=AL: #| O%y O*O; *
.,dqzyG Q+ih ,dqzyG :{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG
JGQ9%| S9+t< uzgA* 9}+p ,EJ=yG HF9A! ?*OhOJ| )yE Q+W* fC EI9=y9<
aGO$C :($( J9f(\(CG OIC ?i9+Y {*Og@ )yE f(}wJCG Q9VCh ;iQLC
QDvC f(w+y ;)?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~zg@ #| xpGO$C :)yE ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~zg@ #| S9"yG
~$OOf kz< IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG
k
#| _}zgACG A9%A!G Og<h .h<GQyG i(ATCG )yE f(}A"* 9g+}F ~$h ,9}zgA| )35(
k
u+=aAyG &+yE aO$ 9}< e9+tzy GO+%}@ HF9A"yG k*Qq@ ~@ Q9=AL:G #f ~%@9<9FE
:,@z* 9}+p
HF9A"yG Q9=AL:G )ag* fC Q9=AL:G J9=D< OvZt*h .J9=DyG {|9g| ?}+s )zf
Rh ,~%Tq!C OGQp}G )zf &t+=a@ O+fC 9| GPE ,9%"| ?=*Qs HF9A! hC 9%Tq!
J:O9gCG iOIE N9=!hQv 9qyC ?vt*Q_ Og@h .?%<9W| ahQc hC ,9%Tq! ahQdyG
:?yO9gCG gP$ )zf uz_C Osh ,Q9v=AL;y ,zLGOyG b9T@:G H9TJy eOMAT@ ,AyG
?yO9gCG gP$ u+=aA<h ,)257 :2008 ,H9aL( ",zLGOyG b9T@;y ?|9gyG ?yO9gCG"
.)0,898( jh9T* Q9=AL:G J9=C {|9g| fC OFh (SPSS, V.21) H|9!Q< d;L #|
,)452 :2010 ,O+TyG ;152 :2008 ,H9aL( 9%S9+s OGQCG ?}TyG hC ,&zFC #|
._}wJCG
J9FQO _< f(SQ+< W9=@QG {|9g| LGQMAS9< xyPh ;(SPSS, 21) ?+F9ZI G
.)0,000( ?y:O i(AT| O"f ?yGO 9%g+}F ,$h ,Q9=AL;y ?+y9}F G ?FQOyGh
)5( OhOI Q gQ9AM* jPyG Y(\(CG Q ~zwA* fC ~zgACG #| >z_ &!} ;)uF9sO
.JOFh fE JGQ9TqAS:G
u+=a@ Og<h ,_}wJCG )zf Q9=AL:G VQf Og< :Q9=AL;y ?+F9%"yG IQ(ZyG *
B}@ ,&"|Rh &@9=Ch Q9=AL:G bOY O*OJAy B*QFC ,AyG ?+f;aAS:G ?<QGAyG
k
9}< ,EJ=yG ?"+f )zf u+=aAzy GOGOgASG ?+F9%"yG &@Q(Y Q Q9=AL:G ?i9+Y
?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9=AL Of - 9g<
QL
9jz< _t_9"y
k
:,@z* 9C 9tph Q9=AL:G GP$ OGOfE ~@
.O9g<C
?i9+Y O"f ,fhQ Osh ,Qh9J| )5( ?T}L )zf ?fR(| ,IQ9=f )32( _C;Ch
.Q(J| {v Q 9%y(}Vh
Q9=AL:G ?sQh )zf ~zgACG ?<9FE f(w@ fC ,fhQ Osh ,IQ9=f f(C;Ch f9A"CG
,~S:G E+I #| ~zgACG J9!9+< ?<9Awy [ZM| ARF c9"$ f(w* fCh ,9%Tq!
U}L ?i9+Y {*Og@ )yE f(}wJCG Q9VC Osh .&S9+ty h\h 9| S9+s )zf
~$OOf kz< IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG
k k
#| _}zgACG A9%A!G Og<h .h<GQyG i(ATCG )yE f(}A"* 9g+}F ~$h ,9}zgA| )35(
k
u+=aAyG &+yE aO$ 9}< e9+tzy GO+%}@ HF9A"yG k*Qq@ ~@ Q9=AL:G #f ~%@9<9FE
:,@z* 9}+p
J9=C {|9g| fC OFh (SPSS, 21) H|9!Q< d;L #| ?yO9gCG gP$ u+=aA<h
J9FQOyG Q bhQqyG )yE iRg* QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG )zf _}zgACG
._}wJCG
.Q9=AL:G bOY
_< f(SQ+< W9=@QG {|9g| LGQMAS9< xyPh ;(SPSS, 21) ?+F9ZI G ?|RJyG
,y9AyG dhO@Gh ,Q9=AL;y ?+y9}F G ?FQOyG h| Q9=AL:G jQ(J| {v J9FQO
$ ~s "OF
9F ;)0,000( ?y:O i(AT| O"f ?yGO 9%g+}F ,$h ,)0,870 h ,0,651( _<
30 + 14
9%y a9]* ,?t+sO )22( jh9T* Q9=AL;y >S9"CG #|RyG f{p ~C #|h
.?t+sO )25( Q9=AL;y >S9"CG #|RyG K=Z* ~C #|h ,J9}+zgAzy uF9sO K;C
u+=a@ Og<h ,_}wJCG )zf Q9=AL:G VQf Og< 9=AL;y ?+9%"y (Zy *
B}@ ,&"|Rh &@9=Ch Q9=AL:G bOY O*OJAy B*QFC ,AyG ?+f;aAS:G ?<QGAyG
k
,EJ=yG ?"+f )zf u+=aAzy GOGOgASG ?+F9%"yG &@Q(Y Q Q9=AL:G ?i9+Y
VQf ~@h ,IQ9%| f(C;Ch f9A"CG 9%"f uD=!G ,Qh9J| ?T}L #| Q9=AL:G f(w@h
#| )yh}G IQ9=gyG PL|@ E+J< ,9$Q*hO@ Og< _}zgACG )zf Q9=AL:G JGQ9=f
Q9=AL:G JGQ9=f h*R(@ K\(* ,@6G dhO@Gh ,JGQ9=gyG ,%A"@ )AI GPw$h
:Qh9J| )zf
* ~s "OF
100 32 15 17 32 Y(}GCG
k
:,@6G dhO@G Q K\(| ($ 9C 9tph Q9=AL:G K+JZ@ ~@ 9=AL: K+JZ@ *
~s "OF
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9=AL K+JZ@
QL
9+AL:
up : up
up : QA| up
OW< OW<
9=gy .(!
1 2 3 4 5 ?=F(|
5 4 3 2 1 ?=y9S
,?FQO )160( S9+tCG GP$ Q ?FQOzy )zf}G OJyG f(w* GP$ )zfh
,EJ=yG ?<Q: u+=a@ Q AO=zy EJ=y ?<Q: u+=a@ )zf ?+}SQy ?tp(C *
#| u+=aAzy ?*QGO G J9tpG(CG E+I #| ?|R;yG J9=+@QAyG AGQF{< EI9=yG e9s
?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| IQGOE
.IQ("CG ?"*OC9<
.EJ=yG
JGQ9%|( H9Av U*QO@ ~@ ?IQAtC 9; ?+G+@QAS: 9tp U*OAy *
/1435 ,g|9@G e9gyG #| dh}G ,SGQOyG {ZqyG Q ,EJ=yG ?"+gy ){YG(AyG
k
9f(=SC QWf OIC J9f(\(CG U*QO@ bQjASG Osh ,e2015/2014 - v$1436
.?IQAtCG )Qh9;(
.?IQAtCG
,9*Og< 9t+=a@ EJ=yG ?"+f )zf QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%|
.iQLC J9jz<
.Q+CzAyG
gP$ u+=a@ d;L #| 9%+zf d(ZJyG ~@ ,AyG HF9A"zy VQf ,z* 9}+ph
:?+F9ZI G J:O9gCG
EJ=y H9A!
JGhOC u+=a@ Og< 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG EJ=yG HF9A! Q(JCG GP$ VQg*
k k
,9t<9S 9$O*O; ~@ ,AyG ?z8S}G #| dG|S {wy 9tph xyPh ,&A<Q:h ,EJ=yG
,dqzy {Y(Ay
9%| %
k k
.9=S9"| 9}*Ot@ &+p KOJA* jPyG Y(\(}zy eOt* - 1-1
k k
.9J+JY 9ta! JG(Y}G ua"* - 2-1
.h}ATCG Q QC|@ ?*(s {}G< &"f KOJA* jPyG Y(\(CG ~AM* - 12-1
Qh9J| ?T}L B"}]@ ,eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG
k
jCQ {D}@ JGQ9=gyG gP$ f} GQd!h .IQ9=f f(C;Ch f9A"CG 9%"f uD=!G ,?T+FQ
IA9qwyG Q9=ALG Q JGQ9=gyG gP$ h\hh ,?+I9! #| QG(JyG Q &@A9qv d(I ~zgACG
f(w* E+J< JGQ9=gyG ?i9+Y B}@ Otp ,iQLC ?+I9! #| QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG
:,@z* 9}v xyPh ,)-( ?=y9S ?j+Z< 9%]g<h ,)+( ?=F(| ?j+Z< 9%]g<
~s "OF
QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC ?|,;y (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g<
9=gy !9: 9=gy
QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC ?|,;y (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g<
9=gy !9: 9=gy
+ &+p e;wyG {=s Y(\(| jC QY9"f O*O; h+aASC ,"!C QgVC -10
- a(B9< ,!QgW* xyP f} ;~%g| Qh9;C 9|O"f #*QL6G )yE Qd"yG >":C -18
- jQ9wpC O+vzAy ;+yO OFC : 9|O"f #*QL6G H(+f )zf O}AfC -22
QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC ?|,;y (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g<
9=gy !9: 9=gy
+ zaL B!9v GPE jQG(I Q JOQh ,AyG Q9wp}G ^g< hFGQC -30
+ ,|;wy #*QL6G ~%p O*R+y QG(JyG AGRFC ^g< {*Og@ h+aASC -31
- ?J+JY IQ(Z< ~zw@C ,!C OvzA| ,!} ;9}FGO ,|;v ?gFGQ| cQ@C -32
~@h ,IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@
{vh ,?z}G| {YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ ?=T! )zf ?+q+v IQ(Z< ~wJzyh
?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G ?JF: )yE Y(FQyG ~@ ,IOI )zf JGQ9%CG #| IQ9%|
Q*Ot@ )yE ?+}wyG ?FQOyG d(; ,AyGh ,JGQ*OtAyG H9TI ?+q+v Q IQ("CG
,90 #| {sC )yE 80 #| GOF O+Fh ,QDvzp 90 #| R9AF :,@z* 9}v xyPh ,,q+v
:9$Q*Ot@h ,9$QpG(@
~s "OF
{Y(Ay
9%| ?+dqzy {Y(Ay
9%|
Q _}zgAC
9F bS(A|
*0 9$Q*Ot@ 9$Qp(@ O| ?z}G|
9%C Q ?+dqzy Q+i
bS(A| 9+=y
Q*OtAy Qp(Ay ?=T!
?FOy (ATC
B!9v iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy IQWf hTAyG {YG(AyG
k
?g|9@G ?JF;y 9tph )r+g\( Q*Ot@ dO9g@ ?*(8CG ?=T"yG gP$h )%45,71(
.?+|;S G
)zf IQ9%| {v QpG(@ iO| 9|C .)r+g\( Q*Ot@ dO9g@ _A=T"yG 9Azvh ,>+@QAyG
,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| IOI
9%g+}F JGQ9%CG fC )yE Q+W* GP$h ,)%54,84 - %26,61( _< BIhGQ@ Otp
IQhQ\ )zf dO* 9F ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| IQ9%| ?*C Q #w}AyG i(AT| )yE
O9g<C QpG(@ iO| 9|" :&Z!h ,EJ=yG ?z8SC #| h<GQyG dG|TyG #f ?<9F G
"?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG
?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g|
dhO@Gh .9$QpG(@ ?=T! H9TIh ,9%+zf {ZI ,AyG HF9A"yG OYQ ~@h ,IQ("CG
~s "OF
bS(A| 9+=y
Q*OtAy Qp(Ay ?=T!
?FOy Og=y
d(=t| % 66,33 106,13 QG(Jzy OGOf G
IA9qwyG O9g<C QpG(@ ?=T! bS(A| fC u<9TyG )7( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*
Bv!9vv iQvLC J9vjvzv< _vtv_9v"vyG ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ,v}vzvgvAv| iOvy QG(vJvyG Q ?v+v@GPvyG
k
?g|9@G ?JF;y 9tph )d(=t|( Q*Ot@ dO9g@ ?*(8CG ?=T"yG gP$h )%66,99(
>T"yG gP$h ,>+@QAyG )zf )67,53 h ,63,63( _< BIhGQ@ ,?T}BG O9g<}G
k
:,@z* 9C 9tph MQAtCG Q(ZAyG OGOfE ~@
IQ(Z< AG(S S9"yG _< d9gqyG {YG(AyG u+t; ($ ?jy ?*C #| U+FQyG aO%yG -
.{YG(AyG ?+z}f
.?+sGOZ|
#| OvzAyGh ,&+p IOQG(yG A9aL}G >": )zf Of9T@ {YG(AyG ?+z}f ?gFGQ| -
dh}G aQJyG )yE ~S:G GP$ #| aQI {v Q+W* E+I "Qh9; " ?+G+@GQAS:G
.)Qwq@( J *
.)QY9"gyG OOI( M *
.){YG(AyG CO<G( G *
.)?yO}G rch( h *
.)xzYG(@ hFGQ( Q *
J9=zaACG #| GOOf ?T}BG {IGQCG gP$ #| ?zIQ| {v #}]A@h
Qwq@ )
)*(
q
&+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG Q ~zgACG QwqA* ?zIQCG gP$ Qh
~zgAC9p ,Q+wqAy9< ?jzyG b<Q@ ,AyG ?*(tyG ?s;gyG h| upG(A* GP$h ,?|9f IQ(Z<
fC O*Q* 9}+p GO+F Qwp GPE :E )?<9Av -KO;( ?J+JY ?jy HA"* fC &"w}* :
($ 9}v &+yE &zt"* fC O*Q* 9| ~%+yE {Z* E+J< #*QL6G/QL6G )yE &zt"*
.&"$P Q K\Gh
,btp ~zgAyG rsG(| Q U+yh ,?qzAMCG I9+JyG rsG(| Q ?+G+@GQAS:G gP$ eGOMASG #w}* )*(
O*O; ~C ,~%"| &z=tAT* hC #*QL~y &zt"* fC O*Q* 9}+p OQqyG Q+wq@ fC )yE Q+W* hsG(y9p
~%T* 9%}*(t@h {YG(AyG ?+z}f ?gFGQ|h ,O$G(WyGh ?yO}G r+c(@h ,9%+p {YG(A* ,AyG QY9"gyG
E*OJyG b9+S f} )~zgACG(?}zv 9"$ EI9=yG eGOMASG Osh .Q+=v {wW< &zYG(@ aGO$C u+t; Q
.?+}+zgAyG ?+z}gyG Q ?+G+@GQAS:G u+=a@ #f 9"$
QY9"gy OI )
~zwA* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG QY9"f O*OJA< ~zgACG e(t* ?zIQCG gP$ Q
O*O; O"f )fGQ* ~C #|h ,OOJ| OOf 9%y U+y QY9"gyG gP$h ,&+p >Aw* hC
:QY9"gyG
k k
.9+ta"| 9=+@Q@ QY9"gyG >+@Q@ *
.&+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(}zy QY9"gyG ?+aj@ *
k k
.GQV9=| 9_9=@QG Y(\(C9< ?a=@QCG QY9"gyG Q9+ALG *
,#*QL6G h| 9%+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* ,AyG QY9"gyG _< VQgyG A9"CC Q ?!RG(CG *
.QLB QZAM*h ,QY9"gyG OIC V Qf Q WQq* : E+J<
IQ+Dv QY9"f f(w@ ;p ,{YG(Azy M9ACG #|Rzy 9$OOJ* ,AyG QY9"gyG ?=S9"| *
.M9ACG Bs(yG {=s ,%A"@ ?z+zs hC ,9%\Qgy Bs(yG ,qw* : E+J<
{Y(Ay O< )
O"f 9%@9fGQ| >G* Q(|C IOf c9"$h ,9+<9Av eC 9*(qV {YG(AyG GP$ f9v AG(S
#| Y(! {w< ?Y9L Q(|C c9"$h ,?|9f IQ(Z< H(AwCGh j(qWyG {YG(AyG
?y } rc )
r+c(@ ~A* &!E E+I ,?t<9TyG ?zIQC9< ?a=@Q|h ?zLGOA| ?zIQCG gP$
?yO}G eGOMAS9< ~zgACG e(t* ?zIQCG gP$ Qh ,{YG(AyG ?+z}f A9"CC Q ?yO}G
?yO}G gP$h ,#*QL6G )yE &zt"* fC O*Q* 9| Ov|@ ,AyG _$GQ=yGh O$G(WyGh
k
:,@z* 9F QDvC hC GOIGh ?yO}G f(w@ fC #w}CG #| &!E E+I ,?f("A|h IQ+Dv
k
Q WQAW* #wyh ,9=S9"| gGQ* QLB {+yO jC ~zgACG rc(* fC #w}*h
*
k k k k
.GOF ;*(_ hC ,GOF GRF(| f(w* ;p ,M9ACG Bs(zy {+yOyG ?=S9"|
xzY(@ hF )
k
9}*(t@ {YG(AyG ?+z}gy ~zgACG ~*(t@ ($ ?zIQCG gP%y U+FQyG aO%yG
k
Q*OFh ,Qwph baL 9}v #*QL6G/QL6G h| {YG(@ &!C #| OvzA* E+J< ,9+@GP
f(v #| J9jzyG ~+zg@ J9+<OC Q 9%+zf aQ9gACG ?y(tCG h| uqA* GP$h ,j(qWyG
k k
.9J+t"@ )?<9AwyG(h ,9*(qf )KOJAyG(
k
hC 9*(qV( e;wyG fC #| OvzAyG )yE {YG(AyG ?gFGQ| ?+z}f aO%@h
k k
.QwqyG Q >@Q| ($ 9}v QvPyG Q 9=@Q| LQL )9<(Aw|
,9A*E h<Q| ?yO9g| eGOMAS9< Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s H9TJ< e9s 9} v ,"J" Q9=ALG
J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=ALG u+=a@ Og< xyPh
k k k
eC ,:9}FE Q9=AL:G jOg=y AG(S HF9A"yG OYQ ~@h ,9*Og<h 9+z=s 9t+=a@ iQLC
k
?f(}GCG GP ,=*QGAyG ~+}ZAyG eOMASG Os ,y9JyG EJ=yG f} GQd!
,z=s Q9=ALG iQG* 9|O"f f9aS(ACG b=@Q* E+I .OOvgyG Q _*h9TA|h _a=@Q|
k k
)zf 9*Og< 9t+=a@ &Tq! Q9=AL:G u=a* IQvvAp Ovg< ~C ,OGQp}G #| ?f(}G| )zf
_}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< bQqzy )J( ?}+s ,y9AyG dhO@G K\(*h
.EJ=yG ?f(}GC jOg=yGh ,,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=ALG Q
Q {Y(Ay
9%|9=AL: Og=y ,z=ty _t+=aAy Q 9%Ay:
?}+s
*'0 :9}F
9%C
;460 :1996 ,~c9vh ,Q<9F ;598 :1985 ,_yGO f9p( )0,01( i(AT| O"f 37
k
O"f ?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC )zf dO* 9F ;Cohen & Lea, 2004: 232)
JGQ9%| ?+}"@h _T; Q ?+F9ZIE ?y:O JGP bhQp Q(%c )yE iOC Os ?IQAtCG
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG
k
hC ?f(}G| J9FQO J9aS(A| _< bQqzy ?+F9ZI G ?y:OyG f} GQd!h
fC >G* iQLC Q(|C c9"$ 9}!Eh ,bQqyG xyP ?+}$C f9+=y ?+p9v BT+y QDvC
xyP ?pQg| )zf >@QA* fC #w}* 9|h ,bQqyG xyP ~GI {D| Q9=Af:G Q PL|@
)yE ?p9\E Q9=Af:G Q PL|@ fC >G* ?+z}gyG ?}+tyG fC jC ;JGQGQs #| bQqyG
9|O"f )bQqyG ~GI( Q+CzAyG ~GI H9TI ~A* fC {]q* GPy ,?+F9ZI G ?y:OyG
k
9}v ,J9"+gyG ~GJ< QCzA@ : Q+CzAyG ~GI U+*9t| f} ;9+F9ZIE ?yGO "J "f(w@
9}"+< ?g<9AyG JGQ+jACG Q ?ztATCG JGQ+jACG Q+Cz@ QGOt| K\(* Q+CzAyG ~GI fC
B!9vh Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s Bgq@QG 9}zv &!C )yE )459 :2008( H9aL Q+W*h
&!C #| ~iQyG )zfh ,?+zf9p QDvC B!9v ?+=*QGAyG ?@9gCG fC )zf xyP dO ?=F(|
k k
fC )zf 9|9f 9s9q@G c9"$ fC :E ,Q+CzAyG ~GI )zf ~wJzy IOOJ| OfG(s OF(@ :
?@9gCG fC )yE Q+W* )0,20( J9+"*QWgyG Q &A}+s ht@ jPyG Q+CzAyG ~GI
k k
Q &A}+s ht@ jPyG Q+CzAyG ~GI 9}"+< ,GQ+=v U+y &"wyh GQ+Cz@ BCOIC ?+=*QGAyG
9| h| uqA* GP$h ,?y9gph ?*(s ?@9gCG fC )yE Q+W* QDvzp )0,80( J9+"+!9}DyG
.Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s )zf ~wJyG Q )491 :2007( ,"+<QWyG &+yE Q9VC
# ~s "OF
:9}F {Y(Ay
9%| ?+}"@ Q ?y:Oy (AT| d 2
~+s
(AT| 9+=y
d ?}+s 2 ?}+s
?}+s
?y:Oy Og=y
k
hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 4,87 0,856 13,55 :9}FE {YG(AyG JGQ9%|
?+G+@GQASG eGOMASG fC )zf dO* 9F )0,6( ?=T! JOg@ Os ,9A*E h<Q| ?yO9g|
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ )yE iOC Os ?IQAtCG "Qh9;"
Q B\Qfh 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG ?G+A"yG ~fO* GP$h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG
_}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< 9+F9ZIE dGO bQp O(Fh #| u<9TyG )8( dhO@G
,,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q 9%Ay:Oh "J "?}+s ,@6G )10( ~sQ dhO@G K\(*
*'0 {Y(Ay
?y:Oy ?F bS(A| QJ!: 9+=y
?}+s bS(AC u+=aAy
?+9ZI ?*QJy (Qqy 9+gC Og=y
i(AT| O"f ?yGO 5,49 23,18 ,z=tyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|
13,15 37 21,74
)0,000( 7,69 44,92 jOg=yG ,dqzyG
jh9T@ ,AyG )?+yhO@G J( ?}+s #| Q=vC f9A}+tyG f9@9$h ,,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG
k
O"f ?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC )zf dO* 9F ;)37( ?*QI ?FQOy )2,704(
jOg=yGh ,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q _}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< )0,01( ?y:O i(AT|
k
9tph Q9=AL:G jOg=y Q+CzAyG ~GI H9TI ~@ ?G+A"yG gP$ #| OvzAzyh
Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "h9;" ?+G+@GQASG fC )zf dO* 9F ,)0,6( #f 9%g+}F
?v+vzvf9vp 9v|" :&vZv!h ,EvJv=vyG ?vzv8vSC #v| hv<9vTvyG dG|vTvyG #vf ?v<9vF G
QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C Q AG(S ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG
:QG(JyG Q
,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q 9%Ay:Oh "J "?}+s ,@6G )12( ~sQ dhO@G K\(*
?FQOy )2,704( jh9T@ ,AyG )?+yhO@G J( ?}+s #| Q=vC ?}+tyG gP$h ,)4,38(
k
?y:O i(AT| O"f ?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC ) z f dO * 9F ;)37( ?*QI
k
9tph Q9=AL:G jOg=y Q+CzAyG ~GI H9TI ~@ ?G+A"yG gP$ #| OvzAzyh
iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "h9;"
:QG(JyG Q
,,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q 9%Ay:Oh "J "?}+s ,@6G )14( ~sQ dhO@G K\(*
k
?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC ,u<9TyG )14( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*
,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q _}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< )0,01( ?y:O i(AT| O"f
.QG(JyG ?gFGQ|h
k
)0,05( ?y:O i(AT| O"f ?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC K]A* 9}v
O*O; :($ QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG O9g<C #| OIGh Og< Q jOg=yG
Q ,<9G*E Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "Qh9; "?+G+@GQASG fC )zf dO* GP$h
.QG(JyG
k
9tph Q9=AL:G jOg=y Q+CzAyG ~GI H9TI ~@ ?G+A"yG gP$ #| OvzAzyh
fC )vzvf dOv* 9vF ,)0,6( #vf JOGR 9v%vgv+v}vF QG(vJvyG Q ?v+v@GPvyG IA9vqvwvyG
Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG
k
.IOI )zf Og< {v Qh ,:9}FE QG(JyG
H9A"y Q+Tq@
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC {YG(AyG JGQ9%}< ?}F9s )yE ,y9JyG EJ=yG {Y(@
IQWf hT@ 9$OOf kz< JGQ9%CG gP$h eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG
Q+i {YG(AyGh ,,dqzyG {YG(AyG :9}$ _T+FQ #*Q(J| )zf ?}Tt| IQ9%|
k k
?=S9"| ?|Ot}< AO=yG E+I #| 9+ta"| 9=+@Q@ ?=@Q| JGQ9%CG gP$h .,dqzyG
)tzA* #}+p QC|@ ?*(s ?}@9M< A9%A!Gh ,&+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(}zy
,KOJAyG JGQ9%| _< h} : JGQ9%| IOf JOQh ?}@9BGh ?|OtCG _<h ,?y9SQyG
k
,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q ,dqzyG Q+ih ,dqzyG >!9@G _< {|9wAzy GQd!h
.c9=@Q:G Q(%c eOf &+zf >@QA* 9F {YG(AyG A9"CC Q Uq"yG Q ?tDyG IQhQ\
,AyG )96 :2007 ,<GQf ,<C( ?SGQO h| ,y9JyG EJ=yG uqA* GP$ )zfh
_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?}F9s )yE BzY(@
B"}]@ QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<z< ?}F9s )yE {Y(@ EJ=yG fC 9}v
?T}BG Qh9JCG gP$h ,?+fQp IQ9=f f(C;Ch f9A"CG 9%"f uD=!Gh ,Qh9J| ?T}L
k k
JG(aM< GQV9=| 9_9=@QG ?a=@Q|h ?tpG(A| f(w@ fC 9$OGOfE O"f ,fhQ
?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG hpQh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q
"Qh9; "?+G+@GQAS: ,<9G* G Q+CzAyG GP$ hRg* EI9=yG f{p ,)15h 13h 11h 9(
Q ~zgACG ?tC O*R@ fC &+zf >@QA* GP$h ,9%+yE L9AJ* ,AyG ?yO}Gh ,9%|OMAT*
k
,{YG(AyG ?+z}gy GO+F OgAT* &zgG+p ,#*QL6G h| &zYG(@h gQG(I ?+z}f
?+z}f {gG* ~zgACG &+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG QY9"f O*O; *
~%T* fC &!zV #| &!C 9}v ,{=tATCGh {SQCG :#+pQayG {wy IOOJ| {YG(AyG
k k k k
#f GO+g< GOOJ|h 9=@Q| Y(\(CG ~*Ot@h ,9=+@Q@ QDvC {YG(AyG ?+z}f {gF Q
,&zYG(@ Q ~zgACG ?tC O*R* fC &!zV #| GP$h ,{MCG R9G* G hC {}CG H9"_ G
{wW< 9%=+@Q@h gQ9wpC O*O;h ,{YG(AyG ?+z}f ?y(%T< QgW* &zgG* E+J<
.>S9"|
k
~zgACG fE E+I ,?+gsGhh 9f9"sE QDvC {YG(AyG ?+z}f {gG* ?yO}G r+c(@ *
QDvC f(w*h ,?+sGOZ| QDvC &zYG(@ f(w* _$GQ=yGh ?yO}G eOMAT* 9|O"f
k
.#*QL6G Q GQ+Cz@
R+}@ ,AyG I(tyG W9t! #| OvzA* &zg: ~zgACG &< e9s jPyG {YG(AyG ?gFGQ| *
~zgACG {gG* fC &!zV #| GP$h ,{YG(AyG ?+z}f Q rg]yG W9t! Hy9g*h ,9%<
#*QL7y &zt! 9| ?JYh ?sO #| OvzA* &Tq"< &!} ,&*CQy >ZgA* hC xT}A* :
.&|Of #|
,<Qf( ?jzyG jO9IC ~Gg| A9"=y EI9=yG &|Os jPyG MQAtCG LP(}"yG eGOMAS9<
.),<Qf -
?}F9s ?IQAt| ?+G+@GQASG B|Os ,AyG )2010( R*RgyG O=fh ,"*RyG ?SGQO *
k
?y:O i(AT| O"f 9+F9ZIE dGO bQp O(Fh )yE BzY(@h ,H|OCG ~zgAyG )zf
.jOg=yG u+=aAyG Ky9Zy ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?CO9JCG
J9t_9"yG J9SQGOyG i(AT| #T; )yE BzY(@ ,AyG )2010( f9}+zS ?SGQO *
.%75 ?=T"< j(qWyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q ?+<QgyG Q+i J9jz<
Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ )yE BzY(@ ,AyG ,y9JyG EJ=yG HF9A! uqA@ 9}v
?SGQO HF9A! h| iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG
O(Fh )yE BzY(@h ,?W+< Q Oy9L xzCG ?g|9F H;_ #| ?"+f iOy QG(JyG
k
?f(}GCG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< ,)0,01( ?y:O i(AT| O"f 9+F9ZIE dGO bQp
.?+=*QGAyG ?f(}GCG
9IQAt}y
9+Y(Ay
J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"A< e9}A$:G *
k
i(AT| rg\ #| Q%c 9C GQd! ;?qzAMCG ?*(jzyG J9*(ATCG Q iQLC
h| >S9"A* 9}< ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG H$9"| i(AJ| ?i9+Y *
.?D*OJyG ~zgAyG J9+G+@GQASG
)zf iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgC ?+=*QO@ JGQhO OGOfE *
?+<QgyG ?jzyG JGQ9%| )zf RvQ@ ,AyG ?Y9L ,?D*OJyG ~+zgAyG J9+G+@GQASG
.)>+vGQAyG
EJ=yG &+yE {Y(@ 9| )zf A9"< 9%}*Ot@ #w}* ,AyG J9IQAtCG #f 9|C
?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy IOs9"yG ?<9AwyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG
?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy ?<9AwyG ~zg@ J9<(gY L;f Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG
Abstract
The research aims to provide a proposed strategy ( 9; "T" Thinking - "S"
Select items - "S" Start communication - "U" Use of evidence - "R" Review your
communication), and measure its effect in the development and dimensions of
self-efficacy communication skills in dialogue for students of Arabic language
who speak other languages.
The researcher prepared six tools for Arabic learners speaking other
languages; in the advanced level. These are: A questionnaire of communication
skills, a questionnaire of self-efficacy in dialogue dimensions, a proposed program
(includes: learner's book and teacher's guide), a test for communication skills, a
rating checklist, and a self-efficacy test in the dialogue. For a sample of (166)
learners from students in the fourth level at the Institute for Teaching Arabic to
non-native speakers at the Islamic University in Madinah.
The research showed that the list of communication skills included two major
skills that can be divided into nineteen sub-skills, and a list of the dimensions of
self-efficacy in the dialogue including the five main dimensions, and can be
divided into thirty-two phrases.
The results indicated that the average percentage of available communication
skills for learners of the Arabic language who speak other languages equal
(45.71%), and this percentage is considered (weak), while the average percentage
of the availability of self-efficacy dimensions in dialogue equal (66.99%), and this
percentage is an equivalent estimate (Acceptable).
The research concluded that there is a statistically significant difference (at
the 0.01 level) between the mean of the learners in the pre-post and the post-test
in communication skills, and the self-efficacy in the dialogue dimensions
confirmed that this conclusion is reached by calculating the value of ETA effect
size equation. This confirms that the use of proposed strategy" TSSUR" has led
to the improvement and development of communication skills and self-efficacy in
the dialogue of learners of Arabic language speakers of other languages.
Based on these results, a number of recommendations and suggestions are
cited.
hFGQ}yG
e(zgyG Q ,FGQCE H|9!Q< ?+y9gp .)2013( O+}JyG O=f O}IC ,{F9}JyG (<C - 2
.182-111 ,Q*9"*
{+zJAy (Q_ EJ=y H$9"| .)1996( d9|B ,bO9Yh OG|p ,>aI (<C - 3
JGQ9%| ?+}"Ay MQAt| H|9!Q< .)2003( ?+af O}J| OVGQ ,#*hG(Y (<C - 4
jO9IC ,}+zg@ ~GgC LP(}! A9"< .)2010( ep9JyG O=f KF9! ,,<GQf (<C - 5
iOy j(jzyG d9Z@:G JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q gQCC ?SGQOh ),<Qf v ,<Qf( ?jzyG
?y9SQ ,?+!OQ}G J9g|9@G Q 9$Q+j< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA|
J9SGQOzy ?+<QgyG f9}f ?g|9F ,9+zgyG ?*(<QAyG J9SGQOyG ?+zv ,IGQ(AvO
.9+zgyG
?*(jzyG ?aW!}G eGOMASG QCC .)1998( O}J| O}J| ~g"CG O=f ,O}IC - 6
?+<QAyG >Av _}]@ iO| .)2014( QO9tyGO=f r+azyG O=f O9*R ,T(a=yG - 7
.892-873 ,2 AR@G ,158 OOgyG ,Q$R}G ?g|9F ,?+<QAyG ?+zv , ?+<QAy ?+zv
Q EJ=y H$9"| .)1996( jQ+L O}IC ,~c9vh O+}JyG O=f Q<9F ,Q<9F - 8
#}IQyG O=f O}J| iQW< ,jQ9d"yGh O}IC O}J| ~+wJyG O=f ,,}+wJyG - 10
?+<Qgy ?zGC ,?+<QAyG ?+zw< A9*R+qyG ?=z_ iOy ?+}zgyG d(+CGh ?+@9+JyG
.23-2 ,4 , ?+}zgy ?+<QAzy
:KF9"yG j(jzyG ~zgAyGh ?+zYG(AyG ?aW!}G .)2013( O}J| ~ZAg| ,O}I - 11
k
, 9$Q+j< _t_9"zy ?+<Qgy ?zG| .9FP(}! ?+!9C ?jy 9%qY(< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG
,15 ,IQV9gyG ?"TyG ,?+C9gyG 9+t*QpE ?g|9F ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g|
.133-101
?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g}< Q+=gAyG QQt| ~*(t@ .)2015( O<9f O*9f ,jO+VQyG - 14
A(\ )zf IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG
_t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| ,Q+ATF9| ?y9SQ .IO(@G Q+*9g|
.IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G ,9%<
H|9!Q< ?+zf9p .)2010( f9=gV QS9* ,R*RgyG O=fh O+TyG O}J| ,,"*RyG - 15
iOy ?CO9JCG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q H|OCG ~zgAyG ?+G+@GQASG )zf ~F9s ,!hQAwyE
Q 9%@9*(AT| ?*(jzy
9%C O*O; .)2004( O}IC jOvVQ ,?}+g_ - 19
.,<QgyG
(Q_ H$9"C Q
9S .,g|9@G U*QOAzy ?|R;yG j(jzyG d9Z@:G
bW"yG ~zgAyG )zf ~F9s H|9!Q< ?+zf9p .)2015( IhQS Q+=f ,O+}JyG O=f - 22
?+zv ?zG| .?+"qyG ?+<QAyG ~zg| >y9azy ?+@9+JyG JGQ9%CG ^g< ?+}"@ Q
.344-304 ,{*Q<C ,)1L3(31 ,W(+SC ?g|9F ,?+<QAyG ?+zv , ?+<QAy
J9F9I Y9=VEh ?*(jzyG e9%CG .)2014( N+WyG ~+$GQ<E ?*GO$ ?*GO$ ,,zf - 24
k
?zG| .9*(jy _<($(CG #| ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy j(jzyG d9Z@:G
. ?+@9+Jy
9%C .)2001( a9qf ,,J=Yh A9FQ ,jh9"WyGh O*Qj@ ,fGQ}f - 25
Q(Z"| Bgz_ ,N+WyG jQ]BG f9}zS ,{p(! {+=! O}J| :J( .3W
?zG| .IRj< ?+|;S G ?g|9@9< ?+<QAyG ?+zv ,G*QL ?=zayG iOy ?+@9+JyG
.104-86 ,59 ,?pQgCGh IAGQtzy ?*QZCG ?+g}@G , ?pQgC Qty
.~+zgAyGh
?*R+zG! G ?jzyG ~zg@ )zf gQ+Cz@h uztyG .)2013( (}I O}IC ,{fR| - 30
?SGQOyG Q*Qt@ .)2014( 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| - 31
?+|;S G ?g|9@G ,9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| ,?+@GPyG
.IQ("CG ?"*OC9<
Project.
mond,Virginia.
37 - Cohen, Barry & Lea, Brooke (2004). Essentials of Statistics for the
Social and Behavioral Sciences. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons Inc.
Education
1-3.
Publication Data.
47 - Peace Corps Center (2001). Life Skills Manual. Center for Field
49 - Powney, Janet; Lowden, Kevin & Hall, Stuart (2000). Young Peoples
Life-Skills and the Future, SCRE Research Report No 98, The Scottish
Foreign_Language/standard_a.html
45-69.