SHREE SWAMI

ATMANAND SARSWATI
INSTITUTE of
TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY:
Gaurang Kakadiya
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 Introduction
Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001
Place : Bhuj, Gujarat
Magnitude : 7.9
Intensity : X
Epicenter : 23.419°N 70.232°E
Focal length : 23 kms
Season : Winter
Damages :
•Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured.
•The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around
Rs.22,000 Crores. 3
• The earthquake was felt in most parts of the country and 20 districts
in the state of Gujarat sustained damage.
• The entire Kutch region of Gujarat, enclosed on three sides by the
Great Runn of Kutch, the Little Runn of Kutch and the Arabian Sea,
sustained highest damage with maximum intensity of shaking as high
as X on the MSK intensity scale.
• Twenty-one of the total 25 districts of the state was affected in this
quake. Around 18 towns, 182 talukas and 7904 villages in the
affected districts have seen large-scale devastation.
• The affected areas even spread up to 300 km from the epicenter.
• In the Kutch District, four major urban areas – Bhuj, Anjar, Bachau
and Rapar suffered near total destruction.
• The rural areas in the region are also very badly affected with over 4
450 villages almost totally destroyed
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES

• Plate Tectonics
The Indo-Australian and the Eurasian Plate collide into each
other at the rate of around 2 cm per year and India lies on this
margin.

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Seismic Zone Map of India :- 2002

About 65 percent of
the land area of
India is liable to
seismic hazard
damage
•26% under MSK
Intensity VII,
•18% under VIII
and
•12% under IX and
higher 6
1819 Gujarat [Kutch] (2000 deaths)
2001 Gujarat [Bhuj] (13805 deaths)

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Site of destruction of the villages
9
Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Total collapse of a portion of a 10-storey residential building in Ahmedabad.10

 RC frame buildings can break apart!!

Collapse of open ground storey

RC frame residential building
in Bhuj. 11
Collapse of intermediate storey
in a 6-storey RC frame
commercial building at
Bhuj.
Collapse of one-half of the 14-
storey RC frame residential
apartment building in
Ahmedabad
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Insufficient connection between the RC Ground storey collapse of a 4-storey
elevator core and rest of the building building at Bhuj.

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Brick Masonry

Collapse of the upper storey of a

building under construction at
Bhachau village.

Collapse of the brick masonry

railroad station building at Vondh. 14
Partial collapse of the roof and brick Close-up view shows the cyclic shear
chimney at the Mangalore roof tile cracks in the upper portion of another
factory near Morbi. precariously balanced brick chimney
near Morbi. 15
Small Block Stone Masonry

Collapse of upper story of a

commercial building in old Bhuj.

Out-of-plane collapse of
masonry wall.
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Large Block Stone Masonry

collapse of staircase and collapse of the corner of two storey

large block stone masonry houses without lintel bands in Bhuj. 17
Random Rubble Masonry

Total collapse of traditional houses in random rubble stone masonary with mud
mortar at Maliya and Samakhyali villages.
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Monumental Structures

Damage to the Bhid gate at Bhuj. This

gate seems to have been rehabilitated
earlier also.

Partial collapse of the walls of the

historic fort at Bhuj.
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 Collapse of the temple pagodas made
of large block stone masonry at Halvad
near Ahmedabad.

Partially collapsed pagoda

at the palace at Morbi.
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Bridge

Surajbadi sustained severe damage at the

bearings at most piers, and has lateral
movement of the deck at one of the piers.

Close-up view of the damage

sustained at the bearings on most
piers of the old Surajbadi bridge. 21
 Damage to the unequal-
height bed blocks at the RC
bridge near Vondh.

A number of old masonry

arch bridges for Indian
railways sustained extensive
damage. This bridge is about
88 years old.
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Earth Dams

Damages on Tappar Dam

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Lateral spreading at the toe of the Kaswati Dam.
 Failure of the upstream slope of the Fatehgadh dam.

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downstream section of Rudramata. Cracks on the Suvi dam
Rail,Road and Highway Embankments

• Massive slope failure of the rail-road

embankment near Navlakhi port
resulting in fracture of rails, and
damage to prestressed concrete
sleepers.
• The rails were hanging by about 1.0
to 1.5 meters after the earthquake.
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 Damage to kerb of highway
pavement due to lateral spreading
of soil.

Damage to highway pavement near Rapar

due to lateral spreading of soil. 26
 Geotechnical Damages

• The earthquake caused excellent examples of large-scale liquefaction and

embankment failures.
• The Great Runn of Kutch, the Arabian Sea and the Little Runn of Kutch lock the
affected area on its three sides.
• This enclosed area at near sea level sustained extensive liquefaction.
(a phenomenon of quicksand condition by virtue of which the soil looses the capacity to
hold structures in place).

Liquefaction Effects
Extensive liquefaction in the
Runn of Kutch; this did not
affect the performance of the
high-tension transmission lines
in the area.
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 Extensive liquefaction near a 3-storey RC
frame office building at Kandla port;
building sustained only minor cracks in the
walls.

Extensive liquefaction near

India Bridge at Khawda
(The Great Runn of Kutch). 28
 Preventive Measures

The area also offered examples of good RC detailing

Retrofitting

A structural steel member was placed adjoining the RC damaged column.

The old columns together with the adjoining steel member were jacketed with
concrete.
• Retrofitting of weak structures in highly seismic zones.
• The new frame to be encased in concrete rested on the finished
ground floor and not carried to the foundation. Even the plaster of
beams and columns was not removed.
References

http://www.nicee.org/Bhuj.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake

http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm
http://www.geerassociation.org/GEER_Post%20EQ
%20Reports/Bhuj_2001/india_photo.html

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THANK
YOU

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