52.

"The volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure
and number of moles" is a statement of ________________ Law.ANS: Charles’
53. Which units could be used to express the account absorbed or released during chemical
reaction?ANS: Calorie and joule
54. Which of these scientists developed the nuclear model of the atom?ANS: Ernest Rutherford
55. What is a distinguishing characteristic of the halogens?ANS: They readily accept an electron from
another atom to form compounds.
56. At which temperature does a water sample have the highest average kinetic energy?ANS: 100
degrees Celcius
57. A carbon dioxide sample weighing 44.0 g occupies 32.68 L at 65°C and 645 torr. What is its volume at
STP?ANS: 22.4 L
58. Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are calledANS: Isotopes
59. Macro Vee collected hydrogen gas using water displacement method. He measured the temperature
of water using a thermometer and found out that it is 230C with the correponding pressure of 21.1
mmHg. Calculate the pressure of hydrogen gas under standard atmospheric pressure.ANS: 98.51 kPa
60. A magnesium ion, Mg2+, hasANS: 12 protons and 10 electrons
61. Which of the following elements is present in chlorophyll?ANS: Mg
62. A transportation company specializes in the shipment of pressurized gaseous materials. An order is
received for 100 L of a particular gas at STP (0°C and 1 atm). What minimum volume tank is necessary to
transport the gas at 25°C and a maximum pressure of 8 atm?ANS: 14 L
63. Which of the following statements pertaining to acids and bases is incorrect?ANS: Bases have a sour
taste.
64. Which of the following elements is a reactive gas?ANS: chlorine
65. What is the oxidation number for chromium (Cr) in the compound BaCrO4?ANS: 6
66. The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are
atoms in exactlyANS: 12.00 grams of ^12 C
67. What is the formula for the binary compound formed by potassium and nitrogen?ANS: K3N
68. "The group of metals that includes lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium forms a closely
related family known as the"ANS: alkali metals.
69. Oxygen reacts stoichimetrically with methane to form 14 g of carbon monoxide. How many moles of
methane are consumed?ANS: 0.5 mol
70. Which of the following elements does not exists as a diatomic molecule under normal (ambient)
conditions?ANS: sulfur
71. What is the term for a quantity of a substance to which a chemical formula can be assigned and
whose mass is equal to its formula weight?ANS: a mole
72. Which atom is not paired with its correct ion and ionic charge?ANS: Rb / Rb1-
73. The scientist who determined the magnitude of the electric charge of the electron wasANS: Robert
Millikan
74. Which of these quantities does not represent 1.00 mol of the indicated substance?ANS: 26.0 g Fe
75. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the density of argon gas at STP, in g/L?ANS: 1.78 g/L
76. What are the conditions of STP?ANS: 273 K and 760 torr
77. Which of the following best explains why a hot air balloon rises?ANS: Hot air has a lower density
than cold air.
78. Which of the following is not a conclusion Rutherford made from his experiment with alpha particles
being shot at a thin sheet of gold foil?ANS: An atom has a negatively charged nucleus.
79. This ion will generate gas bubbles upon the addition of hydrochloric acid.ANS: (CO3)2-
80. "The reaction shown occurs in a gaseous phase. Once equilibrium has been achieved in a particular
reaction vessel, additional HI gas is injected directly into the reaction vessel. Compared to the initial
conditions, which of the following statements is correct after the new equilibrium has been
achieved?"ANS: The amount of I2 will have increased.
81. "Consider a solution of water and a nonvolatile solute at some temperature. What combination of
conditions would be sure to increase the vapor pressure of the solution? _____"""ANS: Raise the
temperature and add more water
82. Two moles of sodium react with 2 moles of water to produce which of the following?ANS: 2 moles of
sodium hydroxide and 1 mole of hydrogen
83. “In most of its compounds, this element exists as a monatomic cation.”ANS: Ca
84. Which gas under a high temperature and a low pressure behaves most like an ideal gas?ANS: He
85. What is the mass of an object that has a density of 13 g/mL and a volume of 10 mL?ANS: 130 g/mL
86. Which of the following substances will produce a colorless aqueous solution?ANS: Zn(NO3)2
87. When J. J. Thomson discovered the electron, what physical property of the electron did he
measure?ANS: its charge to mass ratio, e/m
88. The ozone layer is important becauseANS: ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation
89. Which sample represent a homogeneous mixture?ANS: CH₃OH(aq)
90. The true volume of a real gas is larger than that calculated from the ideal gas equation. This occurs
because the ideal gas equation does consider which of the following?ANS: the volume of the molecules
1. Calculate the molar mass (g/mol) of Ca(BO2)2•6H2O.ANS: 233.79
2. "Which of the following compounds would be ionic, considering the electro negativities of the
elements?"ANS: KCl
3. Terephthalic acid, used in the production of polyester fibers and films, is composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. When 0.6943 g of terephthalic acid was subjected to combustion analysis it
produced 1.471 g CO2 and 0.226 g H2O. What is its empirical formula?ANS: C4H3O2
4. "Nitroglycerin is made by combining glycerol, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid. What are the minimum
coefficients needed to balance the equation of this reactions?"ANS: "1,3,1,1,3,1"
5. _____ C4H11N(l) + ____ O2(g) --> ____ CO2(g) + ____ H2O(l) + ____N2(g)When the equation is
balanced, the lowest whole number coefficient for CO2 isANS: 16
6. Aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, is used in tanning leather, purifying water, and manufacture of
antiperspirants. Calculate its molar mass (g/mol).ANS: 342.15
7. Tin(II) fluoride (SnF2) is often added to toothpaste as an ingredient to prevent tooth decay. What is
the mass of F in grams in 24.6 g of the compound?ANS: 5.97
8. Mammalian hemoglobin contains about 0.33% iron (Fe, atomic weight = 56) by weight. If the
molecular weight of hemoglobin is 68,000 g/mol, how many iron atoms are there in each molecule of
hemoglobin?ANS: 4
9. "A 1.15 mol sample of carbon monoxide gas has a temperature of 27deg C and a pressure of 0.300
atm. If the temperature were lowered to 17 deg C, at a constant volume, what would be the new
pressure?"ANS: 0.290 atm
10. "When 50.0 mL of 1.0M AgNO3 is added to 50 mL of 0.50M HCl, a precipitate of AgCl forms. After
the reaction is complete, what is the concentration of silver ions in the solution?"ANS: 0.25M
11. Which of the following bonds would you expect to be the most polar?ANS: N – Bi
12. Lithium forms compounds which are used in dry cells and storage batteries and in high-temperature
lubricants. It has two naturally occurring isotopes, 6Li (isotopic mass = 6.015121 amu) and 7Li (isotopic
mass = 7.016003 amu). Lithium has an atomic mass of 6.9409 amu. What is the percent abundance of
lithium-6?ANS: 7.503%
13. "Hydrogen and chlorine gas combine in a 35 m3 reaction vessel to produce hydrogen chloride. The
masses of hydrogen and chlorine are 4.5 kg and 160 kg, respectively. How much hydrogen chloride gas is
produced?ANS: 160 kg
14. "When the following equation is balanced, it is found that 1.00 mol of C8H18 reacts with how many
moles of O2(g)? ___C8H18(g) + ___O2(g) --> ___CO2(g) + ___H2O(g)"ANS: 12.5 mol
15. What is the mass of 0.01 gram-moles of Na₂SO₄?ANS: 1.42 g
16. A 500-mL sample of argon at 800 torr has its absolute temperature quadrupled. If the volume
remains unchanged what is the new pressure?ANS: 3200 torr
17. In an average year the American chemical industry produces more than 9.5 million metric tons of
sodium carbonate. Over half of this is used in the manufacture of glass while another third is used in the
production of detergents and other chemicals. How many pounds of sodium carbonate are produced
annually?ANS: 2.1 x 1010 lb
18. The executioner in charge of the lethal gas chamber at the state penitentiary adds excess dilute
sulfuric acid to 196 g of sodium cyanide. What volume [L] of HCN gas is formed at STP?
The reaction is: H2SO4 + 2 NaCN --> 2 HCN + Na2SO4ANS: 90
19. The time required for a given volume of N2 to diffuse through an orifice is 35 sec. Calculate the
molecular weight of a gas which requires 50 sec to diffuse through the same orifice under identical
conditions.ANS: 57.15 g/mole
20. Sulfur trioxide can react with atmospheric water vapor to form sulfuric acid that falls as acid rain.
Calculate the mass in grams of 3.65 × 1020 molecules of SO3.ANS: 4.85 x 10-2 g
21. Aluminum metal reacts with gaseous HCl to produce aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas . What
volume of hydrogen gas, at STP, is produced when 13.5 g of aluminum is mixed with an excess of
HCL?ANS: 16.8 L
22. "A sample of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is titrated with standard sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solution. A
total of 45.20 mL of 0.1200M NaOH is required to neutralize20.00 mL of the acid. What is the
concentration of the acid?"ANS: 0.1356 M
23. How many moles of Pb(NO3)2 must be added to 0.10L of a solution that is 1.0M in MgCl2 and 1.0M
in KCl to precipitate all of the chloride ion? The compound PbCl2 precipitates.ANS: 0.15 mol
24. Dimethyl hydrazine (CH₃)₂NNH₂ has been used as a fuel in space, with nitrogen tetraoxide (N₂O₄) as
the oxidizer. The products of the reaction between these two in an engine are H₂O, CO₂, and N₂. What is
the mass of nitrogen tetraoxide required to burn 50 kg of dimethyl hydrazine?ANS: 153 kg
25. "If 1.5 L of an ideal gas at 250C is heated, the new volume increases 2.5 times the original volume.
The pressure and amount of substance are held constant. What is the new temperature of gas in
0F"ANS: 882 oF
26. A 0.850-mole sample of nitrous oxide, a gas used as an anesthetic by dentists, has a volume of 20.46
L at 123°C and 1.35 atm. What would be its volume at 468°C and 1.35 atm?ANS: 38.3 L
27. "A gaseous mixture consists of 2 kg of oxygen, 5 kg of nitrogen, and 3 kg of xenon. What is the mole
fraction of the oxygen gas?"ANS: 0.24
28. Ima Chemist found the density of Freon-11 (CFCl3) to be 5.58 g/L under her experimental conditions.
Her measurements showed that the density of an unknown gas was 4.38 g/L under the same conditions.
What is the molar mass [g/mol] of the unknown?ANS: 108
29. _____ KClO3 --> _____ KCl + _____O2
After the above equation is balanced, how many moles of O2 can be produced from 1.0 mol of KClO3
?ANS: 1.5 mol
30. There are 500 g of zinc sulfide (ZnS) in a load of zinc ore. The ZnS is roasted in excess air to form zinc
oxide (ZnO) and sulfer dioxide (S)?. How many grams of zinc can be subsequently recovered if 5% of the
zinc is lost in the roasting process?ANS: 320 g
31. Silicon, which makes up about 25% of Earth's crust by mass, is used widely in the modern electronics
industry. It has three naturally occurring isotopes, 28Si, 29Si, and 30Si. Calculate the atomic mass of
silicon.
Isotope Isotopic Mass (amu) Abundance %28Si 27.976927 92.2329Si 28.976495 4.6730Si 29.973770 3.10
ANS: 28.0855 amu
32. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen in 1774 by heating mercury(II) oxide. The compound
decomposes into its elements. How much oxygen, O2, is produced by the decomposition of 25 g of
HgO?ANS: 1.8 g
33. Assume that one cubic foot of air near a thermonuclear explosion is heated from 0°C to 546,000°C.
To what volume in ft3 does the air expand?ANS: 2001
34. What is the pressure in a 7.50-L flask if 0.15 mol of carbon dioxide is added to 0.33 mol of oxygen?
The temperature of the mixture is 48.0°C?ANS: 1.69 atm
35. Which of the following is the correct electron configuration of Pb?ANS: [Xe]6s25d104f146p2
36. "In the following reaction, which elements are the reducing and oxidizing agents?"ANS: Mg is the
reducing agents; O₂ is the oxidizing agent.
37. A flask containing neon gas is connected to an open-ended mercury manometer. The open end is
exposed to the atmosphere, where the prevailing pressure is 745 torr. The mercury level in the open
arm is 50. mm below that in the arm connected to the flask of neon. What is the neon pressure, in
torr?ANS: 695 torr
38. 3 Cu(s) + 8 HNO3(aq) --> 3 Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H2O(l) Copper metal reacts with nitric acid
according to the above equation. A 0.30 mol sample of copper metal and 10.0 mL of 12 M nitric acid are
mixed in a flask. How many moles of NO gas will form?ANS: 0.030 mol
39. All of the substances listed below are fertilizers that contribute nitrogen to the soil. Which of these is
the richest source of nitrogen on a mass percentage basis?ANS: Ammonia, NH3
40. 1.3625 g of unknown metal X reacts with oxygen to form 1.4158 g of the oxide X2O. What is the
atomic mass of X?ANS: 206
41. The carat is the unit of mass used by jewelers. One carat is exactly 200 mg. How many carbon atoms
are present in a 24-carat diamond?ANS: 2.4 x 1023 atoms
42. Peroxyacylnitrate (PAN) is one of the components of smog. It is a compound of C, H, N, and O.
Determine the empirical formula from the following percent composition by mass: 19.8 percent C, 2.50
percent H, 11.6 percent N, 66.1 percent O. What is its molecular formula given that its molar mass is
about 120 g?ANS: C2H3NO5
43. Aluminum oxide, Al2O3, is used as a filler for paints and varnishes as well as in the manufacture of
electrical insulators. Calculate the number of moles in 47.51 g of Al2O3.ANS: 0.4660 mol
44. A sample of the inert gas krypton has its pressure tripled while its temperature remained constant. If
the original volume is 12 L, what is the final volume?ANS: 4.0 L
45. A flask has a mass of 78.23 g when empty and 593.63 g when filled with water. When the same flask
is filled with concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4, its mass is 1026.57 g. What is the density [g/cc] of
concentrated sulfuric acid? (Assume water has a density of 1.00 g/cm3 at the temperature of the
measurement.)ANS: 1.840
46. Calculate the pressure of a helium sample at -207.3°C and 768 mL if it exerts a pressure of 175 kPa at
25.0°C and 925 mL.ANS: 46.6 kPa
47. Ammonia, an important source of fixed nitrogen that can be metabolized by plants, is produced
using the Haber process in which nitrogen and hydrogen combine.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
How many grams of nitrogen are needed to produce 325 grams of ammonia?ANS: 267
48. A sample of propane, a component of LP gas, has a volume of 35.3 L at 315 K and 922 torr. What is
its volume at STP?ANS: 37.1 L
49. How many milliliters of 0.100M H2SO4 are required to neutralize 50.0 mL of 0.200M KOH?ANS: 50.0
mL
50. What is the gravimetric (i.e.m.,mass) percentage of oxygen in K₂CrO₄?ANS: 0.33
51. Two balloons are at the same temperature and pressure. One contains 14g of nitrogen and the other
contains 20.0g of argon. Which of the following is true?ANS: The average speed of the nitrogen
molecules is greater than the average molecules of the argon molecules.
52. "In an experiment, a compound was determined to contain 68.94% oxygen and 31.06% of an
unknown element by weight. The molecular weight of this compound is 69.7 g/mol. What is this
compound?"ANS: B₂O₃
53. "Gold(III) oxide, Au2O3, can be decomposed to gold emtal, Au, plus oxygen gas, O2. How many
moles of oxygen gas will form when 221 g of solid gold(III) oxide is decomposed? The formula mass of
gold(III) oxide is 442."ANS: 0.750 mol
54. Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4•5H2O, is used as a fungicide and algicide. Calculate the mass
of oxygen in 1.000 mol of CuSO4•5H2OANS: 144.0 g
1. Potassium chlorate (used in fireworks, flares and safety matches) forms oxygen and potassium
chloride when heated.
KClO3(s) → KCl(s) + O2(g) [unbalanced]
How many grams of oxygen are formed when 26.4 g of potassium chlorate is heated?ANS: 10.3
2. "An ideal gas occupies a volume of 4L and has a pressure of 283.71kPa (1atm=101.325kPa). Under
22.5°C, what most likely is the identity of the gas if 0.01293 Kg of gas is used."ANS: N2
3. Magnesium (used in the manufacture of light alloys) reacts with iron(III) chloride to form magnesium
chloride and iron.
3Mg(s) + 2FeCl3(s) → 3MgCl2(s) + 2Fe(s)
A mixture of 41.0 g of magnesium ( M= 24.31 g/mol) and 175 g of iron(III) chloride ( M= 162.2 g/mol) is
allowed to react.Identify the limiting reactant and determine the mass of the excess reactant present in
the vessel when the reaction is complete.ANS: Limiting reactant is FeCl3; 2 g of Mg remain
4. Chlorine gas can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction of solid manganese dioxide with
hydrochloric acid. (The other reaction products are aqueous manganese chloride and water.) How much
MnO2 should be added to excess HCI to obtain 275 mL of chlorine gas at 5.0°C and 650 mmHg?ANS:
0.856 g
5. Copy ofA method of producing pure copper metal involves the reaction of copper (I) sulfide with
oxygen gas to give copper metal and sulfur dioxide. Suppose the yield of this reaction is 87%. What mass
of a copper ore consisting of 46% copper (I) sulfide must be mined in order to produce 1.0x103 kg (1.0
metric ton) of copper metal?ANS: 3.2 x 103 kg6. A silver wire has a diameter of 0.500 mm. What length
of this wire contains exactly 1.00 mol of silver? [Given: density of Ag = 10.5 g/cm3ANS: 52.3 m
7. "During a laboratory experiment at 1.0 atm and 25°C, a student observed that oxygen gas was
produced by de-composition of 15 g of sodium chlorate. What was the volume of oxygen?"ANS: 5.17 L
8. "The mineral pyrolusite is a compound of manganese-55 and oxygen-16. If 63% of the mass is
pyrolusite is due to manganese, what is the empirical formula of pyrolusite?"ANS: MnO2
9. What is the percent yield for the reaction
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) → PCl5(g)
if 119.3 g of PCl5 ( M= 208.2 g/mol) are formed when 61.3 g of Cl2 ( M = 70.91 g/mol) react with excess
PCl3?ANS: 66.3%
10. "A 0.850-mole sample of nitrous oxide, a gas used as anesthetic by dentists, has a volume of 20.46 L
at 123°C and 1.35 atm. What would be its volume [in L] at 468°C and 1.35 atm?"ANS: 38.3
11. Barium reacts with water according to the reaction:
Ba(s) + 2 H2O(l) --> Ba(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
What volume [in L] of hydrogen gas, at STP, is produced from 0.400 mol of barium?ANS: 8.96
12. A gas mixture of N2(g) and CO2(g) contained in a volume of 10.0 L has a total pressure of 0.750 atm
at a temperature of 273K. The mixture is known to contain 3.00 g N2(g). What is the partial pressure of
CO2(g) in the mixture?ANS: 0.510 atm
13. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid, CH3COOH, dissolved in water. A 5.54-g sample of vinegar was
neutralized by 30.10 mL of 0.100 MNaOH. What is the percent by weight of acetic acid in the
vinegar?ANS: 3.26%
14. An ideal gas sample weighing 0.548g at 100°C and 0.993 atm has a volume of 0.237 L. Determine the
molar mass [g/mol] of the gas.ANS: 71.3
15. Methane, CH4(g), reacts with steam to give synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen, which is used as starting material for the synthesis of a number of organic and inorganic
compounds.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g) [unbalanced]
What mass [grams] of hydrogen is formed if 275 L of methane (measured at STP) is converted to
synthesis gas?ANS: 74.2
16. How many liters of oxygen gas at 153°C and 0.820 atm can be produce by the decomposition of 22.4
g of solid KCIO3? (The other decomposition product is solid potassium chloride.)ANS: 11.7 L
17. A flask has a mass of 78.23 g when empty and 593.63 g when filled with water. When the same flask
is filled with concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4, its mass is 1026.57 g. What is the density [g/cc] of
concentrated sulfuric acid? (Assume water has a density of 1.00 g/cm3at the temperature of the
measurement.)ANS: 1.840
18. "Air contains 78% N2, 21% O2, and 1% Ar, by volume. What is the density of air 1,000. torr and
10°C?"ANS: 1.8 g/L
19. Water and SO3 combine to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) according to the following reaction. How many
grams of water must be added to 100 g of 20% oleum (20% SO3 and 80% H2SO4 by weight) to produce a
95% solution (by weight) of sulfuric acid?ANS: 3.3 g
20. "A waste water treatment plant uses chlorine gas as a reactant. A tank is filled with 800 m3 of 20°C
water, and chlorine is added at a dosage of 125 g per cubic meter of water. (Assume all of the chlorine
dissolves and none initially reacts chemically.) If the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 atm, what is the
theoretical partial pressure of the chlorine gas at the tank surface immediately after the gas is
added?"ANS: 3.1 x 10-5 atm
21. "The solubility constant of strontium sulfate, SrSO4, is 2.8 x 10-7. How many grams of SrSO4 must be
dissolved in water to produce 1 L saturated solution?"ANS: 0.1 g
22. A copper wire has a diameter of 2.00 mm. What length of this wire contains exactly 1.00 mol of
copper? [Given: density of Cu = 8.92 g/cm3]ANS: 2.27 m
23. A sample containing the gases carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor was analyzed and
found to contain 4.5 mol of carbon dioxide, 4.0 mol of carbon monoxide, and 1.5 mol of water vapor.
The mixture had a total pressure of 1.2 atm. What was the partial pressure [in atm] of carbon
monoxide?ANS: 0.48
24. "The first step in the Otswald process for producing nitric acid is 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) --> 4NO(g) +
6H2O(g). If the reaction of 150 g of ammonia with 150 g of oxygen gas yields 87 g of nitric oxide (NO),
what is the percent yield of this reaction?"ANS: 0.33
25. Small quantities of hydrogen can be prepared by the addition of hydrochloric acid to zinc. A sample
of 195 mL of hydrogen was collected over water at 25°C and 753 torr. What mass of hydrogen was
collected? (Pwater = 24 torr at 25°C)ANS: 0.0154 g
26. "The mineral hausmannite is a compound of manganese-55 and oxygen-16. If 72% of the mass of
hausmannite is due to manganese, what is the empirical formula of hausmannite?"ANS: Mn3O4
27. Heating will decompose silver oxide, Ag2O, to silve metal, Ag, plus oxygen gas, O2. How many moles
of oxygen gas will form when 4.64 g of solid silver oxide is decomposed? The formula mass of silver
oxide is 232 g/mol.ANS: 0.0100
28. Some commercial drain cleaners contain a mixture of sodium hydroxide and aluminum powder.
When the mixture is poured down a clogged drain, the following reaction occurs:
2NaOH(aq) + 2Al(s) + 6H2O(l) ® 2NaAl(OH)4(aq) + 3H2(g)
The heat generated in this reaction helps melt away obstructions such as grease, and the hydrogen gas
released stirs up the solids clogging the drain. Calculate the volume of H2 formed at 0 °C and 1.00 atm if
3.12 g of Al are treated with an excess of NaOHANS: 3.88 L
29. "The mole fraction of oxygen molecules in dry air is 0.2029.What volume of dry air at 1.00 atm and
25°C is required for burning 1.00 L of hexane (C6H14, density = 0.660 g/mL) completely, yeilding carbon
dioxide and water?"ANS: 8490 L
30. "10 g of solid PCI5 is heated in a 0.5 m3 container to 150°C, producing gaseous PCI3 and CI2 gas
according to the following decomposition reaction: The molecule weights of the compound are What is
the increase in pressure in the container when 50% (By weight) of the PCI5 is decomposed?"ANS: 0.350
kPa
31. "What is the vapor pressure of 1000.0 g of a water solution at 25°C that contains 124.0 g of the
nonvolatile solute ethylene glycol, C2H6O2? The vapor pressure of pure water at this temperature is
23.76 torr. Assume an ideal solution"ANS: 22.8 torr
32. Lead(II) sulfide was once used in glazing earthenware. It will also react with hydrogen peroxide to
form lead(II) sulfate and water. How many grams of hydrogen peroxide are needed to react completely
with 265 g of lead(II) sulfide?ANS: 151
33. How many grams of sodium fluoride (used in water fluoridation and manufacture of insecticides) are
needed to form 485 g of sulfur tetrafluoride?
3SCl2(l) + 4NaF(s) → SF4(g) + S2Cl2(l) + 4NaCl(s)ANS: 754
34. Phosphine, an extremely poisonous and highly reactive gas, will react with oxygen to form
tetraphosphorus decaoxide and water.
PH3(g) + O2(g) → P4O10(s) + H2O(g) [unbalanced]
Calculate the mass in grams 40of P4O10(s) formed when 225 g of PH3 reacts with excess oxygen.ANS:
470
35. “When active metals such as magnesium are immersed in acid solution, hydrogen gas is evolved.
Calculate the volume of H2(g) at 30.1°C and 0.85 atm that can be formed when 275 mL of 0.725 M HCI
solution reacts with excess Mg to give hydrogen gas and aqueous magnesium chloride.”ANS: 2.9 L
36. An unknown liquid is vaporized in a 273-mL flask by immersion in a water bath at 99°C. The
barometric pressure is 753 torr. If the mass of the liquid retained in the flask is 1.362 g, what is its molar
mass [g/mol]?ANS: 154
37. The atmosphere on Mars is composed mainly of carbon dioxide. The surface temperature is 220 K
and the atmospheric pressure is about 6.0 mmHg. Taking these values as Martian “STP,” calculate the
molar volume in liters of an ideal gas on Mars.ANS: 2.3 x 103 L
38. "The Hall process for the production of the aluminun involves the reaction of the aluminum oxide
with elemental carbon to give aluminum metal and carbon momoxide. If the yield of this reaction is
75%, what mass of aluminum metal can be produced from the reaction of 1.65 x 106 of aluminum oxide
with 1.50 x 106 g of carbon?"ANS: 6.6 x 105 g
39. "A commonly occurring isotope of tin is tin-118, while most oxygen occurs in nature as oxygen-16. A
molecule of tin(IV) oxide formed from these isotopes contains"ANS: 84 neutrons
40. "When solid iron(II) hydroxide is added to water, the resulting solution contains 1.4 x 10?3 g of
dissolved iron(II) hydroxide per liter of solution. What is the hydoxide ion concentration in this
solution?"ANS: 3.1 x 10?5 M
41. "The Hall process for the production of the aluminun involves the reaction of the aluminum oxide
with elemental carbon to give aluminum metal and carbon momoxide. If the yield of this reaction is 82%
and aluminum ore is 71% by mass aluminum oxide,what mass of aluminum ore must be mined in order
to produce 1.0 x 103 kg(1 metric ton) of aluminum metal by the Hall process?"ANS: 3.3 x 103 kg
1. "Arrange calcium, rubidium, sulfur, and arsenic in order of decreasing electronegativity. "ANS: S > As >
Ca > Rb
2. When two pure substances are mixed to form a solutionANS: there is an increase in entropy.
3. "While moving from left to right across the second row of the periodic table (i.e., from Li to Ne), the
atomic radii tend to"ANS: uniformly increase
4. """Each electron in an atom must have its own unique set of quantum numbers"" is a statement of
"ANS: the Pauli exclusion principle.
5. Which electron configuration demonstrates an atom in the excited state?ANS: 1s²2s²3s1
6. Select the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation which starts with the lowest energy and
increases to greatest energy.ANS: "microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet"
7. Silicon carbide is an important industrial chemical. Which of the following statements about silicon
carbide is true?ANS: It can be doped to form a high temperature semiconductor.
8. Atomic orbitals developed using quantum mechanicsANS: describe regions of space in which one is
most likely to find an electron
9. """Electrons added to atomic orbitals of the same energy will remain unpaired with parallel spins until
the subshell is more than half-filled"" is a statement of "ANS: Hund's rule
10. "Two solutions (the system), each of 25.0 mL volume and at 25.0°C, are mixed in a beaker. A reaction
occurs between them, and the temperature rises to 35.0°C. After the products have equilibrated with
the surroundings, the temperature is again 25.0°C and the total volume is 50.0 mL. No gases are
involved in the reaction. Which one of the following relationships concerning the change from initial to
final states (both at 25.0°C) is correct? "ANS: w = 0
11. For which one of the following reactions will ?H be approximately (or exactly) equal to ?E?ANS: H2(g)
+ Br2(g) ? 2HBr(g)
12. Which element forms compounds which are involved in smog and acid rain?ANS: nitrogen
13. "Cold packs, whose temperatures are lowered when ammonium nitrate dissolves in water, are
carried by athletic trainers when transporting ice is not possible. Which of the following is true of this
reaction? “ANS: "?H > 0, process is endothermic"
14. An atom has eight electrons in a 3d subshell. How many orbitals in this subshell have an unpaired
electron?ANS: 2
15. "In a single atom, what is the maximum number of electrons which can have quantum number n =
4? "ANS: 32
16. Most of the alkali metal salts are soluble in water while many alkaline earth salts have very low
solubilities. Why is this so?ANS: The alkaline earth salts have much greater lattice energies than the
alkali metal salts.
17. "The group of metals that includes lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium forms a closely
related family known as the"ANS: alkali metals.
18. In hydrogen iodide __________________ are the most important intermolecular forces.ANS: dipole-
dipole forces
19. The elements that display the greatest non-metallic character are located toward which corner of
the periodic table?ANS: Upper right
20. Which one of the following statements about orbital energies is incorrect?ANS: The energy of a
given orbital increases as the nuclear charge Z increases.
21. Select the correct formula for a compound formed from barium and nitrogen.ANS: Ba3N2
22. In which of the following processes is ?H = ?E?ANS: Calcium carbonate is heated to form calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide in a container with variable volume.
23. "Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is "ANS: used in the production of polymers
24. Who developed an empirical equation from which the wavelengths of lines in the spectrum of
hydrogen atoms can be calculated?ANS: Rydberg
25. Which element forms compounds which are used to treat individuals suffering from manic-
depressive disorders?ANS: lithium
26. Electromagnetic radiation of 500 nm wavelength lies in the ________ region of the spectrum.ANS:
visible
27. Ammonia's unusually high melting point is the result ofANS: hydrogen bonding28. Select the correct
electron configuration for Cu (Z = 29)ANS: [Ar]4s1 3d10
29. "When a deliquescent substance is exposed to air, it"ANS: becomes moist
30. Which of the following is not a conclusion Rutherford made from his experiment with alpha particles
being shot at a thin sheet of gold foil?ANS: An atom has a negatively charged nucleus.
31. Which sample demonstrate particles arranged in regular geometric pattern?ANS: CO₂(g)
32. Which of the following elements has the largest first ionization energy?ANS: Cl, H (hydrogen)
33. "Assuming the ground state, all of the elements located in the group 12 of the periodic table will
have the same number of"ANS: valence electrons
34. If a solute dissolves in an endothermic processANS: the entropy of the solution must be greater than
that of its pure components.
35. "A system receives 575 J of heat and delivers 425 J of work. Calculate the change in the internal
energy, ?E, of the system."ANS: 150J
36. Which one of the following statements about atomic structure and quantum numbers is
incorrect?ANS: For n = 4, the largest possible value of ml is 2
37. Which of the following isotopes has the greatest number of neutrons?ANS: 40AR
38. Select the element with the lowest first ionization energy.ANS: Sr
39. The most basic oxides contain elements from the ________________ ____________ region of the
periodic table.ANS: lower left
40. Select the correct formula for a compound formed from calcium and chlorine.ANS: CaCl2
41. Which scientist demonstrated that photons transferred momentum during collisions with
matter?ANS: Compton
42. "Magnesium oxide, MgO, is an important industrial material. Which of the following is one of its
uses? “ANS: furnace bricks
43. Which two elements will display the most similar chemical properties?ANS: Lithium and potassium
44. Although the periodic table is organized according to the atomic numbers of the elements, chemists
are more interested in the arrangement of the electrons for their studies. Which of the following
statements about the electron configurations and their quantum numbers is correct?”ANS: The valence
electrons of atoms in a particular group have the same angular momentum quantum number but have
different principal quantum numbers.
45. Which one of the following pairs of dispersed phases and dispersing media can never form a
colloid?ANS: gas and gas
46. Which of the following contains ionic bonding?ANS: SrF2
47. A system which undergoes an adiabatic change (i.e., q = 0) and does work on the surroundings
hasANS: w < 0, ?E < 0
48. The elements from Groups 1A(1) and 2A(2) areANS: strong reducing agents
49. How many valence electrons are in a atom with the configuration 1s²2s²2p?3s²3p²ANS: 4
50. "Natural gas, or methane, is an important fuel. Combustion of one mole of methane releases 802.3
kilojoules of energy. How much energy does that represent in kilocalories?”ANS: 1.92 x 102 kcal
51. Energy states of atoms containing more than one electron arise from nucleus-electron and electron-
electron interactions. Which of the following statements correctly describes these effects?ANS: “Larger
nuclear charge lowers energy, more electrons in an orbital increases energy.”
52. “A system expands from a volume of 1.00 L to 2.00 L against a constant external pressure of 1.00
atm. The work (w) done by the system, in J, is”ANS: 1.01 x 102 J
53. Which of the following elements has the largest atomic size?ANS: Ba
54. In the ground state of an atom of silver (Ag), how many electrons will there be with the quantum
number l = 1? (The n, ml and ms quantum numbers may have any appropriate values.)ANS: 18
55. Contact lenses can focus light due to the ___________ of the wavesANS: refraction
56. A system that does no work but which transfers heat to the surroundings hasANS: q < 0, ?E < 0
57. Neon condenses due toANS: London dispersion forces
58. Which atom is not paired with its correct ion and ionic charge?ANS: Rb / Rb1-
59. 2.00 g of a substance dissolved in 250 g of water produces a boiling point elevation of 0.065°C. What
is the molecular weight of the substance?ANS: 63
60. Octane is a component of fuel used in internal combustion engines. The dominant intermolecular
forces in octane areANS: London dispersion forces
61. “The interference pattern seen when light passes through narrow, closely spaced slits, is due
to”ANS: diffraction
62. Select the element with the highest first ionization energy.ANS: Mg
63. Who was the first scientist to propose that an object could emit only certain amounts of
energy?ANS: Planck
64. Who was the first scientist to propose that the atom had a dense nucleus which occupied only a
small fraction of the volume of the atom?ANS: Rutherford
65. Select the correct set of quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) for the highest energy electron in the
ground state of tin, Sn.ANS: 5, 1, 0, ½
66. Select the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation which starts with the lowest wavelength and
increases to greatest wavelengthANS: gamma rays, ultraviolet, infrared, radio
67. Electronegativity is a measure ofANS: the attraction by an atom for electrons in a chemical bond
68. Xenon forms several compounds with oxygen and fluorine. It is the most reactive non-radioactive
noble gas becauseANS: it has the lowest ionization energy of these noble gases
69. Select the correct electron configuration for sulfur (Z = 16)ANS: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
70. The dissolution of barium hydroxide in water is an exothermic process. Which of the following
statements is correct?ANS: "The enthalpy of solid barium hydroxide plus pure water is greater than that
of the solution, at the same temperature."
71. Arrange oxygen, sulfur, calcium, rubidium and potassium in order of decreasing
electronegativity.ANS: O > S > Ca > K > Rb
72. Which one of the following relationships is always correct?ANS: H = E + PV
73. Predict the products for the following set of reactants. Li(s) + H2O(l)ANS: Li+(aq) + H2(g) + OH-(aq)
74. An emulsion is a dispersion consisting of aANS: liquid in a liquid
75. The orientation in space of an atomic orbital is associated withANS: the magnetic quantum number
(ml)
76. The strongest elemental oxidizing agents are found in the _________ _________ region of the
periodic table while the strongest reducing agents are found in the ________ ________ region of the
periodic tableANS: "upper right, lower left"
77. Which word best describes the phenomenon which gives rise to a rainbow?ANS: dispersion
78. Interference of light wavesANS: creates a pattern of light and dark regions
79. A solution of potassium hydroxide is in equilibrium with undissolved solute at 45°C. What will
happen if the temperature is raised to 50°C? (?Hsoln = -57.6 kJ/mol)ANS: The mass of dissolved KOH will
decrease
80. Select the correct electron configuration for Te (Z = 52)ANS: [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p4
81. Which of the following elements has the smallest atomic radius?ANS: Ne
82. Which of the following substances will have hydrogen bonds between molecules?ANS: CH3CH2-OH
83. Two aqueous solutions are prepared: 1.00 m Na2CO3 and 1.00 m LiCl. Which of the following
statements is true?ANS: The Na2CO3 solution has a higher osmotic pressure and higher boiling point
than the LiCl solution
84. Select the correct set of quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) for the first electron removed in the
formation of a cation for strontium, Sr.ANS: 5, 0, 0, -½
85. A system that does no work but which receives heat from the surroundings hasANS: q = ?E
86. An atom in the ground state has seven valence electrons. Which electron configuration could
represent the valence electron configuration of this atom in the ground state?ANS: 3s²3p5
87. A liquid will boil whenANS: its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding pressure
88. “Which one of the following properties is least characteristic of substances composed of small,
covalently-bonded molecules?”ANS: weak bonds
89. A system initially has an internal energy E of 501 J. It undergoes a process during which it releases
111 J of heat energy to the surroundings, and does work of 222 J. What is the final energy of the system,
in J?ANS: 168 J
90. Which principal energy level has exactly four subshells?ANS: 4
91. The size of an atomic orbital is associated withANS: the principal quantum number (n)
92. Which of the following contains covalent bonds?ANS: IBr
93. Which of the following is a covalent compound?ANS: Cl2O
94. Select the strongest electrolyte from the following set.ANS: LiNO395. “A system which undergoes an
adiabatic change (i.e., q = 0) and has work done on it by the surroundings has”ANS: w = ?E
96. “When elements from a group exhibit more than one oxidation state,”ANS: the lower oxidation state
is more important as one goes down a group
97. “If, as a pioneer, you wished to warm your room by taking an object heated on top of a pot-bellied
stove to it, which of the following 15-pound objects, each heated to 100°C, would be the best choice?
The specific heat capacity (in J/(g•K)) for each substance is given in parentheses. Iron (0.450), copper
(0.387), granite (0.79), water (4.18).”ANS: water
98. “A solution of sucrose (sugar) in water is in equilibrium with solid sucrose. If more solid sucrose is
now added, with stirring,”ANS: the concentration of the solution will remain the same.
99. “For a given solution, which of the following concentration values will change as temperature
changes?”ANS: molarity100. In which one of the following reactions would you expect ?H to be
substantially greater than ?E (i.e., ?H > ?E)?ANS: CO2(s) ? CO2(g)
101. What is the valence (oxidation state) of carbon in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)?ANS: 4
102. A system delivers 1275 J of heat while the surroundings perform 855 J of work on it. Calculate ?E in
J.ANS: - 420 J
103. Which scientist first proposed that the electron in the hydrogen atom can have only certain
energies?ANS: Bohr
104. Which of the following elements is the least electronegative?ANS: Sr
105. Which one of the following elements is likely to exhibit the most violent and rapid reaction with
water?ANS: Rb
106. Colligative properties depend onANS: the number of particles dissolved.
107. “A system contracts from an initial volume of 15.0 L to a final volume of 10.0 L under a constant
external pressure of 0.800 atm. The value of w, in J, is”ANS: 405 J
108. “An ideal gas (the system) is contained in a flexible balloon at a pressure of 1 atm and is initially at
a temperature of 20.°C. The surrounding air is at the same pressure, but its temperature is 25°C. When
the system has equilibrated with its surroundings, both systems and surroundings are at 25°C and 1 atm.
In changing from the initial to the final state, which one of the following relationships regarding the
system is correct?”ANS: q > 0
109. “Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, is”ANS: an inert gas that is used as an electrical insulator.
110. Sodium hypochlorite is usedANS: as a disinfectant
111. Which of the following elements is the most electronegative?ANS: S, Cl
112. A system delivers 225 J of heat to the surroundings while delivering 645 J of work. Calculate the
change in the internal energy, ?E, of the system.ANS: -870 J
113. Calculate q when 28.6 g of water is heated from 22.0°C to 78.3°CANS: 6.74 kJ
114. Which scientist first proposed that particles of matter could have wave properties?ANS: de Broglie
115. Which of the following is not a state function?ANS: work116. Which of the following elements
does not exists as a diatomic molecule under normal (ambient) conditions?ANS: sulfur
117. Which of the following is a correct set of quantum numbers for an electron in a 5f orbital?ANS: n =
5, l = 3, ml = +1
118. Which of the following ions and atoms has the greatest radius?ANS: Se2-
119. A Born-Haber cycle applied to the formation reaction of an ionic solidANS: is an application of
Hess's Law.
120. Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. CaO(s) + H2O(l) ?ANS:
Ca(OH)2(s)
121. Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. Mg(s) + Cl2(g) ?ANS:
MgCl2(s)
122. The electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 refers to the ground state ofANS: Ni
123. Who proposed a model that successfully explained the photoelectric effect?ANS: Einstein
124. Which of the following statements about the effective nuclear charge, Zeff, is correct?ANS: Zeff
increases across a period and is relatively constant down a group.
125. The effective nuclear charge for an atom is less than the actual nuclear charge due toANS: shielding
126. What are the products of the reaction of potassium hydride and water? KH(s) + H2O(l) ANS: K+(aq)
+ H2(g) + OH-(aq)
127. In period 3 of the periodic table the atom with the largest atomic radius is located in groupANS: 1
128. Two aqueous solutions are prepared: 2.0 m Cu(NO3)2 and 2.0 m NaBr. Which of the following
statements is true?ANS: The Cu(NO3)2 solution has a lower vapor pressure and lower freezing point
than the NaBr solution.
129. The ____________________ quantum numbers are associated with the energy of an electron in a
many-electron atomANS: n and l
130. The smallest ionization energies are found in the ____________ ___________ region of the
periodic tableANS: lower left
131. Which of the following is the strongest acid?ANS: HClO3
132. Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, isANS: a colorless gas used as a propellant in canned whipped cream
133. Arrange the following bonds in order of increasing bond strengthANS: Consider a 0.90 M Al(NO3)3
solution. This solution has a nitrate ion concentration of
134. Which of the following oxides will give the most basic solution when dissolved in water?ANS: K2O
135. Which phase change is described correctly?ANS: Liquid to solid is called freezing
136. Which of the following is a correct set of quantum numbers for an electron in a 3d orbitalANS: "n =
3, l = 2, ml = -2"
137. A system absorbs 21.6 kJ of heat while performing 6.9 kJ of work on the surroundings. If the initial
internal energy, E, is 61.2 kJ, what is the final value of E? ANS: 75.9 kJ
138. Which of the following is an ionic compound?ANS: KI
139. Which sentence below is incorrectANS: Pure iron is a heterogeneous mixture.
140. Which of the following elements has the greatest atomic radius?ANS: Rb
1. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by diluting 1.85 L of 6.5 M KOH to 11.0 LANS: 1.1 M
2. How many grams of glucose, C6H12O6, are necessary to prepare 656 mL of a solution with a
concentration that is 0.550 molar?ANS: 64.9 g
3. What is the molarity of a solution that is 26.0% by mass phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and that has a
density of 1.155 g/mL?ANS: 3.06
4. By how much [in deg] will 50 grams of water have its freezing point depressed if you add 30 g
(MW=80) of glucose to it?ANS: -6.2
5. How many moles of sulfate ions are present in 1.0 L of 0.5 M Li2SO4?ANS: 0.5
6. At 10°C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine gas at 1.00 atm pressure. What is the
Henry's Law constant in mol/L•atm?ANS: 0.13
7. How many milliliters of 0.100M H2SO4 are required to neutralize 50.0 mL of 0.200M KOH?ANS: 50.0
mL
8. "A solution is prepared by mixing 50.0 mL of 0.20M arsenic acid, H3AsO4, and 50.0 mL of 0.20M
sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Which anion is present in the highest concentration?"ANS: H2AsO4-
9. Which of the following aqueous solutions should demonstrate the most ideal behavior?ANS: 0.1 M
NaCl
10. 6 g of a substance are dissolved in 1000 g of water. The solution freezes at -0.16°C. What is the
molecular weight of the substance?ANS: 70 g/ mol
11. “What is the molality [m] of a solution prepared by dissolving 86.9 g of diethyl ether, C4H10O, in 425
g of benzene, C6H6? "ANS: 2.76
12. How many liters of 2M solution (i.e., a molarity of 2) can be produced from 184 g of ethyl alcohol
(CH₃CH₂OH)?ANS: 2.0 L
13. The solubility of the oxidizing agent potassium permanganate is 7.1 g per 100.0 g of water at 25°C.
What is the mole fraction of potassium permanganate in this solution?ANS: 0.008
14. When 50.0 mL of 1.0M AgNO3 is added to 50 mL of 0.50M HCl, a precipitate of AgCl forms. After the
reaction is complete, what is the concentration of silver ions in the solution?ANS: 0.25M
15. A sample of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is titrated with standard sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solution. A total
of 45.20 mL of 0.1200M NaOH is required to neutralize20.00 mL of the acid. What is the concentration
of the acid?ANS: 0.1356 M
16. "Find the standard enthalpy of formation of ethylene, C2H4(g), given the following data: heat of
combustion of C2H4(g)= -1411 kJ/mol; [CO2(g)] = -393.5 kJ/mol; [H2O(l)] = -285.8 kJ/mol.”ANS: 52
kJ/mol
17. Potassium fluoride is used for frosting glass. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by
dissolving 78.6 g of KF in enough water to produce 225 mL of solution.ANS: 6.01 M
18. “The osmotic pressure of a 0.010 M MgSO4 solution at 25°C is 0.318 atm. Calculate i, the van't Hoff
factor, for this MgSO4 solution.”ANS: 1.3
19. In how many grams of water should 25.31 g of potassium nitrate (KNO3) be dissolved to prepare a
0.1982 m solution?ANS: 1263
20. Potassium hydrogen phosphate is used in the preparation of non-dairy powdered creamers.
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 238 g of K2HPO4 in enough water to produce
275 mL of solution.ANS: 4.97 M
21. 0.102 g of an unknown compound dissolved in 100. mL of water has an osmotic pressure of 28.1
mmHg at 20°C. Calculate the molar mass [g/mol] of the compound.ANS: 663
22. The solubility of nitrogen gas at 25°C and a nitrogen pressure of 522 mmHg is 4.7 ´ 10-4 mol/L. What
is the value of the Henry's Law constant in mol/L•atm?ANS: 6.8 x 10-4 mol/L-atm
23. Ethanol boils at 78.5 °C. If 10 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) is dissolved in 150g of ethanol, at what
temperature [ °C] will the solution boil? Assume Kb=1.20 ° C/m for the alcoholANS: 78.73
24. What is the percent CsCl by mass in a 0.711 M CsCl solution that has a density of 1.091 g/mL?ANS:
11
25. “Which of the following gives the molarity of a 17.0% by mass solution of sodium acetate,
CH3COONa (molar mass = 82.0 g/mol) in water? The density of the solution is 1.09 g/mL”ANS: 2.26 M
26. 2.3 g ethanol (C2H5OH) is added to 500 g water. Determine the molality, m, of the resulting
solutionANS: 0.1
27. How many grams of water are needed to dissolve 27.8 g of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 in order to
prepare a 0.452 m solution?ANS: 769
28. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the highest osmotic pressure at 25°C?ANS: 0.2 M
Na2SO4
29. What is the freezing point of a solution prepared from 50.0 g ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and 85.0 g
H2O? Kf of water is 1.86°C/m?ANS: -17.6 oC
30. When 0.560 g of Na(s) reacts with excess F2(g) to form NaF(s), 13.8 kJ of heat is evolved at standard-
state conditions. What is the standard enthalpy of formation () of NaF(s)?ANS: -570 kJ/mol
31. What mass of lead nitrate, Pb(NO₃)₂, must be dis-solved in 1 L of water to produce a solution that
contains 20 mg of lead ions?Assume 100% ionization.ANS: 32 mg
32. “Ethylene glycol, used as a coolant in automotive engines, has a specific heat capacity of 2.42
J/(g•K). Calculate q when 3.65 kg of ethylene glycol is cooled from 132°C to 85°C.”ANS: - 420 kJ
33. A sugar solution was prepared by dissolving 9.0 g of sugar in 500 g of water. At 27 deg C, the osmotic
pressure was measured as 2.46 atm. Determine the molecular weight of sugar.ANS: 180 g/mol
34. What volume of concentrated (14.7 M) phosphoric acid is needed to prepare 25.0 L of 3.0 M
H3PO4?ANS: 5.1 L
35. "A piece of copper metal is initially at 100.0°C. It is dropped into a coffee cup calorimeter containing
50.0 g of water at a temperature of 20.0°C. After stirring, the final temperature of both copper and
water is 25.0°C. Assuming no heat losses, and that the specific heat (capacity) of water is 4.18 J/(g•K),
what is the heat capacity of the copper in J/K?”ANS: 13.9 J/K
36. A gas is compressed in a cylinder from a volume of 20 L to 2.0 L by a constant pressure of 10.0 atm.
Calculate the amount of work done on the systemANS: 1.81 x 104 J
37. Methane has a Henry's Law constant (k)of 9.88 × 10-2 mol/(L•atm) when dissolved in benzene at
25°C. How many grams of CH4 will dissolve in 3.00 L of benzene if the partial pressure of CH4 is 1.48
atm?ANS: 7.02 g
38. “A reaction produces a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. After
one reaction, the mixture was analyzed and found to contain 0.60 mol of carbon dioxide, 0.30 mol of
carbon monoxide, and 0.10 mol of water vapor. If the total pressure of the mixture was 0.80 atm, what
was the partial pressure of the carbon monoxide?”ANS: 27g
39. How many moles of Pb(NO3)2 must be added to 0.10L of a solution that is 1.0M in MgCl2 and 1.0M
in KCl to precipitate all of the chloride ion? The compound PbCl2 precipitates.ANS: 0.15 mol
40. “Benzene is a starting material in the synthesis of nylon fibers and polystyrene (styrofoam). Its
specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/(g•K). If 16.7 kJ of energy is absorbed by a 225-g sample of benzene at
20.0°C, what is its final temperature?”ANS: 62.7 oC
41. How many mL of concentrated nitric acid (16 M) are needed to prepare 0.500 L of 6.0 M nitric
acid?ANS: 190 mL
42. Ethanol boils at 78.5 deg C. If 10 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) is dissolved in 150g of ethanol, at what
temperature [deg C] will the solution boil? Assume Kb=1.20 deg C/m for the alcohol.ANS: 78.73
43. “Given the thermochemical equation 2SO2 + O2 --> 2SO3, dHr= -198 kJ/mol, what is the standard
enthalpy change for the decomposition of one mole of SO3?”ANS: 99 kJ/mol
44. What is the percent CdSO4 by mass in a 1.0 molal aqueous CdSO4 solution?ANS: 17.2
45. Determine the freezing point of a solution which contains 0.31 mol of sucrose in 175 g of water. Kf =
1.86°C/m ANS: -3.3 oC
46. What is the freezing point of a solution that contains 10.0 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 100. g of H2O?
Kf for water is 1.86°C/m.ANS: -1.03 oC
47. “ A chemist dropped a 200 g object into a tank of water. It displaced 60 mL of the water when it
sunk to the bottom of the tank. In a similar experiment, it displaced only 50 g of oil into which it was
dropped. Calculate the density of the oil [g/mL].”ANS: 0.833
48. The density of a 20.3 M CH3OH (methanol) solution is 0.858 g/mL. What is the molality of this
solution? H2O is the solventANS: 97.6
49. Calculate the freezing point of a solution made from 22.0 g of octane (C8H18) dissolved in 148.0 g
of benzene. Benzene freezes at 5.50°C and its Kf value is 5.12°C/mANS: - 1.16 oC
50. What is the molarity of a solution obtained by dis-solving 25 g of NaCI in enough water to produce 4
L of solution?ANS: 0.107
51. Calculate the concentration [molality] of an alcohol-water mixture which will not freeze above a
temperature of -10 deg C. MW of alcohol = 46; kf water = 1.86 deg C/mANS: 5.4
52. Human blood has a molar concentration of solutes of 0.30 M. What is the osmotic pressure of
blood at 25°C?ANS: 7.3 atm
53. A 0.100 m MgSO4 solution has a freezing point of -0.23°C. What is the van't Hoff factor for this
solution? Kf = 1.86°C/mANS: 1.2
54. When Mr. Bean adds chilled grog to his new granite mug, he removes 10.9 kJ of energy from the
mug. If it has a mass of 625 g and was at 25°C, what is its new temperature? Specific heat capacity of
granite = 0.79 J/(g•K) ANS: 3 oC
55. What is the molarity of a solution of 10% by mass cadmium sulfate, CdSO4 (molar mass = 208.46
g/mol) by mass? The density of the solution is 1.10 g/mLANS: 0.528 M
56. If 325 g of water at 4.2°C absorbs 12.28 kJ, what is the final temperature of the water? The specific
heat of water is 4.184 J/g•°C.ANS: 13.2 oC
57. How many moles of solute particles are present in 100.0 mL of 2.50 M (NH4)3PO4?ANS: 1
58. Consider a 0.90 M Al(NO3)3 solution. This solution has a nitrate ion concentration ofANS: 2.7 M
59. How many grams of MgSO4 (MW 120.4) are in 100.0 mL of a 5.0 molar solution?ANS: 60.0 g
60. The Starship Enterprise is caught in a time warp and Spock is forced to use the primitive techniques
of the 20th century to determine the specific heat capacity of an unknown mineral. The 307-g sample
was heated to 98.7°C and placed into a calorimeter containing 72.4 g of water at 23.6°C. The heat
capacity of the calorimeter was 15.7 J/K. The final temperature in the calorimeter was 32.4°C. What is
the specific heat capacity of the mineral?ANS: 0.138 J/(g•K)
61. A 275-g sample of nickel at l00.0°C is placed in 100.0 mL of water at 22.0°C. What is the final
temperature of the water? Assume that no heat is lost to or gained from the surroundings. Specific heat
capacity of nickel = 0.444 J/(g•K)ANS: 39.6°C
62. A chemist discovered a new compound and wished to determine its molecular weight. He placed
2.00 grams of the unknown compound in 10 g of water and found that the normal freezing point of the
water was depressed to -1.22 deg C. What is the molecular weight of the new compound?ANS: 305
63. Calculate the molality of 6.0 M H2SO4 solution. The density of the solution is 1.34 g/mLANS: 7.98
1. What mass of ethanol, C2H5OH a nonelectrolyte, must be added to 10.0 L of water to give a solution
that freezes at -10.0°C?
Assume the density of water is 1.0 g/mL. Kf of water is 1.86°C/m.ANS: 2.48 kg
2. When 0.7521 g of benzoic acid was burned in a calorimeter containing 1,000. g of water, a
temperature rise of 3.60°C was observed. What is the heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter, excluding
the water? The heat of combustion of benzoic acid is -26.42 kJ/g.ANS: 1.34 kJ/oC
3. Naphthalene combustion can be used to calibrate the heat capacity of a bomb calorimeter. The heat
of combustion of naphthalene is -40.1 kJ/g. When 0.8210 g of naphthalene was burned in a calorimeter
containing 1,000. g of water, a temperature rise of 4.21°C was observed. What is the heat capacity of
the bomb calorimeter excluding the water?ANS: 3.64 kJ/°C
4. What is the molar mass of toluene if 0.85 g of toluene depresses the freezing point of 100. g of
benzene by 0.47°C?
Kf of benzene is 5.12°C/m.ANS: 92.6 g/mol
5. The mole fraction of oxygen molecules in dry air is 0.2029.What volume of dry air at 1.00 atm and
25°C is required for burning 1.00 L of hexane (C6H14, density = 0.660 g/mL) completely, yeilding carbon
dioxide and water?ANS: 8490 L
6. Safrole is used as a topical antiseptic. Calculate the vapor pressure [torr] of a solution prepared by
dissolving 0.75 mol of safrole in 950 g of ethanol ( MW = 46.07 g/mol).
P°ethanol = 50.0 torr at 25°C.ANS: 48
7. The first step in the Otswald process for producing nitric acid is 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) +
6H2O(g). If the reaction of 150 g of ammonia with 150 g of oxygen gas yeilds 87 g of nitric oxide (NO),
what is the percent yeild of this reaction?"ANS: 0.33
8. Aqueous ammonia is commercially available in a solution that is 28% (w/w) ammonia. What is the
mole fraction of ammonia in such a solution?ANS; 0.29
9. A solution that contains 55.0 g of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in 250. g of water freezes at -2.34°C.
Calculate the molar mass (in units of g/mol) of the solute. Kf of water is 1.86°C/m.ANS: 175
10. Calculate the molality of a 15.0% by mass solution of MgCl2 in H2O. The density of this solution is
1.127 g/mL.ANS: 1.86
11. From the following list of aqueous solutions and water, select the one with the lowest freezing
point.ANS: 0.75 M (NH4)3PO4
12. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the lowest freezing point?ANS: 0.15 m Na2SO4
13. A common laboratory reaction is the neutralization of an acid with a base. When 50.0 mL of 0.500 M
HCl at 25.0°C is added to 50.0 mL of 0.500 M NaOH at 25.0°C in a coffee cup calorimeter, the
temperature of the mixture rises to 28.2°C. What is the heat of reaction per mole of acid? Assume the
mixture has a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J/(g•K) and that the densities of the reactant solutions are
both 1.00 g/mLANS: 54 kJ
14. Galena is the ore from which elemental lead is extracted. In the first step of the extraction process,
galena is heated in air to form lead(II) oxide.
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g) ΔH = -827.4 kJ
What mass [g] of galena is converted to lead oxide if 975 kJ of heat are liberated?ANS: 564
15. A solution is 40.0% by volume benzene (C6H6) in carbon tetrachloride at 20°C. The vapor pressure of
pure benzene at this temperature is 74.61 mmHg and its density is 0.87865 g/cm3; the vapor pressure of
pure carbon tetrachloride is 91.32 mmHg and its density is 1.5940 g/cm3. If this solution is ideal, its total
vapor pressure at 20°C isANS: 84.30 mmHg
16. When solid iron(II) hydroxide is added to water, the resulting solution contains 1.4 x 10-3 g of
dissolved iron(II) hydroxide per liter of solution. What is the hydoxide ion concentration in this
solution?ANS: 3.1 x 10-5 M
17. Nitric acid, which is among the top 15 chemicals produced in the United States, was first prepared
over 1200 years ago by heating naturally occurring sodium nitrate (called saltpeter) with sulfuric acid
and collecting the vapors produced.Calculate ΔH°rxn for this reaction.
NaNO3(s) + H2SO4(l) → NaHSO4(s) + HNO3(g)
ΔH°f [NaNO3(s)] = -467.8 kJ/mol; ΔH°f [NaHSO4(s)] = -1125.5 kJ/mol; ΔH°f [H2SO4(l) = -814.0 kJ/mol;
ΔH°f [HNO3(g)] = -135.1 kJ/molANS: 21.2 kJ
18. What volume [mL] of ethanol (density = 0.7893 g/cm3) should be added to 450. mL of water in order
to have a solution that freezes at -15.0°C?[For water, Kf = 1.86 °C/m]ANS: 212
19. Calculate the vapor pressure [torr] of a solution prepared by dissolving 0.500 mol of a non-volatile
solute in 275 g of hexane ( MW = 86.18 g/mol) at 49.6°C.
P°hexane = 400.0 torr at 49.6°CANS: 346
20. Use Hess's Law to calculate the enthalpy change for the reactionWO3(s) + 3H2(g) → W(s) +
3H2O(g)from the following data:2W(s) + 3O2(g) → 2WO3(s) ΔH = -1685.4 kJ2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
ΔH = -477.84 kJANS: 125.9 kJ
21. For the reaction C(graphite) + O2(g) → CO2(g), ΔH° = -393 kJ/molHow many grams of C(graphite)
must be burned to release 275 kJ of heat?ANS: 8.40 g
22. Styrene, C8H8, is one of the substances used in the production of synthetic rubber. When styrene
burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and liquid water under standard-state conditions at 25°C, 42.62
kJ are released per gram of styrene. Find the standard enthalpy of formation of styrene at 25°C(Given:
[CO2(g)] = -393.5 kJ/mol, [H2O(l)] = -285.8 kJ/mol, [H2O(g)] = -241.8 kJ/mol)ANS: 146 kJ/mol
23. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate dissolves in cold water to the extent of 266 g per 100 cm3. What is the
concentration of nitrate ions in this solutionANS: 22.5 M24. When 38.0 mL of 0.1250 M H2SO4 is added
to 100. mL of a solution of Pbl2, a precipitate of PbSO4 is then filtered from the solution, dried, and
weighed. If the recovered PbSO4 is found to have a mass of 0.0471 g, what was the concentration of
iodide ions in the original solution?ANS: 3.11 x 10-3 M
25. The solubility constant of stronyium sulfate, SrSO4, is 2.8 x 10 -7. How many grams of SrSO4 must be
dissolved in water to produce 1 L saturated solution?ANS: 0.10 g
26. A 2.0% (w/v) solution of sodium hydrogen citrate, Na2C6H6O7, which also contains 2.5% (w/v) of
dextrose, C6H12O6, is used as an anticoagulant for blood which is to be used for transfusions. What is
the molarity of the sodium hydrogen citrate in the solution?ANS: 0.085 M
27. Cinnamaldehyde ( MW = 132.15 g/mol) is used as a flavoring agent. What mass of cinnamaldehyde
must be added to 175 g of ethanol to give a solution whose boiling point is 82.7°C?Kb = 1.22°C/m,
boiling point of pure ethanol = 78.5°CANS: 79.6 g
28. Benzaldehyde ( MW = 106.1 g/mol), also known as oil of almonds, is used in the manufacture of dyes
and perfumes and in flavorings. What would be the freezing point of a solution prepared by dissolving
75.00 g of benzaldehyde in 850.0 g of ethanol?Kf = 1.99°C/m, freezing point of pure ethanol = -
117.3°CANS: -119.0 oC
29. 10.1 g CaO is dropped into a styrofoam coffee cup containing 157 g H2O at 18.0°C. If the following
reaction occurs, then what temperature will the water reach, assuming that the cup is a perfect
insulator and that the cup absorbs only a negligible amount of heat?[specific heat of water = 4.18
J/g•°C]CaO(s) + H2O(l) --> Ca(OH)2(s) ΔHr = -64.8 kJ/molANS: 35.8 oC
30. An average home in Colorado requires 20. GJ of heat per month. How many grams of natural gas
(methane) must be burned to supply this energy?CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHr = -890.4
kJ/molANS: 3.6 x 105
31. What is the boiling point of an aqueous solution of a nonelectrolyte that has an osmotic pressure of
10.50 atm at 25°C?Kb of water is 0.52°C/m. Assume the density of the solution is the same as that of
pure waterANS: 100.22 oC
32. Ethanol, C2H5OH, is being promoted as a clean fuel and is used as an additive in many gasoline
mixtures. Calculate the ΔH°rxn for the combustion of ethanol.ΔH°f [C2H5OH(l)] = -277.7 kJ/mol; ΔH°f
[CO2(g)] = -393.5 kJ/mol; ΔH°f [H2O(g)] = -241.8 kJ/molANS: -1234.7 kJ
33. What volume [mL] of water should be added to 600. mL of ethanol in order to have a solution that
boils at 95.0°C?[For ethanol, Kb = 1.22°C/m, density = 0.789 g/cm3, boiling point = 78.4°C]ANS: 116
34. Barbiturates are synthetic drugs used as sedatives and hypnotics. Barbital ( MW = 184.2 g/mol) is
one of the simplest of these drugs. What is the boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 42.5 g
of barbital in 825 g of acetic acid?Kb = 3.07°C/m, boiling point of pure acetic acid = 117.9°CANS: 118.8
oC
35. When 20.0 mL of a 0.250 M (NH4)2S solution is added to 150.0 mL of a solution of Cu(NO3)2, CuS
precipitate forms. The precipitate is then filtered from the solution,dried, and weighed. If the recovered
CuS found to have a mass of 0.3491 g, what was the concentration of copper ions in the original
Cu(NO3)2 solution?ANS: 2.43 x 10-2 M
36. When 24.0 g of glucose (a nonelectrolyte) are dissolved in 500. g of water, the solution has a
freezing point of -0.47°C. What is the molar mass of glucose?Kf of water is 1.86°C/m.ANS: 190
37. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reactions NO(g) + O(g) → NO2(g)from the following
data:NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g) ΔH = -198.9 kJO3(g) → 1.5 O2(g) ΔH = -142.3 kJO2(g) →
2O(g) ΔH = 495.0 kJANS: -304.1 kJ
38. Solid sodium peroxide (Na2O2) reacts with liquid water yielding aqueous sodium hydroxide and
oxygen gas. How much heat is released when 250.0 L of oxygen gas is produced from the reaction of
sodium peroxide and water if the reaction is carried out in an open container at 1.000 atm pressure and
25°C?(Given: heat of formation[Na2O2(s)] = -510.9 kJ/mol; [NaOH(aq)] = -469.2 kJ/mol; [H2O(l)] = -
285.8 kJ/mol)ANS: 2900 kJ
39. Carbon tetrachloride, once widely used in fire extinguishers and as a dry cleaning fluid, has been
found to cause liver damage to those exposed to its vapors over long periods of time. What is the boiling
point of a solution prepared by dissolving 375 g of sulfur (S8)?MW = 256.5g/mol) in 1250 g of CCl4Kb =
5.05°C/m, boiling point of pure CCl4 = 76.7°CANS: 82.6 oC
40. Sodium hydroxide is a common ingredient in drain cleaners such as Drano. The mole fraction of
sodium hydroxide in a saturated aqueous solution is 0.310. What is the molality of the solution?ANS:
12.4 m
41. Procaine hydrochloride ( MW = 272.77 g/mol) is used as a local anesthetic. Calculate the molarity of
a 4.666 m solution which has a density of 1.1066 g/mLANS: 2.272 M
42. Isoamyl salicylate ( MW = 208.25 g/mol) has a pleasant aroma and is used in perfumes and soaps.
Which of the following combinations gives a 0.75 m solution of isoamyl salicylate in ethyl alcohol (ρ =
0.7893 g/mL)ANS: 117.2 g isoamyl salicylate in 950.0 mL of ethyl alcohol
43. The solubility constant of stronyium sulfate, SrSO4, is 2.8 x 10-7. How many grams of SrSO4 must be
dissolved in water to produce 1 L saturated solution?ANS: 0.1 g
44. Calculate the molality of a 20.0% by mass ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 solution. The density of the
solution is 1.117 g/mLANS: 1.89
45. A 0.1326 g sample of magnesium was burned in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The total heat
capacity of the calorimeter plus water was 5,760 J/°C. If the temperature rise of the calorimeter with
water was 0.570°C, calculate the enthalpy of combustion of magnesiumMg(s) + 1/2 O2(g) -->
MgO(s)ANS: -302 kJ/mol
46. Diethyl ether has a vapor pressure of 400.0 torr at 18°C. When a sample of benzoic acid is dissolved
in ether, the vapor pressure of the solution is 342 torr. What is the mole fraction of benzoic acid in the
solution?ANS: 0.145
47. A 350. mL sample of 0.276 M HNO3 is partially neutralized by 125mL of 0.0120 M Ca(OH)2. Find the
concentration of nitric acid in the resulting solutionANS: 0.197 M
48. The mole fraction of potassium nitrate in an aqueous solution is 0.0194. The solution's density is
1.0627 g/mL. Calculate the molarity of the solutionANS: 1.05 M
49. A 0.89% (w/v) sodium chloride solution is referred to as physiological saline solution because it has
the same concentration of salts as human blood. What is the molarity of a physiological saline
solution?ANS: 0.15 M
50. Given H2(g) + (1/2) O2(g) → H2O(l), ΔH° = -286 kJ/mol, determine the standard enthalpy change for
the reaction2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)ANS: ΔH° = +572 kJ/mol
 The unit of electromotive force is the _____.ANS: volt
At 450°C, tert-butyl alcohol decomposes into water and isobutene.
(CH3)3COH(g) ↔ (CH3)2CCH2(g) + H2O(g)
A reaction vessel contains these compounds at equilibrium. What will happen if the volume of the
container is reduced by 50% at constant temperature?ANS: The reverse reaction will proceed to
reestablish equilibrium.
As a result of beta decay, the product nucleus isANS: one atomic number higher than the original
element
The correct statement is: _____.ANS: Oxidation occurs at the anode
The concentration of H+ in pure water at 25°C is _____.ANS: 10-7 M
Which one of the following substances will give an aqueous solution of pH closest to 7?ANS: KNO3
The reaction quotient, Qc, for a reaction has a value of 75 while the equilibrium constant, Kc, has a
value of 195. Which of the following statements is accurate?ANS: The reaction must proceed to the right
to establish equilibrium.
In order to write the correct mass-action expression for a reaction one mustANS: have a properly
balanced chemical equation.
Which of the following statements is false?ANS: A catalyst increases the rate of the forward reaction,
but does not alter the reverse rate.
A catalyst increases the rate of the forward reaction, but does not alter the reverse rate.ANS: a strong
Arrhenius base
A typical radius of an atomic nucleus is aboutANS: 5 ´ 10-3 pm
Complete the following statement: A catalystANS: alters the reaction mechanism
For some gas-phase reactions, Kp = KcANS: False
The two equilibrium constants for the same reaction, Kc and Kp, will always equal one another
whenANS: in the reaction equation, the number of moles of gaseous products equals the number of
moles of gaseous reactants
The substance HOBr is consideredANS: a weak Arrhenius acid
Methanol can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ↔ CH3OH(g); ΔH°rxn = -90.7 kJA reaction vessel contains these compounds at
equilibrium. What effect will be seen when equilibrium is re-established after decreasing the
temperature by 45°C?ANS: The partial pressure of carbon monoxide will decrease.
When a catalyst is added to a reaction mixture, itANS: provides a new pathway (mechanism) for the
reaction
Galvanized iron is steel coated with _____.ANS: Zn
The equilibrium PCl5(g) <==> PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) can be shifted toward more product formation by _____.
DH = 92.5 kJANS: Increasing temperature
The following reaction is at equilibrium at one atmosphere, in a closed container.
NaOH(s) + CO2(g) ↔ NaHCO3(s)
Which, if any, of the following actions will decrease the total amount of CO2 gas present at
equilibrium?ANS: decreasing the volume of the container
The kinetics of the decomposition of dinitrogen pentaoxide is studied at 50°C and at 75°C. Which of the
following statements concerning the studies is correct?ANS: The rate at 75°C will be greater than the
rate at 50°C because the number of molecules with enough energy to react increases with increasing
temperature.
For a gas-phase equilibrium, a change in the pressure of any single reactant or product will affect the
amounts of other substances involved in the equilibriumANS: True
For the reaction whose rate law is rate = k[X], a plot of which of the following is a straight line?ANS: log
[X] versus time
 Tarnished silver is coated with _____ANS: Ag2S
Which of the following equilibria is not affected by pressure?ANS: solid <==> liquid
Consider the equilibrium reaction: H2(g) + Br2(g) ↔ 2HBr(g)Which of the following correctly describes
the relationship between Kc and Kp for the reaction?ANS: Kp = Kc
About half of the sodium carbonate produced is used in making glass products because it lowers the
melting point of sand, the major component of glass. When sodium carbonate is added to water it
hydrolyses according to the following reactions.
CO32-(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq); K1HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ H2CO3(aq) + OH-(aq); K2
These can be combined to yieldCO32-(aq) + 2H2O(l) ↔ H2CO3(aq) + 2OH-(aq); K3What is the value of
K3?ANS: K1 × K2
When the reaction A → B + C is studied, a plot of ln[A]t vs. time gives a straight line with a negative
slope. What is the order of the reaction?ANS: first
The greater the energy of activation, Ea, the faster will be the reaction.ANS: False The equilibrium
position of the reaction SO2(g) + Cl2(g) <==> SO2Cl2(g) can be shifted in the forward direction by
_____ANS: Adding Cl2
Hydrogen bromide will dissociate into hydrogen and bromine gases
2HBr(g) ↔ H2(g) + Br2(g); ΔH°rxn = 68 kJ
What effect will a temperature increase of 50°C have on this system at equilibrium?ANS: low
temperature, high pressure
Which one of the following changes would alter the rate constant (k) for the reaction 2A + B ®
products?ANS: Increasing temperature
The reaction of nitric oxide to form dinitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide is exothermic.
3NO(g) ↔ N2O(g) + NO2(g) + heatWhat effect will be seen if the temperature of the system at
equilibrium is raised by 25°C?ANS: The partial pressure of NO will increase.
The position of the equilibrium 2CO(g) + O2(g) <==> 2 CO2(g) can be shifted to the left by the addition
of _____ at constant pressure.ANS: He
Although a system may be at equilibrium, the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions will in
general be differentANS: True
Which of the following statements pertaining to acids and bases is incorrect?ANS: Bases have a sour
taste.
The dose unit of ionizing radiation is called the rad. The rad is defined in terms ofANS: the energy
deposited per gram of an object.
The substance H2SO3 is consideredANS: a weak Arrhenius base
Consider the following mechanism for the oxidation of bromide ions by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous
acid solution
H+ + H2O2 H2O+-OH (rapid equilibrium) H2O+-OH + Br- → HOBr + H2O (slow)HOBr + H+ + Br- → Br2 +
H2O (fast)Which of the following rate laws is consistent with the mechanism?ANS: Rate =
k[H2O2][H+][Br-]
An electrochemical reaction will be spontaneous if _____ANS: the standard emf of the cell is positive
Write the mass-action expression, Qc , for the following chemical reaction
Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ↔ Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)ANS: [Zn2+] / [Ag+]2
Which of the following statements is correct?ANS: Kp = Kc
The reaction shown occurs in a gaseous phase. Once equilibrium has been achieved in a particular
reaction vessel, additional HI gas is injected directly into the reaction vessel. Compared to the initial
conditions, which of the following statements is correct after the new equilibrium has been
achieved?ANS: The amount of I2 will have increased.
What is the mass-action expression, Qp, for the following reaction?
SbF5(g) + 4Cl2(g) ↔ SbCl3(g) + 5ClF(g)ANS: ((P_(〖SbCl〗_3 ))〖(P_CIF)〗^5)/(〖(P_(〖Cl〗_2 ))〗^4
(P_(〖SbF〗_5 )))
Gamma-rays cause radiation damage when they interact with matter by producingANS: ions and free
radicals
What element is the stable end-product of the uranium radioactive decay series?ANS: Pb
A student adds 0.1 mol of oxalic acid and 0.1 mol of sodium dihydrogen phosphate to enough water to
make 1.0 L of solution. The following equilibrium is established with the concentrations of the products
greater than the concentrations of the reactants. Which of the statements about the equilibrium system
is correct?
H2C2O4(aq) + H2PO4-(aq) ↔ HC2O4-(aq) + H3PO4(aq)ANS: Phosphoric acid is a weaker acid than
oxalic acid
Once a reaction system reaches equilibrium, the concentrations of reactions and products no longer
changeANS: True
Methanol can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogenCO(g) + 2H2(g) ↔
CH3OH(g)A reaction vessel contains the three gases at equilibrium with a total pressure of 1.00 atm.
What will happen to the partial pressure of hydrogen if enough argon is added to raise the total
pressure to 1.4 atm?ANS: The partial pressure of hydrogen will be unchanged.
Which of the following is an advantage of nuclear power plants over coal-burning plants? Nuclear
power plantsANS: do not pollute the air with SO2, soot, and fly-ash
Alpha particles are identical toANS: helium nuclei
One ampere-hour (1A•hr) is _____ANS: 3600 C
What role does cadmium metal (Cd) play in a nuclear reactor?ANS: controls chain reaction (control
rods)
The Arrhenius equation is k = A e-(Ea/RT). The slope of a plot of ln k vs. 1/T is equal toANS: -Ea /R
Which statement is correct with respect to the above equilibrium when 0.30 moles of CO and 0.30
moles of H2O are heated to 700°C and allowed to reach equilibrium.ANS: [H2O] = [CO]
Which is the most penetrating of the three types of nuclear radiation?ANS: gamma
Magnesium hydroxide is used in several antacid formulations. When it is added to water it dissociates
into magnesium and hydroxide ions.
Mg(OH)2(s) ↔ Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)The equilibrium constant at 25°C is 8.9 × 10-12. One hundred
grams of magnesium hydroxide is added to 1.00 L of water and equilibrium is established. What
happens to the solution if another 10 grams of Mg(OH)2 are now added to the mixture?ANS: The
hydroxide ion concentration will be unchanged.
When a reaction system reaches equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions stop.ANS: False
“When the reaction Cu + HNO3 --> Cu2+ + NO + H2O is balanced in acidic solution, the coefficient of H+
is _____.”ANS: 6
Sodium hydrogen carbonate decomposes above 110°C to form sodium carbonate, water, and carbon
dioxide
2NaHCO3(s) ↔ Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)
One thousand grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate are added to a reaction vessel, the temperature is
increased to 200°C, and the system comes to equilibrium. What happens in this system if another 50 g
of sodium carbonate are now added?ANS: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide will be unchanged
In the electrolysis of water, _____.ANS: oxygen is liberated at the anode Beta particles are identical
toANS: electrons
Consider the reaction
2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)
If the rate Δ[H2]/Δt is 0.030 mol L-1 s-1, then Δ[NH3]/Δt isANS: -0.020 mol L-1 s-1
 Which of the following will shift the equilibrium to the right? CaCO3(s) <==> CaO(s) + CO2(g)ANS:
Addition of NaOH solution
The substance NH3 is consideredANS: a weak base
The equilibrium 2SO2(g) + O2(g) <==> 2 SO3(g) can shifted to the reactant side by _____. DH = –198.2
kJANS: Decreasing pressure
When a chemical system is at equilibriumANS: the concentrations of the reactants and products have
reached constant values.
The substance HCl is consideredANS: a strong Arrhenius acid
A solution is prepared by adding 0.10 mol of sodium fluoride, NaF, to 1.00 L of water. Which statement
about the solution is correct?ANS: The solution is basic.
The relation connecting DG° and E° is _____.ANS: DG° = –nFE°
The pH of a 0.001 M HCI solution isANS: 3
For a solution equilibrium, a change in concentration of a reactant or product does not change Kc.ANS:
True
The reaction _____ is spontaneous.ANS: MnO4– oxidizing Fe to Fe2+
The acid dissociation constant Ka equals 1.26 × 10-2 for HSO4- and is 5.6 × 10-10 for NH4+. Which
statement about the following equilibrium is correct?
HSO4-(aq) + NH3(aq) ↔ SO42-(aq) + NH4+(aq)ANS: The products will be favored because the hydrogen
sulfate ion is a stronger acid than the ammonium ion.
For a gas-phase equilibrium, a change in the pressure of any single reactant or product will change
Kp.ANS: False
The following reaction is at equilibrium at a pressure of 1 atm, in a closed container.
NaOH(s) + CO2(g) ↔ NaHCO3(s); ΔH°rxn < 0
Which, if any, of the following actions will decrease the concentration of CO2 gas present at
equilibrium?ANS: lowering the temperature
The substance Ba(OH)2 is consideredANS: a strong Arrhenius base
Which can alter the value of the equilibrium constant?ANS: Temperature
When the concentrations of reactant molecules are increased, the rate of reaction increases. The best
explanation for this phenomenon is that as the reactant concentration increasesANS: the frequency of
molecular collisions increases
The following reaction is at equilibrium in a sealed container
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g); ΔH°rxn < 0
Which, if any, of the following actions will increase the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?ANS:
lowering the temperature
Which of the following statements concerning reversible reactions is false?ANS: Concentration have no
effect on the direction of the reaction
Which one of the following statements about fission and fusion is false?ANS: “For a fission reaction the
mass defect (Dm) is negative, whereas for fusion Dm is positive.”
If Q > K, more products need to be formed as the reaction proceeds to equilibrium?ANS: False
The process _____ occurs spontaneously under standard state conditions.ANS: Fe3+ oxidizes I–
There is a direct correlation between the speed of a reaction and its equilibrium constant.ANS: False
The compound RX3 decomposes according to the equation
3RX3 → R + R2X3 + 3X2
In an experiment the following data were collected for the decomposition at 100°C. What is the average
rate of reaction over the entire experiment?t(s) [RX3](mol L-1)0 0.852 0.676 0.418
0.3312 0.2014 0.16ANS: 0.049 mol L-1s-1
Changing the amount of reactant or product in an equilibrium reaction will always change the
equilibrium position, regardless of the physical state of the substance involved.ANS: True
 The species _____ can oxidize water to oxygen under standard state conditions.ANS: Cl2(g)
The reaction A → B is first-order overall and first-order with respect to the reactant A. The result of
doubling the initial concentration of A will be toANS: double the initial rate
Which one of the following is a strong acid?ANS: H2SO4
Consider the equilibrium reaction: N2O4(g) ↔ 2NO2(g)Which of the following correctly describes the
relationship between Kc and Kp for the reaction?ANS: Kp = RT × Kc
The reaction system
CS2(g) + 4H2(g) ↔ CH4(g) + 2H2S(g)
is at equilibrium. Which of the following statements describes the behavior of the system if the partial
pressure of carbon disulfide is reduced?ANS: As equilibrium is reestablished, the partial pressure of
carbon disulfide increases
Which one of the following substances will give an aqueous solution of pH < 7?ANS: NH4Br
Unless ΔH°rxn = 0, a change in temperature will affect the value of the equilibrium constant KcANS:
True
Which type of nuclear process requires an extremely high temperature (millions of degrees)?ANS:
fusion reaction
A radioisotope decays to give an alpha particle and Pb-208. What was the original element?ANS: Po
The reaction system
POCl3(g) ↔ POCl(g) + Cl2(g)
is at equilibrium. Which of the following statements describes the behavior of the system if the partial
pressure of chlorine is reduced by 50%?ANS: POCl3 will be consumed as equilibrium is established
The rate of a reaction is determined by the rate of the fastest step in the mechanism.ANS: False
The energy released by the sun is the result ofANS: nuclear fusion
Which of the following affects the activation energy of a reaction?ANS: presence of a catalyst
The equilibrium constant Kc for the equilibrium A + B <==> C + D is X. The equilibrium constant for the
reaction 2C + 2D <==> 2A + 2B isANS: X^(-2)
The half-life of a first-order reaction does not depend on the initial concentration of reactant.ANS: True
The reaction system
CS2(g) + 4H2(g) ↔ CH4(g) + 2H2S(g)
is at equilibrium. Which of the following statements describes the behavior of the system if the partial
pressure of hydrogen is doubled?ANS: As equilibrium is reestablished, the partial pressure of hydrogen
decreases
Which of the following is the strongest acid?ANS: HI
The species that is not an oxidizing agent is_____ANS: Cl-
The equilibrium constant Kc for the equilibrium A + B <==> C + D is X. The equilibrium constant for the
reaction 1/2 A + 1/2 B <==> 1/2 C + 1/2 D isANS: X^(1/2)
The reaction system
POCl3(g) ↔ POCl(g) + Cl2(g)is at equilibrium. Which of the following statements describes the behavior
of the system if POCl is added to the container?ANS: The reverse reaction will proceed to establish
equilibrium.
For what order reaction does the half-life get longer as the initial concentration increasesANS: zeroth
order
Magnesium carbonate dissociates to magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures
MgCO3(s) ↔ MgO(s) + CO2(g)
A reaction vessel contains these compounds in equilibrium at 300°C. What will happen if the volume of
the container is reduced by 25% at 300°C?ANS: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide at equilibrium will
be unchanged.
 Ammonium chloride is used as an electrolyte in dry cells. Which of the following statements about a
0.10 M solution of NH4Cl, is correct?ANS: The solution is acidic.
"For a second order reaction, the half-life is equal to"ANS: t1/2 = 1/k[A]o
A catalyst accelerates a reaction becauseANS: it lowers the activation energy for the reaction
Which of the following does a catalyst change?ANS: the activation energy of a reaction
The cathode in the Daniell cell is _____ANS: Cu
1. The potential of the cell made up of Zn/Zn2+(0.25 M) and Cu/Cu2+(0.15 M) at 25 °C is _____.ANS:
1.09 V
2. What is the pH of a 0.050 M LiOH solution?ANS: 12.7
3. Which of the following acids has the lowest pH?ANS: 0.1 M HBO, pKa = 2.43
4. The standard potential for the reduction of Cu+ to Cu is 0.52V. E° at 25 °C for 2Cu+(aq) --> Cu2+(aq) +
Cu(s) is _____.ANS: 0.37 V
5. The value of Kc for the equilibrium 2SO2(g) + O2(g) <==> 2SO3(g) is 5.6x10^4 at 350 C. The initial
pressures of SO2 and O2 are 0.35 and 0.762 atm. The total pressure at equilibrium will beANS: less than
1.112
6.6. Kc for the formation of one mole of NH3 from H2 and N2 is _____ANS: 1.1
7. The half-life of radioactive carbon is approximately 5700 years. If a sa=
mple is found to have 7000 atoms after 6000 years, how many atoms were pres=
ents initially?ANS: 14500 atoms
8. Kp is 158 for the equilibrium 2NO2(g) <=3D=3D> 2 NO(g) + O2(g) Starting =
with NO2 (g) only, the partial pressure of NO at equilibrium is 0.25 atm. C=
alculate the partial pressure [atm] of NO2 at equilibrium.ANS: 0.5
9. What is the pH of a 0.75 M HNO3 solutionANS: 0.12
10. What is the pH of a 0.00200 M HClO4 solutionANS: 2.699
11. What is the value of Kc for the reaction CO2(g) + H2(g) <=3D=3D> H2O(g)=
+ CO(g) when the equilibrium concentrations of CO, H2, CO2, and H2O are 0.=
050 M, 0.045 M, 0.086 M and 0.040 M respectively?ANS: 0.52
12. =E2=80=9CKp is 158 for the equilibrium 2NO2(g) <=3D=3D> 2 NO(g) + O2(g)=
Starting with NO2 (g) only, the partial pressure of O2 at equilibrium is 0=
.25 atm. Calculate the partial pressure [atm] of NO2 at equilibrium.=E2=80=
=9DANS: 0.02
13. _____ Faradays are required to liberate 32 g of O2 in the electrolysis =
of H2O.ANS: 4
14. For the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) <=3D=3D> 2NH3(g) Kc =3D 1.2 at 375 C. K=
c for the reverse reaction isANS: 0.83
15. The equilibrium pressure of NO2 in the equilibrium N2O4(g) <=3D=3D> 2 N=
O2(g) is 1.56 atm. Its pressure on the addition of a catalyst will be ___AN=
S: 1.56 atm
16. What is the pH of a 0.050 M HBr solution?ANS: 1.3
17. The decay of U-238 to Pb-206 can be used to estimate the age of inorgan=
ic matter. The half-life of U-238 is 4.5 x 10^9 years. In a particular rock=
sample, the ratio of the numbers of Pb-206 to U-238 atoms is 0.66. Assume =
all of the Pb-206 present is due to the decay of U-238. What is the age of =
the rock?ANS: 3.3x 109 yr
18. The emf of the concentration cell Cu/Cu2+(0.08 M)||Cu2+(1.2 M)/Cu is __=
___ANS: 0.035
19. Which isotope, when bombarded with nitrogen-15, yields the artificial i=
sotope dubnium-260 plus 4 neutrons?ANS: californium-249
20. What is the pH of a 0.20 M HCl solution?ANS: 0.7
21. The standard emf of the cell involving Mg/Mg2+ and Cu/Cu2+ half-cell re=
actions isANS: 2.71 V
22. The standard potential of the cell consisting of the Zn2+/Zn half-cell =
and the SHE is _____ANS: 0.76 V
23. What is the half-life of a substance that decays to 25% of its original=
amount in six days?ANS: 3 days
24. _____ faradays of electricity are required to reduce one mole of MnO4=
=E2=80=93 to Mn2+ANS: 5
25. How many grams of copper will be deposited at an electrode if a current=
of 1.5 A is supplied for 2 hours to a CuSO=E2=82=84?ANS: 3.6 g
26. A solution is adjusted from pH 8 to pH 9. The relative concentration of=
the hydrogen [H?] ion has changed by a factor of what?ANS: 110
27. The number of faradays required to deposit one mole of Cr metal from Cr=
2O72- isANS: 6
28. A given sample of radioactive material has 80% of the original substanc=
e remaining after 10 years. How much will remain after 90 additional years?=
ANS: 0.11
29. Which isotope, when bombarded with oxygen-18, yields the artificial iso=
tope seaborgium-263 plus 4 neutrons?ANS: californium-249

1. Uranium-235 and uranium-238 have the same number of which of the following?
a. Protons and electrons
2. What is the valence (oxidation state) of carbon in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)?
b. 4
3. Water and SO3 combine to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) according to the following reaction. How many
grams of water must be added to 100 g of 20% oleum (20% SO3 and 80% H2SO4by weight) to produce a
95% solution ( byweight) of sulfuric acid?
a. 3.3 g
4. During a laboratory experiment at 1.0 atm and 25oC, a student observed that oxygen gas was
produced by de-composition of 15 g of sodium chlorate. What was the volume of oxygen?
c. 5.17 L
5. Which of the following does a catalyst change?
a. the activation energy of a reaction
6. What is an isomer?
c. different arrangement of the same atoms
7. The reaction shown occurs in a gaseous phase. Once equilibrium has been achieved in a particular
reaction vessel, additional HI gas is injected directly into the reaction vessel. Compared to the initial
conditions, which of the following statemnets is correct after the new equilibrium has been achieved?
c. The amount of I2 will have increased.
8. Which of the following compounds would be ionic, considering the electronegativities of the
elements?
d. KCI
9. An unknown gas with a temperature of 25oC and a pressure of 740 mm Hg is collected in a sampling
bag. The volume and mass of the gas are 24.0 L and 34.9 g, respectively. Which chemical formula could
represent the gas?
c. HCI
10. What is the percentage (by mass) of htdrogen in glucose (C6H12O6)?
a. 0.067
11. 2.00 g of a substance dissolved in 250 g of water produces a boiling point elevation of 0.065oC. What
is the molecular weight of the substance?
a. 63
12. A current of 0.075 A passes through a solution of silver nitrate for 10 munites. How much silver is
deposited?
d. 0.050 g
13. How many grams of copper will be deposited at an electrode if a current of 1.5 A is supplied for 2
hours to a CuSO4?
b. 3.6 g
14. What is the order of reaction with respect to reactant E and the overall order of the reaction
described by the following rate law?
a. second order with respect to E; second order overall
15. What is the term for a quantity of a susbstance to which a chemical formula can be assigned and
whose mass is equal to its formula weight?
a. a mole
16. The pH of a 0.001 M HCI solution is
b. 3
17. The half-life of radioactive carbon is approximately 5700 years. If a sample is found to have 7000
atoms after 6000 years, how many atoms were presents initially?
b. 14500 atoms
18. Given the following reversible chemical reaction, assume all reactants and products are ideal gases.
c. More ammonia (NH3) would be generated.
19. Which of the following statements concerning reversible reactions is false?
b. Concentration have no effect on the direction of the reaction
20. Which of the following reactions are not balanced?
d. I and III
21. 2.00 g of a substance dissolved in 250 g of water produces a boiling point elevation of 0.065oC. What
is the molecular weight of the substance?
d. 63
22. Oxygen reacts stoichimetrically with methane to form 14 g of carbon monoxide. How many moles of
methane are consumed?
b. 0.5 mol
23. Which o fthe following chemical formulas is incorrect?
d. CaCI
24. What are the chemical formulas for the following compounds: aluminum nitrate, magnesium
hydroxide, calcium oxide, and cupric carbonate?
b. AI(NO3)3,Mg(OH)2,CaO,CuCO3
25. Nitroglycerin is made by combining glycerol, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid. What are the minimum
coefficients needed to balance the equation of this reactions?
b. 1,3,1,1,3,1
26. Which of the following occurs when table salt (NaCI) is added to continuously heated boiling water?
d. The water momentarily stops boiling.
27. The final temperature of the hydrogen and chlorine described in Prob. 8 is 30oC. What is the final
pressure in the reaction vessel?
b. 320 kPa
28. A wastewater treatment plant uses chlorine gas as a reactant. A tank is filled with 800 m3 of 20oC
water, and chlorine is added at a dosage of 125 g per cubic meter of water. (Assume all of the chlorine
dissolves and none initially reacts chemically.) If the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 atm, what is the
theoretical partial pressure of the chlorine gas at the tank surface immediately after the gas is added?
c. 3.1 x 10-5 atm
29. What family of compounds is produced from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
c. ester
30. Which of the following statements pertaining to acids and bases is incorrect?.
c. Bases have a sour taste.
31. As the pressure of a gas increases, the solubility of that gas in a liquid
a. always increases.
32. What is a distinguishing characteristic of the halogens?
c. They readily accept an electron from another atom to form compounds.
33. Enthalpy of formation is most closely defined as the
b. energy absorbed during creation of 1 grammole of a compound from pure elements.
34. Assuming all of the energy goes into the reaction, what electrical power is required to produce
oxygen gas at a rate of 50 mg/s?
b. 0.89 kW%
35. What is the oxidation number for chromium (Cr) in the compound BaCro?
d. 6
36. A transportation company specializes in the shipment of pressurized gaseous materials. An order is
received for 100 L of a particular gas at STP (0oC and 1 atm). What minimum volume tank is necessary to
transport the gas at 25oC and a maximum pressure of 8 atm?
a. 14 L
37. In an experient, a compound was determined to contain 68.94% oxygen and 31.06% of an unknown
element by weight. The molecular weight of this compound is 69.7 g/mol. What is this compound?
d. B2O3
38. 6 g of a substance are dissolved in 1000 g of water. The solution freezes at -0.16oC. What is the
molecular weight of the substance?
a. 70 g/ mol
39. A gaseous mixture consists of 2 kg of oxygen, 5 kg of nitrogen, and 3 kg of xenon. What is the mole
fraction of the oxygen gas?
a. 0.24
40. The diameter of a spherical mothball is observed to halve in 200 days.approximately how long will it
take for its remaining volume to become half of its volume at 200 days?
a. 67 days
41. For a given isotope of an element, the atomic number plus the atomic weight is 148, and their
difference is 58. how many protons does an atom of the isotope contain?
a. 45
42. 10 g of solid PCI5 is heated in a 0.5 m3 container to 150oC, producing gaseous PCI3 and CI2 gas
according to the following decomposition reaction: The molecule weights of the compound are What is
the increase in pressure in the container when 50% (By weight) of the PCI5 is decomposed?
d. 0.350 kPa
43. An alkyl radical is best defined as
c. the remaining portion of an alkane after it loses a hydrogen atom.
44. It is known that ozone (O3) will decompose into oxygen (O2) at a temperature of 100o. One mole of
ozone is sealed in a container at STP (0oC and 1 atm). What will be pressure of the container once it is
heated to 100oC?
d. 210 kPa
45. How much water must be added to 100 mL of a 0.75 molar solution of KCI to make a 0.04 molar
solution?
c. 1.78 L
46. While moving from left to right across the second row of the periodic table (i.e., from Li to Ne), the
atomic radii tend to
b. uniformly increase.
47. A solution is adjusted from pH 8 to pH 9. The relative concentraation of the hydrogen [H+] ion has
changed by a factor of what?
c. 110
48. The solubility constant of stronyium sulfate, SrSO4, is 2.8 x 10-7. How many grams of SrSO4 must be
dissolved in water to produce 1 L saturated solution?
a. 0.1 g
49. Which of the following elements has the largest first ionazation energy?
c. H (hydrogen)
50. How many milliters of 1 M NaOH solution will 25 mL of 2 H2SO4neutralize?
b. 100 mL
51. What is the molarity of a solution obtained by dis-solving 25 g of NaCI in enough water to produce 4
L of solution?
d. 0.107
52. What is the half-life of a substance that decays to 25% of its original amount in six days?
a. 3 days
53. Two moles of sodium react with 2 moles of water to produce which of the following?
b. 2 moles of sodium hydroxide and 1 mole of hydrogen
54. When a deliquescent substance is exposed to air, it
b. becomes moist
55. Which of the following elements does not exists as a diatomic molecule under normal (ambient)
conditions?
d. sulfur
56. A given sample of radioactive material has 80% of the original substance remaining after 10 years.
How much will remain after 90 additional years?
c. 0.11
57. The decay of U-238 to Pb-206 can be used to estimate the age of inorganic matter. The half-life of U-
238 is 4.5 x 109 years. In a particular rock sample, the ratio of the numbers of Pb-206 to U-238 atoms is
0.66. Assume all of the Pb-206 present is due to the decay of U-238. What is the age of the rock?
a. 3.3x 109 yr
58. How much energy is needed to convert ozone to oxygen?
b. 0 kcal/ mol
59. The group of metals that includes lithium, sodium,potassium, rubidium, and cesium forms a closely
related family known as the
c. alkali metals.
60. Hydrogen and chlorine gas combine in a 35 m3 reaction vessel to produce hydrogen chloride. The
masses of hydrogen and chlorine are 4.5 kg and 160 kg, respectively. How much hydrogen chloride gas is
produced?
d. 160 kg
61. How many liters of 2M solution (i.e., a molarity of 2) can be produced from 184 g of enthyl alcohol
(CH3CH2OH)?
c. 2.0 L
62. If the current, I, is 100 A, at what rate is oxygen produced?
b. 8.29 mg/s
63. What mass of lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, must be dis-solved in 1 L of water to produce a solution that
contains 20 mg of lead ions? Assume 100% ionazation.
c. 32 mg
64. A compound in gas form Has a mass of 0.377 g and occupies 191.6 mL at standard conditions (0oC
and 760 mm Hg). What is the formula of the compound?
a. C3H8
65. A gas mixture of N2(g) and CO2(g) contained in a volume of 10.0 L has a total pressure of 0.750 atm
at a temperature of 273K. The mixture is known to contain 3.00 g N2(g). What is the partial pressure of
CO2(g) in the mixture?
c. 0.510 atm
66. Rank the following gas according to increasing effusion rates relative to O2 (reference).
d. CO22<2
67. What is the vapor pressure of 1000.0 g of a water solution at 250C that contains 124.0 g of the
nonvolatile solute ethylene glycol, C2H6O2? The vapor pressure of pure water at this temperature is
23.76 torr. Assume an ideal solution
c. 22.8 torr
68. "::Add_Chem_004:: Consider a solution of water and a nonvolatile solute at some temperature.
What combination of conditions would be sure to increase the vapor pressure of the solution? _____"
a. Raise the temperature and add more water
69. What is the mass of 0.01 gram-moles of Na2SO4?
a. 1.42 g
70. An ideal gas occupies a volume of 4L and has a pressure of 283.71kPa (1atm=101.325kPa). Under
22.50C, what most likely is the identity of the gas if 0.01293 Kg of gas is used.
d. N2
71. The reaction shown proceeds in a gaseous state. At equilibrium, the concentration of the
components X,Y, and Z are measured to be 5.73 x 10-2 mol/L, 2.67 x 10-2 mol/L and 4.59 x 10-2 mol/L,
respectively. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction?
b. 1.7 x 10-2mol/L
72. If 1.5 L of an ideal gas at 250C is heated, the new volume increases 2.5 times the original volume.
The pressure and amount of substance are held constant. What is the new temperature of gas in 0F
a. 882 0F
73. "::Add_Chem_013::Following are three states for fluorine:1s22s12p6 1s22s22p5 1s22s22p42d1 They
are, respectively: _____"
d. excited, ground, impossible
74. At what temperature in 0C will O2 has under a pressure of 2.4 atm? (ρ of O2= 1.43 g/L)
b. 3810C
75. Macro Vee collected hydrogen gas using water displacement method. He measured the temperature
of water using a thermometer and found out that it is 230C with the correponding pressure of 21.1
mmHg. Calculate the pressure of hydrogen gas under standard atmospheric pressure.
b. 98.51 Kpa
76. A sample of an unknown compound is found to be 49.3% carbons, 9.6% hydrogen, 19.2% nitrogen,
and 21.9% oxygen by weight. What is its molecular formula?
a. C3H7NO
77. Balance the following reaction.
a. HBrO3 + 5HBr 3H2O + 3bR2
78. Which of the following is the correct electron configuration of Pb?
b. [Xe]6s25d104f146p2
79. The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are
atoms in exactly
d. 12.00 grams of 12C.
80. At STP the volume of 1.5 mole N2as compared to 1.0 mole O2 is
c. different by about 11.2 L
81. "::Add_Chem_008:: How many grams of glucose, C6H12O6, are necessary to prepare 656 mL of a
solution with a concentration that is 0.550 molar? _____"
c. 64.9 g
82. n the following reaction, which elements are the reducing and exidizing agents?
a. Mg is the reducing agents; O2 is the oxidizing agent.
83. By decreasing the pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature and amount of substance 1/3
times the original pressure, the volume of gas will
b. increases three times the original
84. What is the gravimetric (i.e.m.,mass) percentage of oxygen in K2CrO4?
a. 0.33
85. There are 500 g of zinc sulfide (ZnS) in a load of zinc ore. The ZnS is roasted in excess air to form zinc
oxide (ZnO) and sulfer dioxide (S)2). How many grams of zinc can be subsequently recovered if 5% of the
zinc is lost in the roasting process?
c. 320 g
86. What is the enthalpy of reaction at 25oC for the combustion of ethane ( C2H6)?
b. -340 kcal/mol ( exothermic)