You are on page 1of 62

$&' (+!(* % ,!

9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

JGQ 9%| ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh 9J@( ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p


?jzyG ,}zgA| i Oy QG(AG Q ?+@GPyG IA 9qwyGh {YG(AyG
i QLC J 9jz< #+t_9"yG ?+<QgyG

,=*OJy #TJCO=f ,zf 

W(+SC ?g|9F - ?+<QAyG ?+zv

Y .e .L

[Mz}y

 -QY9"gy OI Qwq@
 ?IQAtC 9; ?+G+@QAS ~*Ot@ )y EJ=y O$

9%| ?+}"@ Q 9%A+zf9p 9+s xzY(@ hF  -?y } rc  {Y(Ay O<

QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgA| Oy (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g< {Y(Ay

(ATC Q QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgA}< ?Y9L
  BS EI9=y Of

H|9!Q< (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g< ?!9=AS {Y(Ay


9%| ?!9=AS ,$ OtAC
Q*Ot@ 9}AS {Y(Ay
9%| 9=AL ~zgC {+y  ~zgAC 9Av #}]A* QAt|
OMAS (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9=AL {Y(Ay
9%| Q _}zgAC  
9*(AT|

;_ #| 9}zgA|  #| EJ=y ?"+f B!(w@ ,=*QGAy &=V ,qY(y _G%"C EJ=y

?"*OC Q ?+|;S  ?g|9@9< 9%< _t_9"y Q+jy ?+<Qgy ?jzy ~+zg@ O%g| Q h<Qy (ATC
("C

hT@ 9}%"f uD=! _AT+ _@9%| B"}]@ {Y(Ay


9%}< ?}9s )y EJ=y {Y(@
?T+ 9J| ?T}L B"}]@ (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g<z< ?}9s ?+fQp 9%| QWf

9=f (C;C 9A"C 9%"f uD=!

?jzy ,}zgA| Oy {Y(Ay


9%| Qp(Ay ?*(8C ?=T"y bS(A|  )y H9A"y
9V
9| r+g\ Q*Ot@ " 9g@ ?=T"y !P$  , 9T@ QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy
?=T"y !P$  ,## 9TAp (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g< Qp(Ay ?*(8C ?=T"y bS(A|
"(=t| Q*Ot@ " 9g@

181 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 


,aS(A| _< &,& ?y: (AT| O"f 9+9ZI " (Qp (F )y EJ=y {Y(@ 9}v

9%| 9=AL: Og=y u+=aAy Ky9Zy Og=y ,z=ty _t+=aAy Q _}zgAC
9F

#| &+y {Y(Ay ~@ 9| ?G+A"y !P$


Ov (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g< 9=AL {Y(Ay
?+G+@QAS OMAS  P$ Ov|* 9A* h<Q| ?y 9g}< Q+CzAy ~GI ?}+s 9TI ";L
?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgA| Oy 9%A+}"@ {Y(Ay
9%| _T; )y   Os ?IQAtC 9;
QL
9jz< _t_9"y


9IQAtC
9+Y(Ay #| Of ~*Ot@ ~@ H9A"y !P$ )zf 9"<

?|Ot|
#f Q+=gAzy 9%!(|OMAT* PE ;QW=yG _< {YG(Azy ?T+FQ ?z+Sh ?jzyG Og@

aQ9gCG f(=TAw* 9%<h ,~%@9=iQh ,~%@9=z_h ,~$Q9wpCh ,~%@GQ=Lh ,~%pGO$C

#}]A@ 9%!} ;9%Tq! ?jzyG ?g+=_ #| H@9! GP$h ,#*QL6G #| ~+tyGh JGQ9%CGh

_v@Q9v%v| j(vjvzvyG d9vSQ G #v}v]vAv*h ,d9v=vtvAvS:Gh ,d9vSQ G :_vTv+vFQ _v=v!9vF

_AT+FQ _@Q9%| j(jzyG d9=tAS:G #}]A*h ,?<9AwyGh KOJAyG 9}$ _AT+FQ


k
.IAGQtyGh Y9}AS:G 9}$ 9]*C

f9w| hC B+=yG Q AG(S ?+|(+yG I9+JyG J9*QhQ\ iOIE {YG(AyG {D}*h


k k
Q9tDyGh ,f9}AF:G Q(aAyG Q 9}%| GQhO jO|*h ,YQ9WyG Q )AI hC ~zgAyG

9%zt! )yE ?F9JyG JOGR ,J9|(zgCGh ?pQgCG JOGR 9}zvh ,jO9ZAs:Gh ,S9+TyGh

.)15 :2014 ,QO9tyG O=f( J9f9}@Gh OGQp}G )yE 9%y9Z*Eh

k
IOf JQ9VC O tp ,f9T! G I9+I Q {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}$} GO+vz@h

RvQ| :{D|( I9+JyG JGQ9%| #| ?T+FQ IQ9%| {YG(AyG fC )yE J9SGQOh J9+<OC

;Delaware Department of Education, 2000 ;56 ,2000 ,Hv$9v"CG Qv*(vav@

Peace Corps ;16-14 :2001 ,,J=Yh jh9"WyGh fGQ}f ;Powney et al, 2000

,e+qJyG O=f ;Patti, 2006, h ;98 :2006 ,?aWsh (y(zyG ;Center, 2001: 9

,}+wJyG ;886 :2014 ,T(a=yG ;139 :2013 {*9}JyG ,<C ;100 :2007

.)318 :2015 ,O+}JyG O=f ;13 :2015 ,jQ9d!h

OGOR@ 9%A+}$C f{p ,?|9f IQ(Z< S9"zy ?}%| {YG(AyG JGQ9%| B!9v GPEh

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 182


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

,AyG JGQ9%CG c;A|G )yE ?F9I Q ~%!E PE ;?+!9DyG /?+="F}G J9jzyG ,}zgAC

,AyG ?jzyG H9JYC h| {YG(AyG 9%}$C #|h ,?jzyG ~zg@ #| ~%pGO$C ~%y ut;

v ?jzyG JGQ9%|( ?T+FQyG f9vQ}G OIC {D}@ {YG(AyG JGQ9%| fC 9}v .9%!(}zgA*

,?+!9C /?+="FC ?jy ?*C ~zg@ 9%+zf e(t* ,AyG )Q9tDyG ,f(yG v {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

i(AJCG hC H|9!Q=yG Q 9qg\ f9vQ}G gP$ #| #vQ jC ?+}"@ Q Q+ZtAyG Og*h

.9$Q+j< _t_9"yG ?jzyG ,}zgAC eOt* jPyG

k
BzgF Otp ,?+="F}G J9jzyG ~+zg@ Q {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}$} GQd!h

dhC ){YG(AyG( ?+="F}G ?jzyG ~+zg@ Q+*9g| h\(< ?}A%CG J9TS|CG #| Q+Dv

?jzyG ~+zgAy ,w*Q|}G RvQCG Q+*9g| Q 9}v xyPh ,Q+*9gCG gP$ #| Q9+g|

(American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Language, 1996) ?+="F}G

fQtzy GOGOfE ?+="FC ?jy 9%qY(< ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG ~+zgAy Q+*9g| eOs jPyG

Q+*9g| &+zf B|9s jPyG Rw@QCG ?<9D}< Q+*9gCG gP$ B!9vh ,#*QWgyGh jO9JyG

)1(
fC d(tyG #w}* xyPy , Og< 9}+p OGQp}Gh J9}d"CG 9%A|Os ,AyG ?+="F}G ?jzyG

Og* iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@

J9%F(AyG Q*9T* 9%A+}"@ fC 9} v ,I9+JyG JGQ9%| #| Og@ 9%!} ;9}%| GQ|C

.?+!9DyG hC ?+="F}G J9jzyG ~+zg@ Q ?D*OJyG

,?+!9DyG /?+="F}G J9jzyG ,}zgAC {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}$C #| ~iQyG )zfh


k
aQg* 9| ~%=+Z* _}zgACG A:|$ fC )yE JQ9VC J9SGQOyG #| GOOf c9"$ f{p

GP$h ,Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety ?+="F}G J9jzyG ~zg@ #| uzty9<

k
:#| {v 9%|Os 9| 9]*C Q+*9gCG gP$ #| )1(

Nebraska Department of Education, 1996; The American Classical League, 1997;

Board of Education Commonwealth of Virginia,2000; Kansas State Board of

Education, 2000; North Dakota Department of Public Instruction, 2001; Ministry

of Education of British Columbia, 2001; Pennsylvania Department of Education,

2002; Littell, 2004; State of Delaware, 2005; Louisiana Department of Education,

2005.

183 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

)zf ?+<9g+AS:Gh ?+Tq"yG &@GQ+Cz@ &y )2013( {fR| ?SGQO JQ9VC 9}v uztyG

gGOgA* 9}!Eh ,btp ,SGQOyG b+JCG Q Q%d* : Q+CzAyG GP$h ,_}zgACG AGOC
k k
BzY(@ Osh ,e9f {wW< #*QL6G h| {YG(AyG Q 9a=D| GRF9I K=Z* )AI

Q _}zgACG iOy ?gq@Q| uztyG ?FQO fC )yE (Qaddomi, 2013) ,|hOtyG ?SGQO

.)e}G ?jy ,COJA|( >!9F}G h| {YG(AyGh d9Z@:G d9G|

J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| fC )yE )102 :2013( O}I Q9VCh
k k
Q 9}+zS :9}gASG )JZqyG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG d9}gASG Q rg\ #| f(!9g* iQLC

OQqyG #w}A* )AIh .,<9AwyGh j(qWyG #*O+gZyG )zf ,|(+yG {YG(AyG rsG(|

d(I ?+<9G*E &@GOtAg| f(w@ fC jQhQ]yG #}p ,IO+F IQ(Z< {YG(AyG #|

~zg@ A9"CC gQ@(@h &tzs #| {zt@ JGOtAgCG gP$ f} ;d9gqyG {YG(AyG )zf &@QOs

.?+@GPyG IA9qwy9< aQg* 9| , $ JGOtAgCG gP$h ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG

GPE &!C (Zimmerman & Cleary, 2006) jQ+zvh f9|Q}*R #| {v Ov|*h

gR+vQ@ #| O*R+S xyP f{p 9| ?}%| AGOC )zf &@QOt< O9tAfG OQqyG iOy f9v

#| A9%A!;y ?pQg|h IQ9%| OQqyG iOy f9v GPEh ,?}%CG gP$ Q &v9}%!Gh gO%Fh

Q+Cz@ ?s;f c9"$h .9%|9}@E )zf QO9s &!C IQhQ]y9< ,"g* : xyP f {p ?}%|

?SGQO JQ9VC E+I ,?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| #w}AyG _< ?yO9=A|

#| #w}AyG _< IQ+=v W9=@QG ?s;f c9"$ fC )yE (Erozkan, 2013) f9vRhQE

?+}"@ )yE ?F9I c9"%p ~C #|h .OGQp}G iOy ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%|

~%@A9qv hpQh ~%Tq!C Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| ?tC

.#*QL6G h| {YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| #w}AyG ~%+zf {%T* )AI ,~$QG(I Q ?+@GPyG

:9%!z< Self-Efficacy in Conversation QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG aQg@h

iQ* #*QL6G h| QG(I IQGO JGQ9%|h JGQOs #| &wzA}* 9}f OQqyG JGOtAg|

xyP Q &I9G! iO|h ,&qY )yE ~%}\h ,&*CQ< #*QL6G Y9"sE #| &"w}@ 9%!C

.)105 :2010 ,~+$GQ<E(

?SGQO ?*C )zf - &}zf OhOI Q - QDg* ~y EI9=yG fC QvPy9< Q*OFh

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 184


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

,AyG ,)2010( ~+$GQ<E ?SGQO :E QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"Ay B*QFC

#| ?+}zf ?yOCh ?*Qd! USC )zf O}Ag* jO9VQE H|9!Q< ~*Ot@ )yE BpO$

jCQzy >ZgAyG ^+qMAy Q+wqAyG JGQ9%| ~+zg@ {LGO|h ?+pQgCG ?*Qd"yG d;L

?W+< Q ?+<QAyG ?+zv H;_ #| ?"+f iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@h
k
.9=y9_ 240 ~$OOf kz< Oy9L xzCG ?g|9F

JGQ9%| Q ?tDyG #| 9%< b=@Q* 9|h ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q M9G"zyh

9%+p QpG(A@ U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG eGOMASG ~%CG #| &!{p ,_}zgACG iOy QG(JyG
k k
>!G(F u+t; Q 9}%| GQhO U*QOAyG J9+G+@GQAS: fE E+I ,IOOJ| WhQV
k k
,GO+F GOg| i(AJCG f(w* O tp ;)J9+!GOF(yG - JGQ9%CG v aQ9gCG( ?qzAMCG ~zgAyG

J9+G+@GQASG eOMAT* &! C :E ;9%SQO* ,AyG ?+}zgyG IO9CG #| 9"w}A| ~zgCG f(w*h
k
.?<(zaCG ~zgAyG J9FQM| u+t; Q 9tF9f f(w* 9F ,?=S9"| Q+i U*QO@

9%}+zg@h ,?|9f IQ(Z< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ )zf &Tq! e;wyG u=a"*h

J9+G+@GQASG OOg@ Q9=Af:G Q h\(yG h| ,?Y9L IQ(Z< iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy

J9+G+@GQASG Q9+ALG O"f gQ|C #| IQ+I Q ~zgCG {gG* 9F ,9%f("@h U*QOAyG

J9jzyG U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG Q Q+=wyG eOtAyG )yE ?p9\E ,?=S9"CG U*QOAyG

_}F9tyG #| >zaA* 9F ,?+!9C}Gh ,?+T!QqyGh ,?*R+zG! G ?jzyG {D| ?+="F}G

#| ?D*OIh IQwA=| U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG MGQAsG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ fzW< _}A%CGh

.iQLC ?%F #| ?+!9C hC ?+="FC ?jy 9%qY(< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?g+=_ >S9"@h ,?+I9!

{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"Ay )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG MGQAsG IQwp JA9F 9"$ #|

.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh

EJ=y ?zwW}< 9TI 

:9%}$C EJ=yG ?zwW}< S9TI G Q B}%SC Q(|C IOf c9"$

_t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC Q+=gAy


Qt| EI9=y U*O@ )

_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC Q+=gAyG QQt| U*QOA< EI9=yG e 9s QL


9jz<

185 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

c9"$ fC rWAvG &T*QO@ d;Lh ,IQ| #| QDvC h<GQyG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz<
k
h |h ,?qzAMCG J9+T"@G #| ~%!GQsC h| _}zgACG {YG(@ Q 9qg\h ?zwW|

f(zYG(A* 9|O"f ?+zY}G ~%Ajy _}zgACG #| Q+Dv eOMAT* E+I ;9]*C ~%+}zg|

.~%A+T"F A9"<C Q+i h| {YG(Azy ?a+Sh ?jy f(|OMAT* hC ,~%A+T"F A9"<C h|

,}zgA| rg\ #| U*OAy ?8+$ 9]f _}zgC #| Q+Dv (wV )


b=@Q* 9| #*QL6 h| {Y(Ay Q QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy
Q+=gAyG QQtC 9tT"| EI9=yG {}f (Jy Q ~%@Os Q ~%AtC #| xyP<
)*(

Q &T*QO@ Q f(vQAW* #*PyG A;|RyG ?Ws9"| ?YQp &y M9@C 9F ;IQ| #| QDvC

?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC Q+=gAyG QQt| U*QO@ #| U+FQyG aO%yG :9%}$C Q(|C IOf

?+<QgyG ?jzyG (}zgA| 9%"| ,!9g* ,AyG J;wWCG QDvCh ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

,Q+=gAyG U*QO@ Q 9%!(|OMAT* ,AyG U*QOAyG uFGQ_ ,iQLC J9jz< f(t_9"yG

.(FQCG {wWy9< Q+=gAyG QQt| ~+zg@ Q*(aAy 9%!hQ* ,AyG J9IQAtCGh

e9gyG Q Q+=gAyG QQt| f(SQO* #*PyG U*QOAyG ?8+$ A9]fC OOf f9vh
o
/ 2014 upG(CG v$1436 /1435 ,g|9@G e9gyG( EJ=yG &+p jQFC jPyG

dG|S &+F(@ d;L #| 9g+}F ~%*CQ EI9=yG hzaASG A9]fC ?g=S )2015

,~%+}zg|h ~%F;|R h| O+F {wW< {YG(AyG )zf _}zgACG IQOs #f IQV9=|


k
Q+Dv #w}@ eOf )yE )%100 b9q@G ?=T"<( 9g+}F U*QOAyG Q f(vQ9WCG Q9VCh

)zf ~%@QOs eOfh ,#*QL6G h| d9gqyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| _}zgACG #|

G("t@G #*PyG #*R+}CG _}zgACG ^g< O(Fh #| ~iQyG )zf ,?=@Q| Q9wpz< Q+=gAyG

.{=s #| ~%!GOz< Q ?jzyG

OGOf{< EI9=yG e9s EI9=y &< 9s Py ,f;aAS: 9=AL: H9A! )

?"+f iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| S9+ty ;?z8SC ?T}L #}]@ ,f;aASG Q9=ALG

QDvC &T*QO@ Q cQAW* jPyG QQtCG #f e9f Q*Qt@ OGOfE #f d(8TCG [MWyG ($ QQtCG uT"| )*(

.U*QO@ ?8+$ (]f #|

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 186


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g}< iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| #| ?+FG(Wf
k
,9}zgA| )62( ~$OOf kz< ,?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG

{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q rg]yG Q$9d| #| OOf OYQ Q9=AL:G GP$ ?G+A! B!9vh

:,@z* 9}v B!9v ,_}zgACG iOy

,dqzy {Y(Ay >!9F Q )

.{YG(AyG A9"CC ?=@Q| Q+i Q9wpC -

,N*Q9AyG :O(ZtCGh K*Q9AyG ,J9+zs}G :O(ZtCGh J9+zv}G :{D|( ahQJyG dGO<E -

.)gQ=LC :O(ZtCGh gQ=vCh

o
.)>Wf O(ZtCGh >gV( ,!9wCG >ztyG -

k k
.)?*(+!OyG :O(ZtCGh ?*(!OyG ,;+zF :O(ZtCGh 9+zF 9+<9JY f9v( ahQJyG aPI -

)J;wW| :O(ZtCGh J;v9W|( ahQI ?p9\E -

IhRi Q :O(ZtCGh ,OIC Q IhRi Q( >+vGQAzy IOFGR QF ahQI ?p9\E -

.)OIC

?*5< dOAT* SOtyG #f E*OJyG Q( &s9+S Q+i Q {+yO hC >+vQ@ eGOMASG -

gO=g< iQSC jPyG f9J=S" H(zaCG {+yOyGh ,"GP$ 9"y QMS jPyG f9J=S"

.)")Zs}G OGTCG )yE eGQJyG OGTCG #| ;+y


l k
fE ,{+}F 9<9V ($ ,f(}zT}zy ?z=s dhC( IQ(%WCG ?*(J"yG >+vGQAyG Q A9aLC -

.)f(}zTCG

Q :O(ZtCGh ,e;S G Q I(fO Q( iQLC #| :O< QF ahQI eGOMASG -

.)e;S G )yE I(fOyG

.),"g* #wF ,,"g* &!E d(t* :{D|( YGO fhO >+vGQAzy J9}zv ?p9\E -

.)j(V ?=gY( ?+|9f J9}zv eGOMASG -

,dqzy Q+i {Y(Ay >!9F Q )

.b(a"CG e;wyGh ,#*O+yG JGQ9VE _< uS9"AyG eOf -

187 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

.E*OJyG A9"CC Q YGO fhO jO*}G x*Q; -

.>+vGQAyG hC JGOQqCG ?pQg| eOf #| HhQ%zy ?+vQJyG J9|R;yG -

.?+@(ZyG J9|R;yG -

.{YG(AyG A9"CC c9=@Q:G -

fhO {*(ayG B}ZyG( JGOQqCG hC {}@G _< E*OJyG A9"CC Q ?qs(yG d(_ -

.)YGO

.IQDw< 9}%w*Q;h h<9Y}G x+=W@ -

k
.)_"+gyG {YG(@ eOf( 9}FGO {qS~y Qd"yG -

{Y(Ay
9%| ?+}"Ay ?D*OJy
9+G+@QAS: OMAS Q (Zty )

QL
9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC
?jzyG ~+zg@ >Av Q IQ$9dyG H(+gyG #| fC )yE )39 :2005( U!(* Q9VC

,9%}+d"@h ?+}+zgAyG OG(CG ~*Ot@ Q ?*O+ztAyG bQayG eGOMASG >!9F~y ?+<QgyG


)1(
U*QOAyG J9+G+@GQASG fC )yE Q+=gAyG QQt| U*QO@ Q f(vQ9WCG Q9VC 9}v

>*QO@ G(IQAsG xyPyh ,?Ws9"CGh QG(JyGh ,IQ\9JCG d(I QhO@ 9%!(|OMAT* ,AyG

.Q+=gAyG ~+zg@ Q ?D*OI J9+G+@GQASG eGOMASG )zf U*QOAyG ?8+$ A9]fC

_t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%gC ?+@GPyG ?SGQOyG Q*Qt@ Q9VC 9}v
n o
~v*(vtvAvzvy ?v+v"v_(vyG ?v8v+v%vyG Qv+v*9vgC 9vtvph OvfC jPvyG ?v+v|;vS G ?vgv|9v@G Q 9v%v<

,AyG J9SQ9}CGh JGQV|CG fC )yE ,?*O(gTyG ?+<QgyG ?wz}C9< ,}*O9v}G O9}Af:Gh

JGQQtCG U*QO@ Q ?|OMATCG U*QOAyG J9+G+@GQASG )zf ~wJyG 9%y;L #| ~A*

~+zg@ O%g|( )5( #| )0,91( ?FQO )zf BzZI O%gCG 9%|Ot* ,AyG ?+SGQOyG

Q ?|OMATCG J9+G+@GQAS:G fC jC )11 :2014 ,9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

JGQQt| 9%+p 9}< 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| JGQQt| U*QO@

.{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q _}zgACG i(AT| d(I ~%*CQ Y;aASG ~@ #*PyG ?g=TyG A;|RyG ~$ )1(

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 188


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

?gFGQ| IQhQ\ )zf dO* 9F )%18,2( ?=T"< aGO$}G u+tJAy ?=S9"| Q+=gAyG

Q+=gAyG JGQQt| 9%+p 9}< O%gCG JGQQt| U*QO@ Q eOMAT@ ,AyG J9+G+@GQAS:G

?+}$Ch ,_}zgACG iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%C ?+}"CG ?T+FQyG JGQQtCG {D}@ ,AyG

.~zgAyG #| I(FQCG aGO$}G ut; fC 9%!zV #| J9+G+@GQASG eGOMASG

Qgy _DI9=y {=s #| ?IQAt| U*O@


9+G+@QAS ~*Ot@ ?+}$ )
_DI9=yGh _ZAMCG {=s #| ?IQAt| U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG ~*Ot@ Og*
k k
?yh9J|h ,?+I9! #| ?+<QgyG ?=AwCG )yE ?p9\E Og* xyP f} ;9}%| GQ|C HQgyG

.&y _wz%AT| G(T+yh ~zgzy _GA"| ~%!(v Q _}zTCGh HQgyG ?!9w| OGOQAS:
k
,AyG ,&A*DQy 9tph 9$OOJ*h &y ?|9gyG Q_}G h]* #| ($ ~zgyG HA"| fCh ?Y9L
QL6G &y &|Ot* 9}< )\Q* fC &+zf ~zgyG xz%AT| fCh ,gQ+i h| >S9"A@ : Os
.&+v9J* fC haAT* ~y 9C9_

JGQ9%| ?+}"Ay )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG MGQAsG )yE EI9=yG hpO 9| GP$h

J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh {YG(AyG
9%=*Qg@ hC 9%A}FQ@ >gZ* U*QOAyG J9+G+@GQASG ^g< c9"$ fE E+I ,iQLC

Q ?Y9L ,SCAMPERh ,PQ4Rh ,SQ3R J9+G+@GQASG {D| K+JY {wW<


9F ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ d9G| Q J9+G+@GQAS:G gP$ {D| eGOMvAvSG ?y9I
?g+=_ h| upG(A@ U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG c9"$ f(w@ fC O+qCGh ~%CG #| {gG*
- ?+pQgCG( ~zgAyG >!G(F #| O*OgyG ?+}"@ Q 9%q+c(@ #w}*h ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG
.?+SGQOyG JGQQtCG rzAM| Q )?+!GOF(yG - ?*Q9%CG

EJ=y ?zwW| O*OJ@


_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| i(AT| rg\ Q EJ=yG ?zwW| JOO;

#| 9%< b=@Q* 9|h ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q )eOtACG i(ATCG( iQLC J9jz<

{YG(AyG )zf #*QO9s Q+i ~%zgG* 9F ,QG(JyG )zf ~%@QOs #f ~%@GOtAg|

{|9gAyG Q QG(JyGh {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}$C #| ~iQyG )zf ,#*QL6G h| d9gqyG

,?+<QgyG ?jzy9< _t_9"yG #| ~$Q+i eC A;|R eC _}zg| G(!9vC AG(S #*QL6G h|

189 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

JGQ9v%v| ?v+v}"Avy "Qh9v;" ?v+vGv+v@GQvAvSG MGQvAvsG ~v@ ?vzvwvWCG gPv$ )vzvf >vzvjvAvzvyh

_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG hpQh ,{YG(AyG

.eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz<

EJ=y ?z8S
:?+@6G ?z8S}G #f ?<9F G EJ=yG dh9I

?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| 9| *


_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C 9| *
?iQLC J9jz<

J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| jOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ iO| 9| *
?iQLC

?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| jOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C QpG(@ iO| 9| *
?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

?)Qh9;( ?+G+@GQAS: MQAtCG Q(ZAyG 9| *


iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p 9| *
?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA|

QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p 9| *


?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy

EJ=y O$

:,@z* 9| )yE EJ=yG aO$

.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| O*O; *
_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C O*O; *
.iQLC J9jz<

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 190


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ iO| O*O; *
.iQLC

?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C QpG(@ iO| O*O; *
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

,?|9f IQ(Z< U*QOAyG J9+G+@GQASG iOI{v )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG MGQAsG *


.?Y9L IQ(Z< iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zyh 9%< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG U*QO@h

iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p S9+s *


.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA|

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p S9+s *


.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG

EJ=y
9JzaZ|

:EJ=yG J9JzaZC ?+FGQF G J9q*QgAyG VQg< 9"$ EI9=yG ,qAw*

 9; ?+G+@QAS

JGAGQvF G #v| ?vf(v}vGv| :9v%v!zv< ?vIQvAvtCG "Qh9v; "?v+vGv+v@GQvAvSG aQvgv@

{v #| dh}G aQJyG )yE 9%"| aQI {v Q+W* ,AyG ?z|9wACGh ?+y9AACGh ?}d"CG
q
- ?yO}G rch - {YG(AyG CO<G - QY9"gyG OOI v Qwq@( 9%zIGQ| #| ?zIQ|

.)xzYG(@ hFGQ

Q+W* ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG ~SG fC )yE g("* fC EI9=y9< QOG*h

:#*Q|C )yE

?}zv ahQI #| aQI {v Q+W* E+I ,?+G+@GQAS;y ?T+FQyG JG(aBG -

.U}BG 9%zIGQ| #| ?zIQ| )yE )Qh9;(

191 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

~@ AG(S ,OGQp}G _< Qh9JAyG ($h ;?+G+@GQAS:G &+p eOMAT@ jPyG d9GCG -
k k
{F9Sh iOIE Q=f eC &F(y 9%Fh ~@ AG(Sh ,9+<9Av eC 9*(qV Qh9JAyG GP$

,9%FQ9L eC ?+}+zgAyG J9TS|CG {LGO ~@ AG(Sh ,?+"tAyG hC ?*O9gyG d9Z@:G


k
($h - 9g+}F QW=zy 9}%| :9G| eO< ?+G+@GQAS:G fC )zf dO* GP$h

.I9+JyG rsG(| hC ~zgAyG rsG(| Q AG(S - Qh9JAyG

IQwp hC ?|(zg| ?*C {t! :9+FGQFE {YG(AyG JGQ9%}< OZt* :{YG(AyG JGQ9%| *
.O%F {sCh ,Bsh YQSCh ,?sO< ~%"| 9%y9=tASGh ,#*QLB )yE IQ=L hC

k
:9+FGQFE QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwy9< OZt* :QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG *
#*QL6G h| 9*(qV {|9gAzy JGQ9%|h JGQOs #| &wzA}* 9}f OQqyG JGOtAg|

r+c(@h ,gQ9wpCh gQY9"f O*O;h ,?|9f IQ(Z< Y(\(CG Q QwqAyG d;L #|

.e9%p Gh ~%qyG KOJ* )AI ;&y9s 9| ?gFGQ|h ,_$GQ=yGh ?yO}G

?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA}< OZt* :iQLC J9jz< f(t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG (}zgA| *
~+zgAy ?|OtCG H|GQ=yG OIz< f(tJAz* #*PyG OGQp}G :iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

#| JGQ9%CG gP%< b=@Q* 9|h ,?<9AwyGh IAGQtyGh KOJAyGh Y9}AS:G JGQ9%|

e9d"yG ~%qy ;9%FQ9L eC ~%!GOz< {LGO AG(S ,>+vGQ@h JGOQq|h JG(YC

.9%"*R<h 9%}+d"@h 9%<9TAvGh ?+<QgyG ?jzy ?+p9tDyG ,!9gCGh j(jzyG

EJ=y OI

:?+@6G OhOJy9< ,y9JyG EJ=yG OOIo

#|h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ J9*(AT| #| eOtACG i(ATCG *
?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| Q h<GQyG i(ATCG H;_ #| EJ=yG ?"+f Q9+ALG ~@ ~C

A:|$ f} ;IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG

)zf #*QO9s G(J=Z* fC ~%ASGQO #| A9%A!:G Og< hs(ACG #| _}zgACG

.{f9p {wW< ?+<QgyG ?jzy9< {YG(AyG

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 192


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

?<Q: u+=aAy e2015 /2014 ,g|9@G e9gyG #| dh}G ,SGQOyG {ZqyG *


.EJ=yG

,9*(qV ?+<QgyG ?jzyG L9A!{< ?tzgACG ,dqzyG Q+ih ,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| *
Q9+ALG ~@ Osh ,9$Q+i fhO JGQ9%CG gP$ )zf QZAt@ EJ=yG HF9A! f{p ~C #|h

:{YG(AyG 9=!9F 9%+p Q%d* ,AyG 9%!} ;j(qWyG ,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

j(qWyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| f(|OMAT* _}zgACG fC 9}v ,,dqzyG Q+ih ,,dqzyG

.,<9AwyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| QDvC

O*O;h ,QG(Jzy OGOf G :B"}]@ QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwzy O9g<C ?T}L *


;QG(JyG ?gFGQ|h ,QG(JyG Q ?yO}G r+c(@h ,QG(JyG ~*Ot@h ,QG(JyG Q9wpC
k
9%!C 9}v ,?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQAS9< GQV9=| 9_9=@QG b=@Q@ O9g<}G gP$h

.9%A+}"@ aO%ATCG {YG(AyG JGQ9%}< 9]*C ?a=@Q|

! (| EJ=y
 

?+}+zgAyG OG(CGh JGhO}G OGOf{< EI9=yG e 9s EJ=yG aGO$C u+tJAy

:?+@6G


9!9+< h}F 9@ 

.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?!9=ASG -

_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C ?!9=ASG -

.iQLC J9jz<

U*OAy  9|

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@h ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"Ay MQAt| H|9!Q<

i(AJ| :#}]A*h( iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG

.)~zgCG {+yOh ,"~zgACG H9Av" H|9!Q=yG

193 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

9+ty
 

.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=ALG -

Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| AGOC J9*(AT| Q*Ot@ IQ9}ASG -

.{YG(AyG JGQ9%|

J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG -

.iQLC

EJ=y ?+}$
:&!(v #| EJ=yG ?+}$C JQ%c

IQ(Z< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ Q )Qh9; ?+G+@GQASG( ?IQAt| ?+G+@GQASG eOt* -

Q 9]*C eOMAT@ fC #w}*h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@h ,?|9f

Q ?|9f ?+G+@GQAS9v 9%|GOMASG #w}* 9}v ,iQL}G JGQQtCG U*QO@

.?qzAMCG I9+JyG rsG(| Q #*QL6G h| {YG(AyG

,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q &|Os jPyG H|9!Q=yG d;L #| ~%T* -

.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

9%"+< #| ,AyG ,_}zgACG iOy JGPyG IA9qv ?+}"@ Q ?D*OJyG J9%F(AyG Q*9T* -

.QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@

Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG >*QGAy iQLC J9SGQO e9|C d9GCG KAq* -

.iQLC ?+}+zg@ JGQQt| Q hC ,iQLC ?*(jy JGQ9%| ?+}"@

?jzyG ?g+=_ >S9"@ U*QO@ J9+G+@GQASG MGQAs: _DI9=yG e9|C d9GCG KAq* -

.9%}zg@ JGAGQFEh ?+<QgyG

EJ=y ?+G%"|
,EJ=yG P+q"Ay ?+G%"CG JGAGQF G V Qf )yE EJ=yG #| AR@G GP$ aO%*

O"f Bg=@G ,AyG JG(aBGh ,&G%"|h ,&A"+fh EJ=yG h}AGC 9\Qf dh9"A* ~C #|h

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 194


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

VQgy GO+%}@ ,EJ=yG ?<Q: u+=a@ JGAGQFE ~C ,gOG(|h EJ=yG JGhOC OGOfE

:xyP K+\(@ ,z* 9}+ph .9$Q+Tq@h ,9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG HF9A"yG

&A"+f EJ=y h}AG|


Q+i J9jz< _t_9"yG _}zgACG #| EJ=yG h}AG| f(w@ EJ=y h}AG| -

Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| Q f(SQO* #*PyG ?+<QgyG

e9gyG #| dh}G ,SGQOyG {ZqyG Q xyPh ,IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G

Bsh Q EJ=yG h}AG| OOf kz<h ;e2015 / 2014 - v$1436/1435 ,g|9@G


k
.9}zgA| )335( ?<QGAyG u+=a@
k
h<GQyG i(ATCG H;_ #| 9}zgA| )166( #| EJ=yG ?"+f B!(w@ EJ=y ?"+f -

?"*OCG Q ?+|;S G ?g|9@9< 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| Q
k
35(h ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=AL: ?+f;aASG ?"+f )9}zgA| 62( 9%"| ,IQ("CG
k k
)9}zgA| 31(h ,QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG S9+tC ?+f;aASG ?"+f )9}zgA|

QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<Ch ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ iO| O*O; ?"+f
k
?+=*Q: ?"+f )9}zgA| 38(h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iO y

.EJ=yG ?<Q: 9%+zf u=_

EJ=y ?+G%"|
:_+@6G _G%"CG ,y9JyG EJ=yG eOMASG

JGAGQFE rYhh ,EJ=zy jQd"yG Q9_ G ?<9Av O"f xyPh ,qY(y H%"C *
.&@GhOC OGOfE

k
eGOMASG )yE aO%* ,y9JyG EJ=yG f} GQd! ,=*QGAy &=V H%"C *
iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"Ay ?IQAt| ?+G+@GQASG

9}< ~zgACG H9Av OGOfE ~C #|h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA|

~+}ZAyG h=A* fC EI9=yG {]p Otp ,?IQAtCG ?+G+@GQAS:G gP$ h| >S9"A*

.jOg=yGh ,z=tyG _t+=aAyG h| ,IOIG(yG ?f(}GCG GP ,=*QGAyG

195 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

! (| EJ=y
  Of

EJ=yG JhGOC OGOfE O"f EI9=yG 9%g=@G ,AyG JG(aMzy K+\(@ ,@z* 9}+p

:gOG(|h


_t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC {Y(Ay
9%| ?!9=AS Of % :
QL
9jz<

_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?!9=ASG OGOfE ~@


k
:?+@6G JG(aMzy 9tph eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz<

Q ?!9=AS:G gP$ OGOfE #| aO%yG {D}@ ?!9=AS: Of #| O%y % 

J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| O*O;

.EJ=yG ?"+f iOy 9%A+}"Ay ;)eOtACG i(ATCG( iQLC

J9SGQOyG Q ?!9=AS:G OGOfE QO9Z| BzD}@ ?!9=AS: Of  9Z| % $


)1(
JGQ9%|h , ?|9f IQ(Z< j(jzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Byh9"@ ,AyG J9+<O}Gh

)2 (
JGQ9%|h , iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG
)3(
EI9=yG IQ=Lh , ?+!9DyG hC ?+="F}G ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG

?vSGQOvyG HvF9vAv!h ,IOv*Ovf JGQv| Qv+v=vgvAvyG QQvtv| &vTv*QOv@h ?v+vZvMvWvyG

?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| #| OOf )zf EI9=yG 9%< e 9s ,AyG ?+f;aAS:G

9%F9AJ* ,AyG JGQ9%CG #| OOf )yE 9%+p {Y(@h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

.9$Q+i #| QDvC f(}zgACG

;57-53 :2003 ,)S(|h ,j(T+gyG ;147-146 :2003 ,#*hG(Y ,<C ;143 :1998 ,O}IC :{D| )1(

.286 :2014 ,,zf ;39-38 :2012 ,,Wp9f

.112 ,2010 f9}+zSh ;105 :103 ,2004 ,?}+g_ :{D| )2(

Such as: American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Language, 1996; Nebraska )3(

Department of Education, 1996; American Classical League, 1997; Kansas State

Board of Education, 2000; North Dakota Department of Public Instruction, 2001;

Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2002; Littell, 2004; Louisiana Department

of Education, 2005; State of Delaware, 2005.

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 196


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

?+yh}G 9%@Q(Y Q ?!9=AS:G B"}]@ ?+y} 9%@(Y Q ?!9=AS: Of % *

,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| {D}@ IQ9%| )12( 9%"| ,IQ9%| )19( IQWf hT@

.,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG JGQ9%| {D}@ JGQ9%| )7(h

?+yh}G 9%@Q(Y Q ?!9=AS:G VQf ~@ _}wJC )zf ?!9=AS: +Qf % 

J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ d9G| Q _ZAMCG #| ?g=S )zf

,}zgAC 9%A=S9"|h ,?!9=AS:G Q ?FQOCG JGQ9%CG bOY #| OvzAzy ;iQLC

.eOtACG i(ATCG Q ?+<QgyG ?jzyG



?=S9"| )yE f(}wJCG Q9VC ~+wJAy H9A"y 9tp ?!9=AS: {*Og@ % 

Q9VC ,AyG J;*OgAyG BzD}@h ,?!9=AS:G Q ?"}]CG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

:#*Q|C Q ?!9=AS:G )zf f(}wJCG 9%+yE

#| ?+fQp JGQ9%| K;C ?i9+Y {*Og@ )yE _}wJCG ^g< Q9VC -

)?+@(ZyG J9|R;yG >"GA*( :,$ ,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

J9v|R;vyG >v"vGvAv*(h ,)?v+v@(vY J9v|R: fhOv< {vYG(vAv*( BvJv=vYC

>v"vGvAv*(h ,)?v+v|;vv J9v|R: fhOv< {vYG(vAv*( BvJv=vYC )?v+v|;vwvyG

Osh ,)?+vQI J9|R: fhO< {YG(A*( BJ=YC )?+vQJyG J9|R;yG

.jCQyG GP%y EI9=yG H9GASG

?=@Q| K=ZAy ,JGQ9%CG ^g< >+@Q@ IO9fE )yE _}wJCG ^g< Q9VC -

:,$ JGQ9%CG gP$h ,jCQyG GP%y 9]*C EI9=yG H9GASG Osh ,9+ta"|
k
,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| )9J+JY 9ta! JG(Y}G ua"*( IQ9%|

{YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| )>+vQAyGh )"gCG ?}+zS ;}F ua"*( IQ9%|h

{YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| )?+@(Y J9|R: fhO< {YG(A*( IQ9%|h ,,dqzyG

.,dqzyG Q+i

?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC ?|,;y {Y(Ay


9%}< ?+9%! ?}9s ?i9+Y % 
k
AGQ6 9tph ?!9=AS:G Q J;*OgAyG AGQFE Og< QL
9jz< _t_9"y
,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%}< ?+F9%! ?}F9s ?i9+Y B}@ ,_}wJCG

#*Q(J| B"}]@ ,eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

197 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

K\(* ,y9AyG dhO@Gh ,?+fQp IQ9%| IQWf hT@ 9}%"f uD=!G ,_T+FQ

:xyP

~s "OF  

9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC ?|,;y {Y(Ay


9%| ?}9s r+Y(@
?+9%"y 9%@(Y Q QL
?*(8C ?=T"y
?+fQqy
9%C (ATC 
?+fQqy
9%}zy
63,16 12 ,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| 1

36,84 7 ,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG JGQ9%| 2

100,00 19 2 Y(}GCG


~zgC {+ y  ~zgAC 9Av O f  - 9+!9C
k
O%g| Q h<GQyG i(ATCG H;ay eOt* jPyG Q+=gAyG H9Av i(AJ| f} GQd!

BzY(@ 9}v( IO(@G Q+*9g| h| >S9"A* : 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@
fG("f {}J* O*OF i(AJ| OGOf{< EI9=yG e9s Otp )2015 ,jO+VQyG ?SGQO &+yE
eOtCG ,}+zgAyG j(AJCG ~+}Z@ IO(F Q+*9g| h| upG(A* E+J< ){YG(AyG JGQ9%|(

?vgv+v=v_h ,?v+vI9v! #v| iQvLC J9vjvzv< _vtv_9v"vzvy ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ~v+vzvgv@ Hv|GQv< Q
~zgCG {+yO OGOf{< EI9=yG e9s 9}v ,?+!9C ?+I9! #| ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG
k
:,@z* 9}v xyPh ,?IQAtCG ?+G+@GQAS;y 9tph J9f(\(CG gP$ U*QOAy

~zgAC 9Av Of % 

,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?!9=ASG :)zf A9"< ~zgACG H9Av OGOfE ~@

QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C ?!9=ASGh ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

EI9=yG IQ=L )yE ?p9\ 9< ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG
.)*(
iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ H$9"| ~+}Z@ Q

iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ H$9"| ~+}ZAy uF9Ch ~+w;h ,OGOfE Q EI9=yG cQ9V )*(

.R*RgyG O=f xzCG ?g|9Fh ,iQtyG eC ?g|9Fh ,IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 198


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

:?+@6G {IGQ}zy 9tph ~zgACG H9Av OGOfE ~@ Osh

,H|9!Q=yG i(AJC ?+yhC IQ(Y OGOfE ~@ ~zgAC 9Awy ?+y (Y Of % 

,H9AwyG i(AJ|h ?H9AwyG GP$ #Ch ,?|Ot| :?+@6G QY9"gyG )zf Bz}AVG

.H9AwyG ShQOh ,~zgA}zy ?|9f JGO9VQEh

:,@z* 9| ~zgACG H9Av OGOfE O"f ,fhQ Osh

._}zgACG iOy 9%A+}"@ H(zaCG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| _}]@ -

.?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG ?g+=_ h| upG(AyG -

?jy ,%p ,iQL}G OG(CG hC J9jzyG #f 9$R+}@ ,AyG ?+<QgyG ?vjzyG ?g+=_ -

.?+|(sh ?+"*O IQhQ\ 9%}zg@ fC 9}v ,?+pOGQ@ ?+s9tAVG

.eOtACG i(ATCG ($h ,_}zgA}zy j(jzyG i(ATCG ?g+=_ -

.,<9AwyG {YG(AyGh j(qWyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| _< {|9wAyG -

.?+dqzyG Q+ih ,?+dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| _< {|9wAyG -

)Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG {IGQ| #| ?zIQ| {wy ?+J+\(@ d9wVC h\h -

.?IQAtCG

H|9!Q=yG h\h Osh ,?+}+zgAyG ?+z}gyG Q(J| &!} xyPh ,~zgACG ?+<9G*E -

.&zFC #|

)zf H9AwyG VQf ~@ _}wJC )zf 9Awzy ?+y} (Zy +Qf % $

J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ Q _ZAMCG #| ,_}wJ| ?C;C

.iQLC

J;*Og@ )yE f(}wJCG QW* ~y ?+9%"y &@(Y Q ~zgAC 9Av ?i9+Y % *

&@Q(Y Q ~zgACG H9Av K=YC ~C #|h ,~zgACG H9Av i(AJ| Q ?*Q$(F

:Bz}V ,AyG ,?+F9%"yG

#| aO%yG 9%+p &y K\hh ,H9AwyG ?SGQO Q &< >IQ ~zgA}zy ?|Ot| *
.&ASGQO

.H9AwyG ~zg@ ?+q+v &y K\h ~zgAy Q O=y {=s ~zgA}zy ?|9f
 9V *

199 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

,?+|;S G J9+zs}Gh ,j(jzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ,$


9f(\(| ?g=S *
,Q+}f #< >gZ|h ,?!9|}Gh bOZyGh ,9$(J! _}zTCG >FGhh SOtyGh

.?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~zg@ Q ,AZsh ,jOz< #| ?Zsh

IQ(Z< gG(AJ| VQfh ,&A*GO< Q ~zgAyG H@G(! ?<9Av :SQO {v #}]@h

Q=g* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG #f ?|9f IQwp ~zgACG iOy f(wA@ E+J< ,IQZAM|
k
.#*QL6G h| {YG(AyG )zf GQO9s f(w+y ;&"f

:,@z* 9}v xyPh ?aW!C ?g<QC ShQOyG #| SQO {v #}]@ 9}v



{YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG >Aw* &+ph , 9+<9Av {Y(@ - dh}G W9W"yG *
k
AO=yGh ,QY9"gyG O*O;h ,QwqAyG :,$ {IGQ| U}B 9tph ,#*QL6G h| &+p

.?<9AwyG ?gFGQ|h ,?yO}G r+c(@h ,?<9AwyG Q

k 
9t<9S &=Av jPyG Y(\(CG VQg* &+ph , 9*(qV {Y(@ - ,!9DyG W9W"yG *
KOJA*h ,9*(qV ?+<QgyG ?jzyG eGOMASG )zf O(gA* )AI ,9*(qV IQ(Z<

.?sOh ?s;a<

Y(\(| Q &F;|R OIC h| QG(J< e(t* &+ph ,  , ;|, 9I - Ey9DyG W9W"yG *
)zf &=*QO@ ~A * W9W"yG GP$ Qh ,9}%"+< QG(JyG dO9=@ ~A* E+J< ,SQOyG

.QG(JyG JGQ9%| Q &Tq! Q &AtC IO9*R

&|Ot@ iO| aQgA* )AI ;&zYG(@ e(t* &+ph ,


q
,zY(@ ( s - h<GQyG W9W"yG *
Q &y IOOJ| QY9"f IOf d;L #| xyPh ,#*QL6G h| {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q

.Y(\(| {v

~zgC {+y Of % 

k
)yE ?F9JyG f{p ,?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG eOt@ ?SGQOyG f} GQd!

H9Av i(AJ| U*QOAy ~zgCG {+yO OGOfE ~@ &+zf A9"<h ,OGOR@ ~zgCG {+yO OGOfE
k
:?+@6G JG(aMzy 9tph ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%|

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 200


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

^g< ~*Ot@ ($ {+yOyG GP$ OGOfE #| aO%yG f9v  {+yOzy ?+y (Y Of -

{YG(AyG JGQ9%| U*QO@ Q ~zgCG _g@ fC )FQ* ,AyG JGO9VQ Gh J9%+F(AyG

IQT+| IQ(Z< U*QOAyG ~A* )AIh ,iQLC J9jy _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC
Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ {FC #| ;K+JZyG &F(yG )zf
._}zgACG A:|$ iOy QG(JyG

~@ ,&A|;vSh ~zgCG {+yO OGOfE bOY #| OvzAzy _}wJC )zf {+yOy +Qf -

Q ) 3 ( ?|;f h\hh {+yOyG IAGQs


o
~%"| >z_h ,_}wJ| ?C;C )zf &\Qf

.{+yOyG h| ?tpQCG ~+wJAyG IQ9}ASG Q ~%*CQ >S9"@ ,AyG ?!9BG

,?+F9%"yG &@Q(Y Q ~zgCG {+yO {}AVG ?+9%"y &@(Y Q ~zgC {+y ?i9+Y -

,{+yOyG 9%+zf e(t* ,AyG ?qTzqyGh ,{+yOyG ?+}$Ch ,?|Ot| :,@z* 9| )zf
k
9tph U*QOAyG JG(aLh ,9%< O9VQAS:Gh ?!9gAS:G #w}* J9IQAt|h

,H9Awzy ?|9gyG aGO$}Gh ,~zgACG QGhOCh ,~zgCG QGhOCh ,Qh9; ?+G+@GQAS:


JGQ9%|( H9Av U*QOAy ?+FGQF G JG(aBGh ,H9AwyG U*QOAy ?+"|RyG ?aBGh
k
.?IQAtCG Qh9; ?+G+@GQAS: 9tph ){YG(AyG


_t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC {Y(Ay
9%| 9=AL Of % 9Dy9C
 QL
9jz<

:,@z* 9C 9tph Q9=AL:G GP$ OGOfE ~@

?jzyG ,}zgA| i(AT| S9+s )yE Q9=AL:G aO$  9=AL: #| O%y O*O; *
.,dqzyG Q+ih ,dqzyG :{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG

,AyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=AL:G U+t* 9=AL: 9%T+t* ,Ay


9%C O*O; *
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG )?+dqzyG Q+ih ,?+dqzyG( 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@

.eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

,~zgA}zy iQLCh ,Q9=AL:G u=aC J9}+zg@ Bj+Y 9=AL:


9}+zg@ ?i9+Y *
,tz* fC Q9=AL:G u=aC Q+VCh ,Q9=AL:G ?*GO< Q J9}+zgAyG gP$ B!hOh
k
.Q9=AL:G O("< #f ?<9F G Q AO=yG {=s 9*(qV _}zgAC9< ?Y9BG J9}+zgAyG

201 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

,J9f(\(| ?g<QC IQ(Y Q Q9=AL:G JGOQq| Bj+Y 9=AL:


 Qq| ?i9+Y *
QOG* xyP )zfh ,uF9sO U}L OhOI Q &+p ~zwA*h 9%"| GOIGh ~zgACG Q9AM*

JGQ9%| S9+t< uzgA* 9}+p ,EJ=yG HF9A! ?*OhOJ| )yE Q+W* fC EI9=y9<

._}wJCG jCQ ?!9=ASG d;L #| 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG {YG(AyG

Q*OtAy LQOACG AGO}G Q*Ot@ S9+t| OGOfE ~@ 


9FOy Q*Ot@ K+JZAy   *
:,$ J9*(AT| ?g<QC O*O; d;L #| xyPh ,IOI )zf ~zgA| {v J9FQO

.)1( QDgA|h ,)2( VQ|h ,)3( e9!h ,)4( eOtA|


m m

9}v - J9f(\(| ?g<QC #| q


Q9=AL:G f(w@ 9=AL;y ?+y} (Zy Of *
,AyG ?|9gyG I9+JyG J9f(\(| #| f(w@ fC 9%+p ,fhQ - IQ9V G Bt=S

.gQ+i h| ~zgACG 9%+p {YG(A*

Q Q9=AL:G VQf ~@ _}wJC )zf ?+y} &@(Y Q 9=AL: +Qf *


J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ Q _ZAMCG #| ?g=S )zf ?+yh}G &@Q(Y

aGO$C :($( J9f(\(CG OIC ?i9+Y {*Og@ )yE f(}wJCG Q9VCh ;iQLC

QDvC f(w+y ;)?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~zg@ #| xpGO$C :)yE ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~zg@ #| S9"yG

.{*OgAyG GP%y EI9=yG H9GASG Osh ,_}zgA}zy ?=S9"|

?+f;aAS:G ?<QGAyG AGQFE ~@ ?+f;aAS ?"+f )zf 9=AL: u+=a@ *


?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| Q f(SQO* #*PyG _}zgACG #| ?f(}G| )zf Q9=AL;y

~$OOf kz< IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG
k
#| _}zgACG A9%A!G Og<h .h<GQyG i(ATCG )yE f(}A"* 9g+}F ~$h ,9}zgA| )35(
k
u+=aAyG &+yE aO$ 9}< e9+tzy GO+%}@ HF9A"yG k*Qq@ ~@ Q9=AL:G #f ~%@9<9FE

K]A+S 9| GP$h ,&"|Rh ,&sOYh ,Q9=AL:G J9=C H9TI #| ,f;aAS:G

:,@z* 9}+p

J9=C {|9g| V Qf ~@ &!C )yE IQ9V G QO: 9=AL:


9=C {|9g| %
k k
O}Ag@ Q9=AL;y ,@GPyG bOZyG H9TJy ?yO9g| c9"$ f} GQd! ;:hC Q9=AL:G

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 202


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

HF9A"yG Q9=AL:G )ag* fC Q9=AL:G J9=D< OvZt*h .J9=DyG {|9g| ?}+s )zf

Rh ,~%Tq!C OGQp}G )zf &t+=a@ O+fC 9| GPE ,9%"| ?=*Qs HF9A! hC 9%Tq!

J:O9gCG iOIE N9=!hQv 9qyC ?vt*Q_ Og@h .?%<9W| ahQc hC ,9%Tq! ahQdyG

:?yO9gCG gP$ )zf uz_C Osh ,Q9v=AL;y ,zLGOyG b9T@:G H9TJy eOMAT@ ,AyG

?yO9gCG gP$ u+=aA<h ,)257 :2008 ,H9aL( ",zLGOyG b9T@;y ?|9gyG ?yO9gCG"

.)0,898( jh9T* Q9=AL:G J9=C {|9g| fC OFh (SPSS, V.21) H|9!Q< d;L #|

Q9=ALG )zf _}zgACG J9FQO Q BAWAyG #| % 89,8 fC )yE Q+W* GP$h

J9FQOyG Q bhQqyG )yE iRg* ),dqzyG Q+i -,dqzyG( {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

.S9+tyG A9aLC )yE iRg* BAWAyG GP$ #| %10,2 fCh ,?+t+tJyG

h\h 9| S9+s )zf &@QOt| Q9=AL:G bOZ< OZt* 9=AL: (OY -

,)452 :2010 ,O+TyG ;152 :2008 ,H9aL( 9%S9+s OGQCG ?}TyG hC ,&zFC #|

:,@z* 9| eGOMASG ~@ Q9=AL:G bOY #| OvzAzyh

)zf 9%\Qf Og< ?sO9Y Q9=AL:G JGOQq| fC #| OvvzAyG ~@ :_}wJCG bOY -

._}wJCG

f{p ~ C # |h ,J9=DyG {|9gC ,g+<QAyG QP@G #f IQ9=f ($h :,F9ZI G bOZyG -


k
-9]*C v Q+W@ ?}+s ,$h ,)0,948( jh9T@ Q9=AL;y ,F9ZI G bOZyG ?}+s

.Q9=AL:G bOY )yE

?|RJyG d;L #| Q9=AL;y ,zLGOyG b9T@:G H9TI ~@ :,zLGOyG b9T@:G -

J9FQO _< f(SQ+< W9=@QG {|9g| LGQMAS9< xyPh ;(SPSS, 21) ?+F9ZI G

~+s Bjz< Osh ,Q9=AL;y ?+y9}F G ?FQOyG h| Q9=AL:G jQ(J| #| {v

?FQOyGh ,dqzyG {YG(AyG Q(J| J9FQO _< 0,964 W9=@Q:G J;|9g|

,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG Q(J| J9FQO _< 0,880 h ,Q9=AL;y ?+y9}F G

.)0,000( ?y:O i(AT| O"f ?yGO 9%g+}F ,$h ,Q9=AL;y ?+y9}F G ?FQOyGh

#| GQ9=ALG Og* &!} ;9%<9TI ~A* ~y :R++}AyGh ,?<(gZyGh ,?y(%TyG {|9g| -

.9+z+Z; GQ9=ALG U+yh ,AGO}G JGQ9=ALG

203 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

10( v< Q9=AL:G #f ?<9F G Bsh Q*Ot@ ~@ :Q9=AL:G u+=a@ #|R -

)5( OhOI Q gQ9AM* jPyG Y(\(CG Q ~zwA* fC ~zgACG #| >z_ &!} ;)uF9sO

#vf ?v<9vF Gh ,J9v}v+vzvgvAvyG IAGQvtvy f(vwv@ iQvL}G Uv}vBG uvF9vsOvyGh ,uvF9vsO

.JOFh fE JGQ9TqAS:G

u+=a@ Og<h ,_}wJCG )zf Q9=AL:G VQf Og< :Q9=AL;y ?+F9%"yG IQ(ZyG *
B}@ ,&"|Rh &@9=Ch Q9=AL:G bOY O*OJAy B*QFC ,AyG ?+f;aAS:G ?<QGAyG
k
9}< ,EJ=yG ?"+f )zf u+=aAzy GOGOgASG ?+F9%"yG &@Q(Y Q Q9=AL:G ?i9+Y

._}zgACG AGOC J9*(AT| Q*Ot@ IQ9}ASG xyP Q


?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9=AL Of - 9g<
 QL
9jz< _t_9"y
k
:,@z* 9C 9tph Q9=AL:G GP$ OGOfE ~@

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG S9+s )yE Q9=AL:G aO$  9=AL: #| O%y O*O; *


.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG

{Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG O9g<}G 9%Tq! ,$ 9=AL: 9%T+t* ,Ay 9g<} O*O; *


?T}L #}]A@h ,QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<} ?+F9%"yG ?}F9tyG Q 9%+yE

.O9g<C

,~zgA}zy J9}+zg@h ,Q9=AL:G u=aC J9}+zg@ Bj+Y 9=AL:


9}+zg@ ?i9+Y *
,tz* fC Q9=AL:G u=aC Q+VCh ,Q9=AL:G ?*GO< Q J9}+zgAyG gP$ B!hOh
k
.Q9=AL:G O("< #f ?<9F G Q AO=yG {=s 9*(qV _}zgAC9< ?Y9BG J9}+zgAyG

Qh9J| )aj@ E+J< Q9=AL:G JGOQq| Bj+Y 9=AL:


 Qq| ?i9+Y *
_A"CG Q {D}A@h ,9t<9S 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG ,QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG

?i9+Y O"f ,fhQ Osh ,Qh9J| )5( ?T}L )zf ?fR(| ,IQ9=f )32( _C;Ch

>+GAT* E+J< ,IOIGh IQwp #f IQ9=f {v Q+=g@ :,@z* 9| Q9=AL:G JGOQq|

(Likert) JQw+y LQO@ h| JGQ9=gyG upG(@h ,&*CQy 9tph ?y(%T< U(JqCG

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 204


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

JGQ9=gyG Y("@h ,Q(J| {v Q ?=y9S iQLCh ?=F(| JGQ9=f O(Fhh ,,S9}BG

.Q(J| {v Q 9%y(}Vh

QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG {}AVG 9=AL;y ?+y} (Zy Of *


9%"f uD=!G ,Qh9J| ?T}L )zf iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC

Q9=AL:G ?sQh )zf ~zgACG ?<9FE f(w@ fC ,fhQ Osh ,IQ9=f f(C;Ch f9A"CG

,~S:G E+I #| ~zgACG J9!9+< ?<9Awy [ZM| ARF c9"$ f(w* fCh ,9%Tq!

.N*Q9AyGh ,{ZqyGh ,i(ATCGh ,?+T"@Gh

Q9=AL:G ?+I;Y #| OvzAzy _}wJC )zf ?+y} &@(Y Q 9=AL: +Qf *


?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ Q _ZAMCG #| ?g=S )zf )yh}G &@Q(Y VQf ~@ O tp

&@QOs )yE f9"8}_:Gh ,Q9=AL:G ?+I;Y #| OvzAzy ;iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy

U}L ?i9+Y {*Og@ )yE f(}wJCG Q9VC Osh .&S9+ty h\h 9| S9+s )zf

.9%}%p Q ?y(%S QDvC K=ZAy JGQ9=f

?+f;aAS:G ?<QGAyG AGQFE ~@ ?+f;aAS ?"+f )zf 9=AL: u+=a@ *


?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| Q f(SQO* #*PyG _}zgACG #| ?f(}G| )zf Q9=AL;y

~$OOf kz< IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG
k k
#| _}zgACG A9%A!G Og<h .h<GQyG i(ATCG )yE f(}A"* 9g+}F ~$h ,9}zgA| )35(
k
u+=aAyG &+yE aO$ 9}< e9+tzy GO+%}@ HF9A"yG k*Qq@ ~@ Q9=AL:G #f ~%@9<9FE

K]A+S 9| GP$h ,&"|Rh ,,&sOYh ,Q9=AL:G J9=C H9TI #| ,f;aAS:G

:,@z* 9}+p

,N9=!hQvv 9vqyC ?yO9g| eGOMAS9< J9=DyG H9TI ~@ : 9=AL:


9=C -

J9=C {|9g| fC OFh (SPSS, 21) H|9!Q< d;L #| ?yO9gCG gP$ u+=aA<h

J9FQO Q BAWAyG #| % 81 fC )yE Q+W* GP$h .)0,810( jh9T* Q9=AL:G

J9FQOyG Q bhQqyG )yE iRg* QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG )zf _}zgACG

.S9+tyG A9aLC )yE iRg* BAWAyG GP$ #| %19 fCh ,?+t+tJyG

205 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

:,@z* 9| eGOMASG ~@ Q9=AL:G bOY #| OvzAzyh :Q9=AL:G bOY -

)zf 9%\Qf Og< ?sO9Y Q9=AL:G JGOQq| fC #| OvvzAyG ~@ :_}wJCG bOY -

._}wJCG

?}+s h ,J9=DyG {|9gC ,g+<QAyG QP@G #f IQ9=f ($h :,F9ZI G bOZyG -


k
)yE -9]*C v Q+W@ ?}+s ,$h ,)0,90( jh9T@ Q9=AL;y ,F9ZI G bOZyG

.Q9=AL:G bOY

d;L #| Q9=AL;y ,zLGOyG b9T@:G H9TJ< EI9=yG e9s :,zLGOyG b9T@:G -

_< f(SQ+< W9=@QG {|9g| LGQMAS9< xyPh ;(SPSS, 21) ?+F9ZI G ?|RJyG
,y9AyG dhO@Gh ,Q9=AL;y ?+y9}F G ?FQOyG h| Q9=AL:G jQ(J| {v J9FQO

:9%Ay:Oh 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG W9=@Q:G J;|9g| ?}+s K\(*

$  ~s "OF

,}zgAC (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9=AL 9J|


9F _< -9=@:
;|9g|
?+zwy ?FOy h| QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy
?y:Oy (AT| -9=@: {|9g| (JC

0,000 0,740 QG(Jzy OGOf G

0,000 0,651 gQY9"fh QG(JyG Q9wpC O*O;

0,000 0,860 .QG(JyG ~*Ot@

0,000 0,870 QG(JyG Q ?yO}G r+c(@

0,000 0,705 QG(JyG ?gFGQ|

BIhGQ@ W9=@Q:G J;|9g| ~+s fC u<9TyG )2( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*

9F ;)0,000( ?y:O i(AT| O"f ?yGO 9%g+}F ,$h ,)0,870 h ,0,651( _<

.9%]g< h| ?tTA| Q9=AL:G JGQ9=f fC ,"g*


k k
.9+z+Z; GQ9=ALG U+y &!} ;9%<9TI ~A* ~y :R++}AyGh ,?<(gZyGh ,?y(%TyG {|9g| -

H9TI u*Q_ #f Q9=AL:G u+=a@ #|R H9TI ~@ :Q9=AL:G u+=a@ #|R -

:,@69v xyPh ,?<9F G #| ,%A"* U(Jq| QLCh dhC #|R bS(A|

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 206


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

30 + 14

.?t+sO 22 = = Q9=AL:G #|R bS(A|


2

9%y a9]* ,?t+sO )22( jh9T* Q9=AL;y >S9"CG #|RyG f{p ~C #|h

.?t+sO )25( Q9=AL;y >S9"CG #|RyG K=Z* ~C #|h ,J9}+zgAzy uF9sO K;C

u+=a@ Og<h ,_}wJCG )zf Q9=AL:G VQf Og< 9=AL;y ?+9%"y (Zy *
B}@ ,&"|Rh &@9=Ch Q9=AL:G bOY O*OJAy B*QFC ,AyG ?+f;aAS:G ?<QGAyG
k
,EJ=yG ?"+f )zf u+=aAzy GOGOgASG ?+F9%"yG &@Q(Y Q Q9=AL:G ?i9+Y

VQf ~@h ,IQ9%| f(C;Ch f9A"CG 9%"f uD=!G ,Qh9J| ?T}L #| Q9=AL:G f(w@h

#| )yh}G IQ9=gyG PL|@ E+J< ,9$Q*hO@ Og< _}zgACG )zf Q9=AL:G JGQ9=f

,Q(J| {v #| ?+!9DyG IQ9=gyG ~C ,?g<9AA| h\(@h ?T}BG Qh9JCG #| Q(J| {v

Q9=AL:G JGQ9=f h*R(@ K\(* ,@6G dhO@Gh ,JGQ9=gyG ,%A"@ )AI GPw$h

:Qh9J| )zf

*  ~s "OF

?g<} !9J| )zf !9:: 9+t|


9=f h*,(@
?=T"y
9=gy
9=gy
.(}GC
9=gy 9s (JC 
?*(8C ?=y9Ty ?=F(C
15,63 5 2 3 21 h ,16h ,11h ,6h ,1 QG(Jzy OGOf G 1

,22h ,17h ,12h ,7h ,2 Q9wpC O*O;


18,75 6 3 3 2
26h gQY9"fh QG(JyG

,23h ,18h ,13h ,8h ,3


25,00 8 4 4 QG(JyG ~*Ot@ 3
31h ,30h ,27h

,24h ,19h ,14h ,9h ,4 Q ?yO}G r+c(@


21,88 7 3 4 4
31h ,28h QG(JyG

18,75 6 3 3 29h ,25h ,20 ,15 ,10 ,5 QG(JyG ?gFGQ| 5

100 32 15 17 32 Y(}GCG

k
:,@6G dhO@G Q K\(| ($ 9C 9tph Q9=AL:G K+JZ@ ~@ 9=AL: K+JZ@ *

207 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

  ~s "OF

9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9=AL K+JZ@
QL

9+AL:
up : up
up : QA| up
OW< OW<
9=gy .(!

1 2 3 4 5 ?=F(|

5 4 3 2 1 ?=y9S

,?FQO )160( S9+tCG GP$ Q ?FQOzy )zf}G OJyG f(w* GP$ )zfh

.?FQO )32( )!O}G OJyGh

:?+@6G JG(aMzy 9tph EJ=yG ?<Q: B}@ EJ=y ?<Q:

,EJ=yG ?<Q: u+=a@ Q AO=zy EJ=y ?<Q: u+=a@ )zf ?+}SQy ?tp(C *
#| u+=aAzy ?*QGO G J9tpG(CG E+I #| ?|R;yG J9=+@QAyG AGQF{< EI9=yG e9s

?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| IQGOE

.IQ("CG ?"*OC9<

#| ?+FG(Wf IQ(Z< EJ=yG ?"+f Q9+ALG ~@ ?+=*QGAy EJ=y ?"+f 9+AL *


Q _}zgACG OOf f9vh ,)5 /4( {Zp H;_ ~$h Q h<GQyG i(ATCG H;_
k k
?<Q: ~%+zf Bt=_ 9}zgA| )38( ~%"| Q}ASG ,9}zgA| )40( {ZqyG GP$

.EJ=yG

QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| 9=AL: ,z=ty u+=aAy *


JGQ9%| jQ9=ALG u+=a@ ~@ :iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC

,yh}G i(ATCG )zf a(s(yG aO%< ;QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG

,?+I9! #| QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<Ch ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q EJ=yG ?"+gy

.iQLC ?+I9! #| 9$Og<h ?<QGAyG {=s ~%FGOC J9*(AT| _< ?!Q9t}zyh

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 208


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 


JGQ9%|( H9Av U*QO@ ~@ ?IQAtC 9; ?+G+@QAS: 9tp U*OAy *
/1435 ,g|9@G e9gyG #| dh}G ,SGQOyG {ZqyG Q ,EJ=yG ?"+gy ){YG(AyG
k
9f(=SC QWf OIC J9f(\(CG U*QO@ bQjASG Osh ,e2015/2014 - v$1436

:,@z* 9| U*QOAyG O"f ,fhQh ,9+f(=SC J9f9S h<QC hsG(<

{=s _}zgA}zy )Qh9;( ?+G++@GQAS 9tph U*QOAyG JGAGQFE f9+< -

.SQO dhC Q AO=yG

.~%@GQ9TqASGh _}zgACG AGQB )yE Y9}AS:G -

?+G+@GQAS: 9tph 9%!(SQO+S ,AyG J9f(\(C9< _}zgACG r*Qg@ -

.?IQAtCG )Qh9;(

?+G+@GQAS;y 9tph &}zg@ A9"CC Q ~zgA| {v #| H(zaCG K+\(@ -

.?IQAtCG

Og< (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy {Y(Ay


9%| 9=AL: Og=y u+=aAy *
jQ9=ALG u+=a@ ~@ ,?IQAtCG "Qh9; " ?+G+@GQAS: 9tph U*QOAyG #| A9%A!:G

,9*Og< 9t+=a@ EJ=yG ?"+f )zf QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%|

,,z=tyG _t+=aAyG Q 9%+zf G(zZI ,AyG J9FQOyG J9aS(A| _< ?!Q9t}zy

JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p aQgAy xyPh ;jOg=yGh

_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyGh ,{YG(AyG

.iQLC J9jz<

Q B|OMASG ,AyG J:O9gCG BzD}@ EJ=y


9!9+=y ?+9ZI  ?@9gC *
{|9g|h ,N9=!hQv 9qy} J9=DyG {|9g|h ,?*(8CG ?=T"yG :Q ,y9JyG EJ=yG

,,v<9vTvJvyG bvS(vACGh ,Q9v=vAvL:G uv+v=vav@ #v|R H9vTvI ?vyO9vgv|h ,bOvZvyG

~ GI H9TJy 9A*E h<Q| ?yO9g|h ,)J( Q9=ALG ?yO9g|h ,jQ9+gCG aGQJ!:Gh

.Q+CzAyG

gP$ u+=a@ d;L #| 9%+zf d(ZJyG ~@ ,AyG HF9A"zy VQf ,z* 9}+ph

:?+F9ZI G J:O9gCG

209 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

EJ=y H9A!
JGhOC u+=a@ Og< 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG EJ=yG HF9A! Q(JCG GP$ VQg*
k k
,9t<9S 9$O*O; ~@ ,AyG ?z8S}G #| dG|S {wy 9tph xyPh ,&A<Q:h ,EJ=yG

:HF9A"yG gP%y VQf ,z* 9}+ph

{YG(AyG JGQ9%| 9|" :&Z!h ,EJ=yG ?z8SC #| dh}G dG|TyG #f ?<9F G

"?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG

?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%}< ?}F9s )yE {Y(AyG ~@

uD=!G _AT+FQ _@Q9%| B"}]@ ,eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

:,@z* 9}v ,?+fQp IQ9%| IQWf hT@ 9}%"f

,dqzy {Y(Ay
9%| % 
k k
.9=S9"| 9}*Ot@ &+p KOJA* jPyG Y(\(}zy eOt* - 1-1

k k
.9J+JY 9ta! JG(Y}G ua"* - 2-1

.>+vQAyGh )"gCG ?}+zS ;}F ua"* - 3-1

.&+p KOJA* jPyG Y(\(}zy e9gyG Q9_ 9< eRAz* - 4-1

.O$G(WyGh _$GQ=yGh HGJy9< gAGQBh gQwp ~fO* - 5-1

.)JZqyG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG eOMAT* - 6-1

.?qzAMCG rsG(}zy >S9"CG Q+=gAyG Q+MA* - 7-1

.9=S9"| 9=+@Q@ 9%"f KOJA* ,AyG Q9wp}G >@Q* - 8-1

.?jzyG #| >S9"CG QOty9< QwqyG #f Q=g* - 9-1

.KOJAyG O"f rs(yG #TI ,fGQ* - 10-1

.?y(=t| ?+"|R IQAqy {ZA| {wW< KOJA* - 11-1

.h}ATCG Q QC|@ ?*(s {}G< &"f KOJA* jPyG Y(\(CG ~AM* - 12-1

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 210


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

,dqzy Q+i {Y(Ay


9%| % $
k
q
.)"g}zy 9tph &@(Y JGQ=! Q Y("* - 1-2

.?+@(Y J9|R: fhO< {YG(A* - 2-2

.?+|;v J9|R: fhO< {YG(A* - 3-2

.?+vQI J9|R: fhO< {YG(A* - 4-2

.?=S9"| IQ(Z< _"+gyG {YG(@ eOMAT* - 5-2

.?=S9"| IQ(Z< JGQ9V G eOMAT* - 6-2

.#*QL6G h| {YG(AyG A9"CC Q c9=@Q:G eOf &+zf Q%d* - 7-2

IA9qwyG O9g<C 9|" :&Z!h ,EJ=yG ?z8SC #| ,!9DyG dG|TyG #f ?<9F G

"?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG

,}zgAC ?|R;yG QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<z< ?}F9s )yE {Y(AyG ~@

Qh9J| ?T}L B"}]@ ,eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG
k
jCQ {D}@ JGQ9=gyG gP$ f} GQd!h .IQ9=f f(C;Ch f9A"CG 9%"f uD=!G ,?T+FQ

IA9qwyG Q9=ALG Q JGQ9=gyG gP$ h\hh ,?+I9! #| QG(JyG Q &@A9qv d(I ~zgACG

f(w* E+J< JGQ9=gyG ?i9+Y B}@ Otp ,iQLC ?+I9! #| QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG

:,@z* 9}v xyPh ,)-( ?=y9S ?j+Z< 9%]g<h ,)+( ?=F(| ?j+Z< 9%]g<

  ~s "OF

QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC ?|,;y (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g<
9=gy !9: 9=gy 

(Jy Q Q+wqAy (Jzy Of  "} Og=y


+ e;wyG AO< {=s &"f ~zw@C fC O*QC jPyG Y(\(CG Q QwpC -1

+ &+p Qh9;C jPyG Y(\(}zy >S9"CG Bs(yG OOIC -2

- &+p QwpC fC fhO Y(\(| jC Q e;wyG h+aASC -3

+ &+p ~zw@C fG {=s Y(\(| jC Q GO+F QwpC ,"!C QgVC -4

- QG(I jC Q AO=yG {=s O*OWyG a(B9< QgVC -5

211 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

  ~s "OF /h<9@

QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC ?|,;y (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g<
9=gy !9: 9=gy 

!QY9"f (Jy 9wp O*O; ,!9Dy Og=y


+ QG(JyG Q AO=yG {=s GO+F jQ9wpC >+@Q@ h+aASC -6

+ , "$ P Q ?=@Q| ,$ 9}v jQ9wpC d(s )zf UQIC -7

- Q9wp}G Q >+@Q@ fhO QG(JyG VQf ,"v"w}* -8

- Q9wp}9< e9}A$:G fhO< QG(JyG f(}%q* #*QL6G {gFC fC h+aASC -9

+ &+p e;wyG {=s Y(\(| jC QY9"f O*O; h+aASC ,"!C QgVC -10

h+aASC : ,"zgG* 9F ,Q9wp}G O*O; Q IQ+=v ?<(gZ< QgVC


- -11
Y(\(| jC Q e;wyG

(Jy ~*Ot@ Ey9Dy Og=y


+ #*QL7y QG(JyG VQf O"f ,Tq"y 9%@OOI ,AyG Q9wp}9< eRAyC -12

+ ?}d"|h ?=@Q| IQ(Z< QG(JyG O"f jQ9wpC VQfC -13

- {}@G hC J9}zwyG ^g< O"f GQ+Dv rs(@C -14

9%|OMASG ,AyG {}@G hC J9}zwyG ^g< Q Qwp} ;*(_ rs(@C


- -15
QG(JyG Q

+ ~%g| Qh9;C #| >S9"@ ?fQT< ~zw@C -16

+ #*QL6G h| Qh9;C 9|O"f ?J+JZyG ?jzyG eOMASC -17

- a(B9< ,!QgW* xyP f} ;~%g| Qh9;C 9|O"f #*QL6G )yE Qd"yG >":C -18

?jzy9< #*QL6G h| Qh9;C 9|O"f ,Ajy #| J9}zv eGOMAS9< ~A$C


- -19
?+<QgyG

(Jy Q ?y } r+c(@ h<Qy Og=y


+ #*QL6G h| jQG(I O"f ?yO}Gh _$GQ=yG eOMASC -20

?a=@Q| 9%|OMASG ,AyG _$GQ=yGh ?yO}G f(w@ fC )zf UQIC


+ -21
QG(JyG Y(\(}<

- jQ9wpC O+vzAy ;+yO OFC : 9|O"f #*QL6G H(+f )zf O}AfC -22

,AyG _$GQ=yGh ?yO}G d ;L #| QG(Jy9< jQ+i Y9"sE h+aASC


+ -23
9%|OMASC

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 212


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

  ~s "OF /h<9@

QL
9jz< _t_9"y ?+<Qgy ?jzy ,}zgAC ?|,;y (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g<
9=gy !9: 9=gy 

+ .9$QvPC ,AyG ?yO}9< fhQL6G h"At* 9|O"f IO9gTy9< QgVC -24

- {+yO jO"f #w * ~y fEh )AI ,QG(JyG O"f ,*CQ< xT}@C -25

h| QG(JyG O"f jQ9wpC O+vzAy ?}%| Q+i _$GQ=yGh ?yO}G fC iQC


- -26
#*QL6G

(Jy ?gFQ| U|9B Og=y


#| Ovz@} ;#*QL6G h| QG(JyG O "f jQ9wpC ?gFGQ| h+aASC
+ -27
9%AJY

- ,|;vh jQ9wp} ?gFGQ| fhO #*QL6G h| ~zw@C -28

- #*QL6G {gp OQ< e9}A$:G fhO< ,|;v #| ,%A!C -29

+ zaL B!9v GPE jQG(I Q JOQh ,AyG Q9wp}G ^g< hFGQC -30

+ ,|;wy #*QL6G ~%p O*R+y QG(JyG AGRFC ^g< {*Og@ h+aASC -31

- ?J+JY IQ(Z< ~zw@C ,!C OvzA| ,!} ;9}FGO ,|;v ?gFGQ| cQ@C -32

QpG(@ iO| 9|" :&Z!h ,EJ=yG ?z8SC #| Ey9DyG dG|TyG #f ?<9F G

"?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| jOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=ALG u+=aA< EI9=yG e9s ,dG|TyG GP$ #f ?<9F5y


k
O%g| H;_ #| 9}zgA| )31( )zf iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC

~@h ,IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@

.9$QpG(@ ?=T! H9TIh ,9%+zf {ZI ,AyG HF9A"yG OYQ

{vh ,?z}G| {YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ ?=T! )zf ?+q+v IQ(Z< ~wJzyh

?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G ?JF: )yE Y(FQyG ~@ ,IOI )zf JGQ9%CG #| IQ9%|

Q*Ot@ )yE ?+}wyG ?FQOyG d(; ,AyGh ,JGQ*OtAyG H9TI ?+q+v Q IQ("CG

,90 #| {sC )yE 80 #| GOF O+Fh ,QDvzp 90 #| R9AF :,@z* 9}v xyPh ,,q+v

hC >SGQh ,70 #| {sC )yE 60 #| d(=t|h ,80 #| {sC )yE 70 #| O+Fh

.60 #| {sC r+g\

213 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

JGQ9%| jQ(J| Q _}zgACG J9FQO bS(A| K\(* ,y9AyG dhO@Gh

iOv|h ,Q9v=vAvL;vy ?v+vy9v}vF G ?vFQOvyG Qh ,?v+vdvqvzvyG Qv+vih ,?v+vdvqvzvyG {vYG(vAvyG

:9$Q*Ot@h ,9$QpG(@

  ~s "OF

{Y(Ay
9%| ?+dqzy {Y(Ay
9%|
Q _}zgAC
9F bS(A|
*0  9$Q*Ot@ 9$Qp(@ O| ?z}G|
9%C Q ?+dqzy Q+i

bS(A| 9+=y
Q*OtAy Qp(Ay ?=T!
?FOy (ATC

r+g\ % 47,72 22,90 ?+dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

r+g\ % 42,28 11,84 ?+dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

r+g\ % 45,71 34,74 ?z}G| JGQ9%CG

JGQ9%| QpG(@ ?=T! bS(A| fC u<9TyG )6 ( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*

B!9v iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy IQWf hTAyG {YG(AyG
k
?g|9@G ?JF;y 9tph )r+g\( Q*Ot@ dO9g@ ?*(8CG ?=T"yG gP$h )%45,71(

.?+|;S G

{YG(AyG JGQ9%| QpG(@ ?=T! bS(A| fC &Tq! dhO@G #| K]A* 9}v

)vzvf )42,28h ,47,72( Bv!9vv ?v+vdvqvzvyG Qv+vi {vYG(vAvyG JGQ9v%v|h ,?v+vdvqvzvyG

)zf IQ9%| {v QpG(@ iO| 9|C .)r+g\( Q*Ot@ dO9g@ _A=T"yG 9Azvh ,>+@QAyG

,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| IOI

9%g+}F JGQ9%CG fC )yE Q+W* GP$h ,)%54,84 - %26,61( _< BIhGQ@ Otp

.)r+g\( Q*Ot@ )zf BzZI

G(zZ* ~y iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| fC K\(* GP$h

IQhQ\ )zf dO* 9F ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| IQ9%| ?*C Q #w}AyG i(AT| )yE

._}zgACG A:|$ iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"A< e9}A$:G

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 214


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

O9g<C QpG(@ iO| 9|" :&Z!h ,EJ=yG ?z8SC #| h<GQyG dG|TyG #f ?<9F G

"?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG u+=aA< EI9=yG e9s ,dG|TyG GP$ #f ?<9F5y


k
H;_ #| 9}zgA| )31( )zf iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC QG(JyG

?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g|

dhO@Gh .9$QpG(@ ?=T! H9TIh ,9%+zf {ZI ,AyG HF9A"yG OYQ ~@h ,IQ("CG

Qh ,QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C Q _}zgACG J9FQO bS(A| K\(* ,y9AyG

:9$Q*Ot@h ,9$QpG(@ iO|h ,Q9=AL;y ?+y9}F G ?FQOyG

  ~s "OF

(Z< (Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwzy ?T+Qy 9g<} Q _}zgAC


9F bS(A|
*0  9$Q*Ot@ 9$Qp(@ O| ?+y9}F

bS(A| 9+=y
Q*OtAy Qp(Ay ?=T!
?FOy Og=y
d(=t| % 66,33 106,13 QG(Jzy OGOf G

d(=t| % 68,65 17,16 gQY9"fh QG(JyG Q9wpC O*O;

d(=t| % 67,53 20,26 QG(JyG ~*Ot@

d(=t| % 63,63 25,45 QG(JyG Q ?yO}G r+c(@

d(=t| % 66,18 23,16 QG(JyG ?gFGQ|


k
d(=t| %66,99 20,10 :9}FE QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG

IA9qwyG O9g<C QpG(@ ?=T! bS(A| fC u<9TyG )7( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*

Bv!9vv iQvLC J9vjvzv< _vtv_9v"vyG ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ,v}vzvgvAv| iOvy QG(vJvyG Q ?v+v@GPvyG
k
?g|9@G ?JF;y 9tph )d(=t|( Q*Ot@ dO9g@ ?*(8CG ?=T"yG gP$h )%66,99(

#| Og< {v QpG(@ ?=T! bS(A| fC &Tq! dhO@G #| K]A* 9}v .?+|;S G

>T"yG gP$h ,>+@QAyG )zf )67,53 h ,63,63( _< BIhGQ@ ,?T}BG O9g<}G

.)d(=t|( Q*Ot@ dO9g@ 9%g+}F ?T}BG Qh9JCG Q ?*(8CG

215 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

Q(ZAyG 9|" :&Z!h ,EJ=yG ?z8SC #| U|9BG dG|TyG #f ?<9F G

"?)Qh9;( ?+G+@GQAS: MQAtCG

k
:,@z* 9C 9tph MQAtCG Q(ZAyG OGOfE ~@

O9=CG )zf ?t*QayG gP$ Rw@Q@ ?IQAtC ?+G+@QAS;y ?*(<QAy 9=C *


:?+@6G ?g=TyG

IQ(Z< AG(S S9"yG _< d9gqyG {YG(AyG u+t; ($ ?jy ?*C #| U+FQyG aO%yG -

9|h ,?<9AwyG - IAGQtyG - KOJAyG - Y9}AS:G JGQ9%| u*Q_ #f( ?+dqy

?+dqy Q+i hC )>+vGQAyG - JGOQqCG - JG(Y}G :?jzyG QY9"f #| 9%< b=@Q*

.)NyG...J9vQJyG v ,"+gyG {YG(AyG v JGA9}* G -JGQ9V G(

.{YG(@ ?+z}f ?*} U+FQ Rw@Q| QG(JyG -

.f;|9wA| QG(JyGh {YG(AyG -

#| I(FQCG aGO$}G u+t; Q ~%T* &+p {YG(AyG OGQCG Y(\(CG Q Q+wqAyG -

.{YG(AyG ?+z}f

.?=@Q|h ?}d"| ?t*Qa< &\Qf )zf Of9T* Y(\(CG QY9"f O*O; -

QDvC &zgG*h ,#*QL6G h| {YG(AyG jQD* ?yO}Gh O$G(Wy9< d:OAS:G -

.?+sGOZ|

#| OvzAyGh ,&+p IOQG(yG A9aL}G >": )zf Of9T@ {YG(AyG ?+z}f ?gFGQ| -

.K+JZyG {wWy9< ,tzACG )yE ?y9SQyG d(Yh

?IQAtCG ?+G+@GQAS:G #| aO%yG {D}@ ?IQAtC ?+G+@QAS: #| O%y *


?+}"@h ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| #w}AyG )zf ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| IOf9T| Q

.?*(jzyG ~%@GQOs Q ~%AtC

?+z}f _T; )yE aO%@ ?IQAtCG ?+G+@GQAS:G gP$ fC d(tyG #w}*h

.?|9gyG I9+JyG rsG(| #| rs(| Q hC ,}+zg@ rs(| Q B!9vC AG(S {YG(AyG

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 216


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

EI9=yG 9%IQAsG ,AyG ?+G+@GQAS:G O}Ag@ ?IQAtC ?+G+@QAS: {IQ| *


~SG #| K\Gh GP$h ,{IGQ| U}L )yE {YG(AyG ?+z}f ~+Tt@ )zf

dh}G aQJyG )yE ~S:G GP$ #| aQI {v Q+W* E+I "Qh9; " ?+G+@GQAS:G

:,@z* 9}v {YG(AyG ?+z}f {IGQ| #| ?zIQ| {v #|

.)Qwq@( J *
.)QY9"gyG OOI( M *
.){YG(AyG CO<G( G *
.)?yO}G rch( h *
.)xzYG(@ hFGQ( Q *
J9=zaACG #| GOOf ?T}BG {IGQCG gP$ #| ?zIQ| {v #}]A@h

:,@z* 9}+p xyP K]A*h ,?+fQqyG

Qwq@ )

)*(
q
&+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG Q ~zgACG QwqA* ?zIQCG gP$ Qh

~zgAC9p ,Q+wqAy9< ?jzyG b<Q@ ,AyG ?*(tyG ?s;gyG h| upG(A* GP$h ,?|9f IQ(Z<

fC O*Q* 9}+p GO+F Qwp GPE :E )?<9Av -KO;( ?J+JY ?jy HA"* fC &"w}* :

($ 9}v &+yE &zt"* fC O*Q* 9| ~%+yE {Z* E+J< #*QL6G/QL6G )yE &zt"*

.&"$P Q K\Gh

:v< ?zIQCG gP$ Q ~zgACG e(t* ?|9f I(Z<h

,btp ~zgAyG rsG(| Q U+yh ,?qzAMCG I9+JyG rsG(| Q ?+G+@GQAS:G gP$ eGOMASG #w}* )*(

O*O; ~C ,~%"| &z=tAT* hC #*QL~y &zt"* fC O*Q* 9}+p OQqyG Q+wq@ fC )yE Q+W* hsG(y9p
~%T* 9%}*(t@h {YG(AyG ?+z}f ?gFGQ|h ,O$G(WyGh ?yO}G r+c(@h ,9%+p {YG(A* ,AyG QY9"gyG
E*OJyG b9+S f} )~zgACG(?}zv 9"$ EI9=yG eGOMASG Osh .Q+=v {wW< &zYG(@ aGO$C u+t; Q
.?+}+zgAyG ?+z}gyG Q ?+G+@GQAS:G u+=a@ #f 9"$

217 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

.rs(CG h| >S9"A* 9}< 9%|OMAT* ,AyG ?=S9"CG JGOQqCG O*O; -

.rs(CG h| >S9"A* 9}< 9%|OMAT* ,AyG ?=S9"CG >+vGQAyG O*O; -

.{YG(Azy >S9"CG #|RyG O*O; -

.{YG(AyG ?+z}f Q &AtC O*R@ ,AyG Q(|}G Q QwqAyG -

.{YG(AyG ?+z}f Q 9%< O%WAT* fC #w}* ,AyG ?=S9"CG ?yO}G R+%: -

QY9"gy OI )

~zwA* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG QY9"f O*OJA< ~zgACG e(t* ?zIQCG gP$ Q

O*O; O"f )fGQ* ~C #|h ,OOJ| OOf 9%y U+y QY9"gyG gP$h ,&+p >Aw* hC

:QY9"gyG

k k
.9+ta"| 9=+@Q@ QY9"gyG >+@Q@ *
.&+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(}zy QY9"gyG ?+aj@ *
k k
.GQV9=| 9_9=@QG Y(\(C9< ?a=@QCG QY9"gyG Q9+ALG *
,#*QL6G h| 9%+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* ,AyG QY9"gyG _< VQgyG A9"CC Q ?!RG(CG *
.QLB QZAM*h ,QY9"gyG OIC V Qf Q WQq* : E+J<

IQ+Dv QY9"f f(w@ ;p ,{YG(Azy M9ACG #|Rzy 9$OOJ* ,AyG QY9"gyG ?=S9"| *
.M9ACG Bs(yG {=s ,%A"@ ?z+zs hC ,9%\Qgy Bs(yG ,qw* : E+J<

._tzA}zy QY9"gyG ?=S9"| *

{Y(Ay O< )

{YG(AyG ?+z}f Q ~zgACG CO=* ,gQY9"f O*O;h ,Y(\(CG Q QwqAyG Og<

O"f 9%@9fGQ| >G* Q(|C IOf c9"$h ,9+<9Av eC 9*(qV {YG(AyG GP$ f9v AG(S

#| Y(! {w< ?Y9L Q(|C c9"$h ,?|9f IQ(Z< H(AwCGh j(qWyG {YG(AyG

:,@z* 9}v xyPh ,_f("yG

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 218


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

(AwC (qWy {Y(Ay O"f )fQ* 9| )

.Y(\(}zy 9=S9"| 9}*Ot@ ~*OtAyG -

.>+vQAyGh )"gCG ?}+zS {}F eGOMASG -

.Y(\(}zy e9gyG Q9_ 9< eGRAy:G -

.O$G(WyGh ?yO}9< gAGQBh gQwp ~fO -

.)JZqyG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG eGOMASG -

.?qzAMCG rsG(}zy >S9"CG Q+=gAyG Q9+ALG -

.9=S9"| 9=+@Q@ Q9wp}G >+@Q@ -

.?jzyG #| >S9"CG QOty9< QwqyG #f Q+=gAyG -

.,tzACG Q QC|@ ?*(s {}G< Y(\(CG ~A L -

(qWy {Y(Ay O"f )fQ* 9| )

.9J+JY 9ta! JG(Y}G ua! -

.KOJAyG O"f rs(yG #TI -

.?y(=t| ?+"|R IQAqy {ZA| {wW< KOJAyG -

.)"g}zy 9tph J(ZyG JGQ=! Q h*("AyG -

.?+@(Y J9|R: fhO< {YG(AyG -

.?+|;v J9|R: fhO< {YG(AyG -

.?+vQI J9|R: fhO< {YG(AyG -

.?=S9"| IQ(Z< _"+gyG {YG(@ eGOMASG -

.?=S9"| IQ(Z< JGQ9V G eGOMASG -

.c9=@Q:G Q%d* : E+J< ,?tD< {YG(AyG -

(AwC {Y(Ay O"f )fQ* 9| )

219 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

.bBG #TI I9fGQ| -

.~+sQAyG J9|;g< e9}A$:G -

.H(AwCG ~+d"A< e9}A$:G -

.?<9AwyG A9"CC Q ?+F;| G ?JZy9< e9}A$:G -

?y } rc )

r+c(@ ~A* &!E E+I ,?t<9TyG ?zIQC9< ?a=@Q|h ?zLGOA| ?zIQCG gP$

?yO}G eGOMAS9< ~zgACG e(t* ?zIQCG gP$ Qh ,{YG(AyG ?+z}f A9"CC Q ?yO}G

?yO}G gP$h ,#*QL6G )yE &zt"* fC O*Q* 9| Ov|@ ,AyG _$GQ=yGh O$G(WyGh
k
:,@z* 9F QDvC hC GOIGh ?yO}G f(w@ fC #w}CG #| &!E E+I ,?f("A|h IQ+Dv

.?*(="yG ?"TyG - .~*QwyG fBQtyG -

.A9}zgyG dG(sC - .~%@9pQZ@ hC ?<9JZyG dG(sC -

.QgWyG - .d9D|}Gh ~wJyG -

.K+JZyG N*Q9AyG rsG(| #| rs(| - .?*Q9@G KGOI}G # | KO I -

.&y ?+ZMV IQ=L - .JGA9ZI G -

k
Q WQAW* #wyh ,9=S9"| gGQ* QLB {+yO jC ~zgACG rc(* fC #w}*h

:,@z* 9| {YG(AyG ?+z}f Q &q+c(@ ~A* jPyG {+yOyG

.&+p {YG(A* jPyG Y(\(C9< {+yOyG W9=@QG *


.{+yOyG ? JY *
*
k k k
.)9+f9}AFGh ,9+p9tCh ,9*(jy( Q9tyG hC h}AT}zy {+yOyG ?=S9"|

*
k k k k
.GOF ;*(_ hC ,GOF GRF(| f(w* ;p ,M9ACG Bs(zy {+yOyG ?=S9"|

xzY(@ hF )
k
9}*(t@ {YG(AyG ?+z}gy ~zgACG ~*(t@ ($ ?zIQCG gP%y U+FQyG aO%yG

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 220


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

k
Q*OFh ,Qwph baL 9}v #*QL6G/QL6G h| {YG(@ &!C #| OvzA* E+J< ,9+@GP

{YG(AyG ?gFGQ| #| ?sO QDvC ,<9AwyG {YG(AyG ?gFGQ| ?+z}f fC QvPy9<

f(v #| J9jzyG ~+zg@ J9+<OC Q 9%+zf aQ9gACG ?y(tCG h| uqA* GP$h ,j(qWyG
k k
.9J+t"@ )?<9AwyG(h ,9*(qf )KOJAyG(

k
hC 9*(qV( e;wyG fC #| OvzAyG )yE {YG(AyG ?gFGQ| ?+z}f aO%@h
k k
.QwqyG Q >@Q| ($ 9}v QvPyG Q 9=@Q| LQL )9<(Aw|

:,@z* 9| j(qWyG {YG(AyG ?+z}f ?gFGQ| O"f )fGQ*h

.J9qs(yG d(a< h}ATCG QgW* : )AI ,{YG(Azy ?g*QTyG ?gFGQCG *


.9%\Qf ~@ ,AyG QY9"gyG [+Mz@ *
.K+\(@ )yE L9A; 9%!C iQ* ,AyG QY9"gyG ^g< K+\(@ *
.h}ATCG )yE 9%zt"* fC O*Q* ,AyG ?}%CG >!G(@G O+vz@ *
.H(zaCG {wWy9< #*QL7y {Z@ ~y ,AyG AGRF}G {*Og@ *
?+zf9p 9|" :&Z!h ,EJ=yG ?z8SC #| SO9TyG dG|TyG #f ?<9F G

?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG

"?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG

,aS(A| _< bQqyG H9vTJ< EI9=yG e9s ,dG|TyG GP$ #f ?<9F5y

eGOvMAS9< jOg=yGh ,,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q EJ=yG ?f(}G| _}zgACG J9FQO

,9A*E h<Q| ?yO9g| eGOMAS9< Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s H9TJ< e9s 9} v ,"J" Q9=ALG

J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=ALG u+=a@ Og< xyPh
k k k
eC ,:9}FE Q9=AL:G jOg=y AG(S HF9A"yG OYQ ~@h ,9*Og<h 9+z=s 9t+=a@ iQLC

:xyP K+\(@ ,@z* 9}+ph IOI )zf Q(J| {wy

:?z}G| {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p - 1

k
?f(}GCG GP ,=*QGAyG ~+}ZAyG eOMASG Os ,y9JyG EJ=yG f} GQd!

221 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

_aS(AC "J "?}+s H9TI ~@ Otp ,jOg=yGh ,z=tyG _t+=aAyG h| IOIG(yG

,z=s Q9=ALG iQG* 9|O"f f9aS(ACG b=@Q* E+I .OOvgyG Q _*h9TA|h _a=@Q|
k k
)zf 9*Og< 9t+=a@ &Tq! Q9=AL:G u=a* IQvvAp Ovg< ~C ,OGQp}G #| ?f(}G| )zf

.)172 :1980 ,,T"|( 2f 9%Tq! ,$ 1f K=Z@ ~C #|h ,9%Tq! ?"+gyG

Q _}zgACG J9FQO _< bQqyG bS(A| H9TJ< EI9=yG e9s xyPy


e(vzvgvzvy ?v+vF9vZvI G ?v|RvJvyG Hv|9v!Qv< eGOvMvAvS9v< jOvgv=vyGh ,vzv=vtvyG _vtv+v=vavAvyG

"J" Q9=ALG ?yO9g| eGOMAS9< xyPh (SPSS, V.21) 21 QGOY G ?+f9}AF:G


.(Paired-Samples T Test) _Aa=@Q| _A"+gy

_}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< bQqzy )J( ?}+s ,y9AyG dhO@G K\(*h
.EJ=yG ?f(}GC jOg=yGh ,,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=ALG Q

~s "O F ' 

?*QJy ?F  _aS(AC _< (Qqy bS(A| 9+gC QJ!: bS(AC

Q {Y(Ay
9%|9=AL: Og=y ,z=ty _t+=aAy Q 9%Ay: 
?}+s

*'0 :9}F
9%C

?y:Oy ?F bS(A| QJ!: 9+=y



?}+s bS(AC u+=aAy
?+9ZI  ?*QJy (Qqy 9+gC Og=y
i(AT| O"f ?yGO 7,98 35,29 ,z=tyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|
13,55 37 35,55 k
)0,000( 12,24 70,84 jOg=yG :9}FE

jh9T@ )?<(TJCG J( ?}+s fC ,u<9TyG )8( ~s Q dhO@G #| K]A*


?*QI ?FQOy )2,704( jh9T@ ,AyGh )?+yhO@G J( ?}+s #| Q=vC ,$h )13,55(

;460 :1996 ,~c9vh ,Q<9F ;598 :1985 ,_yGO f9p( )0,01( i(AT| O"f 37
k
O"f ?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC )zf dO* 9F ;Cohen & Lea, 2004: 232)

,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q _}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< )0,01( ?y:O i(AT|

"Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG eGOMASG fC Ov|* GP$h ,jOg=yG u+=aAyG Ky9Zy jOg=yGh

JGQ9%| ?+}"@h _T; Q ?+F9ZIE ?y:O JGP bhQp Q(%c )yE iOC Os ?IQAtCG
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 222


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

k
hC ?f(}G| J9FQO J9aS(A| _< bQqzy ?+F9ZI G ?y:OyG f} GQd!h

fC >G* iQLC Q(|C c9"$ 9}!Eh ,bQqyG xyP ?+}$C f9+=y ?+p9v BT+y QDvC
xyP ?pQg| )zf >@QA* fC #w}* 9|h ,bQqyG xyP ~GI {D| Q9=Af:G Q PL|@
)yE ?p9\E Q9=Af:G Q PL|@ fC >G* ?+z}gyG ?}+tyG fC jC ;JGQGQs #| bQqyG

9|O"f )bQqyG ~GI( Q+CzAyG ~GI H9TI ~A* fC {]q* GPy ,?+F9ZI G ?y:OyG
k
9}v ,J9"+gyG ~GJ< QCzA@ : Q+CzAyG ~GI U+*9t| f} ;9+F9ZIE ?yGO "J "f(w@

9}"+< ?g<9AyG JGQ+jACG Q ?ztATCG JGQ+jACG Q+Cz@ QGOt| K\(* Q+CzAyG ~GI fC

?y:Ozy {}wCG &F(yG ($ Q+CzAyG ~GJp xyP K\(@ : ?+F9ZI G ?y:OyG


.)77-76 :2006 ,Q*OQOyG( ?+F9ZI G

~GI ?yO9g| eGOMAS9< )Q+CzAyG ~GI( ?}+s H9TJ< EI9=yG e 9s xyPy


k
-439 :1996 ,bO9Yh ,>aI(<C( Eta squared 9A*E h<Q| ?yO9gC 9tph Q+CzAyG

.)77 :2006 ,Q*OQOyG ;440

B!9vh Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s Bgq@QG 9}zv &!C )yE )459 :2008( H9aL Q+W*h
&!C #| ~iQyG )zfh ,?+zf9p QDvC B!9v ?+=*QGAyG ?@9gCG fC )zf xyP dO ?=F(|
k k
fC )zf 9|9f 9s9q@G c9"$ fC :E ,Q+CzAyG ~GI )zf ~wJzy IOOJ| OfG(s OF(@ :
?@9gCG fC )yE Q+W* )0,20( J9+"*QWgyG Q &A}+s ht@ jPyG Q+CzAyG ~GI
k k
Q &A}+s ht@ jPyG Q+CzAyG ~GI 9}"+< ,GQ+=v U+y &"wyh GQ+Cz@ BCOIC ?+=*QGAyG
9| h| uqA* GP$h ,?y9gph ?*(s ?@9gCG fC )yE Q+W* QDvzp )0,80( J9+"+!9}DyG

.Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s )zf ~wJyG Q )491 :2007( ,"+<QWyG &+yE Q9VC

Qh9; ?+G+@GQASG eGOMASG Q+Cz@ ~GI ?}+s K\(* ,y9AyG dhO@Gh


k
:Eta squared 9A*E h<Q| ?yO9gC 9tph {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG

#  ~s "O F

:9}F {Y(Ay
9%| ?+}"@ Q ?y:Oy (AT| d  2  
~+s
(AT| 9+=y
d ?}+s 2 ?}+s
?}+s
?y:Oy Og=y
k
hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 4,87 0,856 13,55 :9}FE {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

223 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

eGOMAS9< Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s fC u<9TyG )9( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*

?+G+@GQASG eGOMASG fC )zf dO* 9F )0,6( ?=T! JOg@ Os ,9A*E h<Q| ?yO9g|

?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ )yE iOC Os ?IQAtCG "Qh9;"

Q B\Qfh 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG ?G+A"yG ~fO* GP$h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

_}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< 9+F9ZIE dGO bQp O(Fh #| u<9TyG )8( dhO@G

.jOg=yG u+=aAyG Ky9Zy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=AL: jOg=yGh ,z=tyG _t+=aAyG Q

:{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG "Qh9; "?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p - 2

:IOI )zf {v ,dqzyG Q+ih ,,dqzyG

,,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q 9%Ay:Oh "J "?}+s ,@6G )10( ~sQ dhO@G K\(*

:,dqzyG Q+ih ,,dqzyG :{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=ALG jOg=y jOg=yGh

& ~s "OF

?*QJy ?F  _aS(AC _< (Qqy bS(A| 9+gC QJ!: bS(AC


3

9%| 9=AL Og=y Og=y ,z=ty _t+=aAy Q 9%Ay: 
?}+s

*'0 {Y(Ay
?y:Oy ?F bS(A| QJ!: 9+=y

?}+s bS(AC u+=aAy
?+9ZI  ?*QJy (Qqy 9+gC Og=y
i(AT| O"f ?yGO 5,49 23,18 ,z=tyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|
13,15 37 21,74
)0,000( 7,69 44,92 jOg=yG ,dqzyG

i(AT| O"f ?yGO 3,06 12,11 ,z=tyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|


12,93 37 13,82
)0,000( 5,02 25,92 jOg=yG ,dqzyG Q+i

jh9T@ )?<(TJCG J( ?}+s fC ,u<9TyG )10( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*

JGQ9%C ?=T"y9< )12,93( jh9T@h ,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%C ?=T"y9< )13,15(

jh9T@ ,AyG )?+yhO@G J( ?}+s #| Q=vC f9A}+tyG f9@9$h ,,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG
k
O"f ?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC )zf dO* 9F ;)37( ?*QI ?FQOy )2,704(

jOg=yGh ,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q _}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< )0,01( ?y:O i(AT|

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 224


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

"?+G+@GQASG fC Ov|* GP$h ,jOg=yG u+=aAyG Ky9Zy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q9=AL:


k
JGQ9%CGh ,:9}FE {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q ,<9G*E Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "Qh9;

.,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyGh ,,dqzyG {YG(Ay9< {w< ?Y9BG

k
9tph Q9=AL:G jOg=y Q+CzAyG ~GI H9TI ~@ ?G+A"yG gP$ #| OvzAzyh

:,@6G dhO@G &J\(* 9| GP$h ,9A*E h<Q| ?yO9gC

 ~s "OF


3
{Y(Ay
9%| 9=AL Og=y ?y:Oy (AT| d  2  
9A}+s
(AT| 9+=y
d ?}+s 2 ?}+s
?}+s
?y:Oy Og=y
hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 4,85 0,855 13,51 ,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 4,65 0,844 12,93 ,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG JGQ9%|

jOg< Q Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s fC u<9TyG )11( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*

JOGR ,dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG JGQ9%|h ,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| :Q9=AL:G

Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "h9;" ?+G+@GQASG fC )zf dO* 9F ,)0,6( #f 9%g+}F

.,dqzyG Q+ih ,,dqzyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q hq@Q|

?v+vzvf9vp 9v|" :&vZv!h ,EvJv=vyG ?vzv8vSC #v| hv<9vTvyG dG|vTvyG #vf ?v<9vF G

,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG

"?iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

?+zf9q< uzgA* 9}+p 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG HF9A"zy V Qf ,z* 9}+p

,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG )Qh9;( ?+G+@GQASG

QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C Q AG(S ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

:QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C #| Og< {v Q eC ,?z}G| IQ(Z<

?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG "Qh9; "?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p - 1

:QG(JyG Q

225 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q 9%Ay:Oh "J "?}+s ,@6G )12( ~sQ dhO@G K\(*

:QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=AL: jOg=yGh

~s "OF $

?*QJy ?F  _aS(AC _< (Qqy bS(A| 9+gC QJ!: bS(AC

Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9=AL: Og=y ,z=ty _t+=aAy Q 9%Ay: 


?}+s

*'0 :9}F (Jy

?y:Oy ?F bS(A| QJ!: 9+=y



?}+s bS(AC u+=aAy
?+9ZI  ?*QJy (Qqy 9+gC Og=y
11,99 106,13 ,z=tyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG
i(AT| O"f ?yGO
4,38 37 12,26 QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG
)0,000( 15,78 118,39 jOg=yG k
:9}FE

Bjz< )?<(TJCG J( ?}+s fC ,u<9TyG )12( ~s Q dhO@G #| K]A*

?FQOy )2,704( jh9T@ ,AyG )?+yhO@G J( ?}+s #| Q=vC ?}+tyG gP$h ,)4,38(
k
?y:O i(AT| O"f ?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC ) z f dO * 9F ;)37( ?*QI

Q9=AL: jOg=yGh ,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q _}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< )0,01(

"?+G+@GQASG fC Ov|* GP$h ,jOg=yG u+=aAyG Ky9Zy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG


k
.:9}FE QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q ,<9G*E Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "Qh9;

k
9tph Q9=AL:G jOg=y Q+CzAyG ~GI H9TI ~@ ?G+A"yG gP$ #| OvzAzyh

:,@6G dhO@G &J\(* 9| GP$h ,9A*E h<Q| ?yO9gC

~s "OF *


(Jy Q ?+@Py 9qwy 9g< ?+}"@ Q ?y:Oy (AT| d  2  
~+s

:9}F
(AT| 9+=y
d ?}+s 2 ?}+s
?}+s
?y:Oy Og=y
QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG
hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 1,57 0,382 4,38 k
:9}FE

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 226


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

Q9=ALG Q Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s fC u<9TyG )13( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*


?+G+@GQASG fC )zf dO* 9F ,)0,6( #f JOGR QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG

iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "h9;"

.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA|

?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C ?+}"@ Q ?IQAtCG "Qh9; "?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p - 2

:QG(JyG Q

,,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q 9%Ay:Oh "J "?}+s ,@6G )14( ~sQ dhO@G K\(*

:QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG O9g<} jOg=yGh

 ~s "OF

?*QJy ?F  _aS(AC _< (Qqy bS(A| 9+gC QJ!: bS(AC


9qwy 9=AL 9g<} Og=y ,z=ty _t+=aAy Q 9%Ay: 
?}+s

*'0 (Jy Q ?+@Py


?y:Oy ?F bS(A| QJ!: 9+=y

?}+s bS(AC u+=aAy
?+9ZI  ?*QJy (Qqy 9+gC Og=y
2,93 17,16 ,z=tyG
0,002 3,49 37 1,90 QG(Jzy OGOf G
2,77 19,06 jOg=yG

3,33 20,26 ,z=tyG QG(JyG Q9wpC O*O;


0,045 2,10 37 1,58
3,98 21,84 jOg=yG gQY9"fh

4,04 25,45 ,z=tyG


0,006 2,94 37 3,03 QG(JyG ~*Ot@
5,64 28,48 jOg=yG

3,69 23,16 ,z=tyG Q ?yO}G r+c(@


0,000 6,34 37 3,68
3,64 26,84 jOg=yG QG(JyG

3,81 20,10 ,z=tyG


0,007 2,92 37 2,06 QG(JyG ?gFGQ|
3,25 22,16 jOg=yG

k
?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC ,u<9TyG )14( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*

,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q _}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< )0,01( ?y:O i(AT| O"f

227 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG O9g<C #| ?g<QC Q jOg=yG u+=aAyG Ky9Zy jOg=yGh

,QG(vJvyG Q ?vyO}G rv+vc(v@h ,QG(vJvyG ~v*Ovtv@h ,QG(vJvzvy OGOvf G :,v$ QG(vJvyG

.QG(JyG ?gFGQ|h

k
)0,05( ?y:O i(AT| O"f ?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC K]A* 9}v

u+=aAyG Ky9Zy jOg=yGh ,z=tyG :_t+=aAyG Q _}zgACG J9FQO ,aS(A| _<

O*O; :($ QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG Q9=ALG O9g<C #| OIGh Og< Q jOg=yG

gQY9"fh QG(JyG Q9wpC

Q ,<9G*E Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "Qh9; "?+G+@GQASG fC )zf dO* GP$h

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<C #| Og< {v Qh ,:9}FE QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@

.QG(JyG

k
9tph Q9=AL:G jOg=y Q+CzAyG ~GI H9TI ~@ ?G+A"yG gP$ #| OvzAzyh

:,@6G dhO@G &J\(* 9| GP$h ,9A*E h<Q| ?yO9gC

 ~s "OF

?+@Py 9qwy 9g< #| Og< {v ?+}"@ Q ?y:Oy (AT| d  2  


~+s
(Jy Q
(AT| 9+=y
d ?}+s 2 ?}+s
?}+s
?y:Oy Og=y
hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 1,254 0,282 3,49 QG(Jzy OGOf G

hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 0,754 0,125 2,10 gQY9"fh QG(JyG Q9wpC O*O;

hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 1,056 0,218 2,94 QG(JyG ~*Ot@

hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 2,277 0,565 6,34 QG(JyG Q ?yO}G r+c(@

hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 1,049 0,216 2,92 QG(JyG ?gFGQ|

O9g<C Q Q+CzAyG ~GI ?}+s fC u<9TyG )15( ~sQ dhO@G #| K]A*

fC )vzvf dOv* 9vF ,)0,6( #vf JOGR 9v%vgv+v}vF QG(vJvyG Q ?v+v@GPvyG IA9vqvwvyG

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 228


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q hq@Q| Q+Cz@ 9%y f9v ?IQAtCG "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG
k
.IOI )zf Og< {v Qh ,:9}FE QG(JyG

H9A"y Q+Tq@
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC {YG(AyG JGQ9%}< ?}F9s )yE ,y9JyG EJ=yG {Y(@

IQWf hT@ 9$OOf kz< JGQ9%CG gP$h eOtACG i(ATCG Q iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

Q+i {YG(AyGh ,,dqzyG {YG(AyG :9}$ _T+FQ #*Q(J| )zf ?}Tt| IQ9%|
k k
?=S9"| ?|Ot}< AO=yG E+I #| 9+ta"| 9=+@Q@ ?=@Q| JGQ9%CG gP$h .,dqzyG

)tzA* #}+p QC|@ ?*(s ?}@9M< A9%A!Gh ,&+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(}zy

,KOJAyG JGQ9%| _< h} : JGQ9%| IOf JOQh ?}@9BGh ?|OtCG _<h ,?y9SQyG

)yE ?p9\ 9< ,>+vGQAyGh JGOQqCGh ,JG(Y}G ,$ ?jzyG QY9"f #| ?C;Ch


k k
,9=S9"| 9=+@Q@ Q9wp}G >+@Q@ E+I #| {YG(@ ?+z}f ?*C Q ?T+FQyG JGQ9%CG

.?=S9"| ?+"|R IQAqy E*OJyG ?s;_h ,rs(yG #TI I9fGQ|h

k
,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q ,dqzyG Q+ih ,dqzyG >!9@G _< {|9wAzy GQd!h

E+I #| ,?+dqzyG Q+i {YG(AyG JGQ9%| #| ?f(}G| ?}F9tyG _}]@ ~@ Otp

,?+|;wyGh ,?+@(ZyG :9%fG(!z< J9|R;yG >":h J(ZyG JGQ=! Q h*("AyG

)yE ?p9\E ,?=S9"| IQ(Z< ,"+gyG {YG(AyGh JGQ9V G eGOMASGh ,?+vQJyGh

.c9=@Q:G Q(%c eOf &+zf >@QA* 9F {YG(AyG A9"CC Q Uq"yG Q ?tDyG IQhQ\

,AyG )96 :2007 ,<GQf ,<C( ?SGQO h| ,y9JyG EJ=yG uqA* GP$ )zfh

_t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?|R;yG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?}F9s )yE BzY(@

,?=S9"CG ?*(J"yG ?j+ZyG eGOMAS9< Q9wp}G #f Q+=gAyG :B"}]@ iQLC J9jz<

H9g+ASG #f e;wyG O"f Q+=gAyGh ,?qzAMCG rsG(}zy ?=S9"CG JGQ+=gAyG Q9+ALGh

.?+<QgyG ?z}@G e9!

B"}]@ QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG O9g<z< ?}F9s )yE {Y(@ EJ=yG fC 9}v

?T}BG Qh9JCG gP$h ,?+fQp IQ9=f f(C;Ch f9A"CG 9%"f uD=!Gh ,Qh9J| ?T}L

229 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

k k
JG(aM< GQV9=| 9_9=@QG ?a=@Q|h ?tpG(A| f(w@ fC 9$OGOfE O"f ,fhQ

b=@Q* ?T}BG Qh9JCG #| Q(J| {v fE E+I ,?IQAtCG Qh9; ?+G+@GQASG

CO<G vQY9"gyG OOI vQwq@( ?IQAtCG Qh9; ?+G+@GQASG {IGQCG #| ?zIQ}<

.)xzYG(@ hFGQ - ?yO}G rch - {YG(AyG


k
)14h 12 h 10 h 8( ?|(sQCG dhGO@G Q JOQh ,AyG J9!9+=zy 9tphh
k
9+F9ZIE ?yGO bhQp O(Fh )yE JOC "Qh9; "?+G+@GQASG eGOMASG fC )zf ByOh

?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG hpQh ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q

?|(sQCG dhGO@G Q OQh 9| gOv|* 9| GP$h ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG

"Qh9; "?+G+@GQAS: ,<9G* G Q+CzAyG GP$ hRg* EI9=yG f{p ,)15h 13h 11h 9(

:,@z* 9| )yE ?IQAtCG


k
GO+F f(aaM* ~%zgG* ,#*QL6G )yE g(zt"* fC fhO*Q* 9}+p _}zgACG Q+wq@ *
~zgACG {g: 9%!C :E ,?g*QS Q+wqAyG ?+z}f B!9v fEh )AI ,{YG(AyG ?+z}gy
k k
,AyG >+vGQAyGh JGOQqCGh ,{YG(AyG #|R E+I #| {YG(Azy 9|9f GQ9_E h]*

Q ~zgACG ?tC O*R@ fC &+zf >@QA* GP$h ,9%+yE L9AJ* ,AyG ?yO}Gh ,9%|OMAT*
k
,{YG(AyG ?+z}gy GO+F OgAT* &zgG+p ,#*QL6G h| &zYG(@h gQG(I ?+z}f

.QG(JyG Q AO=yG #| a(BG hC uzty9< Q(gWyG {zt*h

?+z}f {gG* ~zgACG &+p {YG(A* fC O*Q* jPyG Y(\(CG QY9"f O*O; *
~%T* fC &!zV #| &!C 9}v ,{=tATCGh {SQCG :#+pQayG {wy IOOJ| {YG(AyG
k k k k
#f GO+g< GOOJ|h 9=@Q| Y(\(CG ~*Ot@h ,9=+@Q@ QDvC {YG(AyG ?+z}f {gF Q

,&zYG(@ Q ~zgACG ?tC O*R* fC &!zV #| GP$h ,{MCG R9G* G hC {}CG H9"_ G

{wW< 9%=+@Q@h gQ9wpC O*O;h ,{YG(AyG ?+z}f ?y(%T< QgW* &zgG* E+J<

.>S9"|

k
~zgACG fE E+I ,?+gsGhh 9f9"sE QDvC {YG(AyG ?+z}f {gG* ?yO}G r+c(@ *
QDvC f(w*h ,?+sGOZ| QDvC &zYG(@ f(w* _$GQ=yGh ?yO}G eOMAT* 9|O"f
k
.#*QL6G Q GQ+Cz@

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 230


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

R+}@ ,AyG I(tyG W9t! #| OvzA* &zg: ~zgACG &< e9s jPyG {YG(AyG ?gFGQ| *
~zgACG {gG* fC &!zV #| GP$h ,{YG(AyG ?+z}f Q rg]yG W9t! Hy9g*h ,9%<

#*QL7y &zt! 9| ?JYh ?sO #| OvzA* &Tq"< &!} ,&*CQy >ZgA* hC xT}A* :

.&|Of #|

,AyG J9SGQOyG ^g< HF9A! h| ,y9JyG EJ=yG uqA* ?G+A"yG gP%<h

:{D| ,{YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ )yE 9%GF9A! Q BzY(@


k
?+F9ZIE ?y:O GP 9sQp c9"$ fC )yE BzY(@ ,AyG )2007( ,<GQf ,<C ?SGQO *
B}zg@ ,AyG ?a<9]yG :_Af(}GCG AGOC _< )0,05( ?y:O i(AT| O"f

B}zg@ ,AyG ?+=*QGAyGh ,?*O9+Af:G ?t*QayG Q IQpG(ACG ~F9gCG eGOMAS9<

,<Qf( ?jzyG jO9IC ~Gg| A9"=y EI9=yG &|Os jPyG MQAtCG LP(}"yG eGOMAS9<

.),<Qf -

?}F9s ?IQAt| ?+G+@GQASG B|Os ,AyG )2010( R*RgyG O=fh ,"*RyG ?SGQO *
k
?y:O i(AT| O"f 9+F9ZIE dGO bQp O(Fh )yE BzY(@h ,H|OCG ~zgAyG )zf

JGQ9%| Q9=AL: jOg=yGh ,z=tyG _t+=aAyG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< ,)0,01(

.jOg=yG u+=aAyG Ky9Zy ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgAC ?CO9JCG

J9t_9"yG J9SQGOyG i(AT| #T; )yE BzY(@ ,AyG )2010( f9}+zS ?SGQO *
.%75 ?=T"< j(qWyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| Q ?+<QgyG Q+i J9jz<

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ )yE BzY(@ ,AyG ,y9JyG EJ=yG HF9A! uqA@ 9}v

?SGQO HF9A! h| iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy QG(JyG

Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"Ay jO9VQE H|9!Q< B|OMASG ,AyG )2010( ~+$GQ<E

O(Fh )yE BzY(@h ,?W+< Q Oy9L xzCG ?g|9F H;_ #| ?"+f iOy QG(JyG
k
?f(}GCG J9FQO ,aS(A| _< ,)0,01( ?y:O i(AT| O"f 9+F9ZIE dGO bQp

Ky9Zy QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG IA9qwyG ?+}"@ Q ?a<9]yG ?f(}GCGh ?+=*QGAyG

.?+=*QGAyG ?f(}GCG

231 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 


9IQAt}y
9+Y(Ay

:?+@6G J9+Y(AyG ~*Ot@ #w}* ,HF9A! #| &+yE {Y(AyG ~@ 9| )zf A9"<

Q 9%"+}]@h 9%+yE {Y(AyG ~@ ,AyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?}F9s eGOMASG ?+}$C *


.Q+=gAyG JGQQt| Q ?Y9L ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ H|GQ<

J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"A< e9}A$:G *
k
i(AT| rg\ #| Q%c 9C GQd! ;?qzAMCG ?*(jzyG J9*(ATCG Q iQLC

.JGQ9%CG gP$ Q - Q9=AL:G ~%+zf u=_ #*PyG -_}zgACG

iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ Q f(ZAMCG MQAt* fC IQhQ\ *


>vG(@ ,v ;9%}+zg@h 9%}zg@ Q*(a@ Q ~%T@ fC 9%!zV #| J9+G+@GQASG

.?+!9DyG hC ?+="F}G J9jzyG ~+zg@ Q ?D*OJyG J9%F(AyG

_t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ Q ?D*OJyG ~zgAyG J9+G+@GQASG >*QGA< e9}A$:G *


.?Y9L IQ(Z< Q+=gAyG ~+zg@h ,?|9f IQ(Z< iQLC J9jz<

h| >S9"A* 9}< ,iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG H$9"| i(AJ| ?i9+Y *
.?D*OJyG ~zgAyG J9+G+@GQASG

)zf iQLC J9jz< _t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgC ?+=*QO@ JGQhO OGOfE *
?+<QgyG ?jzyG JGQ9%| )zf RvQ@ ,AyG ?Y9L ,?D*OJyG ~+zgAyG J9+G+@GQASG

-JGOQqCG v JG(Y}G( 9$QY9"fh ,)?<9AwyG v IAGQtyG -KOJAyG v Y9}AS:G(

.)>+vGQAyG

rsG(CG 9%+p 9}< ,?qzAMCG I9+JyG rsG(| Q Qh9; ?+G+@GQASG r+c(@ *


.iQL}G JGQQtCG Q eC ?+<QgyG ?jzyG Q AG(S ?+}+zgAyG

EJ=yG &+yE {Y(@ 9| )zf A9"< 9%}*Ot@ #w}* ,AyG J9IQAtCG #f 9|C

:,@z* 9}v ,%p ,y9JyG

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 232


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

,}zgA| iOy ,q+c(yG Q+=gAyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *


.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

,}zgA| iOy ,fGO< G Q+=gAyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *


.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy IOs9"yG ?<9AwyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG

,}zgA| iOy ?+}*O9v}G ?<9AwyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *


.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy ?<9AwyG ~zg@ J9<(gY L;f Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *
.iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG

?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *


.e9gyG ~+zgAyG {IGQ| Q ?+<QgyG

H;_ iOy j(jzyG L9A! G JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q "Qh9;" ?+G+@GQASG ?+zf9p *


.?*(!9DyG ?zIQCG

233 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

The Effect of the Proposed Strategy (9; TSSUR)


in the Development of Communication Skills
and Self-Efficiency in the Dialogue for the Arabic
Learners Speaking other Languages
Dr. Ali A. Elhudaybi
Faculty of Education - Assiut University
A.R.E

Abstract
The research aims to provide a proposed strategy ( 9; "T" Thinking - "S"
Select items - "S" Start communication - "U" Use of evidence - "R" Review your
communication), and measure its effect in the development and dimensions of
self-efficacy communication skills in dialogue for students of Arabic language
who speak other languages.
The researcher prepared six tools for Arabic learners speaking other
languages; in the advanced level. These are: A questionnaire of communication
skills, a questionnaire of self-efficacy in dialogue dimensions, a proposed program
(includes: learner's book and teacher's guide), a test for communication skills, a
rating checklist, and a self-efficacy test in the dialogue. For a sample of (166)
learners from students in the fourth level at the Institute for Teaching Arabic to
non-native speakers at the Islamic University in Madinah.
The research showed that the list of communication skills included two major
skills that can be divided into nineteen sub-skills, and a list of the dimensions of
self-efficacy in the dialogue including the five main dimensions, and can be
divided into thirty-two phrases.
The results indicated that the average percentage of available communication
skills for learners of the Arabic language who speak other languages equal
(45.71%), and this percentage is considered (weak), while the average percentage
of the availability of self-efficacy dimensions in dialogue equal (66.99%), and this
percentage is an equivalent estimate (Acceptable).
The research concluded that there is a statistically significant difference (at

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 234


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

the 0.01 level) between the mean of the learners in the pre-post and the post-test
in communication skills, and the self-efficacy in the dialogue dimensions
confirmed that this conclusion is reached by calculating the value of ETA effect
size equation. This confirms that the use of proposed strategy" TSSUR" has led
to the improvement and development of communication skills and self-efficacy in
the dialogue of learners of Arabic language speakers of other languages.
Based on these results, a number of recommendations and suggestions are
cited.

235 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

hFGQ}yG

IA9qwyG ?+}"Ay jO9VQE H|9!Q< ?+zf9p .)2010( ,gp9WyG ~+$GQ<E ,~+$GQ<E - 1

?g|9@G H;_ iOy ?+ZMWyG J9}S ^g=< 9%Ap;fh QG(JyG Q ?+@GPyG


.137-95 ,24 OOgyG , ,Tq"y 9V  ?zG| ._*O(gTyG

e(zgyG Q ,FGQCE H|9!Q< ?+y9gp .)2013( O+}JyG O=f O}IC ,{F9}JyG (<C - 2

?dp9J}< ,FGOA<:G SO9TyG rZyG P+|;@ iOy ?+@9+JyG JGQ9%CG ?+}"Ay


,)1L93(,4 OzGCG ,9%"< ?g|9F ,?+<QAyG ?+zv , ?+<QAy ?+zv ?zG| .IOF

.182-111 ,Q*9"*

{+zJAy (Q_ EJ=y H$9"| .)1996( d9|B ,bO9Yh OG|p ,>aI (<C - 3

:IQ$9tyG .5W ,?+f9}AF: ?*(<QAy ?+Tq"y (zgy Q ,9ZI 

.?*QZCG (zG!}G ?=Aw|

JGQ9%| ?+}"Ay MQAt| H|9!Q< .)2003( ?+af O}J| OVGQ ,#*hG(Y (<C - 4

- IRi )Zs}G ?g|9G< j(<QAyG e;f G J9=y9_ iOy j(qWyG {YG(AyG


.U}V _f ?g|9F ,J9"=yG ?+zv ,IQ(W"| Q+i IGQ(AvO ?y9SQ ._aTzp

jO9IC ,}+zg@ ~GgC LP(}! A9"< .)2010( ep9JyG O=f KF9! ,,<GQf (<C - 5

iOy j(jzyG d9Z@:G JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q gQCC ?SGQOh ),<Qf v ,<Qf( ?jzyG
?y9SQ ,?+!OQ}G J9g|9@G Q 9$Q+j< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA|
J9SGQOzy ?+<QgyG f9}f ?g|9F ,9+zgyG ?*(<QAyG J9SGQOyG ?+zv ,IGQ(AvO

.9+zgyG

?*(jzyG ?aW!}G eGOMASG QCC .)1998( O}J| O}J| ~g"CG O=f ,O}IC - 6

.,S9S}G ~+zgAyG P+|;@ iOy ,%qWyG d9Z@:G JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q ?+qY;yG


I9"s ?g|9F ,?+z+f9}S 9< ?+<QAyG ?+zv ,IQ(W"| Q+i IGQ(vAvO ?y9SQ
.U*(TyG

?+<QAyG >Av _}]@ iO| .)2014( QO9tyGO=f r+azyG O=f O9*R ,T(a=yG - 7

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 236


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

?zG| .?+@9+JyG JGQ9%}zy fOQ}G Q 9+zgyG ?+S9S}G ?zIQCG Q ?+|;S G

.892-873 ,2 AR@G ,158 OOgyG ,Q$R}G ?g|9F ,?+<QAyG ?+zv , ?+<QAy ?+zv
Q EJ=y H$9"| .)1996( jQ+L O}IC ,~c9vh O+}JyG O=f Q<9F ,Q<9F - 8

.?+<QgyG ?]%"yG QGO ,IQ$9tyG .2W , Uq"y ~zf ?+<QAy


,)Q<9F O+}JyGO=f Q<9F :J( (<QAy EJ=y
9%| .)1993( .Q .d ,j9F - 9

.?+<QgyG ?]%"yG QGO :IQ$9tyG

#}IQyG O=f O}J| iQW< ,jQ9d"yGh O}IC O}J| ~+wJyG O=f ,,}+wJyG - 10

JGQ9%CG ?+}"@ Q ?+F9ZtAS:G ?aW!}G eGOMASG ?+zf9p .)2015(

?+<Qgy ?zGC ,?+<QAyG ?+zw< A9*R+qyG ?=z_ iOy ?+}zgyG d(+CGh ?+@9+JyG
.23-2 ,4 , ?+}zgy ?+<QAzy
:KF9"yG j(jzyG ~zgAyGh ?+zYG(AyG ?aW!}G .)2013( O}J| ~ZAg| ,O}I - 11
k
, 9$Q+j< _t_9"zy ?+<Qgy ?zG| .9FP(}! ?+!9C ?jy 9%qY(< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG
,15 ,IQV9gyG ?"TyG ,?+C9gyG 9+t*QpE ?g|9F ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g|
.133-101

?+Tq"y (zgy Q ~*(tAy 9+ty .)2008( Q$9| ,zf ,H9aL - 12

.?*QZCG (zG!:G :IQ$9tyG .7W , ?+f9}AF: ?*(<QAy


Q QA|9<;y QA|9=y 9ZI  .)2006( O}IC ~g"CG O=f ,Q*OQOyG - 13

~y9f :IQ$9tyG .?+f9}AF: ?*(<QAy ?+Tq"y 4(J=y +Qp 9=AL


.>AwyG

?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g}< Q+=gAyG QQt| ~*(t@ .)2015( O<9f O*9f ,jO+VQyG - 14

A(\ )zf IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G Q 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG
_t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| ,Q+ATF9| ?y9SQ .IO(@G Q+*9g|
.IQ("CG ?"*OC9< ?+|;S G ?g|9@G ,9%<

H|9!Q< ?+zf9p .)2010( f9=gV QS9* ,R*RgyG O=fh O+TyG O}J| ,,"*RyG - 15

iOy ?CO9JCG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ Q H|OCG ~zgAyG ?+G+@GQASG )zf ~F9s ,!hQAwyE

237 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

, ~+zgAy 9+F(y("w@ ?zG| .iQLC J9jz< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,SQGO


.160-113 ,1 OOgyG ,20OzGCG ,~+zgAyG 9+F(y("wAy ?*QZCG ?+g}@G

j(qWyG {YG(AyG JGQ9%| ?+}"@ .)2010( #*OyG d;F O(}J| ,f9}+zS - 16

.9$Q+j< _t_9"yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,SQGO iOy ?Y9L ?+}*O9vC VGQi}

,SQ9| ,101 ,?pQgCGh IAGQtzy ?*QZCG ?+g}@G , ?pQgC Qty ?zG|


.145-78

{tgy 9+s ,9ZI  Uq"y ~zf .)2010( )%=yG OG|p ,O+TyG - 17

.,<QgyG QwqyG QGO :IQ$9tyG . QW=y

?+Tq"y 4(J=y Q 9GAy ~+}Z@ 9ZI  .)2007( 9*QvR ,,"+<QWyG - 18

.?*QZCG (zG!}G :IQ$9tyG . ?+f9}AF: ?*(<QAy

Q 9%@9*(AT| ?*(jzy
9%C O*O; .)2004( O}IC jOvVQ ,?}+g_ - 19

QwqyG QGO :IQ$9tyG .9%@9<(gY 9%T*O@ 9%@9*(AT| ?*(jzy


9%C

.,<QgyG

JGQ9%| Q*(aAy MQAt| LP(}! .)2012( S9=f B"< e9TA<G ,,Wp9f - 20

(Q_ H$9"C Q
9S .,g|9@G U*QOAzy ?|R;yG j(jzyG d9Z@:G

-15 ,Q=}A=S ,186 ,U*QOAyG bQ_h H$9"}zy ?*QZCG ?+g}@G , U*OAy


.53

J9SGQOyG H%"C MQAt| Q(Z@ .)2007( jQwp R*9p ,e+qJyG O=f - 21

,f(yGh 9%@GQ9%| ^g< ?+}"Ay ?+8+=yG ?+@9+JyG ?+<QAyG A(\ Q ?+f9}AF:G


?+zv ,IQ(W"| Q+i IGQ(AvO ?y9SQ .?+FGOA<:G ?zIQCG P+|;@ iOy 9%<
.9a"_ ?g|9F ,?+<QAyG

bW"yG ~zgAyG )zf ~F9s H|9!Q< ?+zf9p .)2015( IhQS Q+=f ,O+}JyG O=f - 22

?+zv ?zG| .?+"qyG ?+<QAyG ~zg| >y9azy ?+@9+JyG JGQ9%CG ^g< ?+}"@ Q
.344-304 ,{*Q<C ,)1L3(31 ,W(+SC ?g|9F ,?+<QAyG ?+zv , ?+<QAy

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 238


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

. u+=aAy ?*Qd"y "9Z@:


9%| .)2014( _|C eOB ,QO9tyG O=f - 23

.,="ACG ?=Aw| :e9|OyG

J9F9I Y9=VEh ?*(jzyG e9%CG .)2014( N+WyG ~+$GQ<E ?*GO$ ?*GO$ ,,zf - 24
k
?zG| .9*(jy _<($(CG #| ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,}zgA| iOy j(jzyG d9Z@:G

,?+f9}AF:Gh ?+!9T! G e(zgyG , ?+|;S  (gS #< O}J| 9|  ?g|9F


.309-227 ,33

. ?+@9+Jy
9%C .)2001( a9qf ,,J=Yh A9FQ ,jh9"WyGh O*Qj@ ,fGQ}f - 25

.bQWyG AGQ$R ?=Aw| :IQ$9tyG

#w}@ iO| .)2003( O(}J| O}J| ,)S(|h )qaZ| d9}F ,j(T+gyG - 26

JGQ9v%| ^g< #| IOJACG ?+<QgyG JGQ9| G ?g|9F - ?+<QAyG ?+zv J9=y9_

IAGQtzy ?*QZCG ?+g}@G , ?pQgC Qty ?zG| .,%qWyG j(jzyG d9Z@:G


.70-20 ,28 ,U}V _f ?g|9F ,?+<QAyG ?+zv ,?pQgCGh

. Uq"y ~zf ?+<QAy Q EJ=y H$9"| .)1985( H Oy(<(*O ,_yGO f9p - 27

Q(Z"| Bgz_ ,N+WyG jQ]BG f9}zS ,{p(! {+=! O}J| :J( .3W

.?*QZCG (zG!}G ?=Aw| :IQ$9tyG .)f9}Df O}IC O+S :?gFGQ| ,d9*Q=i

JGQ9%CG i(AT| .)2006( f9}+zS V(f ,?aWsh ,J=Y ?+JAp ,(y(zyG - 28

?zG| .IRj< ?+|;S G ?g|9@9< ?+<QAyG ?+zv ,G*QL ?=zayG iOy ?+@9+JyG
.104-86 ,59 ,?pQgCGh IAGQtzy ?*QZCG ?+g}@G , ?pQgC Qty

?+<QAyG IQGRh :IQ$9tyG . ?+@9+Jy


9%C .)2000( H$9"CG Q*(a@ RvQ| - 29

.~+zgAyGh

?*R+zG! G ?jzyG ~zg@ )zf gQ+Cz@h uztyG .)2013( (}I O}IC ,{fR| - 30

?+C9gy ?"*OC ?g|9F ?zG| .?+<QgyG SQGOCG Q ?*(!9DyG ?zIQCG H;ay

.Q*9"* ,)1(1 ,9*R+y9}< ?+C9gyG ?"*OCG ?g|9F , ?jzy (zgy

?SGQOyG Q*Qt@ .)2014( 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| - 31

239 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

?+|;S G ?g|9@G ,9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ O%g| ,?+@GPyG
.IQ("CG ?"*OC9<

,Tq"y 9ZI  Q ?|Ot| .)1980( ~+zJyG O=f O(}J| ,,T"| - 32

.aQ9gCG QGO :IQ$9tyG . (<QAy


9$QW!h 9%< _t_9"yG Q+jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ .)2005( ,zf ,JAp ,U!(* - 33

?+g}@G , ?pQgC Qty ?zG| .)H9AwyGh ~+zgAyG H|GQ<( ?C(gyG QZf Q


.62-16 ,UaTiC ,46 ,?pQgCGh IAGQtzy ?*QZCG

34 - American Classical League (1997). Standards for Classical Language


Learning. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.
35 - American Council On The Teaching of Foreign Language (1996).

Standards For Foreign Language Learning: Preparing for the 21st

Century. Yonkers, National Standards In Foreign Language Education

Project.

36 - Board of Education Commonwealth of Virginia (2000). Foreign Lan-

guage Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools. June, Rich-

mond,Virginia.

37 - Cohen, Barry & Lea, Brooke (2004). Essentials of Statistics for the
Social and Behavioral Sciences. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &

Sons Inc.

38 - Delaware Department of Education (2000). The Standards for Func-

tional Life Skills Curriculum, State of Delaware - Department of

Education

39 - Erozkan, Atilgan (2013). The Effect of Communication Skills and

Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills on Social Self-Efficacy. Educational


Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(2), Spr, 739-745.
40 - Kansas State Board of Education (2000). Kansas Curricular Standards

For Foreign Language, August.

41 - Littell, McDougal. (2004). Illinois Foreign Language Standards: Stage

1-3.

(C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y 240


$&' (+!(* % ,!9Dy R@ % $ Ogy ,=*OJy ,zf 

42 - Louisiana Department of Education (2005). Louisiana Foreign Language

Content Standards: State Standards for Curriculum Development.

43 - Ministry of Education of British Columbia (2001). English as a Foreign

language Standards. National Library of Canada Cataloguing in

Publication Data.

44 - Nebraska Department of Education (1996). The Nebraska K-12 Foreign

Language Frameworks. Centennial Mall, South Lincoln.

45 - North Dakota Department of Public Instruction (2001). North Dakota

Standards and Benchmarks: Content Standards Foreign Language.

46 - Patti, Harrington (Ed) (2006). Life Skills. Utah Broad of Education,

Salt Lake City, Utah.

47 - Peace Corps Center (2001). Life Skills Manual. Center for Field

Assistance and Applied Research Information Collection and Exchange,

Publication No. M0063, Washington.

48 - Pennsylvania Department of Education (2002). Proposed Academic

Standards for World Language. State Board of Education, Pennsylvania.

49 - Powney, Janet; Lowden, Kevin & Hall, Stuart (2000). Young Peoples

Life-Skills and the Future, SCRE Research Report No 98, The Scottish

Council for Research in Education, University of Glasgow.

50 - Qaddomi, Hussam (2013). Investigating Al - Quds Open University

Students' EFL Learning Anxiety. An-Najah Univ. J. Res. (Humanities),


27(7), 1533- 1562.

51 - State of Delaware (2005). Foreign Languages Curriculum Framework:

Content Standards. Available at: http://www.doe.state.de.us/Standards/

Foreign_Language/standard_a.html

52 - Zimmerman, Barry & Cleary, Timothy (2006). Adolescents' Develop-

ment of Personal Agency: The Role of Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Self-

Regulatory Skill. In F. Pajares, and T. Urdan, (Eds), Self - Efficacy


Beliefs of Adolescents, Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing,

45-69.

241 (C;Dy ,!9Dy O z G } y

You might also like