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Multiple Antenna
Communications
Lecture 3, 2020
Emil Björnson
TSKS14 Multiple Antenna Communications 2020-04-09 2
Multipath propagation
Non-line-of-sight
channel:
• Scattering
Multipath fading 1
• Example: 0.8
Approximation:
' 𝑔~𝐶𝑁 0,1
• 𝛼% = (
0.6
/ +/
• 𝜃% = 2𝜋 0 ~𝑈(0,2𝜋)
1 Pr{ 𝑔 < 𝑥}
0.4
• Channel magnitude:
( 0.2
1 +,<
|𝑔| = $ 𝑒 0
𝐿
%&' 0 𝑥
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
TSKS14 Multiple Antenna Communications 2020-04-09 5
0.6
0.4
0.2
• In this case: 𝑔~𝐶𝑁(0,1)
0
0 1 2 3 4
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Two issues:
• Variations in channel quality
• Unpredictable
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• Two categories:
• Slow fading: 𝑔 𝑙 takes one realization during communication
• Fast fading: 𝑔 𝑙 takes “all” realizations during communication
Slow fading
• Received signal
𝑦 𝑙 = 𝑔 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑙 + 𝑛[𝑙]
𝑞/𝑁`
• Capacity for a realization 𝑔:
𝐶a = log -(1 + 𝑔 -SNR)
Opportunistic transmission
• Suppose transmitter encode using the rate 𝑅 bit/s/Hz
no pq 2v − 1
+
• Outage probability for rate 𝑅: 𝑝ijk 𝑅 = Pr 𝐶a < 𝑅 = 1 − 𝑒 rst ≈
SNR
Outage probability
decays with
SNR = 𝑞/𝑁`
as SNR+'
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Outage capacity
• Difference from AWGN channel
• Only 𝑅 = 0 can guarantee zero error probability
• Capacity is zero
• 𝜖-Outage capacity Cy :
• Largest rate 𝑅 such that 𝑝ijk 𝑅 ≤ 𝜖
Interpretation:
With probability 1 − 𝜖, we can communicate at Cy with is zero error probability
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Difference from
AWGN channel
SNR is 0 dB
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Fast fading
• Received signal
𝑦 𝑙 = 𝑔[𝑙] ⋅ 𝑥 𝑙 + 𝑛[𝑙]
• Block fading
• One realization of channel 𝑔 𝑙 per 𝑙 (or a finite-sized block of symbols)
• New independent realization every time (ergodic process)
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Opportunistic transmission
• Suppose transmitter encode using the rate 𝑅 bit/s/Hz
• There are L fading realization: 𝑔 1 , … , 𝑔 𝐿
• Reliable communication if
(
$ log - 1 + SNR 𝑔 𝑙 - > 𝐿𝑅
•&'
• Many fading realizations:
(
1 -
𝑅 < $ log - 1 + SNR 𝑔 𝑙 → 𝔼 log -(1 + 𝑔 -SNR)
𝐿
•&'
Mean value with respect
As 𝐿 → ∞ to channel fading
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Ergodic capacity
• This is called ergodic capacity:
𝔼 log -(1 + 𝑔 -SNR)
• Rayleigh fading:
𝔼 log -(1 + 𝑔 -SNR)
𝑓 𝑧 = log - 1 + 𝑧
A function is concave if
• Any line between two
points on the curve
is below the curve 𝑓 𝑧 = −log - 1 + 1/𝑧
• Second derivative
is negative
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Comparison
• Small 𝑀
• Large loss from
channel fading
• Larger 𝑀
• Small loss
Channel hardening:
When 𝑀 is large, no penalty
from channel fading
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Summary
• Slow fading: One realization during transmission
• Outage probability, outage capacity
• Reliable communication → Large performance loss
• Multiple antennas give more reliability