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Preliminary Measurement Along An Eroding

Bend In a Sand Bed Braided River Using Acoustic
Doppler Current Profiler

Conference Paper · January 2017

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 ICERIE 2017_065

Proceedings of the
International Conference on Engineering Research, Innovation and Education 2017
ICERIE 2017, 13 15 January, SUST, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Preliminary Measurement Along An Eroding Bend In a Sand Bed Braided

River Using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Md R. Islam1,*, B. Roy1, S. Haque1, Md M. Rahman1, M. Dustegir 1, H.

Nakagawa2andY. Hasegawa2
1
Institute of Water and flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering &
Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Keywords: Abstract:Erosion is a major problem along theJamuna River of Bangladesh. More

than thirty river bank protection structures have been constructed along the both
 ADCP; banks of this river to protect its banks from erosion. The focus of this study is to
 EROSION; measure a detailed flow field and analyze it for selecting appropriate river bank
protection works near Shuvogacha area of Kazipur Upazila of Sirajganj District.
 JAMUNA RIVER; Shuvogacha is one of the most erosion prone areas along the right bank of the
 SHUVOGACHA; Jamuna River. To protect this area three RCC spurs were constructed during the
years 1999 and 2000. The RCC spur number one located at Shuvogacha was
 RCC SPR. washed away during the flood of 2001 and the failure event occurred so quickly
that there was a little chance to perform repair works. At present, the detached
RCC part of the spur is standing on the char. Due to failure of the earthen shank,
the main channel started to flow in between bank line and RCC part of the spur.
Consequently, the rate of bank erosion sharply increased. At that time, it was
observed that/After that incident the tendency of the main channel of the Jamuna
River was/has gradually shifting/shifted its course towards the western direction.
There were about 2900 hectares of land of the Shuvogacha Union before erosion,
while at present only about 450 hectares of land is remaining. Therefore, this place
needs an urgent protection. So we have taken some preliminary flow
measurements nearby this bank so that we can know about the actual flow field
condition of this area, which will finally help us to make decisions on suitable
river training works in this area and thereby protect this area. In this field
measurement, Sontek M9 ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) has been
used. By using ADCP, we have collected 12 set of raw data. A detailed analysis on
flow depth of this area is estimated. Later a Depth Contour Map has been prepared
by GIS, based on the depth information found from the field measurement. This
measurement is done under SATREPS program jointly supported by JICA and
JST.

1. INTRODUCTION
The Jamuna is one of the largest sand bed braided rivers in/of the world (Uddin and Rahman, 2013). It
always changes it courses within its braid belt. Bank erosion is a common problem along the Jamuna
River (CEGIS, 2005; 2009). A large number of bank protection structures have been constructed
along the banks of this river to protect the bank from erosion. From the studies, it is found/observed
that the erosion rate is higher in the right bank than left bank. So most of the structures are constructed
on the right bank of the river. However, the response of these structures to the river is different. Some
of the structures are functioning well till now while others have been damaged due to changing
morphology andflow phenomena(Uddin and Rahman, 2011).The main objectives of this study are:
collection of flow data by ADCP near Shuvogacha (right bank of Jamuna river), detailed analysis of
the collected raw data and preparation of a depth contour map near the measurement field.

* Correspondingauthor: rashed_rakib@iwfm.buet.ac.bd
61 | Rashed et. al.,ICERIE 2017

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In past years many studies are done on the sandbars and erosion problems of Jamuna River.
Previously Uddin and Rahman (2011) studied the socio - economic impact of erosion along the right
bank of the Jamuna River iver in Bangladesh. Though this study focused on the four sites of Jamuna
River– Shuvogacha, Sirajganj, Betil-
Betil Enayetpur and Randhunibari but the erosion in Shuvogacha was
the key priority of the study. Then in 2012, Rahman and Uddin worked on the effect of sand bars on
failure of bank protection work along
long the Jamuna River using converging velocity vectors measured
by ADCP. Later, Shampa and Mostofa (2015) assessed the dynamics of bar in the braided Jamuna
river and the competency of a 2D morphology model in simulating bar/island development processes
in Jamuna river. But still
till now, the detailed
detail flow field around the spurs near Shuvogacha is not studied
with much importance. So we have taken some flow measurements near this bank so that we can
know the actual flow field of this area, which will finally help h us in making decisions regarding
suitable river training works e.g. construction of Bandalling structures (Lutfor, 2013) in this area to
protect the bank erosion. Using these data, in future a detailed
detail hydrodynamic and morphological study
of this area can be done too.
3. STUDY AREA
Shuvogacha under Kazipur Upazila of Sirajganj district is one of the most erosion prone areas along
the right bank of the Jamuna River. The latitude – longitude of this Union is nearly 24.6417°N
89.6500°E. The Jamuna River near Shuvogacha was very aggressive before construction of the RCC
spurs. The bazaar, homestead and valuable agricultural landswere
land being continuously eroded into the
river. Three RCC spurs were constructed in the year 1999-
1999 2000 under the project “Protection of
Meghai Bazar, Shuvogacha and Simla area from Erosion of the Jamuna River” (Uddin and Rahman,
2011). Figure 1 shows the satellite
ite image
i of Shuvogacha and the position of spurs.

Fig.1
g.1 Satellite image of Shuvogacha and location of spurs
The RCC spur 1 near Shuvogacha was damaged during the flood of 2001. At present it is observed
that the detached RCC part of the spur is standing in the main channel. Due to failure of this structure
the main channel has started to flow in between bank line and RCC part of the spur since 2001.

Fig.2 Damaged spur at Shuvogacha

Before erosion, there were about 2900 hectares of land of the Shuvogacha
Shuvogacha Union while at present only
about 450 hectares of land is remaining. One of the Union Parishad (UP) members of Shuvogacha
informed that during the 2001, national election total number of voters of the Shuvogacha Union was
16,500, but during the 2008 national election it was only 7,565(Uddin
7,565(Uddin and Rahman, 2011)
2011). From this
information anybody may guess how many people have been affected by erosion. The number of
62 | Rashed et. al., ICERIE 2017

educational institutions and mosques before erosion was 30 and 60 respectively. Nevertheless, after
erosion, the number of educational institutions and mosques is 15 and 40 respectively. The capable
people have been migrated to nearest towns or cities.
cities. About 67 percent of the total families are poor
and ultra-poor.
poor. These erosion affected people take
take shelter on Brahmaputra Right Embankment (BRE)
or live on the permanent or semi-permanent
permanent sandbar (char) (Schmuck-Widmann,
(Schmuck Widmann, 2001 and Sarker et.

al., 2003). Therefore, this place requires

equires an urgent protection.
protection Figure 3 shows the change of platform
of the right bank of Jamuna River near
ne Shuvogacha from 2001 to 2015.
Fig.3 Change of bank line from 2001
2001-2015

4. METHODOLOGY
In this field measurement Sontek M9 ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) has been used. This
portable, 9-beam ADP with a velocity
ity profiling range of 0.2 to 30 m is intended for usingin moving or
stationary boats/floating devices in both shallow and deep channels. It has two sets of velocity
measurement transducers, both in a Janus configuration – four 3.0-MHz MHz transducers and four 1.0-
MHz transducers. A 0.5-MHz
MHz vertical acoustic beam (echo sounder) provides depth data. This ADCP
can measure depth most accurately within the range of 0.5m to 80m. Figure 4 shows the parts of M9
ADCP.

Fig.4 M9 ADCP features.

f (Source: www.sontek.com)
Instrumental setup is the prerequisite for ADCP data measurement. M9 ADCP has an external
integrated GPS that is later mounted with the ADCP. This RTK (real-time (real time kinematic) GPS
incorporate the real time latitude and longitude with the measured data and offers incredibly precise
positioning and fast data sampling rates (10-Hz).
(10 Hz). There are two options in ADCP, whether the
measurement is taken along the vertical beam or along bottom track. In this measurement, the survey
is done along
ong the vertical beam. The detailed bathymetry, velocity, discharge, water depth, section
63 | Rashed et. al.,ICERIE 2017

details were collected very near to 1st spur of Shuvogacha.

Fig.5 Track of measured profile
4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Detailed
led Analysis of ADCP Raw Data
By using ADCP we have collected 12 set of raw data from the right bank of the Jamuna River to the
nearest stable sandbar. Due to the boat arrangement setup the track length
ength starts 10m far from each of
the banks. It means that the total width of the cross section will be 10m+Track Length+10m. Then we
have processed these raw data by using River Surveyor Live software (dedicated to this type of ADCP
only). Finally the data are extracted in excel format. We have prepared various plotting based on these
excel files such as Depth vss Track Length, Mean Cross Sectional Velocity vss Track Length etc.
Northing velocity and easting velocity profile from River Surveyor Live software are also added here.
The maximum velocity was found in the range of 0.1 – 1.2 m/s. and the maximum mum depth is found
nearly 12 m near the spur 1. Here details of dataset 9 and 12 have been added for showing the results
where dataset 9 is the upstream and dataset 12 is the downstream of the damaged spur.
Later a Depth Contour Map has been prepared by using
using GIS based on the depths found from the
ADCP.
4.1.1 Analysis of Dataset 9
Measurement of ninth dataset has taken at upstream of the damaged spur. Table 1 and Figure 6 show
the summary of the 9th measurement and Depth vs Track Length and Mean velocity vs Track Length graph
for cross section 9 and raw Northing and Easting velocity
velocity profile extracted from ADCP respectively.

Table 1 Summary of 9th dataset

Parameter Value
Track length (m) 1573.21
No. of data collected 1269
Average depth (m) 4.87
Water mean velocity (m/s) 0.8
Measured discharge (m3/s) 3275

Right bank of
Jamuna river

Right bank of Right bank of

Jamuna river
iver Jamuna rriver

Fig.6 Depth vs Track Length and Mean velocity vs Track Length graph for cross section 9 and raw Northing
and Easting veloc
velocity profile extracted from ADCP

4.1.2 Analysis of Dataset 12:

64 | Rashed et. al., ICERIE 2017

Measurement of twelfth dataset has taken at downstream of the damaged spur. Summary of
12th dataset and Depth vs Track Length and Mean velocity vs Track Length graph for cross
section 12 and raw Northing and Easting velocity profile extracted from ADCP are given in
Table 2 and figure 7 respectively.

Table 2 Summary of 12th dataset

Parameter Value
Track length (m) 707.13
No. of data collected 469
Average depth (m) 7.43
Water mean velocity (m/s) 1.01
Measured discharge (m3/s) 3270

Right bank of
Jamuna river

Right bank of Right bank of

Jamuna river Jamuna river

Fig.7 Depth vs Track Length and Mean velocity vs Track Len

Length graph for cross section 12 and raw Northing
and Easting velo
velocity profile extracted from ADCP

Fig.8 Velocity vector for the study area prepared from the raw ADCP data (manually prepared, arrows are used
only for direction.)
4.2 Depth Contour Map
65 | Rashed et. al.,ICERIE 2017

In the reach of Jamuna, depth variationbetween

variation 0.5 to 12 m has found in ADCP measurement.
Using the values of some random points (100 points) of this reach, a triangulated irreirregular network
(TIN) has created. TIN is a digital data structure used in a geographic information system (GIS) for
the representation of a surface. Finally, from the raster, 1m depth interval contour has created in GIS.
Figure 9 shows the simplified depth contour map of the measured Area.

Fig.9 Simplified
ified depth contour map of the measured area
a

From the analysis of the measured depth and velocity data, it can be summarized that the average
velocity of the sections near the damaged spur is much higher than the other sections. As the damaged
spur is located at the mingle point of the upper oblique channel with the straight channel, here vortex
forms. Thus, depth (10-12m)
12m) of the channel near the spur is much higher than the other sections.
Consequently, velocity is also much higher than the mean velocity of the other sections which is
approximately 1.2-1.3 times.

5. CONCLUSION
In this study, velocity and depth measurement are done near the damaged spur at shuvogacha under
Kazipara Upazilla of Sirajgonj District. This area is one of the most erosion prone areas along the
right bank of the Jamuna River. In last 2 years, the bank
b has eroded about 2 km and expert study
shows that the main channel is shifting to right. Therefore, this place requires an urgent protection. So
we have taken some flow measurement nearby this bank so that we can know about the actual flow
field of this area, which will further help us to make decisions on suitable river training works in this
area to protect the erosion of the bank line. Using these data, in future a details study of some
hydrodynamic and morphological study of this area can be done.

REFERENCES
CEGIS. (2005) ‘Monitoring and Prediction of Bank Erosion along the RRight
ight Bank of the Jamuna River’.
CEGIS. (2009) ‘Prediction of River Bank Erosion along the Jamuna, the Ganges and the
the Padma Rivers in 2009’
2009’.
Rahman, M. M., Mahmud F., ., and Uddin M. N. (2012) ‘Effect of Sand Bars on Failure of Bank
ank Protection Work
along Large Sand Bed Braided River’, ICSE6 Paris pp. 471-476.
Uddin, M. N. and Rahman, M. M (2013) ‘Traditonal
Traditonal Ecological knowledge on Flow and Erosion Process in the
II Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge,, Vol. 12 (3), pp.
Braided Jamuna Riverr in Bangladesh : part II’,
427-440.
Uddin, M. N. and Rahman, M. M. (2011) ‘Failure of Sirajganj Hardpoint at Changing Hydro-
Morphology’, 3rdInternational Conference on Water and Flood Management
Management, pp. 371-380.
Shampa & Ali, M. (2015) ‘Numerical Modeling of Bar Dynamics of a Sand-Bed Sand Bed Braided River’, 5th
International Conference on Water & Flood Management,
Management pp. 41-51.
Uddin, M. N. and Rahman, M. M. (2011) ‘Socio - Economic Impact of Erosion along the Right Bank of the
Jamuna River in Bangladesh’, ’, DUET Journal, Vol. 1(2), pp.35-42.
pp.35
 66 | Rashed et. al., ICERIE 2017

Lutfor, M. (2013), ‘River Bank Erosion Protection Using Bamboo Bandalling Structures’, PhD. Thesis,
Department of Civil Engineering, DUET.
Schmuck-Widmann, H. (2001) ‘Facing the Jamuna River with Indigenous and Engineering Knowledge in
Bangladesh’, Bangladesh Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge.
Sarker, M. H., Haque, I., Alam, M. and Koudstaal, R. (2003) “Rivers, chars and char dwellers of Bangladesh”,
Int. J. River Basin Management, Vol. 1(1), pp. 61-80.

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