2

that makes it as a pozzolanic material so that it can be used as a partial cement replacement.

That silica content is responsible to early-strength of concrete.

Rapid economic growth of the Philippines resulted in growing demands of

construction projects have led to increase of construction materials, particularly the Concrete

hollow blocks. Hollow blocks are one of the most extensively used walling materials in the

Philippines. Due to easy installation of concrete hollow blocks, many people used to make

their houses by local construction technique without any engineering philosophy especially

in rural areas. Non-Engineered buildings are frequently affected by earthquake and show

poor performance. So, to support this problem a modified concrete hollow block is

introduced in this study.

The main objective of this research study is to determine the compressive strength of

load – bearing CHB using sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement replacement and

cockleshell powder as fine aggregates replacement. Thus, this study develops an answer for

some question to further know the effect of cockleshell powder as total replacement for sand

and sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement replacement in a concrete hollow block. First,

this study will determine the capacity of the load-bearing concrete hollow blocks containing

cockleshell powder and sugarcane bagasse ash. Second is that what is the most suitable

percent volume of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete hollow blocks to attain its desirable

compressive strength. Third is how does a sugarcane bagasse ash and cockleshell powder

affect the load bearing capacity of concrete hollow blocks in relation to the percentages of

SBA. Thus, in order to answer these questions, the specific objectives are; develop a concrete

mix ratio using a trial sample of 8, 10, and 12 percent of sugarcane bagasse ash by volume

that will maximize the compressive strength of the concrete hollow blocks. Investigate the
 3

behavior of compressive strength after 28 days of curing. Measure the amount of water

absorbed by CHB containing waste cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse ash using water

absorption test. Evaluate the performance of waste cockleshell powder and sugarcane

bagasse ash in load-bearing concrete hollow blocks based on the structural requirement of

masonry units ASTM C-90. Choose the optimum percentage sugarcane bagasse ash as

cement replacement that will provide the greatest result which meets the ASTM requirement.

The impact of this study is to develop the ordinary hollow block into high

compressive strength hollow blocks containing waste cockleshell as total replacement for

sand and sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement replacement. Since people used to make

their houses by local materials and local construction technique without any engineering

philosophy especially in rural areas and Non-Engineered buildings are frequently affected by

earthquake and show poor performance and its need special attention. Therefore, the solution

to the problem is to develop load bearing concrete hollow block with high compressive

strength that will resist the earthquake by improving its workability and compressive strength

by replacing a waste cockleshell as sand replacement and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as partial

cement replacement. The use of cockleshell and Sugarcane bagasse will result to a cleaner

environment and the use of river sand can be reduce and avoid future depletion of natural

fine aggregate in future.

The coverage of this study it to produce a design of concrete hollow block using

sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement and powdered cockleshell as a substitute for fine

aggregates and should meet the required compressive strength greater than 700 psi and 4.826

MPa. The fine aggregate should pass sieve number 4 and sieve number 200 for the cement

and sugarcane bagasse ash. The percentage of the sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement is
 4

limited to 8%, 10% and 12% and will use Portland cement type 1 only. In addition, the

cockleshell is gathered within the area of Masinloc, Zambales, while the sugarcane bagasse is

gathered in Sto. Niño, Cabangan Zambales. The produce samples are in five different types

which include the ordinary concrete hollow blocks, the blocks containing powdered

cockleshell as fine aggregates and the other three blocks containing different percentage.

Moreover, to determine the quality and strength the sample was tested under the compression

test and water absorption test. And in addition, this study includes testing of sample under

28th day of curing. And the main scope of this study is to ensure that the concrete hollow

block containing sugarcane bagasse ash and powdered cockleshell was capable to use as a

construction material.
 5

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

The concrete hollow blocks is the most common construction material used in wall in

the Philippines especially on low and mid-rise building. It is categorize into two: non-load

bearing and load-bearing hollow blocks. Load bearing hollow blocks are intended to carry

load in its own weight. In contrast, non-load bearing hollow blocks is particularly use to

handle self-weight.

A concrete hollow block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of

walls. It is sometimes called a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of

several precast concrete products used in construction. The concrete commonly used to make

concrete blocks is a mixture of powdered Portland cement, water, sand and gravel.

This produces a light gray block with a fine surface texture and a high compressive

strength. The concrete mixture used to make blocks may also contain various chemicals,

called admixtures, to alter curing time, increase compressive strength, or improve

workability.

Related Readings

Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB), are one of the most extensively used walling materials in

the Philippines. Some of the reasons for this is their relative low cost when compared to other

materials and speed of installation by semi-skilled labourers. CHB walls are very weak

against lateral loads (pushing or pulling forces from typhoon or earthquake). Adding steel
 6

reinforcing bars vertically and horizontally inside the CHBs can increase their resistance to

lateral loads [CITATION Placeholder1 \l 1033 ].

Table 2.1. Existing standards for CHBs and CHB wall construction in the Philippines
Type Unit Size Minimum Compressive
Strength

Load-bearing CHB 6 inches 5.41 MPa (800 psi)

Table 2.2. Proportioning of concrete for the manufacture of CHBs

Mixture For CHBs Mix Proportion 1:7, as per structural
engineer’s specification
Water Clean water should be used. Shall not
exceed 28 liters per 40 kilograms per bag
of cement, slump test (as per ASTM C-
143) shall not exceed 10cm, unless
specified by a structural engineer.
Mixing time - If batch mixer is used, use accurate
timing and measuring devices to operate
as per manufacturer’s instructions.
Revolutions should be between 14 and 20
per minute.
Curing After being removed from the mould, the
CHBs should be covered with a plastic
sheet or tarpaulin and kept damp and
shaded for at least 7 days in order to
effectively cure. This can be achieved by
continually spraying them with water or
keeping them under water in tanks. A
good curing process leads to less cracking
and a stronger, harder, denser and more
durable concrete.

Figure No. 2.1. Common CHB mix

 7

Figure No. 2.2. Common mortar

Load-Bearing Concrete Hollow Blocks

Load-bearing concrete hollow blocks shall conform to the physical requirements on

ASTM C90.

Table 2.3. Standard Specifications for Load-bearing Concrete Masonry Units.

Density Oven-Dry Maximum Water Minimum Net Area
Classification Density of Absorption, kg/m3 Compressive Strength, MPa
Concrete, (Psi)
kg/m3
Average of 3 Average of 3 Individu Average of 3 Individual
units units al Units units Units
Lightweight Less Than 1680 288 320 13. 1 (1900) 11.7 (1700)
Medium 1680 to less 240 272 13. 1 (1900) 11.7 (1700)
Weight than 2000 208 240 13. 1 (1900) 11.7 (1700)
Normal 200 or more
Weight

Sampling and Testing for Concrete Hollow Blocks and Louvers -Method of

Sampling for Quality Test shall be as follows: 1. One (1) Quality Test for every 10,000 units

or fraction thereof. 2. Six (6) specimens to be submitted for one (1) quality test in which

three (3) specimens for Compression Test and the remaining three (3) for Moisture Content

and Water Absorption [ CITATION DPW18 \l 1033 ].

The standard addresses both fine aggregates (including natural sand, manufactured

sand or a combination of these) and course aggregates (gravel, crushed gravel, crushed stone

and similar items.) The aggregate materials must be screened down to the appropriate sizes,
 8

which range from 4.75 mm to a #200 sieve. In addition to this, there are specific

requirements for the materials used [ CITATION bra \l 1033 ].

Table 2.4. ASTM C-618

Chemical Class
  F C N

SiO2 + Al2 O3 + Fe2 O3 min% 70 50 70

SO3 max% 5 5 4
Moisture Content max% 3 3 3
Loss on Ignition max% 6 6 10
Physical        
Fineness + 325 Mesh max% 1.5 1.5 1.5
Strength Activity / Cem. min% 75 75 75
Water Requirement max% 105 105 115
Autoclave Expansion max% 0.8 0.8 0.8
Uniformity Requirements        
Density Max. Var. max% 5 5 5
Fineness Points Var. max% 5 5 5

Classification

Class N – Raw or calcined natural pozzolans that comply with the applicable

requirements for the class as given herein, such as some diatomaceous earths; opaline cherts

and shales; tuffs and volcanic ashes or pumicities, calcined or uncalcined; and various

materials requiring calcination to induce satisfactory properties, such as some clays and

shales.

Class F – Fly ash normally produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal

that meets the applicable requirements for this class as given herein. This class of fly ash

has pozzolanic properties.

 9

Class C – Fly ash normally produced from lignite or subbituminous coal that meets

the applicable requirements for this class as given herein. This class of fly ash, in addition to

having pozzolanic properties, also has some cementitious properties[CITATION kup2 \l 1033 ].

Related Literature

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

The use of mineral admixtures improves the compressive strength, pore

structure, and permeability of the mortars and concretes because the total porosity decreases

with increasing the hydration time. The silica content of pozzolans reacts with free lime

released during the hydration of cement and forms additional calcium silicate hydrate (CSH)

as new hydration products, which improves the mechanical properties of concrete formation

[CITATION Noo \l 1033 ].

SCBA incorporation into concrete can improve the mechanical properties of

concrete at certain replacement levels, decrease hydration heat improve concrete durability,

and intensify the interface between the cementitious matrix and the aggregate [CITATION

Qin18 \l 1033 ].

SCBA has a major content of silica and it gives a good pozzolanic material [3].

This material has a crystalline structure and amorphous in nature[CITATION Div18 \l 1033 ].

Cockleshell

As the percentage replacement of PWCS(Periwinkle Coarse Shell) and

PWFS(Periwinkle Fine Shell) increases from 0% to 100% the slump decreases that are the

workability decreases. Concrete made with 100% PWCS- aggregates are lighter than the
 10

normal granite chippings concrete, that is as percentage of granite chippings increases the

density of concrete produced increases. The two specimens PWFS and PWCS concrete

exhibited low characteristics strength less than 10N/mm2 when used holistically that are at

100 percentage replacement[CITATION Tim16 \l 13321 ].

Grinding seashells to relatively fine particles comparable to Portland cement, the

average sizes of ground short-necked clam, green mussel, oyster, and cockle were 20.80,

29.87, 13.93, and 13.56 mm, respectively as compared to 22.82 mm of Portland cement

particles. The main chemical composition of ground seashells was calcium carbonate, in the

range of 96%-97%. The Blain fineness of the ground oyster shell was finer than those of

other seashells, implying better strength development [CITATION Pus12 \l 13321 ].

Since the main component of seashells is calcium carbonate, which is similar to

limestone, it can, therefore, is categorized as an inert material in concrete or cement mortar.

Seashell waste, which can be used in either powder or aggregate form, does not react

chemically with cement and only acts as a filler material[CITATION Kim18 \l 13321 ].

The workability of concrete followed a decreasing trend with the addition of fine

glass aggregate, due to the angular nature of the glass particles. Despite this trend, the

concrete was deemed workable and was within the specified tolerance intervals [ CITATION

MAd151 \l 13321 ].

Compressive Strength

Inclusion of 10% replacement for PWCS aggregates and PWFS aggregates is close to

that of 0% i.e. control design mix, meaning that the results are good at this level of
 11

replacement. At 30% replacement, both PWCS & PWFS concrete were able to attain the

design compressive strength of 20N/mm2, but the coarse shell concrete showed a better

characteristics strength property [CITATION Tim16 \l 13321 ].

Increasing the percentage replacement of ground short-necked clam, oyster, and

cockle seashells tended to reduce the compressive strength of the concrete, because the less

reactive material of ground seashell mixed with the Portland cement. However, because the

particle sizes of the 3 types of ground seashells were a little smaller than those of Portland

cement, the small particles of ground seashells acted as a filler material, inserting themselves

into the void of the Portland cement. Therefore, the compressive strengths of the seashell-

containing concrete were a little lower than that of the control mortar [CITATION Pus12 \l

13321 ].

The compressive strength was generally found to decrease when seashells were used

as partial aggregate substitute, particularly at higher replacement levels. The strength

reduction was mainly attributed to the increased surface area of the seashell aggregate, which

resulted in less cement paste for the coating, as well as the inherent weaker strength of the

seashell aggregate[CITATION Kim18 \l 13321 ].

Compressive strength was found to increase with the addition of waste glass to the

mix up until the optimum level of replacement. This can be attributed to the angular nature of

the glass particles facilitating increased bonding with the cement paste. In proportions

exceeding 30%, waste glass was found to negatively impact the development of compressive

strength. It is suggested that in larger quantities, the angular nature of the glass aggregate

reduces available cement paste and leads to the formation of microscopic voids within the

concrete matrix[ CITATION MAd151 \l 13321 ].

 12

Cement Replacement

Increasing the percentage replacement of ground seashells in Portland cement

improved the water requirement and the setting times of the mortars. The incorporation of

ground seashells reduced the water demand of mortar and improved the workability. The

setting times of ground seashell mortars were extended. These are important advantages for

masonry construction and plastering in hot climates[CITATION Pus12 \l 13321 ].

Fine Aggregate Replacement

Seashell waste used as partial aggregate replacement has an adverse effect due to the

increase in the amount of voids present. However, it is shown that by controlling the size

fractions by eliminating the finer sizes of the seashell aggregate, the adverse effect on

workability can be reduced, however, this must also be supplemented by limiting the amount

of aggregate replacement. Adequate workability and strength of concrete made with seashell

waste, particularly as a partial fine aggregate replacement, could be attained as long as the

maximum replacement levels are limited to below 20%[CITATION Kim18 \l 13321 ].

Addition of waste glass beyond the optimum level resulted in a significant reduction

to the level of compressive strength developed. At a glass replacement level of 40%, the

compressive strength achieved (35.1 MPa) was 17% below the control and 25% below the

maximum recorded value. However, at optimum percentage replacement of sand with fine

glass aggregate was determined to be 30%[ CITATION MAd151 \l 13321 ].

Fine aggregate was replaced up to 50% bottom ash by the weight of fine aggregate

and evaluating its compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. The

optimum gained after 7 and 28 days curing period was found to be 10% bottom ash + 90%

fine aggregate [CITATION S1K181 \l 1033 ].

 13

The higher the replacement by recycled aggregates, the lower the compressive

strength for all the curing durations. Both coarse and fine recycled aggregates decrease the

compressive strength. The results concern mixes with RFA. All the tested mixes present a

decrease in strength. This is mainly due to the added water for the work ability correction.

However, the compressive strength of young concrete, typically after 1 day of curing, is more

influenced by the incorporation of recycled aggregates than the mixes tested after 14 & 28

days[CITATION Kou17 \l 1033 ].

Related Studies

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

Consistency, initial setting time, final setting time increases with increase in

percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash where as soundness and compressive strength of mortar

decreases with increase in percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash. Compressive strength,

flexural strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete containing Portland pozzolana

cement with sugarcane bagasse ash decreases with increase in percentage of sugarcane

bagasse ash[CITATION Amr15 \l 1033 ].

Up to 10% replacement of the ordinary Portland cement by bagasse ash achieved a

higher compressive strength at all test ages i.e. 3, 7 and 28 days, whereas the 15%

replacement of the cement by bagasse ash in the concrete have shown a slightly lower

compressive strength at 56 days. The water penetration depth was found to increase as the

bagasse ash content increases and all the blended concretes showed a higher maximum

penetration depth than the control concrete. It can therefore be concluded that 10%

replacement of cement by bagasse ash results in a similar concrete properties and higher
 14

replacement could also be used with a slight reduction in the performance of the concrete

[ CITATION Bir11 \l 1033 ].

The specimens with SCBA showed lower corrosion rates. This behavior was due to

the pozzolanic properties of SCBA that decreased the size of the concrete pores, which

restricts the ingress of chloride ions [ CITATION REN12 \l 1033 ].

Twenty-five percent SCBA showed similar compressive strength at 28 days as

the reference mix achieved, therefore it can be concluded that 25% SCBA mix is equivalent

to the reference mix, NC, whereas 5 to 15% SCBA content is determined as optimum

replacement for producing high strength concrete [CITATION Asm14 \l 1033 ]

Figure 6 shows the variation of compressive strength N/mm2 with curing ages. The

compressive strength decreases with increase in SCBA while it increases with increase in

curing age. Concrete made from OPC (0% ash) has higher compressive strength at 28 days of

curing than concrete made by varying SCBA to cement content [ CITATION TSa14 \l 1033 ].

Curing Age (Days)

Figure No. 2.3. Variation of Compressive Strength N/mm2 With Curing Ages
 15

Cockleshell

Addition of cockleshell as partial coarse and fine aggregate replacement reduces the

concrete workability due to its shape and rougher texture. At the optimum replacement of

fine aggregate by crushed cockleshell at 10% contributes towards development of concrete

strength. Probably, the strength increment is due to the effective function of crushed

cockleshell as space filler[CITATION BRa16 \l 13321 ].

Finely crushed cockleshell seems to have good potential as partial fine aggregates

replacement in cement sand brick production. Utilization of finely crushed cockleshell up to

30% successfully increases the strength performance of brick. In addition, the use of

cockleshell in production of environmental friendly brick is a smart approach of converting

the waste to wealth. Pollution resulting from dumping of cockleshell also can be reduced and

river sand can be saved from excessive mining activity[CITATION Kha16 \l 13321 ].

Addition of cockleshell as partial coarse aggregate replacement reduces the concrete

workability owing to its shape and rougher texture. However, it is interesting to note that

replacement of natural coarse aggregate by cockleshell at a level of 20 % resulted in the

increase of compressive strength compared to control specimen. Nevertheless, integration of

too much of cockleshell produces harsher mix which causes difficulties to produce dense

concrete thus disrupts the strength performance[ CITATION KMu12 \l 13321 ].

The development of sea shell ash as partial cement replacement could be produce as a

cement-like material where the particle size will be the same or finer than cement. Concrete

with seashells as cement replacement will produce better concrete in term of chemical

composition, specific gravity, compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile

strength[ CITATION Wan17 \l 13321 ].

 16

Fine Aggregate Replacement

The replacement from 5% and 10% manage to aid towards achievement of higher

concrete strength than plain concrete. And with the combination replacement of natural

coarse aggregate by cockleshell at a level of 25% and fine aggregate by crushed cockleshell

at a level of 10% resulted in increase of compressive strength and also to the compared to

control specimen. Integration of too much of cockleshell produces harsher mix which causes

disrupt the strength performance[CITATION BRa16 \l 13321 ].

Water absorption of the recycled fine and coarse aggregates from fresh concrete

waste is higher than the naturel aggregates. The measured coefficient of absorption is 4.3%

and 13% for coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. The use of fresh concrete waste, after

crushing, as recycled fine and coarse aggregates decreases the mechanical performance of the

new concrete[ CITATION Kou17 \l 1033 ].

Based from the results of the study the properties of the recycled fine aggregate are

very similar to the natural aggregates. The recycled fine aggregates give a dense concrete as

the fines help in making[CITATION KRa17 \l 1033 ].

The results demonstrated that the surface water absorption decreased as copper

slag quantity increases up to 35% replacement; beyond that level of replacement, the

absorption rate increases rapidly. Therefore, it is recommended that 40 wt. % of copper slag

can used as fine aggregate replacement in order to obtain concrete with good strength and

durability properties[ CITATION MRA15 \l 1033 ].

Compressive Strength
 17

Replacement of natural coarse aggregate partially with cockleshell enhances the

strength performance of concrete when a right mix proportion is formulated. It can be noticed

that mix consisting replacement of 20% cockleshell exhibit the highest value of compressive

strength which outshine other mixes including plain concrete. The surface texture of

cockleshell which is rougher than granite aggregate improves bonding and increases inter

particle friction which is turn enhances the compressive strength of the concrete. Too much

of cockleshell tend to decrease the compressive strength of concrete as can be seen in the

performance of concrete mix consisting 30% of cockleshell. It is justified since too much of

cockleshell which means higher effective surface area, would lead to insufficient proportion

of cement paste thus leading to poor bonding properties of the matrix with aggregates. In

addition, the reduction in concrete workability with increase of cockleshell makes the mix

difficult to be compacted resulting in hardened concrete with higher porosity thus exhibit

lower strength[ CITATION KMu12 \l 13321 ].

Cement Replacement

The seashells are high potential materials to become partial cement replacement and

filler in concrete. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the sea shells is more than 90% and is

similar to contain of calcium carbonate in the limestone dust that been used in the Portland

cement production. Inclusion Seashell has higher compressive strength than a control sample.

It can be concluded that the clam shell is the most suitable material to be used as cement

replacement in concrete and the optimum percentage of replacement is 4% [ CITATION

Wan17 \l 13321 ].

Synthesis and Justification

 18

The collected studies, literature and related readings plays an important role in

providing the factors to consider regarding the design mix, the percent of sugarcane bagasse

ash to be used, and the gradation of cockleshell powder. The variables of this study such as

cockleshell, cement replacement, fine aggregates, sugarcane bagasse ash, and compressive

strength is present in the review of related literature.

Due to the Build Build Build program of Pres. Rodrigo R. Duterte, Philippines is now

developing an increase in demand of construction materials, such as, cement and sand.

Because of the low compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks, its workability and

compressive strength is subjected to development.

The calcium carbonate content of cockleshell provides immediate setting. The

fineness of cockleshell increase the strength development and density of concrete. Because of

its properties, it is suitable for replacing sand as fine aggregate. On the other hand, the silica

content of sugarcane bagasse ash is responsible for the achieving the early-strength of

concrete, same as the property possessed by cement, but there shall be a certain percentage to

consider.

Problems related to industrial wastes are increasing nowadays. Recycling wastes as

alternatives for construction materials is one of the solution to lessen these problems.

Therefore, this study will develop a concrete hollow blocks using cockleshell powder as fine

aggregate and sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement replacement.

 19

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This research study will determine the compressive strength of load bearing hollow

blocks using crushed cockleshell as fine aggregate replacement and sugarcane bagasse ash
 20

partial cement replacement. Determining the properties of crushed cockleshell as fine

aggregate replacement and sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement replacement by

reviewing related literature begins this study. Proper crushing and gradation of crushed

cockleshell, sugarcane bagasse ash, and ordinary Portland cement. The concrete is to be mix

in the mixing pan with enough water. The mixture is poured in the hollow blocks molder and

will be compacted. After the compaction of sample, it is dried for 24 hours and soak in the

container for curing. After 28 days of curing the sample were inserted to the compression

machine for compression, soak in water and dry in the oven for water absorption test.

Considering the test result, the sample containing crushed cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse

ash comparing to the ordinary load-bearing hollow blocks as to comparing it also to the

ASTM and national standards. Choose the optimum mix.

Phase 1. Review of Concept

This phase aims to forecast the amount of cockleshell as fine aggregate replacement

and percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash as cement replacement based on review of related

literature. This includes reading of articles, journals, research study, thesis, books, and other

related materials. The output of this phase provide the mixing ratio to optimize the

compressive strength of the load bearing hollow blocks.

Step 1. Estimating the amount of cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse based of previous

related studies.

Authors of journals, article, studies and other related materials regarding the

percentage amount of sugarcane bagasse ash are the respondent in this step. This includes

determining the properties of crushed cockleshell as fine aggregate replacement and the
 21

property of the sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement replacement included in the concrete

mix.

Step 2. Estimating concrete mix based of previous related studies.

The authors of journals, article, and studies are the one providing the information on

which concrete mix will give best result. Based on the finished study it helped in choosing

the optimum mix that will give high compressive strength. This helped the study on choosing

the water cement ratio, the ratio of sugarcane bagasse ash, and crushed cockleshell included

in the mix.

Step 3. Determining methodology based of previous related studies.

In this step, methodologies, tools and equipment used in the previous study was

identified. The methodologies available in Philippines can be locally accessed. Also, the

availability of equipment around the area can be confirmed accessible.

Step 4. Evaluation of conclusion of result based of previous related studies.

From the data gathered in the articles, journals, research study and other correlated

materials in internet and library, evaluation and taking up of concepts of the design mixes of

sugarcane bagasse ash, crushed cockleshell take place.

Phase 2. Sampling Methods and Curing

The sample are produced from obtaining of materials, collection of sugarcane bagasse

and cockleshell, as well as the crushing of cockleshell and gradation of fine aggregates are

present in this phase. When the materials and equipment ready, the sampling started, this is

where the related design mix based on the output is applied.

 22

Step 5. Collecting of cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse.

In this step, cockleshell were collected in the seas around Masinloc, Zambales.

Cockles live in sandy, sheltered beaches. It lives in the intertidal zone at one to two meters

water depth but concentrates in the littoral area. They are burrowed down into sand or mud. It

siphons are short, and the foot is also well developed causing it to be capable of moving the

animal about in short leaps at the surface, where it normally lives.

Sugarcane bagasse was collected in Sto. Niño, Cabangan, Zambales, while the

ordinary Portland cement is purchased in the hardware.

Figure No. 3.1. (a.) Purchased
cockleshells of the researchers from
Masinloc, Zambales to be used as a
partial fine-aggregates replacement.
Figure No. 3.2. (b.) The researcher
collecting sugarcane bagasse from Sto.
Niño, Cabangan, Zambales to be used as
a partial cement replacement.

Step 6. Crushing of cockleshell and burning of

sugarcane bagasse.

Cockleshells are dried under the sun, cleaned and washed. The shells placed in the

electric rock crusher, two to three shells at a time to make it finer particles. In Figure No. 3.3,

the equipment have a large opening on the upper part, inside this machine are thick steel

shafts with chain operated by electric motor. When it is turned on, the chain inside rotates
 23

and begins pulverizing the cockleshell. At the lower part of the machine is the filter on which

the crushed cockles shell is filtered to control the size produced in the machine. A container

was placed at the bottom part of the machine to collect the crushed cockleshell.

Sugarcane bagasse ash was dried under the sun. When dried enough, burning begins.

An improvised rectangular box using recycled galvanize iron sheet is to contain the burned

sugarcane bagasse ash. When the ash cool down, it is collected and placed in a container.

Figure No. 3.3. (a.) Improvised electric Figure No. 3.4. (b.) A researcher
rock crusher used for crushing crushing the cockleshell using
cockleshell to be used as a partial fine- improvised electric rock crusher.
aggregates replacement.

Figure No. 3.5. (c.) Burning of sugarcane

bagasse to become ash to be used as a partial
replacement for cement.
 24

Step 7. Gradation of fine aggregate

After the crushing of cockleshell, the triple beam balance is used and the reading is

set to zero. The filtered powder is to be placed in sieve no. 4, then; the sieve shaker will start

for ¼ hours. After ¼ hours, the sieve shaker was stopped. The particles passing no. 4 sieve

and retaining in no. 200 was used as fine aggregate. The particles was weighed and tabulated

to organize data. The fineness modulus of fine aggregate was obtained by adding the total

percentage of the sample on each series of sives and dividing the sum by 100.

Step 8. Mortar Mixing

The concrete hollow block mix is prepared by combining the crushed cockleshell,

sugarcane bagasse ash, ordinary Portland cement using weighing scale. Using 1:7:1/2 mix

proportion based on related readings is to be used. Crushed cockleshell, sugarcane bagasse

ash and ordinary Portland cement were mixed appropriately with shovel to achieve the bond

of the components of the mixture that will provide best results. The water to be included in

the mixture was added by volume and mixed thoroughly to attain the desired consistency.

The outputs created in this step were concrete mix composed of ordinary Portland cement

and concrete mix composed of ordinary Portland cement with crushed cockleshell.
 25

FigureofNo.3.7
Figure No.3.6. (a.) Weighing (b.) .Weighing of
ordinary
sugarcane bagasse ash using mechanical
Portland cement using mechanical
weighing scale. weighing scale.

Figure No. 3.8. (c.) Mixing of sugarcane

bagasse ash, ordinary portland cement,
crushed cockleshell and river sand using
Step 9. Sampling of concrete
shovel to be put into the mold.
hollow blocks

The combination of the

cement and fine aggregates based on the evaluated ratio from phase 1 including the

percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash, crushed cockleshell, and water. The mixture prepared is

composed of four sets, six samples of 10 percent,15 percent, and 20 percent, and six samples

of ordinary concrete hollow blocks. After proportioning the dry materials, a calculated

amount of water was cautiously added to the mixture to produce a mortar. Take the molder

used for load bearing concrete hollow blocks, clean it thoroughly from outer surface up to

inner surface. Do not forget to put small amount of oil inside the mold so that the removing

of sample will be easy. While putting the mortar in the mold, make sure to compact it by

vibrating the mold for at least three times for every 1/3 pour of mortar. Compacting will

minimize the voids in the concrete hollow blocks. Let the sample dry for 24 hours.

Table 3.1. Number of Samples for Compression and Water Absorption Test
 26

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Test

Percentage (%) Total
Compression Water Absorption Test
Test
0 (ordinary chb) 3 3 6
10 3 3 6
15 3 3 6
20 3 3 6
Total number of samples = 24

Figure No. 3.9.The researcher putting

mortar into the mold for sampling of
concrete hollow blocks.

Step 10. Curing of sample in 28 days

Both ordinary and modified sample of concrete hollow blocks are soaked in clean

water for 28 days curing. When the sample was removed from the form, it is dried for 24

hours. After the curing period, the samples are ready for compression and water absorption

test. Keeping it under water will make it effectively cured. This will maintain satisfactory

moisture content that give the desired strength of concrete. Curing can be done in a curing

yard so that complete moisturization will be permitted. The longer the curing time the better

the product. Ponding can also be used as a method of curing. It is done by pooling water on a

flat surface.
 27

Phase 3. Testing of samples

The output of phase 2 is the subject for testing of materials in which the samples will

undergo compression test and water absorption test. The mentioned tests were conducted at

DPWH Zambales 1st District using the universal testing machine, oven, and triple beam

balance. This determined the compressive strength of load-bearing concrete hollow blocks.

gross sectional area of sample

Step 11. Compression Test

After 28 days of curing, the hollow

blocks was pulled in the container with water carefully to prevent damage in the sample and

then bring it in DPWH Material Testing Facility. The sample is placed in the compression

test apparatus. After placing the sample in the testing machine, one half of the expected

maximum load is applied at a continuous manner, and the remaining load is applied in not

less than 2 minutes. The load at which sample fails and the maximum load divided by gross

sectional area of the sample will give the compressive strength of the block.

Out of the 30 samples, 15 samples were tested in compression, three samples for

ordinary hollow blocks, three for cockleshell contained blocks, three for 10, 15, and 20

percent sugarcane bagasse ash contained blocks.

Compressive strength of the block maximum load applied

= (1)
 28

Figure No. 3.11. Cracking result of the

concrete hollow blocks sample during the
compressive strength test in DPWH.

Step 12. Water absorption test

Samples of ordinary hollow blocks, cockle and sugarcane bagasse ash contained

hollow blocks were dried in the oven at 100°C to 115°C for 24 hours then removed from the

oven and cooled at a room temperature. Next is to weigh the dried sample using triple beam

balance in kilograms and designate it as W1. After weighing, the sample was soaked

completely in clean water for 24 hours. It was removed from water, drained for at least one

minute. The visible excess water was wiped and then weighed again in kilograms using the

same tool and designate it as W2.

The water absorption capacity is calculated using the formula:

W = W2 – W1 (2)
W1

Where:

W = percentage of water absorbed by concrete hollow blocks within 24 hours

W1 = dry unit weight of the concrete hollow blocks

 29

W2 = wet weight of the concrete hollow blocks

Figure No. 3.12. The laboratory technician

weighed the sample for water absorption test
using digital weighing scale.

Phase 4. Result Statistical Analysis and Evaluation

The data in this study is defined by a quantitative analysis. From the descriptive statistics,

many data are used in a significant way. In the previous phase, the output from testing of

samples are evaluated.

Step 13. Comparison of result to the National Standards

In this step, the data gathered from the compressive strength test was tabulated from

0%, 8%, 10%, and 12% with the corresponding result at a 28 days curing. The resulting

compressive strength for 0% is 802.00 psi, for 8% is 815.67 psi, for 10% is 827.00 psi, and

for 12% is 819.33 psi. It only shows that this study meet the required compressive strength

which should be greater than 700 psi.

Step 14. Evaluation of compressive strength of load bearing CHB

 30

Considering the result from the tests done on load-bearing CHB, the sample that gives

the higher value of compressive strength is the sample that contains 10% of crushed

cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse ash. In the water absorption test, the sample that contains

8% of crushed cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse ash gives low water absorptivity.

Step 15. Selection of optimum sample that meet the requirement of ASTM

The sample were selected with optimum value in compressive strength which is

greater than 700 psi (4.9MPa) and low water absorption. Based on result of the compressive

strength using statistical analysis and water absorption test, the samples were describe

differently. The sample with the content of 10% crushed cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse

ash convey maximum compressive strength, while the sample with 8% of the partial

replacements has low water absorption and lighter weight load-bearing concrete hollow

blocks.

Theoretical Framework

The sugarcane bagasse ash have silica content that make it as a pozzolanic material.

Well burnt sugarcane bagasse ash can be optimally replaced to high-strength Portland cement

up to 20%. The compressive strength will decreased if the partial cement replacement is

more than 30%. The cockleshell as replacement of fine aggregates will developed a strength

in concrete. Also, the increase in development strength can be attributed to the fineness of the

cockleshell in the concrete hollow blocks.

 31

Conceptual Framework
First, this study will go on phase 1 which is review of concept which contain,

estimating the amount of cockleshell based on previous related studies, estimating concrete

mixture based also on the previous related studies, determining the methodology used in that

research, evaluate the result in the previous study. The output of this phase is the percentage

of sugarcane bagasse ash and concrete mix ratio.

Next, the second phase will be the sampling methods. This includes collection and

preparing of cockleshells and sugarcane bagasse ash in the estuaries, purchasing materials

needed, and gradating of fine and crushed cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse ash, mortar

mixing based on the output of the phase 1, sampling of concrete hollow blocks and lastly

curing of samples within the span of 28 days. The output of this phase is the 30 samples of

both ordinary concrete hollow blocks and hollow blocks containing waste crushed

cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse ash.

Then, the third phase will be the testing of samples, the samples will undergo

compressive test and water absorption test which also includes getting the density of the

samples. The output of this phase is the test result of the sample.

Lastly, the final phase of this study will result in statistical analysis and evaluation

which includes: Statistical Analysis of Results and Cost Benefit Analysis of samples,

evaluation of compressive strength of load-bearing CHB by which the samples will be

observe 28th day of curing, and lastly, choosing optimum percentage which exhibits greater

compressive strength and low water absorption. The output of this phase will be the

conclusion and recommendation which can be used for further development of this research

that can be used as input in phase 1.

 32

Figure No. 3.10. Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this research study is to evaluate the compressive strength of load-

bearing concrete hollow blocks using sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement replacement

and crushed cockleshell as fine aggregates replacement.

This study will address the following:

1. Develop various mixtures with different combination of 8, 10, 12 percentage of

sugarcane bagasse ash and crushed cockleshell.

 33

2. Investigate the behavior of compressive strength and water absorption after 28 days.

3. Compare the compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks with or without the

sugarcane bagasse and crushed cockleshell.

4. Determine which mixture will meet the required compressive strength of load-bearing

concrete hollow blocks based on the standards of ASTM C-90.

5. Choose the optimum percentage waste crushed cockleshell as fine aggregate and

sugarcane bagasse ash as cement replacement that will provide the greatest result

which will meet the ASTM.

Hypothesis

Sugarcane bagasse ash as partial replacement for cement and cockleshell as fine

aggregates replacement to the ordinary concrete hollow blocks would surpass unlike work

the concrete hollow blocks. The following hypothesis are as follows:

Ho: There is no significant effect on percentage on cement replacement and fine

aggregate replacement on the load-bearing concrete hollow blocks.

Significance of the Study

Concrete hollow block, being one of the most commonly used construction materials

for building, has resulted to increase of its demand. Greater demands call for increase

production. People used to make their houses by local materials and local construction

technique without any engineering philosophy especially in rural areas. Non-Engineered

buildings are frequently affected by earthquake and show poor performance and its need
 34

special attention. Therefore, the solution to the problem is to develop load bearing concrete

hollow block with high compressive strength that will resist the earthquake by improving its

workability and compressive strength by replacing a waste cockleshell as sand replacement

and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as partial cement replacement. The use of cockleshell and

Sugarcane bagasse will result to a cleaner environment and the use of river sand can be

reduce and avoid future depletion of natural fine aggregate in future.

Scope and Limitation

The scope of this project study it to produce a design of concrete hollow block using

sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement and crushed cockleshell as a substitute for fine

aggregates and should meet the required compressive strength greater than 700 psi and 4.826

MPa. The fine aggregate should pass sieve number 4 and sieve number 200 for the cement

and sugarcane bagasse ash. The percentage of the sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement is

limited to 10%, 15% and 20% and will use Portland cement type 1 only. The produce

samples are in four different types which includes the ordinary concrete hollow blocks, and

the other three blocks containing different percentage. Moreover, to determine the quality

and strength the sample was tested under the compression test and water absorption test. And

in addition, this study includes testing of sample under 28 th day of curing. And the main

scope of this study is to ensure that the concrete hollow block containing sugarcane bagasse

ash and crushed cockleshell was capable to use as a construction material.

Research Design

Collecting of Information about cockleshell

and sugarcane bagasse ash
 35

Sampling

Controlled Group Experimental Group

Testing of Samples

Results and Evaluation

Figure No. 3.11. Research Design

Research Setting
The cockleshells are taken at the certain island in Masinloc, Zambales while the

sugarcane bagasses are taken at Sto. Nino Cabangan, Zambales. The burning of sugarcane

baggase, mortar mixing, sampling and also curing is at Botolan, Zambales. And the

pulverization of cockleshell is at Iba ,Zambales.

The testing of sample is to be conducted at DPWH Zambales office.

Respondent of the Study

The respondents are authors of related studies that provided the percentage amount of

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash which they concluded.

 36

The samples are prepared based in percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash, testing and

number of days of curing. Every test contains 3 sample having percentage of 10, 15, & 20%.

At 0% it contains 3 samples for every test (sand & cement). There are 2 tests to be conducted

and samples will be cured for only 28 days. Overall, 24 samples are subject for the testing of

materials that give the result for evaluation.

Data Gathering Procedure

There are five sets of sample for this study, four samples of 10 percent,15 percent, and 20

percent, six samples of conventional load-bearing concrete hollow blocks, for a total of 24

samples. The density of hollow blocks containing crushed cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse

ash is to be compared to the density of the conventional load-bearing hollow blocks. The

samples are to be placed in an oven, then will be dried so that the dry weight of sample is

determined. For 24 hours, the samples are soaked in water for the water absorption test. After

curing of samples, it is being taken out from the container for testing. These samples will

undergo compression and water absorption test. The result is to be evaluated and presented

by bar graph which will compare the sample containing sugarcane bagasse ash and crushed

cockleshell with the sample containing ordinary Portland cement. Lastly, conclusion will be

formed so that an optimum sample is to be chosen that will meet the requirement in ASTM

C-90.

Data Gathering Instruments

The instruments used for the review of concept are books, journals and other

review materials like thesis to give an enough data for the mortar mixture of the study.
 37

The pail, shovel, trowel and hollow block mold with 150mm x 200mm x 400mm

size are used in sampling of concrete.

In testing of sample, the universal testing machine wherein it measures the

compressive strength or axial load of the sample. Triple beam balance is also used in

determining the weight of the sample for water absorption. Moreover, oven is used to dry the

sample immediately.

Statistical Treatment

The one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze and compare the

results of data that were acquired from the laboratory test result with three average sample. It

correlate the control concrete hollow blocks from the three other mixes which contains 8%,

10% and 12% of waste crushed cockleshell as partial cement replacement.

The analysis of variance shows a significant difference in mean compressive

strength of the different percentages of the samples containing crushed cockleshell and

sugarcane bagasse ash.

Result and Discussion

Table 4.1 displays the compressive strength of mixes with fix 10% crushed cockleshell as

fine aggregate and sugarcane bagasse ash as cement replacement of 8, 10, and 12 % by

weight. It can be noticed that mix consisting replacement of 10% sugarcane bagasse ash

exhibit the highest value of compressive strength which outshine other mixes including plain

concrete.
 38

Table No.4.1 Mean compressive strength of load-bearing concrete hollow blocks containing

10% crushed cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse ash at 28 days of curing

Compressive Strength (Psi)

Sample Name Percentage Replaced (%)
28th Day
Controlled 0% 802.00
Mix A 8% 819.33
Mix B 10% 827.00
Mix C 12% 815.67

Compressive Strength
(28 Days of Curing)
Compressive Strength (Psi)

830
825
820
815
810 12%
805
800
795
790
785
Controlled Mix A Mix B Mix C
Sample Name
Figure No. 4.1 Compressive Strength of load-bearing concrete hollow blocks at 28 days

Compressive Strength

The capability of a concrete to resist the loads liable to lessen the dimension is termed

as compressive strength of concrete cube specimen. The compressive strength test is made

for cube specimen of sizes 150x150x150mm for 28 days of curing. The test results are shown

in fig 4.1.

Based on test results presented in figure 4.1, with the inclusion of 8% sugarcane

bagasse ash as cement replacement, the compressive strength was found to increase up to
 39

2.16%. This can be concluded that the inclusion of sugarcane bagasse ash can contribute

towards the enhancement of compressive strength of load-bearing concrete hollow blocks.

When the cement replacement with sugarcane bagasse ash was increased to up to 10%, the

compressive strength was found to increase up to 3.12%. A reduction of 1.70% in the

compressive strength of plain concrete was found when up to 12% cement was replaced by

sugarcane bagasse ash. This study found that found that there is an optimum level of cement

replacement with sugarcane bagasse ash in terms of the compressive strength enhancement,

which is 10%.

Based on the test result, the replacement of fine aggregate by crushed cockleshell at

10% contributes towards development of concrete strength. Cockleshell contains mainly 95-

97% of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) that influences the physical properties and strength

development of concrete. The fineness of the crushed cockleshells particle help to increase

the development strength of a concrete. And also, the strength increment is also due to the

effective function of crushed cockleshell as space filler.

Also, the inclusion of optimum Sugarcane Bagasse Ash can also help to increase the

compressive strength of load-bearing concrete hollow blocks, it contain silica content that

makes it as a pozzolanic material so that it can be used as a partial cement replacement. That

silica content contributes towards the early-strength of concrete. The addition of 12% or

more Sugarcane bagasse ash reduced the compressive strength of load-bearing concrete

hollow blocks. This is due to the fact that high replacement of cement by bagasse ash reduces

cement content of the mixture which in turn causes a reduction in the hydration reaction. As

a result of this, the mix containing 12% of bagasse ash resulted to lower compressive
 40

strength. On the other hand, the addition of 10% of sugarcane bagasse ash exhibits the

highest compressive strength, this probably due to pozzolamic reaction between bagasse ash

and calcium hydroxide (Ca( HO)2 ) from the cement hydration.

Formulation of a right mix proportion consisting crushed cockleshell as partial fine

aggregate replacement and sugarcane bagasse ash as partial cement replacement would result

in load-bearing concrete hollow blocks with enhanced strength.

Water Absorption

The water absorption of different mixes containing Sugarcane bagasse Ash and

crushed cockleshell is shown in the table below. It is confirmed that as the percentage of

sugarcane bagasse ash increases, the water absorptivity also increases evidently. The high

water absorption of mixes was due to the porous nature and rough surface of the Sugarcane

bagasse ash particles. It also confirmed that the cockleshell reduces the water absorption.

Table No.4.2. Mean water absorption of load-bearing concrete hollow blocks containing 8 %

crushed cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse ash at 28 days of curing.

Water content (%)

Sample Name Percentage Replaced (%)
28th Day
Controlled 0% 8.86
Mix A 8% 7.12
Mix B Water Absorption
10% 7.48
Mix C 12% 8.35
10
9
Water Absorbed (%)

8
7
6
5 12%
4
3
2
1
0
Controlled Mix A Mix B Mix C
Sample Name
 41

Figure No. 4.2. Water Absorption of load-bearing concrete hollow blocks at 28 days

Chapter 4

CONCLUSION

Hollow blocks are one of the most extensively used walling materials in the

Philippines. Concrete hollow blocks is the most common construction material used in wall

in the Philippines especially on low and mid-rise building. Concrete hollow blocks can be

used as load bearing wall or a non-load bearing wall.

After conducting the compressive strength test on load-bearing concrete hollow

blocks and cement using waste crushed cockleshell as partial cement replacement, and

sugarcane bagasse ash as partial fine aggregate replacement, this research develops the

following conclusion, which corresponds to the objective of the study:

The design mix ratio that results to high compressive strength and satisfy the ASTM

requirement is the 10% sample, which is composed of 1.11 part of cement, 0.11 part of
 42

sugarcane bagasse ash, 0.85 part of crushed cockleshell, 7.69 part of river sand and 0.56 part

of water.

Both sugarcane bagasse ash and crushed cockleshell partial replacement gives a

decrease in compressive strength when higher percentage is used. Partial replacement of

sugarcane bagasse ash improves compressive strength and water tightness; also, crushed

cockleshell improves the compressive strength of the concrete.

Based on the test result, the mixture with 10% crushed cockleshell waste gives the

higher compressive strength in 28 days of curing compared to the other samples containing

crushed cockleshell.

Based on the water absorption test, the sample containing 8% of sugarcane bagasse

ash shows low water absorptivity than 10% and 12% samples, with water absorptivity of

7.48% and 8.35% respectively.

Based on the result of the compressive strength test, the sample containing crushed

cockleshell gives higher compressive strength than the sample without the partial

replacements. The percentages of crushed cockleshell and sugarcane bagasse ash helps

improve the properties of an ordinary CHB such as the compressive strength and water

absorption.

By observing the result of the compressive strength test, it is shown that the sample

containing 10% of crushed cockleshell gives higher compressive strength than the other

percentages. Lower percentage of crushed cockleshell results to lower compressive strength.

The percentage of cockleshell that will result to high compressive strength is limited only up
 43

to 10%, because as stated in the related literature, the increasing partial replacement

decreases compressive strength.

CHAPTER 5

RECOMMENDATION

The construction of load bearing concrete hollow blocks that has waste cockleshell

and sugarcane bagasse is recommended to be near the place where in the said waste materials

are abundant. The reason of this is to lessen the cost on masonry works to avoid hauling of

materials. It also has a potential to use as plastering which performs as water-proofing

additives.

It is recommended in the process of crushing the cockleshell to clean or remove the

hair like or dirt that clung in the shell before crushing it.

The replacement of fine aggregate is recommended to be 10% or less.

 44

For the process of conducting the laboratory tests on load-bearing concrete hollow

blocks it is recommended to let it dry more than 24 hours before conducting the laboratory

tests.

The cockleshell have high calcium content which can improve the concrete physical

and mechanical properties of concrete because of this it has a potential to use as partial

cement replacement. Moreover, further analysis are required to determine the performance of

cockleshell as sound, thermal and fire resistance.

However, sugarcane bagasse ash has also a potential use in concrete component as

fine aggregate. It is recommended that the process of burning sugarcane bagasse ash if use as

fine aggregate is burnt in an uncontrolled condition and at high temperature to have a high

level of organic matter.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(Asma Abd Elhameed Hussein, N. S. (2014). Compressive Strength and Microstructure of

Sugarcane Bagasse ash Concrete.

(Qing Xu, T. J.–J. (2018). Characteristics and Applications of Sugarcane bagasse ash Waste

in Cementitious Materials.

. Noor – Ul Amin, 2. (2011). Use of Bagasse Ash in Concrete and Its Impact on the Strength

and Chloride Resistivity .

abdulkadir, T., Oyejobi, D., & Lawa, a. a. (2014). Evaluation of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a

Replacement for Cement in Concrete Works.

 45

Adaway, M. (2015). Recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in structural

concrete.

Biruk, H. (2011). Bagasse Ash as Cement Replacement Material.

Cluster, G. S. (2014). Concrete Hollow Blocks.

Kiran, K. M., Harish, K., R, V., & Ramesh. (2018). Experimental Study on Partial

Replacement on FineAggregate by Bottom Ash in Cement Concrete. International

Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

Kumari, A., & Prof. Seo Kumar. (2015). Experimental study on Partial Replacement of

Cement by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash.

Lertwattanaruk, P., Makul, N., & Siripattarapravat, C. (2012). Utilization of ground waste

seashells in cement mortars for masonry and plastering.

Mamery, S., Z.M., S., S., Y., M.O., B., & Emeruwa, E. (2013). A Study of Concrete made

with Fine anf Coarse Aggregates Recycled from Fresh Concrete waste.

Moa, K. H., Alengaram, U. J., Jumaat, M. Z., & Lee, S. C. (2018). Recycling of seashell

waste in concrete.

Mohammad, W. A., Othman, N. H., Ibrahim, M. H., Rahim, M. A., Shahidan, S., & Rahman,

R. A. (2017). A review on seashells ash as partial cement replacement.

Muthusamy, K., & Sabri, N. A. (2012). Cockle Shell: A Potential Partial Coarse Aggregate

Replacement In Concrete.
 46

Muthusamy, K., Nasir, S. M., & Budiea, A. M. (2016). Properties of Cement Sand Brick

Containing Finely Crushed Cockle Shell as Partial Fine Aggregates Replacement.

R.E, N. –J., J.E., B.-R., C.P., B.-D., Tiburcio, C. G., & Calderon, F. A. (2012). Corrosion of

Modified Concrete with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash.

Radhika1, K. (2017). Construction And Demolition Waste as a Replacement of Fine

Aggregate in Concrete.

Ramakrishna, B., & Sateesh, A. (2016). Exploratory study on the use of cockle shell as

partial Coarse & Fine aggregate replacement in concrete.

Soneye, T., Ede, A. N., Bamigboye, G. O., & Olukanni, D. O. (2016). The Study of

Periwinkle Shells as Fine and Coarse in Concrete Works.

Sundaravadivel, D., & Mohana, D. (2018). Recent Studies of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in

Concrete and mortar- a review.

Vincent, V. (n.d.). ASTM C618.1203394-1.

Wang, M. A. (2015). Recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in structural

concrete.
 47

APPENDIX A

Design Mix Ratio

(by weight)

Table No. A.1. Mix ratio for controlled load-bearing CHB

No. Material Description Ratio Weight (kg)

1 Cement 1 1
2 Sand 7 7
3 Cockleshell 0 0
4 Water 0.5 0.5
5 SCBA 0 `0

Table No. A.2 Mix ratio for load-bearing chb with 8% crushed cockleshell and sugarcane
bagasse ash
 48

No. Material Description Ratio Weight (kg)

1 Cement 0.92 1.09
2 Sand 0.92 7.434
3 Cockleshell 0.08 0.826
4 Water 0.5 0.545
5 SCBA 0.08 0.0872

Table No. A.3 Mix ratio for load-bearing chb with 10% crushed cockleshell and sugarcane
bagasse ash

No. Material Description Ratio Weight (kg)

1 Cement 0.90 1.11
2 sand 0.90 7.686
3 Cockleshell 0.10 0.854
4 Water 0.5 0.555
5 SCBA 0.10 0.11
Table No. A.4 Mix ratio for load-bearing chb with 12% crushed cockleshell and sugarcane
bagasse ash

No. Material Description Ratio Weight (kg)

1 Cement 0.88 1.14
2 sand 0.88 8.064
3 Cockleshell 0.12 0.896
4 Water 0.5 0.57
5 SCBA 0.12 0.14

APPENDIX B
TEST RESULTS
 49

Figure No. 4.3. Communication Letter

 50

Figure No. 4.4. Compressive strength test result of 0%.

 51

Figure No. 4.5. Compressive strength test result of 8%.

 52

Figure No. 4.6. Compressive strength test result of 10%.

 53

Figure No. 4.7. Compressive strength test result of 12%.