Hello and welcome my friends to the fifth lecture of our writing course.

In this lecture, our teacher will talk about the following ideas:
The Concluding Paragraph
Transition Signals between Paragraphs
Complex Sentences
The lecturer's speech:
Good afternoon everyone. Last lecture, we talked about the essay and its
three main parts.
We defined the essay as a process of writing several paragraphs instead of
just one or two paragraphs; moreover, it is written about one topic.
An essay has three main parts:
A. An introductory paragraph
B. A body (at least one, but usually two or more paragraphs)
C. A concluding paragraph
We discussed the introductory paragraph that has two main parts:
 General statements
 Thesis statement
We will move to page 107 and talk about the concluding paragraph.
The Concluding Paragraph:
The final paragraph in an essay is the conclusion, which tells the
reader that you have completed an essay. First, you write a summary
of the main points discussed in the body of the essay or rewrite the
thesis statement in different words. Then you add your final
comments on the subject.
You have to know that the concluding paragraph of the essay is just like
the concluding sentence of the paragraph. It can be either a summary of
the whole essay or a restatement of the thesis statement. Additionally, it
is recommended to insert your final comment about the topic of your
essay in the last sentence of your concluding paragraph.
Note: in the exam, I might ask you about the definition of the concluding
paragraph. So, take care.
Page 108
Transition Signals between Paragraphs
Transition signals are important not only within paragraphs but also
between paragraphs. If you write two or more paragraphs, you need
to show the relationship between your first and second paragraph,
between your second and third paragraph, and so on.
Two paragraphs are linked by adding a transition signal to the topic
sentence of the second paragraph. This transition signal may be a
single word, a phrase, or a dependent clause that repeats or
summarizes the main idea in the first paragraph.
We said every now and then that a paragraph needs to have some
transition signals to make it coherent. In a paragraph, we use transitions
to connect sentences with each other. Talking about the essay, we are also
required to use transition signals in two places:
 Within paragraphs
 Between paragraphs
What are the types of transitions that we use to tie paragraphs within an
essay?
The transitions that will join paragraphs within an essay may be:
 A single word
 A phrase
 A dependent clause
Look at the example on page 110
In body paragraphs 1 & 2, we bond them via the transition words:
 One way
  Another way
In body paragraph 3, we related the paragraph to the essay with the aid of
the transition phrase:
 In addition to cutting off and tailgating other cars,
In body paragraph 4, we linked this one to the essay with the help of the
dependent clause:
 Although law enforcement authorities warn motorists against
aggressive driving,
Take a trip to page 160
We will discuss the complex sentence …

Complex Sentences:
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or
more) dependent clause(s). In a complex sentence, one idea is
generally more important than the other one. The more important
idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea
is placed in the dependent clause.
Note: in the exam, I might ask you to define the complex sentence; thus,
be cautious!
There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.
The following chart presents an overview of them.
Dependent clause:
Adverb Clause
A dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinator
such as when, while, because, although, if, so that, etc.
Examples:
I. Although women In the United States could own property, they
could not vote until 1920.
2. In the United States, women could not vote until 1920 although they
could own property.

Notice that there are two possible positions for an adverb clause: before
or after the independent clause. If the dependent clause comes before the
independent clause, it is followed by a comma (sentence 1). If it comes
after the independent clause, no comma is used (sentence 2).
 Adjective clause

A dependent adjective (relative) clause begins with a relative

pronoun such as who, whom, which, whose, or that, or with a
relative adverb such as where or when. An adjective clause
functions as an adjective; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
3. Men who are not married are called bachelors.
4. Last year we vacationed on the Red Sea, which features excellent
scuba diving.

Noun clause
A dependent noun clause functions as a noun and begins with a wh-
question word, that, whether, or sometimes if. A dependent noun
clause can be either a subject (sentence 5) or an object (sentence 6).
No commas are necessary.
Examples:
4. That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth's atmosphere is
well known.
5. Scientists believe that excess chlorofluorocarbons in the
atmosphere are responsible for creating it.

Practice 7:
In this practice, we need to define the independent clause, dependent
clause, and the subordinator.

1. When students from other countries come to the United States,

they often suffer from culture shock.
The dependent clause:
When students from other countries come to the United States. This is an
adverb clause.
The independent clause:
They often suffer from culture shock
The subordinator:
When
 2. Because the cost of education has risen, many students are
having financial problems.
The dependent clause:
Because the cost of education has risen. This is an adverb clause
The independent clause:
Many students are having financial problems.
The subordinator:
Because
3. Please tell me where the student union is.
The dependent clause:
Where the student union is. This is a noun clause because it has the
function of an object.
The independent clause:
Please tell me
The subordinator:
Where
4. Engineers, who have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics,
must also be artistic and imaginative.
The dependent clause:
Who have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics. This is an adjective
clause because it modifies the noun 'engineers'
The independent clause:
Engineers must also be artistic and imaginative.
The subordinator:
Who
Ok, that is everything for today. See you next week.
For any questions, help, or private courses within a group, you can
contact me via What'sApp (0945462264)
Done: Moussa Al-Rashed
Scanned by: Ahmad Jawad