Water Supply, Quality and Distribution

System
ME116P
INDUSTRIAL PLANT
ENGINEERING

WEEK 4
2020-2021/3T

Prepared by:
Engr. Manuel B. Rustria
April 6, 2021
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 Objectives
 Explain factors in selecting water sources;
 Draw schematic diagram for each water source;
 Identify water quality requirements for each industrial
/manufacturing set-up;
 Draw and explain water softening using sodium zeolite water
softener; and
 Draw and explain water de-ionization/ demineralization.

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 Water Source Selection
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 Water Source Selection
Introduction
 Water is essential for life, but for many people, the quantity of
water available may be minimal, and the water may be of poor
quality.
 This presentation outlines some of the issues which need to be
considered when planning improvements to supplies, to ensure
that the most appropriate sources of water are selected.

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 Three Types of Water Source
1. Rainwater
 Collecting rainwater from either an existing roof structure or a
ground catchment area can provide a useful supplementary
source of water even if it is not used as the main supply.
 Storage tanks are usually required to make the best use of
rainwater.

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 Three Types of Water Source
2. Surface water
 When rain falls to the ground it becomes surface water, where it
may move across the ground in the form of streams or rivers, or
remain in one place in the form of ponds or lakes.
 Surface water is easily polluted and can be affected by wide
seasonal variations in turbidity ('muddiness') and flow.
 Variations in turbidity present a challenge for the effective
operation of treatment processes, while variations in flow affect
the location and design of abstraction structures.
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 Three Types of Water Source
Surface water
 Surface water, however, is often the easiest to access (see
illustration)

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 Three Types of Water Source
3. Groundwater
 Some surface water sinks into the
ground and becomes groundwater.
 Here it can remain for a long time in an
aquifer — spaces underground which
can hold water because the
surrounding earth and rock is
impervious (does not let water
through).
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 Three Types of Water Source
Groundwater
 Groundwater may be obtained in several ways:
 Water from mountain springs can often be transmitted to
areas of demand by gravity, limiting the operation and
maintenance requirements of a supply system.

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 Three Types of Water Source
Groundwater
 Shallow wells can also provide a supply system with minimal
operation and maintenance requirements — particularly if
they are well-constructed, protected, and fitted with a hand
pump. For larger supplies, diesel or petrol pumps may be used
in place of hand pumps. Shallow wells can often be
constructed using local techniques and labour.

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 Three Types of Water Source
Groundwater
 Shallow or deep boreholes usually require drilling equipment
and an experienced drilling team, but they can provide high-
yield supplies of good-quality water. Groundwater, however,
may be affected by high levels of chemicals, such as fluoride or
chloride.

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 Three Types of Water Source
Groundwater
 Locating groundwater can be difficult. The presence of existing
wells with good, stable yields, other positive hydrological
features, or information from satellite images can highlight
groundwater potential but, following this, extensive field trials
are usually required to determine acceptable borehole locations.

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Selection and Development
of Water Sources
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 Selection and Development of

Water
Three primary factors in Sources
development involve
selecting a water source for

• water quantity - amount of water that is available at the

source and the amount of water that will be required or
demanded for use.
• water reliability – ability to supply the required amount of
water for as long as needed.
• water quality - potable and palatable, it must be tested to
determine the existence of any impurities that could cause
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 Selection and Development of
Water Sources
 Once the water source has been selected, development
of the source can begin.
 Developing a water source includes all work that
increases the quantity and improves the quality of the
water or makes it more readily available for treatment
and distribution.
 In developing a source, the engineer may use the
construction of dams, digging or drilling of wells, and
other improvements to increase the quantity and quality
of the water.
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 Distribution System
Elements and Accessories
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Distribution System Elements and
1. DISTRIBUTION Accessories
MAINS. Distribution mains are the
pipelines that make up the distribution system. Their
function is to carry water from the water source or
treatment works to users.
2. ARTERIAL MAINS. Arterial mains are distribution mains
of large size. They are interconnected with smaller
distribution mains to form a complete gridiron system.

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Distribution System Elements and
Accessories

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Distribution System Elements and
Accessories
3. STORAGE RESERVOIRS. Storage reservoirs are structures
used to store water. They also equalize the supply or
pressure in the distribution system. A common example
of a storage reservoir is an aboveground water storage
tank.
4. SYSTEM ACCESSORIES. System accessories include the
following:
a. BOOSTER STATIONS. Booster stations are used to
increase water pressure from storage tanks for low-
pressure mains.
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Distribution System Elements and
Accessories
b. VALVES. Valves control the flow of water in the
distribution system by isolating areas for repair
or by regulating system flow or pressure.
c. HYDRANTS. Hydrants are designed to allow water
from the distribution system to be used for fire-
fighting purposes.
d. METERS. Meters record the flow of water in a part
of the distribution system.
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Distribution System Elements and
Accessories
e. SERVICE CONNECTIONS. Service connections are
used to connect individual buildings or other
plumbing systems to the distribution system mains.
f. BACKFLOW PREVENTERS. A cross-connection is any
connection between a potable and nonpotable
water system through which a contaminating flow
can occur. Backflow preventers, such as air gaps and
vacuum breakers, are used to prevent flow through
potential cross-connections.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQFrSnm2V6U 21
Water
Source
Selecti
on

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Water
Source
Selecti
on

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Water
Source
Selecti
on

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 Water Source Selection

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 Industrial Uses of Water
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 Industrial Uses of Water
Heavy water using industries can include food, paper, chemicals, refined
petroleum, or primary metals.
1. Ultrapure water use in semiconductor manufacturing
 Water is an essential component for the manufacturing of
semiconductors and chips which are used everyday in computers, cell
phones and automobiles. Ultrapure water is used throughout the process,
including to remove impurities from silicon wafers. For example, a single
8” wafer, which is the foundation for approximately 100 chips, may require
up to 2,000 gallons of UPW. As a result, semiconductor producers are
focusing on ways to recycle, reuse and reduce the amount of water
needed for operations. One notable case study is US firm Intel, which is 
creating its biggest water-reuse development as part of its new D1X
factory in Hillsboro.
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 Industrial Uses of Water
2. Cooling water
 Cooling systems are used to remove heat from processes or
equipment. Heat removed from one medium is transferred to
another medium, or process fluid, which most often is water.
According to the SUEZ Water Technologies Handbook, the driving
force for the transfer of heat is the difference in temperature
between the two media, which in most cooling systems, is in the
range of 10-200 degrees F. Many of the properties of water,
including the behaviour of the contaminants it contains, are
affected by temperature. As a result, the tendency of a system to
corrode, scale, or support microbiological growth is also affected by
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water temperature.
 Industrial Uses of Water
3. Water use in the oil & gas markets

 Globally the oil and gas industry represents less than 5% of total
withdrawal but the sectors have an important role to play in
protecting the quality of water in the areas they operate. Water
is a raw material used and produced in high quantities in the oil
industry, from extraction activities through to refineries and
petrochemicals. Uses include: injection water, production water,
process water, wastewater, rainwater, cooling water, tank
cleaning water, and others.
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 Industrial Uses of Water
4. Water use in pulp & paper mills
 Despite digitalisation prompting a move away from printed
products, the pulp and paper sector remains one of the largest
users of industrial process water in the US and the second largest in
Europe. Water is intricately associated with 85% of all the three
stages of paper production namely, pulp making, pulp processing,
and paper/paper board manufacturing, and their associated
activities of cooking, bleaching, and washing. A high quantity of
water consumed in the pulp and paper industry is used only for
processing, thus, leading to the generation of large volumes of
contaminated wastewater.
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 Industrial Water Quality
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Requirements 31
 Industrial Water Quality
Requirements
Industrial water quality requirements will vary considerably
depending on the application, region and local governance.
 For example, ultrapure water for food & beverage manufacturing
will differ to water needed for oil & gas extraction and treatment.
Even within these segments, water quality will vary between foods
– for example dairy to confectionary, and drinks, from soft
beverages to alcoholic beverages. Coupled with local regulations
and globally it is a complicated mixture of quality requirements.
However, water in the food industry should meet the
requirements of local standards for safe drinking water or meet
the requirements of the World Health Organisation (WHO)
Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.
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 Industrial Water Quality
Requirements
Even under ultrapure water classification, there can be five grades of pure
water available, each defined by various standards and conventions. Even the
definition of ‘high purity’ water is used to describe a range of pure water
specifications.
 Each grade of pure water is used in a number of applications, that include
• Deionised Water – medium pressure boiler feed, renal dialysis make-up,
battery top-up;
• Purified Water – pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, chemical manufacturing;
• Apyrogenic Water – vial washing, tissue culture, water for injections;
• High Purity Water – high pressure boilers, combined heat and power
systems, laboratories;
• Ultrapure water – micro electronics, supercritical boilers. Ultrapure water
typically
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has a TOC limit of 0.05 mg/l as C and a resistivity of 18 Megohm.cm.
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 Hard Water
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 What is Hard Water
 Hard Water means mainly when the ions of chloride, sulfate and
bicarbonate of calcium and magnesium are dissolved in water.
 Ferrous iron can also be present; in presence of oxygen it turns
into ferric iron.
 These minerals dissolve in water depends on pressure,
temperature, turbulence and pH levels.
 The main source of hard water is ground water.
 Rain water is purely soft water.

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 What is Hard Water
 But as the water travels through soil and rock, it dissolves a little
amount of minerals like salt of calcium and magnesium and holds
in solution. Therefore water becomes hard.
 Water is universal solvent and easily contaminant.
 Rain water absorbs carbon di-oxide from the air and that is
making the water acidic (very weak carbonic acid). This rain
water reacts with the limestone, dolomite and chalk rocks on
earth and form water soluble bicarbonate ions.

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 What is Hard Water
 The equation for the reaction is:
Water + carbon di-oxide + calcium carbonate = calcium bicarbonate
H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + CaCO3 (s) → Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
 The degree of hardness increases if the calcium and magnesium
content is large.
 Basically hardness is two types;
 permanent hardness, and
 temporary hardness.
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 Permanent Hardness
 Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling the water.
 It is generally caused by the ions of chloride and sulfate of
calcium and magnesium.
 To removed permanent hardness needs chemical processing
(using a water softener or ion exchange column).
Total Permanent Hardness = Calcium Hardness + Magnesium Hardness
 Total permanent water hardness calculated as equivalent of
calcium carbonate.

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 Temporary Hardness
 Temporary hardness occurs when the bicarbonate of calcium
and magnesium is present in water.
 This temporary hardness can be easily removed by boiling the
water.
 When water is boiled the bicarbonate convert in to carbonate;
this is insoluble in water.
 As a result it is easily removed and water becomes soften.

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 Water Softener
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 Water Softener
 There are different water softener are used depends on the
application and condition of water hardness.
 Following water softeners are used for water softening.
• Ion exchange water softener
• Cold and hot lime-soda process
• Zeolite or permutit water softener
• Reverse osmosis water softener
• Electric or Magnetic water softener (electrodialysis process)
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 Ion Exchange Water Softener
 This type of water softener works on the ion exchange principle.
 In ion exchange process, water passes through a bed, generally
made by sulfonated polystyrene divynalbenzene spherical resin.
 This resin beads is supersaturated with sodium.
 During the water softening this sodium ions are exchange by the
hardness ions.
 Again these sodium ions are regenerated by passing a brine
solution through the ion exchange column.

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 Lime-soda Softening Process
 In the lime-soda water softener process, soluble magnesium and
calcium salts are made insoluble salts like calcium carbonate and
magnesium hydroxide by the treatment with calcium hydroxide
and soda ash.
 After removal of this precipitate, soft water is obtained. Before
water treatment, first calculate the amount of temporary and
permanent hardness, and then estimate the amount of lime and
soda ash.
 In this lime-soda water softener process, both temporary and
permanent hardness are removed. There are two type lime-soda
process; cold lime-soda process and hot lime-soda process.
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 Zeolite of Permutit Water
x y
Softener
 Zeolite is a porous natural mineral and its general chemical
formulae Al Si O  (without water molecules).
2(x+y)
 The natural zeolite that is used as water softener is gluconites or
greensand.
 But permutit is the artificial zeolite that is most used in water
softening.
 The general chemical formula of permutit is Na2O, Al2O3, nSiO2,
xH2O.
 They can exchange cation, hence can remove calcium and
magnesium ions from water.
 As a result water becomes soften.
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 Reverse Osmosis Water Softener
System
 In the Reverse Osmosis (RO) water softener system, a semi-
permeable membrane is used as a filter.
 In this process, water is allowed to pass through the membrane
with the help of osmotic pressure.
 As a result, pure water is passing the other side leaving the
contaminant behind.
 When the concentrations of a particular species exceed the
solubility product, then it is precipitate.

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 Electric or Magnetic Water
Softener
 In this water softener, process creates a magnetic field and hard
water is passing through the magnetic field.
 Hard water contains cations and anions which are positively and
negatively charged respectively.  
 Hence they can be influence by the magnetic field and separate
from the water.
 Therefore water becomes soften.
    

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 Demineralization of
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Water 47
 Demineralization of Water
 Demineralization of water is a process that removes minerals
from water and produced demineralized water.
 Shortly, it is called dm water or demi water. It is water softening
process.
 The most common dm water processes are distillation,
deionization, membrane filtration (reverse osmosis or
nanofiltration), and electrodialysis.
 This water is not free from some uncharged molecules like
viruses or bacteria and organic contaminants.
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 Demineralization of Water
 The transportation of demi water is very significant as it is highly
aggressive for metals and other plumbing materials.
 Comparably plastic materials are safe for transportation and
storage.

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 Demineralization of Water
pH Value of dm Water
 The pH value of demineralized water should be 7.0 but it is
slightly acidic.
 Reason, the carbon dioxide dissolves in it from the air; until
reaches dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere.
 The dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with the water and creates
carbonic acid.

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 Demineralization of Water
pH value of dm water
 H2O + CO2 → H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
 Only fresh dm water has neutral pH value 7.0, but after a few
hours; it will capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
become slightly acidic.
 In this way the pH value can be 5.5.

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 Demineralization of Water
DM water conductivity
 As the demineralization of water is minerals removing process
and the electric current is related to minerals, therefore the
demineralized water has a very low electric conductivity.
 It has no fixed value. It has a higher conductivity value than
deionized water.
 The dm water conductivity unit is expressed as
millisiemens/meter (mS/m) or microsiemens/centimeter
(µS/cm).
 Generally it is less than 2 mS/m, even lower than 0.1 mS/m.
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 Demineralization of Water
DM Water TDS Value
 The TDS value of water depends on the amount of minerals that
are dissolved in water.
 When the minerals like calcium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate,
and sodium chloride increases then the TDS value increases.
 Consequently, the process of demineralization of water
decreases the TDS. It should be always less than 10 mg/l, even as
low as 1 mg/l.

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 Demineralization of Water
Demineralized Water Uses
 The water that contains the minerals like calcium bicarbonate,
magnesium sulfate, and sodium chloride can hamper different
stages on chemical or physical process of chemical industries.
 They require low salt or low conductivity water.
 DM water is free of minerals salt, so this water is suitable for
those industries.
 For example demi water is used in boiler feed water, textiles,
pharmaceuticals, breweries, swimming pools, potable water,
hospitals, automobile, lead-acid batteries, fertilizers, cooling
systems.
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 Demineralization of Water
Drinking Demineralized Water
 A certain amount of minerals are important parts of drinking
water.
 Internationally maximum acceptable levels of inorganic and
organic substances have been established to assure the safety of
drinking water.
 Different minerals increase the taste of water.
 As the dm water almost completely free from minerals; it has
poor taste and thirst-quenching characteristics.
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 Demineralization of Water
Drinking Demineralized Water
 Moreover, trace amount of certain minerals provide the health
benefits, so the consumption of this water is not good for health.
 In addition, the demi water tends to take out minerals from food
and electrolytes from the body, so it is also not suitable for
cooking purposes.

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 Demineralization of Water
Difference between Demineralized and Distilled Water
 Both the demineralized and distilled water are purified water.
 Although distillation process is one kind of demineralization of
water system but they have a clear difference.
 The major difference is that the distilled water is free of both the
organic and inorganic contaminants; even it is also free of
uncharged molecules such as viruses or bacteria whereas
demineralized water is only free of mineral ions, but not free of
uncharged molecules like viruses or bacteria and organic
substances.
 Distilled water is much purer than dm water but it is more costly.
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 References
•https://www.coursera.org/lecture/engineering-h
umanitarian/water-source-selection-AcdDr
•https://pas.org.in/Portal/document/ResourcesFil
es/pdfs/Module_1%20Basics%20of%20water%2
0supply%20system.pdf
•http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14
265a/14265A_ch3.pdf
•http://mwss.gov.ph/learn/metro-manila-water-s
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 THANK YOU.

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