Axle Load Study Final (June, 2017) PDF

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
Pilot Axle Load Survey on N-5

(Peshawar to Karachi)
June 2017
GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
National Transport Research Center
Pilot Axle Load Survey on N-5

Prepared By:
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering (SCEE)

NUST
June 2017
Pilot Traffic Count Survey on N-5 @ Five Locations
FORWARD
The National Highway Authority of Pakistan is spending a huge amount annually to develop
Road Infrastructure for the benefit of people. The road network, comprising of about 13000
kilometers, worth billions of Rupees. This Road Infrastructure needs to be properly utilized
and maintained. In Pakistan, like other countries, road traffic is growing rapidly in volume
and in size and weight of the vehicles using the roads. As a consequence, highway engineers,
concerned with designing new roads or the strengthening of existing roads, require reliable
information about the distribution of axle loads for existing traffic as well as information
on national axle load trends.
This pilot study is an outcome of efforts by National Transport Research Center (NTRC) to
update traffic related database to assist decision makers and planners in making informed
decisions. Importance of traffic data cannot be denied. Accurate traffic information is
essential for transportation planning, road pavement design and maintenance. Whereas
traffic volumes, traffic composition is important for planning and geometric road design,
vehicle loading characteristics are important for road pavement design and maintenance.
The only effective way to compare the damaging effect of traffic on given roads is to measure
the complete spectrum of axle loads Hence, Axle Load Surveys and Analysis is essential to
assist in planning and the design phases of roads. The axle load surveys, also give
information on the overloading by the transporters, and hence assist NHA in deciding on
appropriate measures.
The primary objective of this pilot study was to collect the axle load data and analyze the
loading pattern on N-5. These results are especially useful, because overloading of trucks is
common in almost all countries, including Pakistan.
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST II

PREFACE
Determining axle load (weight-per-axle) is an important consideration in designing roads.
Surveys are normally conducted to get reliable information on the distribution of axle loads
on existing traffic and, if possible, on national axle load trends. This information is required
so that accurate forecasts can be made of the axle loads that a road will have to carry over
its design life.
National Transport Research Center (NTRC) is in the process of updating traffic related
data. This pilot study is also a step to achieve the same objective. In this study axle load
data has been collected at five selected weighing stations on N-5 from Peshawar to Karachi.
Data was collected for 24 hours for Seven days on both directions. Collected data was
calibrated and validated for its authenticity and reliability.
This pilot study is an effort to establish the baseline data for axle load spectrum. This study
can be further extended to other Highways by using the same methodology and framework.
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST III

Table of Content
Forward ................................................................................................................................. II
Preface ................................................................................................................................. III
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... VII
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... X
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 11

1.2 Weighing Stations on National Highway ........................................................... 13
1.3 Scope of Project .................................................................................................. 14
1.4 Organization of Report ....................................................................................... 15
2 Project Methodology & Study Locations ...................................................................... 16
2.1 Project Methodology .......................................................................................... 16

2.2 Study Locations ...................................................................................................17
2.3 Duration of Axle Load Data Collection .............................................................. 18
2.4 Equipment Used ................................................................................................. 19
2.5 Survey Team ....................................................................................................... 20
2.6 Vehicle Classification and Permissible Gross Vehicle Weight ........................... 20
3 AXLE LOAD Study ........................................................................................................ 22
3.1 Location 1 (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station @ N-5) ...................................... 22
3.1.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 22
3.1.2 Basic Statistics ................................................................................................... 23
3.1.3 Truck Type Distribution .................................................................................... 23
3.1.4 Loading on Each Axle ........................................................................................ 25
3.1.5 Load distribution on each Axle .......................................................................... 26
3.1.6 Tyre Pressure ..................................................................................................... 29
3.1.7 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 29
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST IV

3.2 Location 2 (Sangjani Weighing Station @ N-5)................................................. 34
3.2.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 34
3.2.5 Load distribution on each Axle ..........................................................................38
3.2.6 Tyre Pressure .................................................................................................... 40
3.2.7 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 41
3.3 Location 3 ( Eminabad Weigh Station @ N-5) .................................................. 46
3.3.1 Description .........................................................................................................46
3.3.2 Basic Statistics ...................................................................................................46
3.3.5 Load distribution on each Axle ..........................................................................50
3.3.6 Tyre Pressure ..................................................................................................... 52
3.3.7 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 53
3.4 Location 4 (Rohri/Sukkur @ N-5) ..................................................................... 58
3.4.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 58
3.4.5 Load distribution on each Axle .......................................................................... 62
3.4.6 Tyre Pressure .....................................................................................................64
3.4.7 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 65
3.5 Location 5 (Pipri Weighing Station @N-5 ......................................................... 70
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST V

3.5.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 70
3.5.4 Tyre Pressure ..................................................................................................... 72
3.5.5 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 73
3.6 Effect of Axle Load on Pavement Life ................................................................ 76

3.7 Comparison with Previous Studies .................................................................... 77
4 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 79
4.1 Conclusions......................................................................................................... 79
4.2 Recommendations ..............................................................................................80
4.3 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 81
Appendices:
Appendix-A: Snapshot of All Locations
Appendix-B: Sample Axle Load Sheets for All Locations
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST VI

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 National Road Network ....................................................................................... 13
Figure 1.2 Weighing Station on National Highways in Pakistan (Source: NHA) ............... 14
Figure 2.1 Project Methodology ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.2 Selected Weighing Stations on N-5 .................................................................... 18
Figure 2.3 Vehicle Classification and Permissible Gross Vehicle Weight (Source: NHA) .. 21
Figure 3.1 Location 1 Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station on N-5 ......................................... 22
Figure 3.2 Truck Type Distribution (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station) ........................... 24
Figure 3.3 Average Load on each Axle (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station) ....................... 26
Figure 3.4 Axle Load distribution for each type truck (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station
Northbound)......................................................................................................................... 27
Southbound) .........................................................................................................................28
Figure 3.6 Permissible Weight Limit Vs. Average Gross Vehicle Weight Observed (Mulla
Mansoor Weighing Station Northbound) ........................................................................... 30
Mansoor Weighing Station Southbound) ........................................................................... 30
Figure 3.8 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Mulla Mansoor
Weighing Station Northbound) ........................................................................................... 32
Weighing Station Southbound) ........................................................................................... 33
Figure 3.10 Location 2 Sangjani Weighing Station on N-5 ................................................. 34
Figure 3.11 Truck Type Distribution (Sangjani Weighing Station) ..................................... 36
Figure 3.12 Average Load on each Axle (Sangjani Weighing Station) ................................38
Figure 3.13 Axle Load distribution for each truck type (Sangjani Weighing Station
Northbound)......................................................................................................................... 39
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST VII

Southbound) ........................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 3.15 Permissible Weight Limit Vs. Average Gross Vehicle Weight Observed
(Sangjani Weighing Station Northbound) ........................................................................... 42
(Sangjani Weighing Station Southbound) ........................................................................... 42
Figure 3.17 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Sangjani
Figure 3.18 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Sangjani
Figure 3.19 Location 3 N-5 @ Eminabad ............................................................................. 46
Figure 3.20 Truck Type Distribution (Eminabad Weighing Station) .................................48
Figure 3.21 Average Load on each Axle (Eminabad Weighing Station) .............................50
Figure 3.22 Axle Load distribution for each type truck (Eminabad Weighing Station
Northbound)......................................................................................................................... 51
Southbound) ......................................................................................................................... 52
(Eminabad Weighing Station Northbound) ........................................................................ 54
(Eminabad Weighing Station Southbound) ........................................................................ 54
Figure 3.26 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Eminabad
Figure 3.28 Location 4 N-5 @ Rohri/Sukkur ...................................................................... 58
Figure 3.29 Truck Type Distribution (Rohri Weighing Station) ........................................ 60
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST VIII

Figure 3.30 Average Load on each Axle (Rohri Weighing Station) .................................... 62
Figure 3.31 Axle Load distribution for each truck type (Rohri Weighing Station
Northbound)......................................................................................................................... 63
Southbound) ......................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 3.33 Permissible Weight Limit Vs. Average Gross Vehicle Weight Observed (Rohri
Figure 3.35 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Rohri Weighing
Station Northbound) ............................................................................................................68
Station Southbound) ............................................................................................................ 69
Figure 3.37 Location 5 N-5 @ Karachi ................................................................................ 70
Figure 3.38 Truck Type Distribution (Pipri Weighing Station) .......................................... 72
Figure 3.39 Permissible Weight Limit Vs. Average Gross Vehicle Weight Observed (Pipri
Figure 3.40 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Pipri Weighing
Station Northbound) ............................................................................................................ 76
Figure 3.41 Effect of changes in axle load on pavement life. ............................................... 77
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST IX

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Schedule of Data Collection at Each Weighing Station on N-5 ........................... 19
Table 3.1 Axle Load Statistics at Location -1 ........................................................................ 23
Table 3.2 Average Tyre Pressure (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station both Directions) ..... 29
Table 3.3 Axle Load Statistics at Location -2 (Sangjani Weighing Station)........................ 35
Table 3.4 Average Tyre Pressure (Sangjani Weighing Station both Directions) ................ 41
Table 3.5 Axle Load Statistics at Location 3 ( Eminabad Weigh Station @ N-5) .............. 47
Table 3.6 Average Tyre Pressure (Eminabad Weighing Station both Directions) .............. 53
Table 3.7 Axle Load Statistics at Location -4 (Rohri Weighing Station)............................. 59
Table 3.8 Average Tyre Pressure (Rohri Weighing Station both Directions) ..................... 65
Table 3.9 Axle Load Statistics at Location -5 (Pipri Weighing Station) .............................. 71
Table 3.10 Average Tyre Pressure (Pipri Weighing Station) ............................................... 73
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST X

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The National Transport Research Center (NTRC), Ministry of Communication (MoC) is
carrying out an effort to update the basic data related to the transportation sector in
Pakistan. Axle load survey, combined with traffic flows, determines load distribution and
accurate forecast on traffic loading that a road will have to carry over its entire design life.
The basic purpose of collecting axle load is to determine the existing loading pattern on the
road network. Axle load is defined as the total load transmitted to the road by wheels whose
centers included between two parallel transverse vertical planes 40-inch apart, extending
the full width of vehicle. It is noted that the importance of reliable traffic information for
pavement design purposes is emphasized by the widely accepted engineering law that the
degree of pavement damage caused by an axle load is proportional to approximately the
fourth power of the axle load. This implies that the heaviest 10% of axle load can often cause
more pavement damage than the rest of the traffic combined.
School of Civil and Environment Engineering (SCEE), NUST had been
commissioned by NTRC to conduct the Pilot Axle Load Study at five locations on
N-5 (G.T Road). Such surveys are normally conducted to get reliable information on the
distribution of axle loads on existing traffic and, if possible, on national axle load trends.
This pilot project is an effort to establish the loading situation on National Highways with
the results serving as vital tool to assist policy makers to define / issue the policy guidelines
to address the adverse impact of overloading.
PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST 11

Overloading of vehicles beyond permissible limits is an offence. The existing legal
provisions fail to provide adequate deterrence to overloading and indeed in some ways offer
positive incentives to cheat. The output of this project will provide existing loading trend
on N-5. Moreover, this project proposed a sequential methodology and framework to
perform a comprehensive axle study for whole National Network.
Figure 1.1 shows the map of more than 13,000 Km National Highway Network,
which comes under the jurisdiction of National Highway Authority (NHA). The N-5 is a
National Highway starting from Karachi and Ending at Torkham, as shown in Figure 1.1. It
is approximately 1756 km long. The N-5 is Pakistan's longest highway running from the
port city of Karachi to the border crossing at Torkham. Its total length is divided into 1021
km in Punjab, 671 km in Sindh, 127 km in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the remaining 38 km
in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).

Figure 1.1 National Road Network
1.2 Weighing Stations on National Highway
Weighing of Trucks can be done using different types of scales. Broadly, truck weighing
scales are divided into two categories, which includes Weight in Motion (WIM) and Static
Weighing. Truck have to come to a stop for weighing on the Static scale, whereas, WIM
scale can measure weight at reduce or normal traffic speed. On the National Highways in
Pakistan, WIM stations were installed on which vehicle have to reduce its speed to 5 to 10
Km/hr. Figure 1.2 shows the location of the weighing stations comes under the jurisdiction

of National Highway Authority (NHA). Overall, there are 25 weighing stations on the
national highway and five portable weighting scales used by NHA.
Figure 1.2 Weighing Station on National Highways in Pakistan (Source: NHA)
1.3 Scope of Project
The main purpose of this study was to determine the existing loading pattern / trend on
N-5 at five locations. The following tasks were included in the scope of this project:

 To Carry out Axle Load Survey for Seven Days at five weighting stations on N-5
 Calculate gross weight, load per axle and tire pressure
 Data analysis, present trend of overloading and future projections
 Comparison of survey results with previous study of NTRC
1.4 Organization of Report
This project report consists of four chapters. The first chapter is about the background of
the project. The second chapter illustrates the methodology used for the data collection and
analysis. Chapter three provides the summary of axle load at each location and data
analysis. The conclusions and recommendations are provided in chapter four.

2 PROJECT METHODOLOGY & STUDY LOCATIONS
2.1 Project Methodology
Figure 2.1 shows the methodology adopted for this project. The first task was to select the
weighing stations that can offer the represented sample of traffic loading along N-5. Five
locations were selected on N-5 based upon the scope of the work. The site visits were done
by the consultant team to ensure the serviceability of weighing stations for data collection.
The survey team was placed at each weighing station to collect axle load data. Data
collection was done for seven days for each selected location. The collected data was entered
in specially designed data sheets and then data was digitized to analyze the axle loading
pattern at each location. The last task was to analysis the data and to present it in the report.
The detail of each task is presented in the proceeding sections.
Selection of Weighing Stations

(Task 1)
Site Visits (Task 2)

Consultant Team Visit to the
Selected Weighting Stations to
ensure its serviceability
Briefing/Necessary Training of Data Collection at

Survey Teams on Data Collection Selected Weighting
(Task 3) Stations (Task 4)
Data Analysis using Post Processing of Data

Statistical Tools for Validation and
(Task 6) Calibration (Task 5)
Final Report &

Recommendation
(Task 7)
Figure 2.1 Project Methodology

2.2 Study Locations
The data was collected at five weighing stations on N-5. The locations were selected based
upon of project scope and consultation with client. Following are the weighing stations
selected for data collection on N-5 (Shown in Figure 2.2):
 Mulla Mansoor weigh station (near Attock)
 Sangjani weigh station (near Taxila)
 Eminabad weigh station (near Gujranwala)
 Rohri weigh station
 Pipri weigh station (near Karachi)

Legend
N-5
Selected Weighing
Stations on N-5 at: 1
1. Iqbal Shaheed 2
x (Mulla Mansoor)
2. Sangjani
3. Eminabad
4. Rohri/Sukkur 3
5. Pipri Karachi
Figure 2.2 Selected Weighing Stations on N-5
2.3 Duration of Axle Load Data Collection
Axle load data of all type of trucks were recorded / collected on selected weighing stations
as shown in Figure 2.2. The data was collected for seven days at each location. The schedule
of data collection at each location is presented in Table 2.1. It should be noted that the data
was recorded for both direction i.e. Northbound and Southbound.

Table 2.1 Schedule of Data Collection at Each Weighing Station on N-5
Location Starting Date of Count Ending Date of Count
Iqbal Shaheed 19th May, 2017 26th May, 2017
Sangjani 21st March, 2017 27th March, 2017
Eminabad 21st March, 2017 27th March, 2017
Rohri 16th April, 2017 22nd April, 2017
Pipri 17th April, 2017 23th April, 2017
2.4 Equipment Used
The consultant used the existing weighing bridges installed at weighing stations to record
the axle loads at all locations. The consultant team also check the calibration process of the
scale. The recorded data was entered in specially designed survey sheets and then data was
digitized for analysis with the help of software.

2.5 Survey Team
A team of experienced surveyors were formulated before undertaking the field study. The
surveyors had a good knowledge and experience with data collection. Everyone in the
survey team was given standard instructions for the site operation and safety measures to
be followed under any circumstances.
2.6 Vehicle Classification and Permissible Gross Vehicle Weight
Trucks were classified according to the National Highway Authority (NHA) classification
scheme. Figure 2.3 shows vehicle classification and axle configuration used for project. In
the field, two terminologies are used to define the gross vehicle weight limits. That are:
 Permissible Gross Vehicle Weight limits are defined by NHA, values for each
type of truck are shown in Figure 2.3
 Allowable Gross Weight is 30% more than the permissible weight. If the truck is less
or equal to the allowable weight then no fine or challan issued. For example for 2-
Axle truck permissible weight limit is 17.5 Tons and Allowable Weight is
approximately 22 tons.

Figure 2.3 Vehicle Classification and Permissible Gross Vehicle Weight (Source: NHA)

3 AXLE LOAD STUDY
3.1 Location 1 (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station @ N-5)
3.1.1 Description
Location 1 is situated on G.T Road (N-5) near the Iqbal Shaheed Toll Plaza, Attock. Figure
3.1 shows location 1 on N-5. At this location, axle load survey was conducted at Mullah
Mansoot Weigh Station for seven days. The traffic coming from Peshawar and going
towards Rawalpindi is considered as Southbound, whereas traffic coming from Rawalpindi
is considered as Northbound.
Figure 3.1 Location 1 Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station on N-5

3.1.2 Basic Statistics
Total samples of 1,410 and 2,418 trucks were observed on Mulla Mansoor Weighting Station
in Northbound and Southbound directions , respectively. Table 3.1 shows the basic
statistics for both directions at this location. Maximum load of 66.9, 54.5, 61.0, 70.5 and
94.6 Tons were observed for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 Axle trucks, respectively. The detail analysis
of axle load at this location is presented in the following sections.
Table 3.1 Axle Load Statistics at Location -1
Northbound (Towards Peshawar) Southbound (Towards Kamra )
Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons) Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons)
Type of Sample Sample
Truck Size Standard Size Standard
Average Min Max Average Min Max
Deviation Deviation
2-AXLE 372 21.61 1.14 35.55 4.89 927 21.41 1.17 66.91 4.54
3-AXLE 853 40.83 1.89 54.56 7.11 1370 42.54 1.75 53.11 4.03
4-AXLE 24 37.96 12.42 51.58 11.67 48 42.63 14.77 61.07 11.13
5-AXLE 12 55.24 38.95 65.56 8.30 13 58.19 49.39 70.50 6.58
6-AXLE 149 72.92 35.82 94.67 11.34 60 64.71 30.38 88.27 8.68
Total 1,410 2,418
3.1.3 Truck Type Distribution
Figure 3.2 shows the truck type distribution observed at Mulla Mansoor Weighting station
for both directions. The 3-Axle outnumbered the other truck types in both direction. 60%
of the truck traffic on northbound consists of 3-Axle Trucks, whereas 57% on the
southbound direction.

Figure 3.2 Truck Type Distribution (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station)

3.1.4 Loading on Each Axle
The Gross Vehicle Weight and as well as the loading on each axle is vital to estimate the
effect of truck loading on the pavement structure. Figure 3.3 shows the axle wise average
weight for each type of truck for Northbound and Southbound traffic. The second axle was
loaded higher as compare to other axles in almost all truck types.

Figure 3.3 Average Load on each Axle (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station)
3.1.5 Load distribution on each Axle
Figures 3.4 and 3.5 show the load distribution on each axle observed on Northbound and
Southbound direction truck traffic, respectively. For 2 Axle Trucks, 72% of gross load was
observed on rear axle, Whereas, 40% of the load shared by the third axle in 3-Axle truck.
The second axle shared 35%, 27% and 20% load of gross weight in 4, 5, and 6 axle trucks,
respectively.

2-AXLE Trucks
3-AXLE Trucks
Load Distribution
Load Distribution
23% 1 2
28% 39%
1 2 3
72% 38%
4-AXLE Trucks 5-AXLE Trucks

Load Distribution Load Distribution
9%
14% 25% 1 2
26% 1
3 4
2 27%
5
35% 3
22%
25% 4 17%
Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station

(Northbound)
8%
20%
20% 6-AXLE Trucks
Load Distribution
17%
20% 1 2 3
15%
4 5 6
Northbound)


Axle-1 Axle-1
29% 23%
Axle-2
Axle-2 40%
Axle-3
71%
37%

14% Axle-1 10% Axle-1
Axle-2 25% Axle-2
31%
Axle-3 Axle-3
Axle-4 27% Axle-4
33% Axle-5
21%
22% 17%
Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station

(Southbound)
6-AXLE Trucks
10% Load Distribution
21%
20% Axle-1
Axle-2
17% Axle-3
19% Axle-4
13%
Axle-5
Axle-6
Southbound)

3.1.6 Tyre Pressure
The tyre pressure is an important factor, as it determine the contact area and the contact
pressure between the wheel and the pavement surface. Table 3.2 shows the average tyre
pressure observed for each type of truck at Mulla Mansoor Weighting Station. The
allowable tyre pressure is 100 and 120 psi for front and rear axle, respectively (As per NHA
regulations). The observed tyre pressure on each axle was much higher than the legal limit.
Table 3.2 Average Tyre Pressure (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station both Directions)
Type Pressure (psi)

Type of
Truck
Average Axle-1 Axle-2 Axle-3 Axle-4 Axle-5 Axle-6
2-AXLE 165 160 169
3-AXLE 170 166 172 172
4-AXLE 171 165 167 176 176
5-AXLE 161 150 153 163 165 175
6-AXLE 167 160 161 165 167 173 178
3.1.7 Over Loading
Over loading is one of the biggest reason of early deterioration in pavement surface and
reducing the design life of Pavement. Figures 3.6 and 3.7 shows the comparison of
Permissible and Measured Gross Vehicle Weight on Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station in
Northbound and Southbound directions, respectively. It was clear that average gross
vehicle weight of all types of trucks was higher than the permissible weight limit except 4-
Axle trucks.

Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Northbound)

Comparison of Permissible & Actual Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons)
80
72.92
70
61.5
60
Average Gross Weight (In Tons)
55.24 Permissible
51.5 Gross Vehicle
50 Weight
40.83 41.5
37.96 Average Gross
40
Vehicle Weight
29.5
30
21.61
20 17.5
10
0
2-AXLE 3-AXLE 4-AXLE 5-AXLE 6-AXLE
Type of Truck
Mansoor Weighing Station Northbound)
Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Southbound)

70
64.71
61.5
60 58.19
51.5
50
Permissible Gross
42.54 41.5 42.63 Vehicle Weight
40
Average Gross
29.5 Vehicle Weight
30
21.41
20 17.5
10
0
Type of Truck
Mansoor Weighing Station Southbound)

To investigate the extent of Overloading, the gross vehicle weight was divided into groups
based upon the permissible weight limit. Figures 3.8 and 3.9 show the percentage of trucks
following in each gross vehicle weight range. It should be noted that traffic or overloading
challan or Fine is given to only those vehicle which are more than 30% over the permissible
limit . Following are the results of this analysis:
 For Northbound and Southbound Truck Traffic
o 2-Axle Trucks:
 Within Permissible Limit = 11 %, 12%
 30% more than permissible Limit = 34%, 54%
 Over 30% than Permissible Limit = 55% , 34%
o 3-Axle Trucks:
o 4-Axle Trucks:
o 5-Axle Trucks:
o 6-Axle Trucks:

Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Northbound) Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Northbound)
2-Axle Trucks 1% 3-Axle Trucks

4% 6% Gross Axle Weight
Gross Axle Weight
4% (In Tons) (In Tons)
7% 4%
0-10 17% 0-25

11-18 26-30
52% 33%
19-22* 31-39*
72%
23-30* 40 - 50*
>30* >50*
Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Northbound) Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Northbound)
4-Axle Trucks 5-Axle Trucks
Gross Axle Weight Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons) (In Tons)
0% 12% 8%
0-20
25% 0-40
50% 21-42
38% 43-54* 67% 41-52
55 - 65*
53-67*
>65*
Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Northbound)
2% 6-Axle Trucks
Gross Axle Weight
20% (In Tons)
19%
0-40
41-62
63-70*
10%
49% 71 -80*
>80*
Weighing Station Northbound)

Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Southbound) Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Southbound)
2% 2%
2-Axle Trucks 1% 3-Axle Trucks
2% 7%
33%
0-10
0-25
11-18
19-22* 26-30
54% 23-30* 31-39*
90%
>30*
40 - 50*
Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Southbound) Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station

6% 9% Gross Axle Weight Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons) (In Tons)
15% 16%
0-20 41-52
31%
21-42
54% 53-67*
43-54*
69%
55 - 65* 68 -78*
Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station (Southbound)
2% 6-Axle Trucks
Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons)
5%
20%
41%
0-40
41-62
63-70*
32%
71 -80*
>80*
Weighing Station Southbound)

3.2 Location 2 (Sangjani Weighing Station @ N-5)
3.2.1 Description
Axle load survey was conducted for seven days at Sangjani Weighing Station on N-5. The
traffic going towards Islamabad was considered as Southbound, whereas other direction as
Northbound. Figure 3.10 shows the Sangjani Weighing Station on N-5. The detail analysis
of axle load is presented in the proceeding sections.
Figure 3.10 Location 2 Sangjani Weighing Station on N-5
Total 5,497 trucks’ loading data were taken at Sangjani Weighing Station. Table 3.3 shows
the basic statistics for the weighing data for both directions at this weighing station.
Maximum load of 70.9, 96.3, 68.4, 96.15 and 117.9 Tons were observed for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
Axle trucks, respectively. The detail analysis of axle load at this location is presented in the
following sections.

Table 3.3 Axle Load Statistics at Location -2 (Sangjani Weighing Station)
Northbound (Towards Taxila) Southbound (Towards Islamabad )
Type of Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons) Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons)
Truck Sample Sample
Size Standard Size Standard
Deviation Deviation
2-AXLE 828 20.58 1.73 70.95 6.40 819 22.59 4.76 56.30 6.67
3-AXLE 1,654 37.47 10.51 96.36 8.40 1512 44.57 10.08 78.63 5.23
4-AXLE 115 39.03 12.69 68.44 10.67 54 40.02 11.97 55.66 8.22
5-AXLE 82 55.96 20.38 81.60 12.15 32 62.44 39.12 96.15 14.36
6-AXLE 291 76.50 19.96 99.68 14.62 110 85.38 20.01 117.91 17.34
Total 2,970 2,527
Similar to trend observed at Mulla Mansoor weighing station, 3- Axle Trucks outnumbered
the other truck types at Sangjani Weighing Station. Figure 3.11 shows the truck type
distribution observed at Sangjani Weighing Station for both directions.

Figure 3.11 Truck Type Distribution (Sangjani Weighing Station)

Figure 3.12 shows the average weight on each axle observed for each type of truck on
Sangjani Weighing Station. The second axle was loaded higher as compare to other axle in
almost all truck types.
Sangjani Weighing Station (Northbound)

Average Load on Each Axle (In Tons)
18
16
14
Axle Load (In Tons)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Axle-1 Axle-2 Axle-3 Axle-4 Axle-5 Axle-6
Sangjani Weighing Station (Southbound)

25
20
Axle Load (In Tons)
15
10
0

Figure 3.12 Average Load on each Axle (Sangjani Weighing Station)
The analysis of load on each axle is important to find the distribution of Gross Vehicle
Weight. Figures 3.13 and 3.14 show the load distribution on each axle observed on
Northbound and Southbound direction truck traffic, respectively. The 72% to 77% share of
the gross load was taken by the rear axle of 2-Axle trucks. Axle -2 and Axle 3 shared 39% to
41% of the gross weight of 3-Axle Load. Least load sharing was observed on the front axle
in 4, 5, and 6-Axle Trucks.


20% Axle-1
28%
Axle-1 41%
Axle-2 Axle-2
72%
39%
Axle-3

14%
27% 11%
23% Axle-1
Axle-1
26% Axle-2
Axle-2
36% Axle-3
Axle-3 21%
23% Axle-4
19%
Axle-4
Axle-5
Sangjani Weighing Station

(Northbound)
6-AXLE Trucks
20%
19% Axle-1
Axle-2
19% Axle-3
20% Axle-4
15% Axle-5
Axle-6
Northbound)


23% 18%
43%
Axle-1
Axle-1 Axle-2
77% Axle-2 39% Axle-3

7%
9% 25%
32% Axle-1 27% Axle-1
Axle-2 Axle-2
35%
Axle-3 22% Axle-3
24% 19% Axle-4
Axle-4
Axle-5
Sangjani Weighing Station

(Southbound)
6-AXLE Trucks
22%
18% Axle-1
Axle-2
19%
Axle-3
19%
Axle-4
17%
Axle-5
Axle-6
Southbound)
3.2.6 Tyre Pressure
Table 3.4 shows the average tyre pressure observed for each truck type at Sangjani
Weighing Station. The allowable tyre pressure is 100 and 120 psi for front and rear axle,
respectively (As per NHA regulations). The observed tyre pressure on each axle was much
higher than the legal limit.

Table 3.4 Average Tyre Pressure (Sangjani Weighing Station both Directions)
Type Pressure (psi)

Type of
Truck
2-AXLE 156 155 157
3-AXLE 142 140 143 143
4-AXLE 138 138 139 139 137
5-AXLE 133 131 133 134 135 134
6-AXLE 129 128 130 129 130 131 129
3.2.7 Over Loading
Figures 3.15 and 3.16 show the comparison of Permissible and Measured Gross Vehicle
Weight on Sangjani Weighing Station in Northbound and Southbound directions,
respectively. It was clear that average gross vehicle weight of all types of trucks were higher
than the permissible weight limit except 4-Axle Trucks.


90
80 76.50
70 Permissible
61.5 Gross Vehicle

60 55.96 Weight
51.5
50
41.5
37.47 39.03
40
Average Gross
29.5 Vehicle Weight
30
20.58
20 17.5
10
0
Type of Truck
Figure 3.15 Permissible Weight Limit Vs. Average Gross Vehicle Weight Observed (Sangjani
Sangjani Weighing Station (Southbound)

90
85.38
80
70
62.44
61.5
60
Permissible
51.5
Gross Vehicle
50
44.57 Weight
41.5 40.02
40
29.5 Average Gross
30
22.59 Vehicle Weight
20 17.5
10
0
Type of Truck
Figure 3.16 Permissible Weight Limit Vs. Average Gross Vehicle Weight Observed (Sangjani

As discussed earlier, trucks having gross vehicle weight greater than 30% of permissible
weight limit, were fined by the authorities. Figures 3.17 and 3.18 show the percentage of
trucks within permissible limit, 30% more and higher. Details are provided below:
o 2-Axle Truck:
o 3-Axle Truck:
o 4-Axle Truck:
o 5-Axle Truck:
o 6-Axle Truck:

3% 2-Axle Trucks
9% 3-Axle Trucks
Gross Axle Weight 8%
Gross Axle Weight
5% (In Tons) 3%
(In Tons)
22% 28%
0-25
0-10
45% 26-30
11-18
19-22* 31-39*
42%
23-30* 40 - 50*
35%
>30* >50*
6% 5% 5-Axle Trucks
4-Axle Trucks
Gross Axle Weight
1% Gross Axle Weight 7% 6% (In Tons)
(In Tons) 12%
0-20 0-40
33% 33%
21-42 41-52
55% 43-54* 53-67*
55 - 65* 42% 68 -78*
>65* >78*
2% 13% 6-Axle Trucks

Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons)
41% 0-40
14% 41-62
63-70*
30% 71 -80*
>80*
Figure 3.17 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Sangjani Weighing
Station Northbound)

2% 1% 1%
8% 3-Axle Trucks
2-Axle Trucks
5% Gross Axle Weight
Gross Axle Weight
13% (In Tons)
24%
(In Tons)
0-10 0-25
11-18
35% 19-22* 26-30
23-30* 31-39*
26%
>30*
85% 40 - 50*
>50*
2% 6% 4-Axle Trucks
Gross Axle Weight 5-Axle Trucks
3%
(In Tons) 16% Gross Axle Weight
19%
(In Tons)
0-20
44%
12% 0-40
21-42
48% 41-52
43-54* 53-67*
55 - 65* 50% 68 -78*
>78*
7%
2% 6-Axle Trucks
6%
Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons)
17% 0-40
41-62
68% 63-70*
71 -80*
>80*
Figure 3.18 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Sangjani Weighing
Station Southbound)

3.3 Location 3 ( Eminabad Weigh Station @ N-5)
3.3.1 Description
Eminabad Weighing Station on N-5 was selected as Location. Figure 3.19 shows the exact
location 3 on N-5. Axle load data was recorded for seven days at this location.The traffic
coming from Lahore was considered as Northbound and opposite direction as southbound.
Figure 3.19 Location 3 N-5 @ Eminabad
Total samples of 1,092 and 2,098 trucks were observed on Eminabad Weighing Station in
Northbound and Southbound directions , respectively. Table 3.5 shows the basic statistics

for both directions at this location. Maximum load of 57.09, 97.13, 64.8, 81.7 and 100.14.6
Tons were observed for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 Axle trucks, respectively.
Table 3.5 Axle Load Statistics at Location 3 ( Eminabad Weigh Station @ N-5)
Northbound (Towards Gujranwala) Southbound (Towards Lahore )
Type of Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons) Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons)
Truck Sample Sample
Size Standard Size Standard
Deviation Deviation
2-AXLE 297 20.54 7.22 37.92 6.33 497 22.38 3.66 57.09 7.08
3-AXLE 588 39.18 11.78 56.16 8.06 1369 43.29 16.40 97.13 6.09
4-AXLE 73 37.68 16.33 59.74 11.34 53 35.82 16.15 64.87 11.32
5-AXLE 35 55.81 19.14 81.78 13.40 30 61.96 34.97 78.57 12.23
6-AXLE 99 75.32 31.85 96.58 14.31 149 80.10 24.42 100.14 15.49
Total 1,092 2,098
Figure 3.20 shows the truck type distribution observed at Eminabad Weighting station for
both directions. The truck traffic had 27%, 54%, 7%, 3% and 9% 2, 3 ,4,5, and 6-Axle trucks,
respectively on the Northbound direction. Similar trends were observed on the southbound
direction.

Eminabad Weighing Station (Southbound)

Truck Type Distribution
1%
3% 7% 2-AXLE
24%
3-AXLE
4-AXLE
5-AXLE
65%
6-AXLE
Figure 3.20 Truck Type Distribution (Eminabad Weighing Station)

The loading on each axle shows the sharing of gross vehicle weight by axles. Figure 3.21
shows the axle wise average weight for each type of truck for Northbound and Southbound
traffic. Similar to the other locations, second axle was taking maximum share of the gross
vehicle weight.
Eminabad Weighing Station (Northbound)

18
16
14
Axle Load (In Tons)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0


20
18
16
Axle Load (In Tons)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure 3.21 Average Load on each Axle (Eminabad Weighing Station)
Figures 3.22 and 3.23 show the load distribution on each axle observed on Northbound and
Southbound direction truck traffic, respectively. For 2 Axle Trucks, 70% of gross load was
observed on second axle, Whereas, 40% of the load shared by the third axle in 3-Axle truck.
The second axle shared 36%, 28% and 20% load of gross weight in 4, 5, and 6 axle trucks,
respectively.


30% 21%
Axle-1 40% Axle-1
Axle-2
70% Axle-2
39%
Axle-3

14% 22% 12%
27% Axle-1 Axle-1
Axle-2
Axle-2 27%
36% 20% Axle-3
Axle-3
23% Axle-4
Axle-4 19%
Axle-5
Eminabad Weighing Station

(Northbound)
6-AXLE Trucks
8%
20% Axle-1
Axle-2
18%
Axle-3
19% Axle-4
16% Axle-5
Axle-6
Northbound)


30% 20%
Axle-1 40% Axle-1
Axle-2 Axle-2
70%
40%
Axle-3

15% Load Distribution 9% Load Distribution
24% 22%
Axle-1
Axle-1 28% Axle-2
Axle-2
36% 20% Axle-3
25% Axle-3
21% Axle-4
Axle-4
Axle-5
Eminabad Weighing Station

(Southbound)
8%
6-AXLE Trucks
20%
Axle-1
Axle-2
18%
Axle-3
19% Axle-4
16%
Axle-5
Axle-6
Southbound)
3.3.6 Tyre Pressure
The allowable tyre pressure is 100 and 120 psi for front and rear axle, respectively (As per
NHA regulations). Table 3.6 shows the average tyre pressure observed for each type of truck
at Eminabad Weighting Station. The observed tyre pressure on each axle was much higher
than the legal limit.

Table 3.6 Average Tyre Pressure (Eminabad Weighing Station both Directions)
Type Pressure (psi)

Type of
Truck
2-AXLE 147 140 154
3-AXLE 162 157 166 163
4-AXLE 171 166 176 168 173
5-AXLE 191 187 198 187 188 194
6-AXLE 177 166 182 182 178 174 178
3.3.7 Over Loading
In Pakistan, overloading on Trucks is consider as the major issue. To get monetary benefits
truck drivers overload the trucks, causing significant damage to pavement structure.
Figures 3.24 and 3.25 illustrate the comparison between permissible and measured gross
vehicle weight on Eminabad Weighing Station on both directions. All truck types gross
vehicle weight was more than the legal limit except 4-Axle Truck.


80 75.32
70
61.5
60
55.81
51.5
50 Permissible
41.5 Gross Vehicle
39.18 37.68
40 Weight
29.5
30
20.54
20 17.5
Average Gross
Vehicle Weight
10
0
Type of Truck
(Eminabad Weighing Station Northbound)

90
80.10
80
70
61.96 61.5
60 Permissible
51.5 Gross
50 Vehicle
43.29 41.5
40 35.82 Weight
29.5
30
22.38 Average
20 17.5 Gross
Vehicle
10 Weight
0
Type of Truck
(Eminabad Weighing Station Southbound)

To further explain the overload behavior, the gross vehicle weight was divided into
groups. The percentage representing the number of trucks in each gross weight group was
calculated and shown in Figures 3.26 and 3.27 for Northbound and Southbound traffic,
respectively. Following are the outcome of this analysis:
o 2-Axle Truck:
o 3-Axle Truck:
o 4-Axle Truck:
o 5-Axle Truck:
o 6-Axle Truck:

3% 3-Axle Trucks
2-Axle Trucks 9% 6%
9% Gross Axle Weight 4% Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons) (In Tons)
32%
24% 0-10 0-25
11-18 23% 26-30
19-22* 58% 31-39*
23-30*
32% >30* 40 - 50*
>50*

7% 12% Gross Axle Weight 9% 6% Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons) 8% (In Tons)
29% 0-40
0-20
36% 41-52
21-42
45% 53-67*
43-54* 48% 68 -78*
55 - 65* >78*
4%
6-Axle Trucks
Gross Axle Weight
12% (In Tons)
0-40
44% 12%
41-62
63-70*
28%
71 -80*
>80*

2%
3% 3% 3-Axle Trucks
2-Axle Trucks
14% (In Tons)
Gross Axle Weight 5%
17%
(In Tons)
0-25
0-10
30% 11-18 26-30
19-22* 31-39*
36% 23-30*
82% 40 - 50*
>30*
>50*
7%
8% 7% 3%
15% (In Tons) 17% (In Tons)
33%
0-20 0-40
41-52
21-42
53-67*
70% 43-54* 40% 68 -78*
55 - 65* >78*

5% 6-Axle Trucks
7%
Gross Axle Weight
7% (In Tons)
0-40
19% 41-62
62% 63-70*
71 -80*
>80*

3.4 Location 4 (Rohri/Sukkur @ N-5)
3.4.1 Description
The locations 4 and 5 were selected in the province of Sindh. The Location 4 was situated
near to the city of Rohri. Most of traffic on this section originates from Karachi and other
parts of Sindh. Figure 3.28 shows the location 4 Rohri Weighing Station on N-5.
Figure 3.28 Location 4 N-5 @ Rohri/Sukkur

Total 7,935 trucks’ loading data were taken at Rohri Weighing Station. Table 3.7 shows the
basic statistics for the weighing data for both directions at this weighing station. Maximum
load of 61.7, 83.990.75, 90.23 and 93.07 Tons were observed for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 Axle
trucks, respectively. The detail analysis of axle load at this location is presented in the
following sections.
Table 3.7 Axle Load Statistics at Location -4 (Rohri Weighing Station)
Northbound (Towards Bahawalpur) Southbound (Towards Sukkur )
Gross Vehicle Weight (In

Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons)
Tons)
Type of
Truck Sample Sample
Standar
Size Size Standard
d
Average Min Max Average Min Max Deviatio
Deviatio
n
n
2-AXLE 920 20.72 1.90 44.43 5.77 481 20.08 3.02 61.71 6.82
3-AXLE 2,208 40.39 12.84 83.91 5.95 641 39.64 15.43 78.90 6.79
4-AXLE 2,140 37.39 14.92 90.75 10.75 494 37.15 13.57 76.90 9.94
5-AXLE 272 57.93 23.23 90.23 8.53 73 54.07 23.38 67.71 10.45
6-AXLE 579 76.21 40.13 93.07 4.83 127 72.29 21.34 84.62 12.85
Total 6,119 1,816
The trucks classification were done based upon the axle numbers and configuration. At this
locations 3-Axle and 4-Axle trucks were observed more as compare to other types in both

direction. Figure 3.29 shows the truck type distribution observed at Rohri Weighing Station
for both directions.
Figure 3.29 Truck Type Distribution (Rohri Weighing Station)

Figure 3.30 shows the average weight on each axle for all types of trucks on Rohri Weighing
Station. The average weight on second axle was higher than other in 2, and 4 axle trucks.
Whereas, in 3 , 5, and 6 axle trucks higher weight was observed on rear axles.
Rohri Weighing Station (Northbound)

20
Axle Load (In Tons)
15
10
0
Rohri Weighing Station (Southbound)

20
Axle Load (In Tons)
15
10
0

Figure 3.30 Average Load on each Axle (Rohri Weighing Station)
The share of gross vehicle weight taken by each axle was also calculated. . Figures 3.31 and
3.32 show the load distribution on each axle observed on Northbound and Southbound
direction truck traffic, respectively. The 71% to 73% share of the gross load was taken by the
rear axle of 2-Axle trucks. For or 3, 4, 5 and 6 axle trucks the load was evening distributed
among the rear axles.


19%
27%
Axle-1 43% Axle-1
Axle-2 Axle-2
73% 38%
Axle-3
4-AXLE Trucks
5-AXLE Trucks
Load Distribution
31% 9%
Axle-1 26% Axle-1
Axle-2 27% Axle-2
33%
Axle-3
24% Axle-3 21%
17% Axle-4
Axle-4 Axle-5
Rohri Weighing Station

(Northbound)
6-AXLE Trucks
24%
18% Axle-1
Axle-2
Axle-3
19% 16%
Axle-4
17% Axle-5
Axle-6
Northbound)


29% 20%
41% Axle-1
Axle-1
Axle-2
71% Axle-2 Axle-3
39%

13% Load Distribution 9%
Load Distribution
30% 24% Axle-1
Axle-1
28% Axle-2
32% Axle-2
21% Axle-3
Axle-3
25% 18% Axle-4
Axle-4
Axle-5
6-AXLE Trucks
Load Distribution
7% Axle-1
22%
18% Axle-2
Axle-3
20% 16% Axle-4
17% Axle-5
Axle-6
Southbound)
3.4.6 Tyre Pressure
Table 3.8 shows the average tyre pressure observed for each truck type at Rohri Weighing
Station. The average tyre pressure was 147 psi for front and rear axles of 2-Axle trucks. The
average tyre pressure in 6-Axle trucks was 148 psi. The observed tyre pressure in all truck
types was higher than permissible limit.

Table 3.8 Average Tyre Pressure (Rohri Weighing Station both Directions)
Type Pressure (psi)

Type of
Truck
2-AXLE 147 147 147
3-AXLE 143 140 144 145
4-AXLE 144 141 145 145 147
5-AXLE 143 142 146 142 142 142
6-AXLE 148 141 145 139 189 135 135
3.4.7 Over Loading
Figures 3.33 and 3.34 shows the comparison of Permissible and Measured Gross Vehicle
Weight on Rohri Weighing Station in Northbound and Southbound directions,
respectively. It was clear that average gross vehicle weight of all types of trucks was higher
than the permissible weight limit.


90
80 76.21
70 Permissible
61.5 Gross Vehicle

60 57.93
Weight
51.5
50
41.5 Average
40.39
40 37.39 Gross Vehicle
Weight
29.5
30
20.72
20 17.5
10
0
Type of Truck
Rohri Weighing Station (Southbound)

80
72.29
70 Permissible
61.5 Gross
60 Vehicle
54.07 Weight
51.5
50
39.64 41.5
40 37.15 Average
Gross
29.5
30 Vehicle
20.08 Weight
20 17.5
10
0
Type of Truck

Trucks having gross vehicle weight greater than 30% of permissible weight limit, were
fined by the authorities. Figures 3.35 and 3.36 shows the percentage of trucks within
permissible limit, 30% more and higher. Details are provided below:
o 2-Axle Truck:
o 3-Axle Truck:
o 4-Axle Truck:
o 5-Axle Truck:
o 6-Axle Truck:

3% 2% 2% 4%
18% (In Tons)
25% 26% (In Tons)
0-10 3% 0-25
11-18 26-30
19-22* 31-39*
23-30* 73%
44% 40 - 50*
>30*
>50*
5% 4-Axle Trucks 1% 6% 5-Axle Trucks

3%
29%
0-20
0-40
21-42
41-52
63%
43-54*
81% 53-67*
55 - 65*
68 -78*

2%
6-Axle Trucks
7%
(In Tons)
41-62
63-70*
71 -80*
81%
>80*
Station Northbound)

2% 2-Axle Trucks 4% 3-Axle Trucks

5%
Gross Axle Weight 2% Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons) (In Tons)
5%
19% 0-25
37% 0-10 27%
11-18 26-30
19-22*
31-39*
23-30* 62%
37% >30* 40 - 50*
>50*

4% Gross Axle Weight Gross Axle Weight
(In Tons) 1% 11% (In Tons)
4%
0-20 0-40
29% 18%
21-42 41-52
43-54* 53-67*
63% 70%
55 - 65* 68 -78*
Rohri Weighing Station

5% 6-Axle Trucks
14%
4% (In Tons)
0-40
41-62
63-70*
68% 71 -80*
>80*
Station Southbound)

3.5 Location 5 (Pipri Weighing Station @N-5
3.5.1 Description
The Pipri Weighing Station is located on N-5 near city of Karachi. Figure 3.37 shows the
locations 5 on N-5. At this location, axle load survey was conducted for seven days. The
traffic coming from Karachi was considered as Northbound. At this particular location
weighing station was located for northbound traffic and there was no weighing station for
Southbound traffic.
Figure 3.37 Location 5 N-5 @ Karachi
Total samples of 3,900 trucks were observed on Pipri Weighting Station. Table 3.9 shows
the basic statistics of the w for both directions at this location. Maximum load of 59.3, 73.84,
94.97, 74.85 and 127.9 Tons were observed for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 Axle trucks, respectively.
The detail analysis of axle load at this location is presented in the following sections.

Table 3.9 Axle Load Statistics at Location -5 (Pipri Weighing Station)
Northbound (Towards Hyderabad)
Gross Vehicle Weight (In Tons)

Type of Truck Sample Size
Standard
Average Min Max
Deviation
2-AXLE 147 19.45 0.78 59.38 8.04
3-AXLE 610 39.18 3.20 73.84 8.86
4-AXLE 2035 35.04 2.70 94.97 11.89
5-AXLE 180 50.89 16.00 74.85 13.01
6-AXLE 928 69.89 7.40 127.97 16.06
Total 3,900
Figure 3.38 shows the truck type distribution observed at Pipri Weighting station. The 4-
Axle trucks outnumbered the other truck types i.e. 52% of the trucks were 4-Axle.

Figure 3.38 Truck Type Distribution (Pipri Weighing Station)
3.5.4 Tyre Pressure
As discussed earlier, tyre pressure is one of the vital parameters to determine the impact of
truck load on the pavement. Table 3.10 shows the average tyre pressure observed for each
type of truck at Pipri Weighting Station. The allowable tyre pressure is 100 and 120 psi for
front and rear axle, respectively (As per NHA regulations). The observed tyre pressure on
each axle was higher than the legal limit.

Table 3.10 Average Tyre Pressure (Pipri Weighing Station)
Type Pressure (psi)

Type of
Truck
2-AXLE 153 154 153
3-AXLE 134 131 136 135
4-AXLE 132 130 133 133 132
5-AXLE 131 128 130 129 134 132
6-AXLE 129 126 129 130 130 132 130
3.5.5 Over Loading
The over load trucks damage the pavement structure and reduce the design life of pavement
exponentially. Figure 3.39 shows the comparison of Permissible and Measured Gross
Vehicle Weight on Pipri Weighing Station. The 2, 3 and 6 Axle trucks average Gross Vehicle
Weight observed at Pipri Weighing Station was greater than the permissible limit. Whereas,
for 4 and 5 Axle trucks average Gross Vehicle Weight was within the permissible limit. It
should be noted that average Gross Vehicle Weight comparison with the permissible limit
only give a broad loading pattern of truck traffic. How much overloading was going on, will
be answered by calculating the number of trucks having Gross Vehicle Weight more than
permissible limit. The analysis is illustrate in the proceeding section.

Pipri Weighing Station (Northbound)

80
69.89
70
61.5 Permissible
60 Gross Vehicle
51.5 50.89
Weight
50
41.5 Average Gross
39.18 Vehicle Weight
40 35.04
29.5
30
19.45
20 17.5
10
0
Type of Truck
Figure 3.39 Permissible Weight Limit Vs. Average Gross Vehicle Weight Observed (Pipri
The gross vehicle weight was divided into three groups to estimate the percentage of
trucks operating within and over permissible limit. Figures 3.40 shows the distribution of
gross vehicle weight for each type of truck. It should be noted that traffic or overloading
fines were given to the trucks which have Gross Vehicle Weight more than 30% of the
permissible limit. Following are the percentages estimated for type of truck on Pipri
Weighing Station:
 For Northbound Traffic
o 2-Axle Truck:
 Within Permissible Limit = 43 %
 30% more than permissible Limit = 34%
 Over 30% than Permissible Limit = 23%

o 3-Axle Truck:
o 4-Axle Truck:
o 5-Axle Truck:
o 6-Axle Truck:

10% 2-Axle Trucks 3-Axle Trucks

9%
6% Gross Axle Weight 2% 7% Gross Axle Weight
0-10 0-25
34% 19%
11-18 26-30
19-22* 63% 31-39*
34% 23-30* 40 - 50*
>30*
>50*
4% 9% 4-Axle Trucks 5-Axle Trucks

1% 1%
24%
0-20
0-40
21-42
54% 41-52
43-54* 23%
62% 55 - 65* 53-67*
>65* 68 -78*
Pipri Weighing Station (Northbound)

7% 6-Axle Trucks
12% (In Tons)
0-40
10%
41-62
63-70*
62% 71 -80*
>80*
Figure 3.40 Distribution of Gross Vehicle Weight for each Type of Truck (Pipri Weighing
Station Northbound)
3.6 Effect of Axle Load on Pavement Life
NHA has defined the legal load limits for trucks with different type of axle configuration.
This implies that even a small proportion of overloading will influence the pavement
performance significantly. The effect of changes in axle load on pavement life is shown in

Figure 3.41 which is self-explanatory and shows that the pavement life is extremely
sensitive to changes in the axle loading. Even small changes can affect the expected
pavement life significantly. The effect of the value of the damaging coefficient is also
noticeable, with higher values causing large reduction in pavement life.
Figure 3.41 Effect of changes in axle load on pavement life.
3.7 Comparison with Previous Studies
The results of the present study are compared with the previous study conducted in 1995
and are as follows:
 Present Study is a pilot study which covers axle load data collection at five (5) weighing
stations along N-5 from Peshawar to Karachi. Whereas previous study was a complete
study involved axles load measurement at thirty (30) stations on the National
Highway network.

 For present pilot study, at each location, axle load data was collected for 24 hours for
7 days in each direction. Whereas, in the previous study data was collected for 24 hours
at each location and at some location duration was 48 hours.
 In previous study a total number of 4768 trucks were weighed at 30 stations. Whereas,
in present study axle load data of 24350 trucks were collected at 5 locations.
 Previous study was combination of traffic volume and axle load study. Whereas,
present study exclusively covered the axles load only.
 As per previous study, goods traffic comprises of 68.9% of 2-axle trucks, 21.5% of 3 –
axle trucks. While rest of the 10% were 3,4,5 and 6 axle trucks. Whereas, findings of
presents study suggests that goods traffic comprises of largest number of 3-axle trucks
(48%) followed by 2-axle (24%) then 4-axle (14%) 6-axle (9%) and so on.

4 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
The pilot Axle load Survey was conducted on Five Locations on N-5. The weighing station
selected for the study were Mulla Mansoor, Sangjani, Eminabad, Rohri and Pipri. The seven
data was collected from all selected weighing stations. The collected data wer digitalized
and went through QA/QC process before comprehensive analysis. The conclusion drawn
from this pilot study are presented in the proceeding section
4.1 Conclusions
Following conclusions can be drawn from the pilot axle load study:
 Truck Types
It was found that the existing truck fleet operating on N-5 consists of more than
50% of 3-Axle trucks. Due to small load distribution area, 3-axle trucks are
considered more damaging to pavement as compare to other truck types.
 Tyre Pressure
As per NHA regulations, the allowable tyre pressure is 100 and 120 psi for front and
rear axle, respectively. It was found that trucks operating on N-5 had 40 to 80%
more than permissible limit. The higher tyre pressure causing more damage to the
pavement structure because of lesser contact area.
 Over Loading
The significant number of trucks had Gross Vehicle Weight more than 30% of the
permissible weight limit. At some sections, the extend of overloading was found to
be alarming e.g. 87 % of 3-Axle trucks (1191 out of 1369 3-Axle trucks) had more
than 40 ton of gross weight at Eminabad Weighing Station.

 Weighing Stations
In the start of project, N-5 was divided into different sections and weighing stations
on these sections were selected for data collection. However, it was found that some
sections do not have or have non-operational weighing stations. The N-5 section
from Eminabad to Rohri (Approximately 889 Km) have only one permanent
weighting station at Pattoki which is non-operational from last few month. This
section is passing through major industrial, and agriculture areas. Therefore, have
significant truck traffic and have major issue of overloading.
4.2 Recommendations
 The global best practices in controlling the access of over loaded trucks through the
effective operation of weighing bridges should be strongly enforced on entire
highway and motorway network of Pakistan
 In order to overcome the overloading issues there are two ways either incorporate
the increased load while designing the pavements or strictly enforce the allowable
limits.
 Routine and periodic maintenance practices should be encouraged in order to
reduce the effect of the overloaded wheels on the pavement before the deterioration
gets worse and maintenance becoming in-effective.
 Rigid pavement should be constructed in areas where traffic is dominated by heavy
duty and vehicles because of its capability in accommodating higher traffic wheel
induced stresses.
 There is need to revive the glory of railway transport system in order to ease the
pressure of over stressing of road pavement and or in combination with

reconfiguration of the chassis layout of (the architecture)of the goods trucks to
accommodate more axles
 Findings of this study suggests that axle load legal limit in Pakistan may be
considered for review by all stake holders. Since it was a pilot study, a detailed
study must be conducted to establish the new legal limit.
 The study is recommended to be undertaken on other rural roads so that a
nationwide strategy is formulated to preserve the nation’s road network.
4.3 Acknowledgements
The consultant team would like to express their deep gratitude to National Transport
Research Center (NTRC) for providing the opportunity to work with them. We have to
recognize the support and guidance provided by Mr. Sajjad Afzal Afridi (NRTC Chief), Mr.
Muhammad Sayyar Khan (Deputy Chief) and Mr. Zia ul Islam (Research Officer).

Appendix A
Snapshot of All Locations

Location 1 N-5 @ Mulla Mansoor
A-2
A-3
Location 2 N-5 @ Sangjani
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
Location 3 N-5 @ Eminabad
A-8
A-9
Location 4 N-5 @ Rohri
A-10
A-11
A-12
Location 5 N-5 @ Pipri, Karachi
A-13
A-14
A-15
A-16
Appendix B
Sample Axle Load Sheets for All
Locations

LOCATION 1
(Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station Northbound &
Southbound Sample Data)
B-2
Tyre Pressure
Gross Load on Load on Load on Axle Load on Load on Load on
Serial Number Location Direction Date Day or Night Number of Axle‐1 Axle‐2 Axle‐3 Axle‐4 Axle‐5 Axle‐6
Vehicle Type Weight Axle ‐1 Axle ‐2 ‐3 Axle ‐4 Axle ‐5 Axle ‐6
Axle Tyres Tyres Tyres Tyres Tyres Tyres
Mulla
1 NB Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 52,810 5,030 10,350 10,810 7,600 8,550 10,470 160 160 150 160 150 160
Mansoor
2 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 35,820 5,460 9,270 9,870 9,410 1,000 810
3 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 30,280 7,930 22,350
4 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 37,360 8,450 13,840 15,070
8 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 44,760 9,570 17,870 17,320 180 160 180
13 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 79,560 5,570 15,420 16,730 8,830 12,170 20,840
14 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 79,550 5,950 15,340 16,340 13,980 14,840 13,100
10,260 17,590 17,470

15 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 45,320
8,420 15,290 13,780

18 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 23,540

6,350 17,190
19 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SDSS 64,870

5,020 16,460 10,300 17,730 15,360
20 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 67,170

6,330 13,750 13,710 10,440 10,740 12,200

3,830 19,330 11,720 11,610 13,600 18,320

10,190 17,160 17,550

10,090 17,190 16,630

9,770 17,070 18,950
25 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 24,860 180 160

6,440 18,420
B-3
Tyre Pressure
Gross Load on Load on Axle Load on Axle ‐ Load on Load on Load on
Vehicle Type Weight Axle ‐1 ‐2 3 Axle ‐4 Axle ‐5 Axle ‐6

10,090 17,850 17,030

5,880 16,030

10,970 17,820 16,630

9,100 14,750 21,020

4,180 14,930 16,540 1,800 10,940 17,570

11,130 14,700 18,820

9,680 16,810 17,020

4,670 11,690

9,090 13,180 13,180

5,710 13,090

10,140 17,070 17,010

10,460 16,570 18,260

5,260 14,560
39 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 44,920 180 160 160

10,530 14,930 19,460

11,690 14,610 19,020

574 13,950

11,100 15,610 16,530

7,920 10,410 12,490

5,930 15,620

9,620 15,130 17,430

7,640 13,650 14,710

4,590 9,350

8,010 14,280 12,240
49 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 4‐Axle 4‐XL‐SSD 23,930 180 180 200 160

5,600 15,550 1,550 1,230

570 14,340
B-4
Tyre Pressure

10,670 16,260 18,450

9,560 19,470 15,940

5,710 15,490

9,940 17,400 17,640

9,870 17,260 15,390

7,010 9,330 6,390

6,100 15,300

9,540 12,760 15,210

10,730 18,860 15,670

9,940 16,710 16,570

4,710 14,130 14,550 10,530 11,860 14,440

6,780 18,670
63 Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 74,370 180 170 170 160 150 180
5,150 15,630 16,090 10,710 12,620 14,170

9,790 20,220 15,100

5,220 15,380 15,950 9,450 13,690 17,420

9,380 16,540 14,450

10,030 17,940 17,760

10,310 16,510 17,260

6,160 12,690 650 10,550 10,130 9,750

5,900 13,080 700 9,800 9,240 540

5,560 13,110 12,870 9,970 9,840 10,590

6,710 9,070 850

9,940 17,580 15,070

9,900 15,330 17,820

6,450 16,400
B-5
Tyre Pressure

9,890 17,990 16,950

6,420 15,400

8,300 19,650

470 16,440 1,100

7,880 11,150 10,730

5,750 7,160 9,510

8,800 12,800 13,510

6,680 9,510 10,380

6,200 12,660 7,210

4,870 9,090 11,090

7,510 10,780 10,360

7,440 9,620 13,050

9,880 16,560 16,350

8,880 12,880 14,810

8,110 7,860 11,170

4,870 9,870 7,340

7,970 12,600 13,880

8,970 12,380 11,120

8,070 16,930 14,560

8,450 16,820 11,750

6,560 7,410 9,790

8,610 13,760 15,150

580 930 830

6,810 15,060

9,440 18,180 17,470
B-6
Tyre Pressure
Mulla
1 SB Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 45,768 160 180 180
Mansoor 11,050 18,030 16,688
2 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 44,000

10,390 15,640 17,970

12,130 15,370 1,610
4 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 21,600

5,460 16,140

5,670 14,650
6 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 22,050 140 160

5,520 16,530

5,590 15,770

5,990 14,360

5,090 15,230

5,880 14,150

5,260 14,560

4,610 9,630
13 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SDSS 53,740

5,020 12,430 8,470 11,580 16,240
14 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 44,140 150 160

11,610 13,710 18,820

11,090 14,990 18,450

10,170 16,900 15,590

10,890 16,270 17,700

10,850 17,050 15,520

12,060 14,180 18,930

10,430 17,680 17,170
21 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 45,330 150 160 180

10,550 16,250 18,530

10,900 15,250 19,000

10,170 19,400 15,790

10,010 16,970 18,350

10,050 15,290 18,580
B-7
Tyre Pressure

12,040 15,360 18,190

10,160 16,610 18,760

9,970 16,000 17,440

10,470 16,240 19,170

10,520 13,340 18,300

11,020 15,770 19,270

12,680 14,370 18,690

10,470 14,440 19,100

12,620 15,160 19,140

13,110 14,630 19,390

9,380 15,870 16,590

10,380 16,190 15,360

7,920 20,820

11,650 15,620 19,830

9,820 15,400 16,480

9,760 14,630 17,290

10,290 14,940 15,760

10,280 11,990 15,990

10,220 13,540 14,310

7,490 11,210 10,830

11,530 15,840 18,650

8,070 20,850

7,670 19,010

5,970 16,600

7,810 18,150
B-8
Tyre Pressure

5,490 16,380

5,780 16,080

6,040 15,790

5,680 16,070

11,640 15,460 18,260

5,770 15,440

5,830 15,310

5,420 15,210

5,880 15,180

5,830 14,710

5,530 14,960

5,600 14,360

5,930 13,520

5,800 12,030

9,830 15,910 17,340

5,520 12,260
67 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 75,410

5,340 15,540 15,320 8,720 15,820 14,670
68 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 72,030

5,060 14,310 14,120 10,380 12,900 15,260

5,140 10,270

5,230 16,290

5,420 16,220

4,650 17,100

5,470 15,890

11,950 18,390 16,010

5,380 16,430
B-9
Tyre Pressure

11,620 16,270 18,430

5,620 16,200
78 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 4‐Axle 4‐XL‐SSD 55,370

6,130 18,360 12,940 17,940

4,390 15,640

8,950 14,730 15,360

6,190 15,150

5,830 16,030

4,460 8,380

6,330 15,540

8,160 18,640 17,720

6,860 15,320

11,120 15,790 17,500

5,900 16,120

6,890 15,400

5,660 16,690

5,510 16,600

5,600 16,870
93 Tuesday, May 23, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 62,540 160 170 170 180 180 160
6,150 13,210 13,050 6,700 9,980 13,450

5,500 17,050

5,680 16,900

6,730 16,310

6,180 18,960

6,240 17,370

7,220 18,260

6,830 18,810
B-10

LOCATION 2
(Sangjani Weighing Station Northbound &
B-11
Tyre Pressure
1 Sangjani NB Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 18,502

5,255 13,247
2 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 18,360

5,029 13,331
3 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 36,719

7,575 14,304 14,840

7,399 13,307 13,066

8,612 16,889 16,629

5,129 12,871

5,069 13,072

8,016 18,738 16,450

3,141 7,595

5,275 14,449

4,889 11,964

5,285 15,395

3,652 7,825

7,374 17,124

5,335 14,319

7,374 17,124

5,335 14,319

7,485 13,397 14,910

9,704 20,312 19,946

6,854 16,888

5,430 14,514

7,189 7,600 12,761

5,756 15,491

8,416 21,779 17,846

6,027 20,221
B-12
Tyre Pressure

7,765 20,326

5,876 15,631
28 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 76,800

6,067 14,776 15,365 11,454 16,186 12,952

6,908 15,245 14,624

5,130 15,070

7,970 17,932 17,465

5,105 12,499

4,483 10,485

5,215 14,749

6,467 15,561

7,189 16,689 12,550

7,149 10,130 12,385

4,709 14,333 14,123 5,225 10,746 14,354

5,560 15,907

4,594 10,711

7,805 15,757 18,533

3,030 14,970

4,879 11,934

8,356 14,740 18,508

7,870 16,213 13,853

4,599 10,390

7,514 11,638 12,926
48 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Day 4‐Axle 4‐XL‐SSD 53,863

5,967 20,567 12,204 15,125

20,968 9,193 12,596 9,939

6,954 18,056
B-13
Tyre Pressure

6,377 15,466

4,864 12,560

5,335 13,326

4,899 13,367

3,616 4,994

6,728 19,590

5,039 12,930

5,631 14,149

7,710 12,711

7,710 12,711 14,404

8,421 16,222 12,039

8,687 14,053 17,751

4,969 14,679

4,118 8,191

6,783 13,196 14,133

5,340 5,335 5,731

5,260 5,655 10,832

8,041 11,052 16,185

5,355 10,446 8,457

7,484 9,924 12,850

5,575 14,484

4,869 9,584 7,727 8,241

4,965 14,204

7,354 11,568 11,863

6,672 11,948 12,374
B-14
Tyre Pressure

5,255 10,932

9,088 15,617 13,837

5,300 13,597

5,666 16,784

5,145 15,381 16,028

5,165 8,587 8,933

7,174 15,596 14,950

6,012 13,056 10,480

7,379 12,775 15,401

3,997 9,354 5,846 4,153 5,440 9,018

8,416 15,236 15,276

8,818 18,612 15,276

4,844 8,376

4,187 9,283 8,672

6,904 13,973 15,596

7,665 15,887 12,760

7,429 12,625 15,441

6,482 8,371 8,296

5,786 12,851

4,398 10,997

9,739 17,295 16,157

6,939 12,129 13,492

6,401 13,882 14,542 7,976 10,719 11,997

5,490 15,226

4,639 8,767 9,364
B-15
Tyre Pressure
1 Sangjani SB Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 13,331

3,108 10,223 150 155
2 Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 14,197

3,167 11,030
3 Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 48,716

8,859 17,916 21,941
5 Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 88,268

4,659 17,714 18,710 12,238 15,329 19,618 125 130 130 130 130 130

4,074 15,765

17,213 20,106

5,545 16,969

4,980 19,651

7,301 15,512 13,681 140 145 145

8,519 17,979 18,749

8,689 18,052 17,200

6,538 15,378 20,671

7,410 16,961 21,472

7,410 16,961 21,472

4,031 16,133

3,660 13,572 150 150 150

4,235 16,106

4,095 15,937

7,638 15,829 16,563 150 155 155

9,507 14,209 18,215

7,041 21,843 160 165

5,898 21,096

4,215 18,683 17,824 12,576 16,273 20,257
B-16
Tyre Pressure

8,194 16,310 10,154

4,952 17,121 18,245 15,777 17,589 17,990

7,355 20,291 18,794

5,320 19,546

7,901 18,565 19,421 150 155 155

3,946 10,690 13,642

7,712 15,140 18,841

7,545 4,139 18,587

3,262 10,770 160 165

4,456 14,959

8,212 16,339 19,235

8,282 17,614 18,441

8,620 15,865 20,510

9,630 19,484 22,520

9,373 10,886 18,230

5,911 21,213 160 165

2,247 6,169

7,929 17,208 150 155 155

8,397 16,185 19,641

7,920 19,220 20,262

7,882 15,947 16,957

8,951 17,792 18,605

3,094 13,291 14,571 15,019 15,686 18,717 130 125 125 125 124 125

4,708 18,771

7,072 50,574 20,988
B-17
Tyre Pressure
51 Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SDSS 81,536

4,664 17,024 17,819 21,777 20,252
52 Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SST 71,187

4,694 6,269 18,564 19,882 21,778

7,518 11,044 13,431

6,362 18,122 21,208

6,124 18,500 16,638
56 Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 4‐Axle 4‐XL‐SSD 35,311

3,345 12,408 9,914 9,644

8,336 18,599 19,920

7,615 27,086

7,157 19,464 18,991

6,745 11,212 14,353
61 Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SST 50,960

2,913 16,768 5,966 11,872 13,441 140 140 140 140 140 140

2,340 8,685

2,358 8,800

4,471 14,500 160 165

3,439 15,354

8,807 20,046 21,538

3,988 14,212

7,665 19,452 20,229

4,459 18,003 13,916 14,246

3,461 8,749 10,114 11,778 11,009

7,442 17,782 20,982 150 155 155

9,180 13,895 22,356

4,461 16,583

5,068 17,368

3,269 15,877 11,966 13,535 14,057 14,438
B-18
Tyre Pressure

9,466 15,992 20,042

9,108 15,033 21,002

7,157 21,465 150 155

3,800 16,939 12,073 13,040

3,456 15,866 10,313 17,138

3,691 11,906 160 165

6,234 26,954

10,084 18,259 18,623

5,161 20,209

3,480 17,545 10,195 15,874 145 150 150 150

5,279 18,517

10,084 18,259 18,623

4,671 17,848

4,237 13,879
90 Sunday, March 26, 2017 Night 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 15,259

4,078 11,181
91 Sunday, March 26, 2017 Night 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 45,634

7,405 21,296 16,933 150 155 155

8,547 17,433 19,277

6,233 22,311

3,429 15,483

4,519 14,902

9,151 19,256 18,751

9,151 19,256 18,751

9,050 17,200 18,991

9,643 20,699 21,159

7,324 16,714 21,207
B-19

LOCATION 3
(Eminabad Weighing Station Northbound &
B-20
Tyre Pressure
1 Eminabad NB Saturday, March 25, 2017 Night 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 44,690

8,860 17,956 17,874 120 180 180

4,204 3,926 3,649 180 180 120

8,459 15,551 16,599 120 160 160

4,132 7,061 1,590 4,728 120 200 160 180

5,026 11,779 11,604 12,293 12,467 17,175 140 180 180 180 200 200

3,438 17,380 16,224 120 180 180

7,688 15,263

8,860 17,956 17,874

5,671 12,606 11,630

4,299 15,430 17,521

9,036 14,295 17,751

9,323 15,765 16,602

8,667 12,639 4,867 12,721

9,610 19,273 11,864

9,476 15,391 15,195

55,380 16,818 11,587 15,444 11,515 16,339 120 220 200 200 180 200

10,055 11,869 5,552 14,449

9,103 14,271 13,946

3,500 12,797

8,758 14,903 18,244 120 120 180

3,637 8,581

3,686 10,462 12,194

8,198 12,190 15,698

4,901 19,488 11,137 8,471 11,370 11,271 180 180 200 180 200 200

8,251 14,659 13,836
B-21
Tyre Pressure

7,380 15,032

8,399 10,352 12,721

8,806 14,080 15,324

3,719 7,174

5,073 15,090 7,940

8,682 14,779 14,583

9,373 17,258 17,076

8,854 15,535 18,335

5,513 13,214 140 220

5,475 13,578

10,586 15,568 17,784 5,882 9,342 2,734

6,126 10,022 9,945 8,572 13,707

17,590 15,588 15,516 220 200 200

7,504 15,870

5,556 14,697 160 200

7,610 14,056 16,736

6,313 9,471 9,361 120 180 180

7,275 11,764 11,563

5,590 19,268 9,768 11,931 140 120 180 200

7,696 10,811 8,179

8,964 11,615 12,482

4,561 16,722 9,868 9,280 10,634 10,812 120 220 200 200 180 200

4,303 6,384 5,930 6,049 6,380

8,476 22,001

4,848 12,228
B-22
Tyre Pressure

9,806 14,367 14,559

9,064 11,678 16,401

9,347 13,841 16,109

8,155 14,066 13,080 8,863 11,554 17,952

8,069 9,873 13,735

9,816 15,870

5,681 14,836 15,066 180 200 200

10,294 10,117 13,554

8,854 14,578 16,215

6,107 18,339 10,342 8,739 140 200 160 180

6,585 15,138

4,101 8,552

5,226 13,520 7,906 10,649 5,016 12,171

6,628 9,045 7,648

8,835 12,319 13,324 7,370 12,060 12,946 180 200 200 200 200 200

6,901 11,874 11,931 5,733 8,035 6,212

5,518 15,568

7,069 11,008 12,003 180 180 180

7,361 18,272

3,697 10,960

8,222 14,855 13,085 180 220 200

7,418 12,201 12,989

9,615 16,215

9,462 13,113 15,066

11,242 13,683 17,230
B-23
Tyre Pressure

3,312 4,456

5,140 1,464 5,796 12,453

10,486 14,554

6,839 13,429 11,955 200 200 200

7,901 15,372 13,640

6,643 10,534 8,696 200 210 220

5,269 8,016 7,700

6,174 14,372

5,786 8,945 9,170 7,471 9,385 180 200 200 180 180

9,203 13,003 15,784

6,198 17,655 9,993 11,486

5,772 14,898

5,480 8,840

9,141 15,607 19,895

6,451 16,119

6,404 15,257

6,777 20,354 9,342 1,309 9,940 3,950 120 120 180 200 180 200

8,615 14,156 11,094 4,465 13,735

6,887 11,831 5,504 9,940 8,950

8,643 19,062 19,694

6,547 12,644 11,524

6,901 16,387 140 160

5,078 14,295

5,308 15,449 8,246 13,563 140 180 200 180

10,950 19,742 20,254
B-24
Tyre Pressure
1 Eminabad SB Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Night 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 17

5 12 200 210
2 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Night 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 44

9 17 17
3 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Night 4‐Axle 4‐XL‐SSD 31

5 12 3 10 180 200 180

4 1 8 10
5 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Night 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 20

5 15

6 13

3 20 17
8 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Night 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 74

5 17 10 12 15 14 240 240 200 200 200 210

8 17 18

10 18 16 180 210 200

9 15 21

10 18 19

8 18 17

7 19 2

9 19 18

6 16 17 15 19 18 180 200 200 210 210 200

8 16 14

4 18 23

9 18 18

5 12 10

10 18 16 140 220 210

3 5 4 4 220 220 200

3 53 4 4

10 19 19 180 140 180

9 17 21
B-25
Tyre Pressure

9 17 17

3 19 20

9 18 17

3 19 20

6 18 18 17 2 18 180 220 200 160 180 200

8 3 5

13 4 10

10 18 21 180 200 200

10 17 18

3 15 17

5 17 11 14 180 200 200

10 22

9 22

4 15 180 180

9 23

9 13 18 240 210 200

9 19 18

9 26

5 10 10

6 17 16 14 16 11

13 16 14

9 15 15

9 14 14

7 15

9 16 17
B-26
Tyre Pressure

9 18 18 200 200 200

3 12

7 16 15

8 13 14 1

2 14 180 140

5 16

32 17

5 16 180 180

9 20 14

10 15 17 200 180 210

5 15

6 20 9 9 12 12

9 18 18

4 6

4 13 8 8

9 21 19

10 17 17

9 24

9 18

8 23

10 26

8 23

8 21

9 14 2

5 16 210 200
B-27
Tyre Pressure

7 13

9 18 16

9 16 13

9 17 19

5 12

8 16

10 17 17

10 19 16

7 10 11

4 9 5 4 4 3
86 Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Night 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SST 76

6 18 19 16 17

6 20 19 14 16 19

9 16 17

7 16 18

7 18 17

10 19 17

4 18 17

10 17 16

9 17 17

4 12

10 18 18

10 16 19

9 14 19

7 13 10

9 17 18
B-28

LOCATION 4
(Rohri Weighing Station Northbound &
B-29
Tyre Pressure
1 Rohri NB Sunday, April 16, 2017 Day 4‐Axle 4‐XL‐SSD 33,180

4,601 9,631 9,434 9,514
2 Sunday, April 16, 2017 Day 4‐Axle 4‐XL‐SSD 26,349

4,363 7,317 5,694 8,975
3 Sunday, April 16, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 76,924

5,346 12,713 12,835 12,508 14,385 19,137
4 Sunday, April 16, 2017 Day 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SDSS 62,301

5,326 13,948 11,610 14,415 17,002

4,819 14,318 14,961 13,306 15,319 18,296

4,873 14,055 5,248 10,519

5,212 16,790 11,096 15,196

4,710 16,926 9,262 14,353 14,625 19,383
9 Sunday, April 16, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 18,855

5,620 13,235
10 Sunday, April 16, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 44,701

8,901 17,101 18,699

8,507 14,435 19,266

4,548 10,189 7,913 9,602

4,668 14,559 8,900 13,667

6,199 14,528

5,286 11,661 7,773

6,954 16,001 19,345

8,810 16,349 16,777

5,867 13,305

7,825 18,767

8,543 17,071 18,059

9,091 15,730 19,233

3,806 5,517 4,709 7,291

3,883 6,626 4,696 5,523

4,656 9,019 4,472 7,543

4,891 11,876 12,203 14,179 15,454 20,508
B-30
Tyre Pressure

8,709 16,866 18,822

7,682 14,048 19,329

4,940 16,321 10,074 13,365 15,580 17,639

7,468 15,712 6,655

3,997 9,067 16,149 9,043

8,915 18,051 16,298

8,876 18,330 16,298

5,368 13,424 9,009 12,587

4,685 11,870 12,137 13,914 18,862

4,839 12,651 12,588 16,998 15,463 18,273

8,366 16,337 19,945

4,868 14,807 8,830 13,215 13,159

8,053 16,953 19,659

8,508 10,378 16,825

9,566 17,669 16,479

5,887 15,441

8,945 17,952 17,137

7,276 13,183

5,564 9,474 8,071

3,925 11,923 11,626 11,381

4,270 10,470 7,554 8,243

3,990 9,270 10,551 14,966

4,407 10,814 6,286 12,749

5,927 17,875 11,918 12,708 15,518

4,977 15,755 10,157 12,461 15,044
B-31
Tyre Pressure

5,029 16,958 8,596 8,978

7,037 13,943 17,293

9,216 19,713

7,449 20,214

4,116 10,513 9,125 9,850

7,753 16,124 20,314

4,586 12,033 11,816 13,796 19,937

3,866 8,895

2,486 5,897

5,405 20,575 9,372 12,295 14,615

4,917 13,826 12,424 16,049

5,735 15,309

5,329 12,148

4,255 7,822 4,699 7,295

4,568 11,105 11,466 12,479 13,619 14,686

4,910 17,453 11,330 14,072

10,469 20,385 20,751

10,950 20,294 20,755

4,507 13,474 12,796 16,227 16,579 15,552

7,300 17,232 19,597

5,013 18,227 13,349 14,143

9,821 18,188 20,441

8,292 14,799 19,436

4,582 15,568 7,183 12,579

4,936 13,683 11,321 15,624
B-32
Tyre Pressure

5,335 20,755 9,478 11,840

7,945 17,858 19,479

4,286 14,678 13,619 10,729 13,608 19,985

6,465 13,158 13,709 8,471 15,710 20,755

3,846 9,043 10,414 10,821

4,082 13,179

7,067 18,067 16,418

4,505 8,419 7,037 8,306

4,643 13,835 12,751 14,638

5,353 15,959 10,715 12,034

8,455 15,458 15,954

4,294 15,721 7,870 12,844

8,448 16,335 17,626

3,879 7,417 4,718 5,310

3,895 9,863 8,661 10,625

4,071 12,111 10,912 9,860

4,060 7,865 7,094 7,496

5,209 19,450 10,870 15,129

4,707 10,530 7,787 10,326

4,445 12,095 6,139 13,178

3,759 9,955 7,242 9,484

7,616 15,140 18,955

7,887 9,150 8,833 17,336

4,757 18,901 11,411 12,877

5,500 14,438
B-33
Tyre Pressure
1 Rohri SB Saturday, April 22, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 43,809

7,838 16,437 19,534
2 Saturday, April 22, 2017 Day 3‐Axle 3‐XL‐SD 42,130

7,182 17,021 17,927

6,949 15,580 19,937

9,335 14,669 19,027
5 Saturday, April 22, 2017 Day 4‐Axle 4‐XL‐SSD 32,708

445 12,707 8,272 11,284 135 140 140 140

8,181 15,317 20,461
7 Saturday, April 22, 2017 Day 2‐Axle 2‐XL‐SS 22,406

11,780 10,626
8 Saturday, April 22, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6‐XL‐SDT 79,061

4,959 13,153 13,289 13,129 15,295 19,236

4,768 8,583 6,112 7,073

7,342 14,474 16,434

4,455 11,782 6,223 6,428

7,791 15,720 20,366

4,181 9,520 6,209 11,228

3,843 9,627 7,489 9,275

5,163 17,443 14,418 16,378

8,075 11,534 16,894 17,911

9,519 15,381 16,242

9,002 16,068 16,670

9,003 20,534

4,800 13,703 10,442 13,393

3,669 8,576

8,395 16,584 16,667

7,870 17,463 18,265

8,626 15,897 15,818

7,663 17,242 20,461
B-34
Tyre Pressure

8,064 14,067 19,622

7,325 16,583 20,461

7,471 17,104 18,186

7,092 16,488 20,302

6,917 17,025 18,570

8,707 17,977 18,372

5,085 15,783 11,096 15,936

5,105 13,778

7,678 16,913 16,987

8,761 16,909 16,021

4,437 12,061 8,891 10,621

8,046 18,298 18,569

8,046 18,298 18,569

4,023 8,046 10,409 12,168

5,088 15,908 12,622 17,478

3,958 9,651 7,279 8,251 130 135 135 140

4,166 9,755 4,932 8,779

9,189 16,039 19,392

5,568 14,517 5,730 8,281

5,443 13,620 13,851 15,537 17,201 16,981

5,039 11,036

4,818 9,043 10,118 9,126

7,058 16,426 13,464

5,219 14,244

5,535 14,339
B-35
Tyre Pressure

7,821 14,508 13,215

8,601 16,956 16,382

4,641 12,638 9,224 10,268

8,572 20,729

8,115 20,682

8,043 21,421

9,819 16,888 15,456

4,299 11,941 10,796 12,626

4,555 9,468 9,347 10,619 13,307 12,417
60 Saturday, April 22, 2017 Day 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SDSS 48,945

5,228 14,757 9,209 8,959 10,792

5,327 12,382 11,017 8,822

4,608 9,032 8,764 9,870

4,720 12,035 10,130 11,116

5,957 14,054
65 Saturday, April 22, 2017 Day 5‐Axle 5‐XL‐SDSS 55,734

5,826 17,789 8,672 11,013 12,434

4,623 7,736 6,516 5,812

6,895 8,635 9,443

4,893 15,287 15,084 12,566

5,209 13,142

5,313 13,809

5,222 6,369 6,806 7,687 7,063 10,072

4,969 11,668 10,711 9,135

3,886 7,949

3,886 7,949

6,289 14,777
B-36
Tyre Pressure

4,596 11,932 9,230 10,947

5,644 12,645

6,404 9,557

8,459 21,421

4,837 7,796 7,647

8,869 15,261 13,121

4,522 12,195 10,902 11,152

8,165 12,046 11,890

5,395 12,359

8,025 14,760 14,333

4,983 16,348 15,042 12,591

6,803 12,289 11,886

4,954 12,951 13,266 15,053 16,711 15,671

9,214 15,286 16,628

9,715 17,865 16,789

5,128 8,531 7,510 7,928

6,100 13,427 11,976

9,795 19,092 15,981

4,444 8,868 8,824 8,018

6,996 21,223

10,393 18,972 19,834

8,258 15,860 17,453

4,841 11,696

4,055 5,784 5,786 5,606

5,320 10,789
B-37

LOCATION 5
(Pipri Weighing Station Northbound &
B-38
Tyre Pressure
1 Pipri NB Tuesday, April 18, 2017 Day 6‐Axle 6 73
2 Tuesday, April 18, 2017 Day 4‐Axle 4 45

130 140 135

125 130 130 140 130 125

125 130 130 140 130

130 140 130 130
B-39
Tyre Pressure

130 125 135 140

130 140 145

140 130 125 130

125 130 135 125 140 130
B-40
Tyre Pressure

130 130 140 130

160 155

130 140 140
B-41
Tyre Pressure

130 140 130 130

130 140 140

160 160

125 135 130 135
B-42

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Axle Load Study Final (June, 2017) PDF

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GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

Pilot Axle Load Survey on N-5

Pilot Axle Load Survey on N-5

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering (SCEE)

on national axle load trends.

decisions. Importance of traffic data cannot be denied. Accurate traffic information is

common in almost all countries, including Pakistan.

PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST II

Determining axle load (weight-per-axle) is an important consideration in designing roads.

its design life.

calibrated and validated for its authenticity and reliability.

PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST III

Preface ................................................................................................................................. III

List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... VII

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... X

1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 11

2 Project Methodology & Study Locations ...................................................................... 16

2.1 Project Methodology .......................................................................................... 16

3 AXLE LOAD Study ........................................................................................................ 22

3.1 Location 1 (Mulla Mansoor Weighing Station @ N-5) ...................................... 22

3.1.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 22

3.1.2 Basic Statistics ................................................................................................... 23

3.1.3 Truck Type Distribution .................................................................................... 23

3.1.4 Loading on Each Axle ........................................................................................ 25

3.1.5 Load distribution on each Axle .......................................................................... 26

3.1.6 Tyre Pressure ..................................................................................................... 29

3.1.7 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 29

PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST IV

3.2 Location 2 (Sangjani Weighing Station @ N-5)................................................. 34

3.2.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 34

3.2.2 Basic Statistics ................................................................................................... 34

3.2.3 Truck Type Distribution .................................................................................... 35

3.2.4 Loading on Each Axle ........................................................................................ 37

3.2.5 Load distribution on each Axle ..........................................................................38

3.2.6 Tyre Pressure .................................................................................................... 40

3.2.7 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 41

3.3 Location 3 ( Eminabad Weigh Station @ N-5) .................................................. 46

3.3.1 Description .........................................................................................................46

3.3.2 Basic Statistics ...................................................................................................46

3.3.3 Truck Type Distribution .................................................................................... 47

3.3.4 Loading on Each Axle ........................................................................................ 49

3.3.5 Load distribution on each Axle ..........................................................................50

3.3.6 Tyre Pressure ..................................................................................................... 52

3.3.7 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 53

3.4 Location 4 (Rohri/Sukkur @ N-5) ..................................................................... 58

3.4.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 58

3.4.2 Basic Statistics ................................................................................................... 59

3.4.3 Truck Type Distribution .................................................................................... 59

3.4.4 Loading on Each Axle ........................................................................................ 61

3.4.5 Load distribution on each Axle .......................................................................... 62

3.4.6 Tyre Pressure .....................................................................................................64

3.4.7 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 65

3.5 Location 5 (Pipri Weighing Station @N-5 ......................................................... 70

PREPARED BY: SCEE, NUST V

3.5.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 70

3.5.2 Basic Statistics ................................................................................................... 70

3.5.3 Truck Type Distribution .................................................................................... 71

3.5.4 Tyre Pressure ..................................................................................................... 72

3.5.5 Over Loading ...................................................................................................... 73

3.6 Effect of Axle Load on Pavement Life ................................................................ 76

4 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 79

Appendix-A: Snapshot of All Locations

Appendix-B: Sample Axle Load Sheets for All Locations