Transmitters

Instrumentation & Control

Elements of a Process Control Loop
𝑆𝑉 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Controller
𝑃𝑉 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑡

Measuring Final Control

Device - Sensor Element

Process
Elements of a Process Control Loop
• Process Variable – the variable of interest to be
controlled and manipulated (e.g. Temperature,
Pressure or Flow)
• Measuring Device (Sensor) – converts the
measurement into a suitable signal format
(typically 4 – 20mA or digital) and then transmit
it to the controller
Elements of a Process Control Loop
• Controller – acts on the final control element in
the control loop based on the predefined set
value (SV) and programmed logic
Transmitter
• A device that converts the signal produced by a
sensor into a standard instrumentation signal
such as 3 − 15 𝑃𝑆𝐼 air pressure, 4 − 20𝑚𝐴 DC
electric current, Fieldbus digital signal, etc.,
which may then be conveyed to an indicating
device, a controlling device, or both which is
often located in a centralized control room
Transmitter
• Often combines a sensor and the transmitter in a
single device
• The sensor measures the process variable and
generate a proportional signal
• The transmitter amplifies and conditions the
sensor signal for onward transmission to the
controlling device
Important Properties When Acquiring
Transmitters
• Accuracy -- the difference between the
measured value obtained by the sensor and the
true value
• Repeatability -- the difference between the
sensed values obtained for the same true value
Important Properties When Acquiring
Transmitters
• Rangeability -- the ratio of large to small
readings that maintains accuracy
• Sensor Dynamics -- the time constant of the
sensor; how long it takes to detect and transmit
a changed value
Transmitters Used in Process Instrumentation
• Pneumatic Transmitters
• Analog Transmitters
• Digital/ Smart Transmitters
Pneumatic Transmitters
• Output a pneumatic signal corresponding to the
process variable
• Commonly used in industrial plants: 3 − 15 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
(LRV – URV)
• Used in remote locations where electric power is
not readily available
Pneumatic Transmitters

20 − 30 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦
3 − 15 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐻 𝐿

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

https://www.instrumentationtoolbox.com/2013/06/transmitters-used-in-process.html Engineering Photos,Videos and Articels (Engineering Search Engine)
Analog Transmitters
• Output an electrical signal (current or voltage)
whose magnitude represents a physical
measurement or a control quantity
• Uses analog signal standard to communicate
information
• Most common standard analog signal: 4 −
20𝑚𝐴 (LRV – URV)
Analog Transmitters

4 − 20 𝑚𝐴
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑒. 𝑔.

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑒𝑡𝑐
https://www.instrumentationtoolbox.com/2013/06/transmitters-used-in-process.html
 Analog Transmitters

• Differential Pressure Transmitter

Characteristics
Pressure Type: Differential Technology: Capacitive Output: Analog http://www.directindustry.com/prod/ascon-
tecnologic-srl/product-6014-438530.html

Other Characteristics: with Pressure Range:

display Max.: 186,500 Pa (27.05 psi)
Min.: –186,500 Pa (–27.05 psi)
Description:
Employs a capacitive sensor, has an accuracy of 0.075% per span, and has a
calibrated span from 1.5 mBar. It offers long term stability, and has high rangeability
(100:1). The unit has an onboard LCD display and magnetic push buttons for Zero and
Span field adjustment.
Digital Transmitters
• Produce digital signals that are combined in a
variety of ways:
• To enhance communication with the device
• Enhances diagnostic capabilities of the device
• Makes control of the devices and processes
relatively easy and smooth
Digital Transmitters
• Digital signals are discrete levels that are
combined in specific ways to represent process
variables and also carry other important
information, such as diagnostic information
• Combine the digital signals in a variety of
communication protocols such as Fieldbus,
HART, etc.
Digital Transmitters
• EJA-E series Differential
Pressure Transmitter
Characteristics
Pressure Type: Differential Technology: Membrane Output: Digital
Other Characteristics: SIL 2 Pressure Range:
2,300 psi
Description:
The EJA-E series of transmitters is Yokogawa's most recent evolution of the DPharp family of http://www.directindustry.com/prod/yokoga
wa-europe/product-19033-1800925.html
pressure transmitters. Released in 2012, it combines the ruggedness and success of the work-
horse EJA-A series with the performance of the thoroughbred EJX-A series to deliver the type
of product you have come to expect from Yokogawa.
The EJA110E is the standard traditional-mount differential pressure transmitter in this series.

0.055% Accuracy (0.04% Accuracy optional) Exida and TUV SIL 2 / SIL3 Certified
0.1% Stability per 10 years MWP 2,300 psi (MWP 3,600 psi option)
90 ms Response Time Local Parameter Setting (LPS)
Transmitters Used in Process Instrumentation
• Most Common Process Variables of Interest:
1. Pressure – Pressure Transmitters
2. Temperature – Temperature Transmitters
3. Flow – Flow Transmitters
4. Level – Level Transmitters
5. Chemical Composition – Analytic Transmitter
Nomenclature of Field Devices Used in
Process Instrumentation
• Local Gauge (without control function) – a
sensor device which provides local readout only
• PI – Pressure Indicator
• TI – Temperature Indicator
• FI – Flow Indicator
• LI – Level Indicator
• VI – Vibration Idicator
Nomenclature of Field Devices Used in
Process Instrumentation
• Local Gauge (without control function) A sensor
device which provides local readout only is usually
referred to as a gage. Local pressure gages and level
gages (sight glasses) are very common.
• PI – Pressure Indicator
• TI – Temperature Indicator
• FI – Flow Indicator
• LI – Level Indicator
• VI – Vibration Indicator
Nomenclature of Field Devices Used in
Process Instrumentation
• Transmitters (without and with control function)
• TE – Temperature Element (Transmitter)
• PT – Pressure Transmitter
• FT – Flow Transmitter
• LT – Level Transmitter
• VT – Vibration Transmitter
Pressure Transmitters
• Essentially used in measuring various types of
process pressures
Pressure Transmitters
• Absolute Pressure Transmitter
– measures the pressure relative to perfect vacuum
pressure
• Gauge Pressure Transmitter
– measures the pressure relative to atmospheric
pressure at a given location
– when the pressure reads 0 𝑝𝑠𝑖, it means pressure
is atmospheric
Pressure Transmitters
• Differential Pressure Transmitter
– measures the difference between two or more
pressures introduced as inputs to the sensing unit
– used to measure the pressure drop across an oil
filter for example
– popularly used to measure flow or level in
pressurized vessels
Pressure Transmitters

Yokogawa
quicktimeonline.com

𝑌𝑜𝑘𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑤𝑎 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑜𝑘𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑤𝑎 𝐼𝑛 − 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
Level Transmitters
• Used to measure the level of a liquid or solid
material within a vessel or space
• Can measure level continuously or at
determined points
Level Transmitters
• Point Level Transmitters
• Provide an output when a specific level
measurement is reached
• The output is in the form of audible alarm or an
electric signal to turn on a switch
• Continuous Level Transmitters
• Measure level within a specified range and
provide an output as a continuous reading in
proportion to the changing level
Level Transmitters
• Ultrasonic Level Transmitters
• Used for non – contact level sensing of highly
viscous liquids, as well as bulk solids
• Conductive Level Transmitters
• Used for point level detection of a wide range of
conductive liquids such as water, and especially
well suited for highly corrosive liquids such as
caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, and similar
liquids
Level Transmitters
• Pneumatic Level Transmitters
• Used in hazardous environments and where
there is no electric power
• Capacitive Level Transmitters
• Used in liquids that are non – conductive and
have a high dielectric constant and can be
used for continuous level monitoring
Level Transmitters
• Hydrostatic Based Level Transmitters
• Use the hydrostatic pressure at a point in a
liquid to determine level
 Level Transmitters

https://www.instrumart.com/products/5090/intempco-ltx02-capacitance-level-transmitter

https://www.instrumart.com/products/24668/rosemount-2051l-liquid-level-transmitter

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
Temperature Transmitters
• Composed with a temperature sensor and transmitter
• The transmitter receives the signal from the sensor,
computes the temperature based on the signal and
then converts it to a 4 − 20 𝑚𝐴 output signal for a
receiving device such as a controller
Temperature Transmitters
• Thermocouple Type Temperature Transmitter
• The calculated temperature is based on the
electromotive force generated by changes in the
process temperature
• RTD Type Temperature Transmitter
• The calculated temperature is based on the changes
of the electrical resistance with the process temp
• The relationship between the process temperature
and electrical resistance of the RTD is used to
calculate temperature by the transmitter
 Temperature Detectors and Transmitter

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑇𝐷 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟

Temperature Detectors and Transmitter
Flow Transmitters
• Used to measure and indicate flow
• Combination of a flow sensor and transmitter in
one piece
Flow Transmitters
• Signal from the flow sensor is used by the
transmitter to generate a 4 − 20 𝑚𝐴 output that
represents changes in flow in the actual process
• Flow transmitter technologies:
• Velocity based flow sensor
• Ultrasonic flow sensor
• Differential pressure flow sensor
Commonly Used Abbreviations in the Industry
• FI - Flow Indicator
• FIT - Flow Indicator Transmitter (Displays and
transmits the flow rate value)
• FE - Flow Element
• FT - Flow Transmitter
Flow Transmitters

http://www.directindustry.com/prod/yokogawa-europe/product-19033-910791.html
Quora

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
End