Fish Fin: Types Bony Fishes

11/7/2020 Fish fin - Wikipedia
Fish fin
Fins are usually the most distinctive
anatomical features of a fish. They are
composed of bony spines or rays
protruding from the body with skin
covering them and joining them together,
either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most
bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as seen in
sharks. Apart from the tail or caudal fin,
fish fins have no direct connection with the
spine and are supported only by muscles.
Ray fins on a teleost fish, Hector's lanternfish
Their principal function is to help the fish
(1) pectoral fins (paired), (2) pelvic fins (paired), (3) dorsal fin,
swim.
(4) adipose fin, (5) anal fin, (6) caudal (tail) fin
Fins located in different places on the fish

serve different purposes such as moving
forward, turning, keeping an upright position or stopping. Most fish use fins when swimming, flying fish
use pectoral fins for gliding, and frogfish use them for crawling. Fins can also be used for other purposes;
male sharks and mosquitofish use a modified fin to deliver sperm, thresher sharks use their caudal fin to
stun prey, reef stonefish have spines in their dorsal fins that inject venom, anglerfish use the first spine
of their dorsal fin like a fishing rod to lure prey, and triggerfish avoid predators by squeezing into coral
crevices and using spines in their fins to lock themselves in place.
Contents
Types
Bony fishes
Lobe-finned
Ray-finned
Cartilaginous fishes
Generating thrust
Controlling motion
Reproduction
Other uses
Evolution
Evolution of paired fins
Classical theories
Evolutionary developmental biology
From fins to limbs
Robotic fins
Diversity of fins
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fin#AnchPectoral 1/23
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Types
For every type of fin, there are a number of fish species in which this particular fin has been lost during
evolution.
The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually kept folded just
behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods.
A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, is the

creation of the dynamic lifting force that assists some fish, such as
sharks, in maintaining depth and also enables the "flight" for flying fish.
Pectoral fins In many fish, the pectoral fins aid in walking, especially in the lobe-like
fins of some anglerfish and in the mudskipper.
Certain rays of the pectoral fins may be adapted into finger-like
projections, such as in sea robins and flying gurnards.
The "horns" of manta rays and their relatives are called cephalic fins;
this is actually a modification of the anterior portion of the pectoral fin.
The paired pelvic or ventral fins are typically located ventrally below and
behind the pectoral fins, although in many fish families they may be
positioned in front of the pectoral fins (e.g. cods). They are homologous to the
hindlimbs of tetrapods. The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down
through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly.
Pelvic fins
(Ventral fins)
In gobies, the pelvic fins are often fused into a single sucker disk. This
can be used to attach to objects.[1]
Pelvic fins can take many positions along the ventral surface of the fish.
The ancestral abdominal position is seen in (for example) the minnows;
the thoracic position in sunfish; and the jugular position, when the pelvics
are anterior to the pectoral fins, as seen in the burbot.[2]
Dorsal fins are located on the back. A fish

can have up to three dorsal fins. The
dorsal fins serve to protect the fish against
rolling, and assist it in sudden turns and
stops. Dorsal fin of a chub
Dorsal fin
(Leuciscus
In anglerfish, the anterior of the dorsal fin is cephalus)
modified into an illicium and esca, a biological
Dorsal fin of a shark equivalent to a fishing rod and lure.
The bones that support the dorsal fin are called Pterygiophore. There are
two to three of them: "proximal", "middle", and "distal". In rock-hard,
spinous fins the distal is often fused to the middle, or not present at all.
The anal/cloacal fin is located on the ventral surface behind the

anus/cloaca. This fin is used to stabilize the fish while swimming.
Anal/cloacal
fin
Adipose fin The adipose fin is a soft, fleshy fin found on the back behind the dorsal fin
and just forward of the caudal fin. It is absent in many fish families, but found
in nine of the 31 euteleostean orders (Percopsiformes, Myctophiformes,
Aulopiformes, Stomiiformes, Salmoniformes, Osmeriformes, Characiformes,
Siluriformes and Argentiniformes).[3] Famous representatives of these orders
are salmon, characids and catfish.
Adipose fin of a trout
The function of the adipose fin is something of a mystery. It is
frequently clipped off to mark hatchery-raised fish, though data
from 2005 showed that trout with their adipose fin removed have
an 8% higher tailbeat frequency.[4][5] Additional information

released in 2011 has suggested that the fin may be vital for the
detection of, and response to, stimuli such as touch, sound and
changes in pressure. Canadian researchers identified a neural
network in the fin, indicating that it likely has a sensory function,
but are still not sure exactly what the consequences of removing
it are.[6][7]
A comparative study in 2013 indicates the adipose fin can

develop in two different ways. One is the salmoniform-type way,
where the adipose fin develops from the larval-fin fold at the
same time and in the same direct manner as the other median
fins. The other is the characiform-type way, where the adipose
fin develops late after the larval-fin fold has diminished and the
other median fins have developed. They claim the existence of
the characiform-type of development suggests the adipose fin is
not "just a larval fin fold remainder" and is inconsistent with the
view that the adipose fin lacks function.[3]
Research published in 2014 indicates that the adipose fin has

evolved repeatedly in separate lineages.[8]
Caudal fin The caudal fin is the tail fin (from the Latin cauda meaning tail), located at
(Tail fin) the end of the caudal peduncle and is used for propulsion. See body-caudal
fin locomotion.
(A) - Heterocercal means the vertebrae extend into the upper

lobe of the tail, making it longer (as in sharks). It is the opposite
of hypocercal.
Hypocercal, also known as reversed heterocercal, means that

the vertebrae extend into the lower lobe of the tail, making it longer
(as in the Anaspida). It is the opposite of heterocercal.[9]
(B) - Protocercal means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the

tail and the tail is symmetrical but not expanded (as in
amphioxus)
(C) - Homocercal where the fin appears superficially symmetric

but in fact the vertebrae extend for a very short distance into the
upper lobe of the fin
(D) - Diphycercal means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the

tail and the tail is symmetrical and expanded (as in the bichir,
lungfish, lamprey and coelacanth). Most Palaeozoic fishes had a
diphycercal heterocercal tail.[10]
Most modern fishes (teleosts) have a homocercal tail. These

appear in a variety of shapes, and can appear:
rounded
truncated, ending in a more-or-less vertical edge (such as salmon)
forked, ending in two prongs
emarginate, ending with a slight inward curve.

lunate or shaped like a crescent moon
Some types of fast-swimming fish have a horizontal caudal keel just forward
of the tail fin. Much like the keel of a ship, this is a lateral ridge on the caudal
peduncle, usually composed of scutes (see below), that provides stability and
support to the caudal fin. There may be a single paired keel, one on each
side, or two pairs above and below.
Caudal keel
Finlets are small fins, generally behind the dorsal and anal fins
Finlets (in bichirs, there are only finlets on the dorsal surface and no
dorsal fin). In some fish such as tuna or sauries, they are
rayless, non-retractable, and found between the last dorsal
and/or anal fin and the caudal fin.
Bony fishes
Bony fishes form a taxonomic group called Osteichthyes. They have skeletons
made of bone, and can be contrasted with cartilaginous fishes which have
skeletons made of cartilage. Bony fishes are divided into ray-finned and lobe-
finned fish. Most fish are ray-finned, an extremely diverse and abundant
group consisting of over 30,000 species. It is the largest class of vertebrates
in existence today. In the distant past, lobe-finned fish were abundant. Skeleton of a ray-finned
Nowadays they are mainly extinct, with only eight living species. Bony fish fish
have fin spines and rays called lepidotrichia. They typically have swim
bladders, which allows the fish to create a neutral balance between sinking
and floating without having to use its fins. However, swim bladders are absent in many fish, most
notably in Lungfishes, which are the only fish to have retained the primitive lung present in the common
ancestor of bony fish from which swim bladders evolved. Bony fishes also have an operculum, which
helps them breathe without having to use fins to swim.
Lobe-finned
Lobe-finned fishes form a class of bony fishes called

Sarcopterygii. They have fleshy, lobed, paired fins, which
are joined to the body by a single bone.[11] The fins of
lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that
each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending
from the body. Pectoral and pelvic fins have articulations
resembling those of tetrapod limbs. These fins evolved
into legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates,
amphibians. They also possess two dorsal fins with Lobe-finned fishes, like this coelacanth, have fins
separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of ray- that are borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk
extending from the body. Due to the high number
finned fish.
of fins it possesses, the coelacanth has high
The coelacanth is a lobe-finned fish which is still extant. maneuverability and can orient their bodies in
almost any direction in the water.
It is thought to have evolved into roughly its current form
about 408 million years ago, during the early
Devonian.[12] Locomotion of the coelacanths is unique to
their kind. To move around, coelacanths most commonly take advantage of up or downwellings of the
current and drift. They use their paired fins to stabilize their movement through the water. While on the
ocean floor their paired fins are not used for any kind of movement. Coelacanths can create thrust for
quick starts by using their caudal fins. Due to the high number of fins they possess, coelacanths have
high maneuverability and can orient their bodies in almost any direction in the water. They have been
seen doing headstands and swimming belly up. It is thought that their rostral organ helps give the
coelacanth electroperception, which aids in their movement around obstacles.[13]
Ray-finned
Ray-finned fishes form a class of bony fishes called

Actinopterygii. Their fins contain spines or rays. A fin
may contain only spiny rays, only soft rays, or a
combination of both. If both are present, the spiny rays
are always anterior. Spines are generally stiff and sharp.
Rays are generally soft, flexible, segmented, and may be
branched. This segmentation of rays is the main
The haddock, a type of cod, is ray-finned. It has
difference that separates them from spines; spines may
three dorsal and two anal fins
be flexible in certain species, but they will never be
segmented.
Spines have a variety of uses. In catfish, they are used as a form of defense; many catfish have the ability
to lock their spines outwards. Triggerfish also use spines to lock themselves in crevices to prevent them
being pulled out.
Lepidotrichia are usually composed of bone, but in early osteichthyans such as Cheirolepis, there was
also dentine and enamel.[14] They are segmented and appear as a series of disks stacked one on top of
another. They may have been derived from dermal scales.[14] The genetic basis for the formation of the
fin rays is thought to be genes coded for the production of certain proteins. It has been suggested that the
evolution of the tetrapod limb from lobe-finned fishes is related to the loss of these proteins.[15]
Cartilaginous fishes
Caudal fin of a grey reef shark Cartilaginous fishes, like this shark, have fins that are elongated
and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named
ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny
Cartilaginous fishes form a class of fishes keratin in hair and feathers
called Chondrichthyes. They have
skeletons made of cartilage rather than
bone. The class includes sharks, rays and chimaeras. Shark fin skeletons are elongated and supported
with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny
keratin in hair and feathers.[16] Originally the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any
dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the
middle when scapulocoracoid and puboischiadic bars evolved. In rays, the pectoral fins have connected
to the head and are very flexible. One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the
heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion.[17] Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away
from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first
direction.[18]
As with most fish, the tails of sharks provide thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail
shape. Caudal fin shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate
environments. Sharks possess a heterocercal caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually noticeably
larger than the ventral portion. This is because the shark's vertebral column extends into that dorsal
portion, providing a greater surface area for muscle attachment. This allows more efficient locomotion
among these negatively buoyant cartilaginous fish. By contrast, most bony fish possess a homocercal
caudal fin.[19]
Tiger sharks have a large upper lobe, which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed. The
tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet,
whereas the porbeagle shark, which hunts schooling fish such as mackerel and herring, has a large lower
lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey.[20] Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey
more directly, such as the thresher shark's usage of its powerful, elongated upper lobe to stun fish and
squid.
Generating thrust
Foil shaped fins generate thrust when moved, the lift of the fin sets water or air in motion and pushes the
fin in the opposite direction. Aquatic animals get significant thrust by moving fins back and forth in
water. Often the tail fin is used, but some aquatic animals generate thrust from pectoral fins.[21]
Cavitation occurs when negative

Moving fins can provide thrust
pressure causes bubbles (cavities)
to form in a liquid, which then
promptly and violently collapse. It
can cause significant damage and
wear.[22] Cavitation damage can
occur to the tail fins of powerful
Fish get thrust Stingrays get thrust swimming marine animals, such as
moving vertical tail from large pectoral dolphins and tuna. Cavitation is
fins from side to fins more likely to occur near the
side Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling
surface of the ocean, where the
ambient water pressure is relatively Finlets may influence
low. Even if they have the power to the way a vortex
swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed because collapsing develops around the tail
cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful.[23] Cavitation also slows tuna, fin.
but for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles,
because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot
swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed.
Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage.[23]
Scombrid fishes (tuna, mackerel and bonito) are particularly high-performance swimmers. Along the
margin at the rear of their bodies is a line of small rayless, non-retractable fins, known as finlets. There
has been much speculation about the function of these finlets. Research done in 2000 and 2001 by
Nauen and Lauder indicated that "the finlets have a hydrodynamic effect on local flow during steady
swimming" and that "the most posterior finlet is oriented to redirect flow into the developing tail vortex,
which may increase thrust produced by the tail of swimming mackerel".[24][25][26]
Fish use multiple fins, so it is possible that a given fin can have a hydrodynamic interaction with another
fin. In particular, the fins immediately upstream of the caudal (tail) fin may be proximate fins that can
directly affect the flow dynamics at the caudal fin. In 2011, researchers using volumetric imaging
techniques were able to generate "the first instantaneous three-dimensional views of wake structures as
they are produced by freely swimming fishes". They found that "continuous tail beats resulted in the
formation of a linked chain of vortex rings" and that "the dorsal and anal fin wakes are rapidly entrained
by the caudal fin wake, approximately within the timeframe of a subsequent tail beat".[27]
Controlling motion
Once motion has been established, the motion itself can be controlled with the use of other fins.[21][28]
Specialised fins are used to control motion
Like boats and airplanes, fish need Many reef fish have pectoral and The dorsal fin of a white shark
some control over six degrees of pelvic fins optimised for flattened contain dermal fibers that work "like
freedom, three translational (heaving, bodies [32] riggings that stabilize a ship's mast",
swaying and surging) and three and stiffen dynamically as the shark
rotational (pitching, yawing and swims faster to control roll and
rolling)[29][30][31] yaw.[33]
The bodies of reef fishes are often shaped differently from open water fishes. Open water fishes are
usually built for speed, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through the water.
Reef fish operate in the relatively confined spaces and complex underwater landscapes of coral reefs. For
this manoeuvrability is more important than straight line speed, so coral reef fish have developed bodies
which optimize their ability to dart and change direction. They outwit predators by dodging into fissures
in the reef or playing hide and seek around coral heads.[32] The pectoral and pelvic fins of many reef fish,
such as butterflyfish, damselfish and angelfish, have evolved so they can act as brakes and allow complex
manoeuvres.[34] Many reef fish, such as butterflyfish, damselfish and angelfish, have evolved bodies
which are deep and laterally compressed like a pancake, and will fit into fissures in rocks. Their pelvic
and pectoral fins have evolved differently, so they act together with the flattened body to optimise
manoeuvrability.[32] Some fishes, such as puffer fish, filefish and trunkfish, rely on pectoral fins for
swimming and hardly use tail fins at all.[34]
Reproduction
Male cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays), as well as the males of

some live-bearing ray finned fishes, have fins that have been
modified to function as intromittent organs, reproductive
appendages which allow internal fertilization. In ray finned fish they
are called gonopodia or andropodia, and in cartilaginous fish they
are called claspers.
Gonopodia are found on the males of some species in the

Anablepidae and Poeciliidae families. They are anal fins that have This male mosquitofish has a
been modified to function as movable intromittent organs and are gonopodium, an anal fin which
used to impregnate females with milt during mating. The third, functions as an intromittent
fourth and fifth rays of the male's anal fin are formed into a tube- organ[35][36]
like structure in which the sperm of the fish is ejected.[37] When
ready for mating, the gonopodium becomes erect and points
forward towards the female. The male shortly inserts the organ into
the sex opening of the female, with hook-like adaptations that allow
the fish to grip onto the female to ensure impregnation. If a female
remains stationary and her partner contacts her vent with his
gonopodium, she is fertilized. The sperm is preserved in the female's
oviduct. This allows females to fertilize themselves at any time
without further assistance from males. In some species, the
gonopodium may be half the total body length. Occasionally the fin This young male spinner shark has
claspers, a modification to the pelvic
is too long to be used, as in the "lyretail" breeds of Xiphophorus
fins which also function as
helleri. Hormone treated females may develop gonopodia. These are
intromittent organs
useless for breeding.
Similar organs with similar characteristics are found in other fishes,

for example the andropodium in the Hemirhamphodon or in the Goodeidae.[38]
Claspers are found on the males of cartilaginous fishes. They are the posterior part of the pelvic fins that
have also been modified to function as intromittent organs, and are used to channel semen into the
female's cloaca during copulation. The act of mating in sharks usually includes raising one of the claspers
to allow water into a siphon through a specific orifice. The clasper is then inserted into the cloaca, where
it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and
sperm.[39][40]
Other uses
The Indo-Pacific sailfish has a prominent dorsal fin. Like scombroids and other billfish, they streamline
themselves by retracting their dorsal fins into a groove in their body when they swim.[41] The huge dorsal
fin, or sail, of the sailfish is kept retracted most of the time. Sailfish raise them if they want to herd a
school of small fish, and also after periods of high activity, presumably to cool down.[41][42]
Frogfish use their pectoral Flying fish achieve sufficient lift to Large retractable dorsal fin of the
and pelvic fins to walk along glide above the surface of the Indo-Pacific sailfish
the ocean bottom [43] water thanks to their enlarged
pectoral fins
The thresher shark uses its caudal fin to stun

prey
The oriental flying gurnard has large pectoral fins which it normally holds against its body, and expands
when threatened to scare predators. Despite its name, it is a demersal fish, not a flying fish, and uses its
pelvic fins to walk along the bottom of the ocean.[44][45]
Fins can have an adaptive significance as sexual ornaments. During courtship, the female cichlid,
Pelvicachromis taeniatus, displays a large and visually arresting purple pelvic fin. "The researchers
found that males clearly preferred females with a larger pelvic fin and that pelvic fins grew in a more
disproportionate way than other fins on female fish."[46][47]
Other uses of fins
The Oriental flying gurnard During courtship, the female Triggerfish squeeze into coral crevices
has large pectoral fins with cichlid, Pelvicachromis to avoid predators, and lock
eye spots which it displays to taeniatus, displays her visually themselves in place with the first spine
scare predators arresting purple pelvic fin of their dorsal fin[48]
The first spine of the In some Asian

dorsal fin of the countries shark fins
anglerfish is modified are a culinary delicacy
so it functions like a [49]
fishing rod with a lure
Evolution
Evolution of paired fins
There are two prevailing hypotheses that have been historically debated as models for the evolution of
paired fins in fish: the gill arch theory and the lateral fin-fold theory. The former, commonly referred to
as the “Gegenbaur hypothesis,” was posited in 1870 and proposes that the “paired fins are derived from
gill structures”.[50] This fell out of popularity in favor of the lateral fin-fold theory, first suggested in
1877, which proposes that paired fins budded from longitudinal, lateral folds along the epidermis just
behind the gills.[51] There is weak support for both hypotheses in the fossil record and in embryology.[52]
However, recent insights from developmental patterning have prompted reconsideration of both
theories in order to better elucidate the origins of paired fins.
Classical theories
Karl Gegenbaur's concept of the “Archipterygium” was introduced in 1876.[53] It was described as a gill
ray, or “joined cartilaginous stem,” that extended from the gill arch. Additional rays arose from along the
arch and from the central gill ray. Gegenbaur suggested a model of transformative homology – that all
vertebrate paired fins and limbs were transformations of the Archipterygium. Based on this theory,
paired appendages such as pectoral and pelvic fins would have differentiated from the branchial arches
and migrated posteriorly. However, there has been limited support for this hypothesis in the fossil
record both morphologically and phylogenically.[52] In addition, there was little to no evidence of an
anterior-posterior migration of pelvic fins.[54] Such shortcomings of the gill-arch theory led to its early
demise in favor of the lateral fin-fold theory proposed by St. George Jackson Mivart, Francis Balfour, and
James Kingsley Thacher.
The lateral fin-fold theory hypothesized that paired fins developed from lateral folds along the body wall
of the fish.[55] Just as segmentation and budding of the median fin fold gave rise to the median fins, a
similar mechanism of fin bud segmentation and elongation from a lateral fin fold was proposed to have
given rise to the paired pectoral and pelvic fins. However, there was little evidence of a lateral fold-to-fin
transition in the fossil record.[56] In addition, it was later demonstrated phylogenically that pectoral and
pelvic fins arise from distinct evolutionary and mechanistic origins.[52]
Evolutionary developmental biology
Recent studies in the ontogeny and evolution of paired appendages have compared finless vertebrates –
such as lampreys – with chondricthyes, the most basal living vertebrate with paired fins.[57] In 2006,
researchers found that the same genetic programming involved in the segmentation and development of
median fins was found in the development of paired appendages in catsharks.[58] Although these
findings do not directly support the lateral fin-fold hypothesis, the original concept of a shared median-
paired fin evolutionary developmental mechanism remains relevant.
A similar renovation of an old theory may be found in the developmental programming of chondricthyan
gill arches and paired appendages. In 2009, researchers at the University of Chicago demonstrated that
there are shared molecular patterning mechanisms in the early development of the chondricthyan gill
arch and paired fins.[59] Findings such as these have prompted reconsideration of the once-debunked
gill-arch theory.[56]
From fins to limbs
Fish are the ancestors of all mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians.[60] In particular, terrestrial
tetrapods (four-legged animals) evolved from fish and made their first forays onto land 400 million
years ago.[61] They used paired pectoral and pelvic fins for locomotion. The pectoral fins developed into
forelegs (arms in the case of humans) and the pelvic fins developed into hind legs.[62] Much of the
genetic machinery that builds a walking limb in a tetrapod is already present in the swimming fin of a
fish.[63][64]
In 2011, researchers at Monash University in Australia used primitive

but still living lungfish "to trace the evolution of pelvic fin muscles to Aristotle recognised the
find out how the load-bearing hind limbs of the tetrapods distinction between analogous
and homologous structures,
evolved."[66][67] Further research at the University of Chicago found and made the following
bottom-walking lungfishes had already evolved characteristics of the prophetic comparison: "Birds
walking gaits of terrestrial tetrapods.[68][69] in a way resemble fishes. For
birds have their wings in the
In a classic example of convergent evolution, the pectoral limbs of upper part of their bodies and
pterosaurs, birds and bats further evolved along independent paths fishes have two fins in the front
part of their bodies. Birds have
into flying wings. Even with flying wings there are many similarities feet on their underpart and
with walking legs, and core aspects of the genetic blueprint of the most fishes have a second pair
pectoral fin have been retained.[70][71] of fins in their under-part and
near their front fins."
The first mammals appeared during the – Aristotle, De incessu

Permian period (between 298.9 and animalium [65]
252.17 million years ago). Several
groups of these mammals started
returning to the sea, including the
cetaceans (whales, dolphins and
porpoises). Recent DNA analysis
suggests that cetaceans evolved from
within the even-toed ungulates, and
Comparison between A) the that they share a common ancestor
swimming fin of a lobe-finned with the hippopotamus.[72][73] About In a parallel but independent
fish and B) the walking leg of 23 million years ago another group of evolution, the ancient reptile
a tetrapod. Bones considered bearlike land mammals started Ichthyosaurus communis developed
to correspond with each other returning to the sea. These were the fins (or flippers) very similar to fish
have the same color. seals. [74] What had become walking (or dolphins)
limbs in cetaceans and seals evolved
independently into new forms of
swimming fins. The forelimbs became flippers, while the hindlimbs were either lost (cetaceans) or also
modified into flipper (pinnipeds). In cetaceans, the tail gained two fins at the end, called a fluke.[75] Fish
tails are usually vertical and move from side to side. Cetacean flukes are horizontal and move up and
down, because cetacean spines bend the same way as in other mammals.[76][77]
Ichthyosaurs are ancient reptiles that resembled dolphins. They first

appeared about 245 million years ago and disappeared about
90 million years ago.
"This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors

converged so strongly on fishes that it actually evolved a
dorsal fin and tail fin for improved aquatic locomotion.
These structures are all the more remarkable because
Similar adaptations for fully aquatic they evolved from nothing — the ancestral terrestrial
lifestyle are found both in dolphins reptile had no hump on its back or blade on its tail to
and ichthyosaurs
serve as a precursor."[78]
The biologist Stephen Jay Gould said the ichthyosaur was his favorite example of convergent
evolution.[79]
Fins or flippers of varying forms and at varying locations (limbs, body, tail) have also evolved in a
number of other tetrapod groups, including diving birds such as penguins (modified from wings), sea
turtles (forelimbs modified into flippers), mosasaurs (limbs modified into flippers), and sea snakes
(vertically expanded, flattened tail fin).
Robotic fins
The use of fins for the propulsion of aquatic animals can be remarkably effective. It has been calculated
that some fish can achieve a propulsive efficiency greater than 90%.[21] Fish can accelerate and
maneuver much more effectively than boats or submarine, and produce less water disturbance and
noise. This has led to biomimetic studies of underwater robots which attempt to emulate the locomotion
of aquatic animals.[81] An example is the Robot Tuna built by the Institute of Field Robotics (http://fibo.
kmutt.ac.th/), to analyze and mathematically model thunniform

motion.[82] In 2005, the Sea Life London Aquarium displayed three
robotic fish created by the computer science department at the
University of Essex. The fish were designed to be autonomous,
swimming around and avoiding obstacles like real fish. Their creator
claimed that he was trying to combine "the speed of tuna,
acceleration of a pike, and the navigating skills of an eel."[83][84][85]
The AquaPenguin, developed by Festo of Germany, copies the

In the 1990s, the CIA built a robotic
streamlined shape and propulsion by front flippers of
catfish called Charlie, designed to
penguins.[86][87] Festo also developed AquaRay,[88] AquaJelly[89] collect underwater intelligence
and AiraCuda,[90] respectively emulating the locomotion of manta undetected[80]
rays, jellyfish and barracuda. External video
In 2004, Hugh Herr at MIT prototyped a biomechatronic robotic Charlie the catfish (https://www.youtub
com/watch?v=lEeb72ZJKAk) - CIA video
fish with a living actuator by surgically transplanting muscles from
frog legs to the robot and then making the robot swim by pulsing the AquaPenguin (https://www.youtube.co
muscle fibers with electricity.[91][92] /watch?v=u8tfES8gImc) - Festo, YouTube
AquaRay (https://www.youtube.com/wat
Robotic fish offer some research advantages, such as the ability to h?v=-vT-oidWyXE) - Festo, YouTube
examine an individual part of a fish design in isolation from the rest AquaJelly (https://www.youtube.com/wa
of the fish. However, this risks oversimplifying the biology so key h?v=mKMN-dz8n3k) - Festo, YouTube
aspects of the animal design are overlooked. Robotic fish also allow AiraCuda (https://www.youtube.com/wat
researchers to vary a single parameter, such as flexibility or a h?v=TKeVVKGEDLc) - Festo, YouTube
specific motion control. Researchers can directly measure forces,
which is not easy to do in live fish. "Robotic devices also facilitate
three-dimensional kinematic studies and correlated hydrodynamic
analyses, as the location of the locomotor surface can be known accurately. And, individual components
of a natural motion (such as outstroke vs. instroke of a flapping appendage) can be programmed
separately, which is certainly difficult to achieve when working with a live animal."[93]
Diversity of fins
See also
Cephalopod fin
Fin and flipper locomotion
Fish locomotion
Polydactyly in early tetrapods
RoboTuna
Shark fin soup
Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
Undulatory locomotion
References
Citations
1. Standen, EM (2009). "Muscle activity and hydrodynamic function of pelvic fins in trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)" (https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.033084). The Journal of Experimental
Biology. 213 (5): 831–841. doi:10.1242/jeb.033084 (https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.033084).
PMID 20154199 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20154199).
2. Gene Helfman, Bruce Collette, Douglas Facey, & Brian Bowen. (2009) The Diversity of Fishes:
biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons.
3. Bender, Anke; Moritz, Timo (2013-09-01). "Developmental residue and developmental novelty –
different modes of adipose-fin formation during ontogeny". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 89 (2):
209–214. doi:10.1002/zoos.201300007 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzoos.201300007). ISSN 1860-
0743 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1860-0743).
4. Tytell, E. (2005). "The Mysterious Little Fatty Fin" (https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01391). Journal of
Experimental Biology. 208 (1): v. doi:10.1242/jeb.01391 (https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01391).
5. Reimchen, T E; Temple, N F (2004). "Hydrodynamic and phylogenetic aspects of the adipose fin in
fishes" (http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/38870/). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 (6): 910–916.
doi:10.1139/Z04-069 (https://doi.org/10.1139%2FZ04-069).
6. Temple, Nicola (18 July 2011). "Removal of trout, salmon fin touches a nerve" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20140112084221/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/removal-trout-salmon-fin-touches-a-
nerve/). Cosmos. Archived from the original (http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/removal-trout-s
almon-fin-touches-a-nerve/) on 12 January 2014.
7. Buckland-Nicks, J. A.; Gillis, M.; Reimchen, T. E. (2011). "Neural network detected in a presumed
vestigial trait: ultrastructure of the salmonid adipose fin" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC3234561). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1728): 553–563.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1009 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1009). PMC 3234561 (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234561). PMID 21733904 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21
733904).
8. Stewart, Thomas A.; Smith, W. Leo; Coates, Michael I. (2014). "The origins of adipose fins: an
analysis of homoplasy and the serial homology of vertebrate appendages" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC3953844). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281
(1781): 20133120. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3120 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.3120).
PMC 3953844 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3953844). PMID 24598422 (https://pu
bmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24598422).
9. Hyman, Libbie (1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=VKlWjdOkiMwC&q=reverse+heterocercal+tail&pg=PA210) (3 ed.). The University of Chicago
Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0226870137. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
10. von Zittel KA, Woodward AS and Schlosser M (1932) Text-book of Paleontology Volume 2,
Macmillan and Company. Page 13.
11. Clack, J. A. (2002) Gaining Ground. Indiana University
12. Johanson, Zerina; Long, John A.; Talent, John A.; Janvier, Philippe; Warren, James W. (2006).
"Oldest Coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC1686207). Biology Letters. 2 (3): 443–46. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0470 (https://doi.org/10.1098%
2Frsbl.2006.0470). PMC 1686207 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1686207).
13. Fricke, Hans; Reinicke, Olaf; Hofer, Heribert; Nachtigall, Werner (1987). "Locomotion of the
Coelacanth Latimeria Chalumnae in Its Natural Environment". Nature. 329 (6137): 331–33.
Bibcode:1987Natur.329..331F (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.329..331F).
doi:10.1038/329331a0 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F329331a0). S2CID 4353395 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:4353395).
14. Zylberberg, L.; Meunier, F. J.; Laurin, M. (2016). "A microanatomical and histological study of the
postcranial dermal skeleton of the Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis" (https://doi.org/
10.4202%2Fapp.00161.2015). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (2): 363–376.
doi:10.4202/app.00161.2015 (https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.00161.2015).
15. Zhang, J.; Wagh, P.; Guay, D.; Sanchez-Pulido, L.; Padhi, B. K.; Korzh, V.; Andrade-Navarro, M. A.;
Akimenko, M. A. (2010). "Loss of fish actinotrichia proteins and the fin-to-limb transition". Nature. 466
(7303): 234–237. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..234Z (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.466..2
34Z). doi:10.1038/nature09137 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09137). PMID 20574421 (https://p
ubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20574421). S2CID 205221027 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20
5221027).
16. Hamlett 1999, p. 528.
17. Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal
swimming and vertical maneuvering (http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/16/2365.pdf) - The
Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2365–2374 (2002)
18. "A Shark's Skeleton & Organs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100805003021/http://langonigraphix.c
om/skeleton.html). Archived from the original (http://langonigraphix.com/skeleton.html) on August 5,
2010. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
19. Michael, Bright. "Jaws: The Natural History of Sharks" (https://www.webcitation.org/64w8cUzcn?url=
http://www.fathom.com/course/21701777/session1.html). Columbia University. Archived from the
original (http://www.fathom.com/course/21701777/session1.html) on 2012-01-24. Retrieved
2009-08-29.
20. Nelson, Joseph S. (1994). Fishes of the World. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-
54713-6. OCLC 28965588 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28965588).
21. Sfakiotakis, M; Lane, DM; Davies, JBC (1999). "Review of Fish Swimming Modes for Aquatic
Locomotion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131224091124/http://www.mor-fin.com/Science-related-l
inks_files/http___www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk_Research_oceans_people_Michael_Sfakiotakis_IEEEJOE
_99.pdf) (PDF). IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 24 (2): 237–252.
Bibcode:1999IJOE...24..237S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999IJOE...24..237S).
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.459.8614 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.459.8614).
doi:10.1109/48.757275 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2F48.757275). Archived from the original (http://ww
w.mor-fin.com/Science-related-links_files/http___www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk_Research_oceans_people_
Michael_Sfakiotakis_IEEEJOE_99.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-12-24.
22. Franc, Jean-Pierre and Michel, Jean-Marie (2004) Fundamentals of Cavitation (https://books.google.
com/books?id=QJOQYa_oo24C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cavitation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_p6sUNbrHp
HimAWjr4CwBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Cavitation&f=false) Springer.
ISBN 9781402022326.
23. Brahic, Catherine (2008-03-28). "Dolphins swim so fast it hurts" (https://www.newscientist.com/chann
el/life/dn13553-dolphins-swim-so-fast-it-hurts.html). New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
24. Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2001a). "Locomotion in scombrid fishes: visualization of flow around the
caudal peduncle and finlets of the Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus" (http://jeb.biologists.org/conte
nt/204/13/2251.long). Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (Pt 13): 2251–63. PMID 11507109 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11507109).
25. Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2001b). "Three-dimensional analysis of finlet kinematics in the Chub
mackerel (Scomber japonicus)". The Biological Bulletin. 200 (1): 9–19. doi:10.2307/1543081 (https://
doi.org/10.2307%2F1543081). JSTOR 1543081 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1543081).
PMID 11249216 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11249216). S2CID 28910289 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:28910289).
26. Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2000). "Locomotion in scombrid fishes: morphology and kinematics of the
finlets of the Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus" (http://jeb.biologists.org/content/203/15/2247.full.pd
f) (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (Pt 15): 2247–59. PMID 10887065 (https://pubmed.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/10887065).
27. Flammang, BE; Lauder, GV; Troolin, DR; Strand, TE (2011). "Volumetric imaging of fish locomotion"
(http://intl-rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/5/695.full). Biology Letters. 7 (5): 695–698.
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0282 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.0282). PMC 3169073 (https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169073). PMID 21508026 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2150
8026).
28. Fish, FE; Lauder, GV (2006). "Passive and active flow control by swimming fishes and mammals".
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 38 (1): 193–224. Bibcode:2006AnRFM..38..193F (https://ui.adsa
bs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AnRFM..38..193F). doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092201 (https://do
i.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.fluid.38.050304.092201). S2CID 4983205 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/
CorpusID:4983205).
29. Magnuson JJ (1978) "Locomotion by scombrid fishes: Hydromechanics, morphology and behavior"
(https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wnjnyAafAzUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA239&ots=8H2JDGpP
dE&sig=Ygwf_EqmhWwvoEg_icIWCY-peDo#v=onepage&q&f=false) in Fish Physiology, Volume 7:
Locomotion, WS Hoar and DJ Randall (Eds) Academic Press. Page 240–308.
ISBN 9780123504074.
30. Ship's movements at sea (http://www.pomorci.com/Zanimljivosti/Ship's%20movements%20at%20se
a.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111125015923/http://www.pomorci.com/Zanimljivosti/
Ship%27s%20movements%20at%20sea.pdf) November 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Retrieved 22 November 2012.
31. Rana and Joag (2001) Classical Mechanics (https://books.google.com/books?id=1kxkdWGa9-cC&p
g=PA391&dq=yaw+roll+pitch+airplane&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JcitUJWoHe3ImAWEzYHoAw&ved=0CEwQ
6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=yaw%20roll%20pitch%20airplane&f=false) Page 391, Tata McGraw-Hill
Education. ISBN 9780074603154.
32. Alevizon WS (1994) "Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology" (https://www.amazon.com/dp/15599

20777) Gulf Publishing Company ISBN 1-55992-077-7
33. Lingham-Soliar, T. (2005). "Dorsal fin in the white shark,Carcharodon carcharias: A dynamic
stabilizer for fast swimming". Journal of Morphology. 263 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1002/jmor.10207 (https://d
oi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.10207). PMID 15536651 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15536651).
S2CID 827610 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:827610).
34. Ichthyology (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/HowSwim/HowSwim.html) Florida Museum of
Natural History. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
35. Masterson, J. "Gambusia affinis" (http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Gambusia_affinis.htm). Smithsonian
Institution. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
36. Kuntz, Albert (1913). "Notes on the Habits, Morphology of the Reproductive Organs, and
Embryology of the Viviparous Fish Gambusia affinis" (https://books.google.com/books?id=E8QWAA
AAYAAJ&pg=PA178-IA7). Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 33: 181–190.
37. Kapoor BG and Khanna B (2004) Ichthyology Handbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=I7Who
PBdAooC&pg=PA498&lpg=PA498&dq=andropodium+Gonopodium&source=bl&ots=VoZIqJulio&sig=
s8YHS3o11ojBm9cq4iN1UfM_r5g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bXAAVNuDD4a2ogSL2IDADg&ved=0CEgQ6AE
wBQ#v=onepage&q=andropodium%20Gonopodium&f=false) pp. 497–498, Springer Science &
Business Media. ISBN 9783540428541.
38. Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DH and Bowen BW (2009) The Diversity of Fishes: Biology,
Evolution, and Ecology (http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/helfman/) p. 35, Wiley-Blackwell.
ISBN 978-1-4051-2494-2.
39. "System glossary" (http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=clasper&language=english&sc
=is). FishBase. Retrieved 2013-02-15.
40. Heinicke, Matthew P.; Naylor, Gavin J. P.; Hedges, S. Blair (2009). The Timetree of Life:
Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes) (https://books.google.com/books?id=9rt1c1hl49MC&q=Manta
+birostris+fossil&pg=PA320). Oxford University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0191560156.
41. Aquatic Life of the World (https://books.google.com/books?id=va1ODFo_tdUC&pg=PA332&dq=Billfis
h&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2DxwT9qmEqvImAWQssGpBg&ved=0CMABEOgBMBo#v=onepage&q=Billfish&
f=false) pp. 332–333, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2000. ISBN 9780761471707.
42. Dement J Species Spotlight: Atlantic Sailfish (Istiophorus albicans) (http://www.littoralsociety.org/user
files/doccenter/Species%20Spotlight%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20101217230458/http://www.littoralsociety.org/userfiles/doccenter/Species%20Spotlight%20Atlan
tic%20Sailfish.pdf) December 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine littoralsociety.org. Retrieved 1 April
2012.
43. Bertelsen E and Pietsch TW (1998). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 138–
139. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
44. Purple Flying Gurnard, Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier, 1829) (http://australianmuseum.net.au/Purple
-Flying-Gurnard-Dactyloptena-orientalis/) Australian Museum. Updated: 15 September 2012.
Retrieved: 2 November 2012.
45. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). "Dactyloptena orientalis" (http://www.fishbase.org/su
mmary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Dactyloptena&speciesname=orientalis) in FishBase.
November 2012 version.
46. Female fish flaunt fins to attract a mate (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/1010072105
40.htm) ScienceDaily. 8 October 2010.
47. Baldauf, SA; Bakker, TCM; Herder, F; Kullmann, H; Thünken, T (2010). "Male mate choice scales
female ornament allometry in a cichlid fish"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958921). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 301.
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-301 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-10-301). PMC 2958921 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958921). PMID 20932273 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/20932273).
48. Schultz, Ken (2011) Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish (https://books.google.com/books?id
=09SA7lO-DJwC&pg=PA250&dq=Triggerfish+spines+lock&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CidTU9zDCoSokwWO4
YAo&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Triggerfish%20spines%20lock&f=false) Page 250, John
Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118039885.
49. Vannuccini S (1999). "Shark utilization, marketing and trade" (http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/X369
0E/x3690e0p.htm). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 389.
50. Goodrich, Edwin S. 1906. "Memoirs: Notes on the Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median
and Paired Fins of Fish." Journal of Cell Science s2-50 (198): 333–76.
51. Brand, Richard A (2008). "Origin and Comparative Anatomy of the Pectoral Limb" (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505211). Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 466 (3): 531–
42. doi:10.1007/s11999-007-0102-6 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11999-007-0102-6). PMC 2505211
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505211). PMID 18264841 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/18264841).
52. Coates, M. I. (2003). "The Evolution of Paired Fins". Theory in Biosciences. 122 (2–3): 266–87.
doi:10.1078/1431-7613-00087 (https://doi.org/10.1078%2F1431-7613-00087).
53. Gegenbaur, C., F. J. Bell, and E. Ray Lankester. 1878. Elements of Comparative Anatomy. By Carl
Gegenbaur ... Tr. by F. Jeffrey Bell ... The Translation Rev. and a Preface Written by E. Ray
Lankester ... London,: Macmillan and Co.,.
54. Goodrich, Edwin S. 1906. "Memoirs: Notes on the Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median
and Paired Fins of Fish." Journal of Cell Science s2-50 (198): 333–76.
55. Brand, Richard A (2008). "Origin and Comparative Anatomy of the Pectoral Limb" (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505211). Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 466 (3): 531–
42. doi:10.1007/s11999-007-0102-6 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11999-007-0102-6). PMC 2505211
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505211). PMID 18264841 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/18264841).
56. Begemann, Gerrit (2009). "Evolutionary Developmental Biology". Zebrafish. 6 (3): 303–4.
doi:10.1089/zeb.2009.0593 (https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fzeb.2009.0593).
57. Cole, Nicholas J.; Currie, Peter D. (2007). "Insights from Sharks: Evolutionary and Developmental
Models of Fin Development". Developmental Dynamics. 236 (9): 2421–31. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21268
(https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdvdy.21268). PMID 17676641 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1767664
1). S2CID 40763215 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40763215).
58. Freitas, Renata; Zhang, GuangJun; Cohn, Martin J. (2006). "Evidence That Mechanisms of Fin
Development Evolved in the Midline of Early Vertebrates". Nature. 442 (7106): 1033–37.
Bibcode:2006Natur.442.1033F (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.442.1033F).
doi:10.1038/nature04984 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04984). PMID 16878142 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16878142). S2CID 4322878 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4322878).
59. Gillis, J. A.; Dahn, R. D.; Shubin, N. H. (2009). "Shared Developmental Mechanisms Pattern the
Vertebrate Gill Arch and Paired Fin Skeletons" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC26670
79). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (14): 5720–24.
Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5720G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.5720G).
doi:10.1073/pnas.0810959106 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0810959106). PMC 2667079 (http
gov/19321424).
60. "Primordial Fish Had Rudimentary Fingers" (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080922
090843.htm) ScienceDaily, 23 September 2008.
61. Laurin, M. (2010). How Vertebrates Left the Water. Berkeley, California, USA.: University of
California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26647-6.
62. Hall, Brian K (2007) Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fins+into+Limbs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NU
mxUMOENYmOmQXGuYDgCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA) University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 9780226313375.
63. Shubin, Neil (2009) Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=c008kdNwR1cC&dq=%22Your+Inner+Fish%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1q
OyUJCqOorsmAX5xYCwDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA) Vintage Books. ISBN 9780307277459. UCTV
interview (http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=16412)
64. Clack, Jennifer A (2012) "From fins to feet" (https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ztrhm8uLQ0C&pri
ntsec=frontcover&dq=%22Gaining+Ground:+the+Origin+and+Early+Evolution+of+Tetrapods%22&hl
=en&sa=X&ei=yjK4UNjVDo7KmQWU3IC4Bw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Gaining%
20Ground%3A%20the%20Origin%20and%20Early%20Evolution%20of%20Tetrapods%22&f=false)
Chapter 6, pages 187–260, in: Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of
Tetrapods, Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253356758.
65. Moore, John A (1988). "[www.sicb.org/dl/saawok/449.pdf "Understanding nature—form and
function"] Page 485" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F28.2.449). American Zoologist. 28 (2): 449–
584. doi:10.1093/icb/28.2.449 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F28.2.449).
66. Lungfish Provides Insight to Life On Land: 'Humans Are Just Modified Fish' (https://www.sciencedail
y.com/releases/2011/10/111004180106.htm) ScienceDaily, 7 October 2011.
67. Cole, NJ; Hall, TE; Don, EK; Berger, S; Boisvert, CA; et al. (2011). "Development and Evolution of
the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3186808). PLOS
Biology. 9 (10): e1001168. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbi
o.1001168). PMC 3186808 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3186808).
68. A small step for lungfish, a big step for the evolution of walking" (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releas
es/2011/12/111212153117.htm) ScienceDaily, 13 December 2011.
69. King, HM; Shubin, NH; Coates, MI; Hale, ME (2011). "Behavioral evidence for the evolution of
walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC3248479). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (52): 21146–21151.
Bibcode:2011PNAS..10821146K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10821146K).
doi:10.1073/pnas.1118669109 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1118669109). PMC 3248479 (http
gov/22160688).
70. Shubin, N; Tabin, C; Carroll, S (1997). "Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20120916105318/http://genepath.med.harvard.edu/~tabin/Pdfs/Shubin.pdf)
(PDF). Nature. 388 (6643): 639–648. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..639S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/a
bs/1997Natur.388..639S). doi:10.1038/41710 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F41710). PMID 9262397 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9262397). S2CID 2913898 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2
913898). Archived from the original (http://genepath.med.harvard.edu/~tabin/Pdfs/Shubin.pdf) (PDF)
on 2012-09-16.
71. Vertebrate flight: The three solutions (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/converge.html)
University of California. Updated 29 September 2005.
72. "Scientists find missing link between the dolphin, whale and its closest relative, the hippo" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20070304214747/http://www.sciencenewsdaily.org/story-2806.html). Science
News Daily. 2005-01-25. Archived from the original (http://www.sciencenewsdaily.org/story-2806.htm
l) on 2007-03-04. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
73. Gatesy, J. (1 May 1997). "More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting
protein gene gamma-fibrinogen" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025790).
Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (5): 537–543. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790 (http
s://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025790). PMID 9159931 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/9159931).
74. Flynn JJ, Finarelli JA, Zehr S, Hsu J, Nedbal MA (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora
(mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships" (http
s://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150590923326). Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–337.
doi:10.1080/10635150590923326 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150590923326).
75. Felts WJL "Some functional and structural characteristics of cetacean flippers and flukes" (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KyxELyTDlsQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA255&dq=whale+evolution+flipp
er+fluke&ots=8fRempAy-l&sig=0Iy5y8y6E_1xzfjm9Cx_NNva560#v=onepage&q=whale%20evolutio
n%20flipper%20fluke&f=false) Pages 255–275 in: Norris KS (ed.) Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises,
University of California Press.
76. The evolution of whales (http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_03) University of
California Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
77. Thewissen, JGM; Cooper, LN; George, JC; Bajpai, S (2009). "From Land to Water: the Origin of
Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises" (http://www.evolbiol.ru/large_files/whales.pdf) (PDF). Evo Edu
Outreach. 2 (2): 272–288. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-009-
0135-2). S2CID 11583496 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11583496).
78. Martill D.M. (1993). "Soupy Substrates: A Medium for the Exceptional Preservation of Ichthyosaurs
of the Posidonia Shale (Lower Jurassic) of Germany". Kaupia - Darmstädter Beiträge zur
Naturgeschichte, 2 : 77-97.
79. Gould,Stephen Jay (1993) "Bent Out of Shape" (https://books.google.com/books?id=_kOoVw0SIhU
C&dq=&redir_esc=y) in Eight Little Piggies: Reflections in Natural History. Norton, 179–94.
ISBN 9780393311396.
80. "Charlie: CIA's Robotic Fish — Central Intelligence Agency" (https://www.cia.gov/library/video-center/
video-transcripts/charlie-cias-robotic-fish.html). www.cia.gov. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
81. Richard Mason. "What is the market for robot fish?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090704021443/h
ttp://rjmason.com/ramblings/robotFishMarket.html). Archived from the original (http://rjmason.com/ra
mblings/robotFishMarket.html) on 2009-07-04.
82. Witoon Juwarahawong. "Fish Robot" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071104081550/http://fibo.kmutt.
ac.th/project/eng/current_research/fish.html). Institute of Field Robotics. Archived from the original (h
ttp://fibo.kmutt.ac.th/project/eng/current_research/fish.html) on 2007-11-04. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
83. "Robotic fish powered by Gumstix PC and PIC" (http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/hhu/HCR-Group.html
#Entertainment). Human Centred Robotics Group at Essex University. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
84. "Robotic fish make aquarium debut" (http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/10/07/spark.fish). cnn.com.
CNN. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
85. Walsh, Dominic (3 May 2008). "Merlin Entertainments tops up list of London attractions with
aquarium buy" (http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/leisure/article2172983.ece).
thetimes.co.uk. Times of London. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
86. For Festo, Nature Shows the Way (http://www.controlengeurope.com/article/24663/For-Festo--Natur
e-Shows-the-Way.aspx) Control Engineering, 18 May 2009.
87. Bionic penguins fly through water... and air (http://www.gizmag.com/bionic-penguins-fly-through-wate
r--and-air/11545/) Gizmag, 27 April 2009.
88. Festo AquaRay Robot (http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/science-fiction-news.asp?newsnum=2249)
Technovelgy, 20 April 2009.
89. The AquaJelly Robotic Jellyfish from Festo (http://www.engineeringtv.com/video/The-AquaJelly-Robo
tic-Jellyfish) Engineering TV, 12 July 2012.
90. Lightweight robots: Festo's flying circus (http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/analysis/lightweight-r
obots-festos-flying-circus/1009421.article) The Engineer, 18 July 2011.
91. Huge Herr, D. Robert G (Oct 2004). "A Swimming Robot Actuated by Living Muscle Tissue" (https://w
ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544953). Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 1
(1): 6. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-1-6 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-0003-1-6). PMC 544953 (https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544953). PMID 15679914 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
15679914).
92. How Biomechatronics Works (http://science.howstuffworks.com/biomechatronics4.htm)
HowStuffWorks/ Retrieved 22 November 2012.
93. Lauder, G. V. (2011). "Swimming hydrodynamics: ten questions and the technical approaches
needed to resolve them" (http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~glauder/reprints_unzipped/Lauder.Exp.
Fluids.2011.pdf) (PDF). Experiments in Fluids. 51 (1): 23–35. Bibcode:2011ExFl...51...23L (https://ui.
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ExFl...51...23L). doi:10.1007/s00348-009-0765-8 (https://doi.org/10.10
07%2Fs00348-009-0765-8). S2CID 890431 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:890431).
Bibliography
Hamlett, William C. (1999). Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=ON-sPP5rowwC&q=shark%20fin%20%20ceratotrichia%20supported&pg=
PA56) (1 ed.). p 56: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6048-5.
Further reading
Hall, Brian K (2007) Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fins+into+Limbs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NU
mxUMOENYmOmQXGuYDgCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA) University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 9780226313375.
Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DE and Bowen BW (2009) "Functional morphology of locomotion and
feeding" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150602082907/http://limnology.wisc.edu/courses/zoo510/20
09/helfman_ch8.pdf) Chapter 8, pp. 101–116. In:The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN 9781444311907.
Lauder, GV; Nauen, JC; Drucker, EG (2002). "Experimental Hydrodynamics and Evolution: Function
of Median Fins in Ray-finned Fishes" (http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/5/1009.full.pdf+html).
Integr. Comp. Biol. 42 (5): 1009–1017. doi:10.1093/icb/42.5.1009 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2
F42.5.1009). PMID 21680382 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680382).
Lauder, GV; Drucker, EG (2004). "Morphology and experimental hydrodynamics of fish fin control
surfaces" (http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~glauder/reprints_unzipped/Lauder.Drucker.2004.pdf)
(PDF). Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 29 (3): 556–571. Bibcode:2004IJOE...29..556L (https://ui.ad
sabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004IJOE...29..556L). doi:10.1109/joe.2004.833219 (https://doi.org/10.1109%
2Fjoe.2004.833219). S2CID 36207755 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36207755).
External links
Homology of fin lepidotrichia in osteichthyan fishes (http://www.amonline.net.au/palaeontology/pdf/jo
hanson2005lethaia.pdf)
The Fish's Fin (http://www.earthlife.net/fish/fins.html) Earthlife Web
Can robot fish find pollution? (http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-tech/remediatio
n/robot-fish.htm) HowStuffWorks. Accessed 30 January 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_fin&oldid=986410557#AnchPectoral"
This page was last edited on 31 October 2020, at 17:53 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site,
you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
non-profit organization.

Fish Fin: Types Bony Fishes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fish Fin: Types Bony Fishes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11/7/2020 Fish fin - Wikipedia

Fins located in different places on the fish

A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, is the

Dorsal fins are located on the back. A fish

The anal/cloacal fin is located on the ventral surface behind the

an 8% higher tailbeat frequency.[4][5] Additional information

A comparative study in 2013 indicates the adipose fin can

Research published in 2014 indicates that the adipose fin has

(A) - Heterocercal means the vertebrae extend into the upper

Hypocercal, also known as reversed heterocercal, means that

(B) - Protocercal means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the

(C) - Homocercal where the fin appears superficially symmetric

(D) - Diphycercal means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the

Most modern fishes (teleosts) have a homocercal tail. These

emarginate, ending with a slight inward curve.

Lobe-finned fishes form a class of bony fishes called

Ray-finned fishes form a class of bony fishes called

Cavitation occurs when negative

Specialised fins are used to control motion

Male cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays), as well as the males of

Gonopodia are found on the males of some species in the

Similar organs with similar characteristics are found in other fishes,

The thresher shark uses its caudal fin to stun

Other uses of fins

The first spine of the In some Asian

fishing rod with a lure

Evolution of paired fins

Evolutionary developmental biology

From fins to limbs

In 2011, researchers at Monash University in Australia used primitive

The first mammals appeared during the – Aristotle, De incessu

Ichthyosaurs are ancient reptiles that resembled dolphins. They first

"This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors

kmutt.ac.th/), to analyze and mathematically model thunniform

The AquaPenguin, developed by Festo of Germany, copies the

32. Alevizon WS (1994) "Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology" (https://www.amazon.com/dp/15599

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_fin&oldid=986410557#AnchPectoral"

This page was last edited on 31 October 2020, at 17:53 (UTC).

You might also like