Moiz Adnan

Graphics Design Batch 5th

Shadows:
Shadows are the effects of light. Shadows are formed when objects block a source of light.
Night is caused by the Earth blocking the light from the Sun - on the half of the Earth
in shadow it is night time.

Reflections:
Reflections are caused by light bouncing off objects.
Reflections are also called effect of light.

Perspective:
The art of representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the
right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other.

Horizon perspective:
The horizon line in a perspective drawing is a horizontal line drawn across the picture.
Establishes reference points and allows you to draw the viewer's attention to specific focal points
within the scene. Gives the viewer a sense of where they may be positioned in relation to the
scene.

Vanishing Perspective:
A vanishing point is a point on the image plane of a perspective drawing where the two-
dimensional perspective projections (or drawings) of mutually parallel lines in three-dimensional
space appear to converge.

 1-point perspective.
 2-point perspective.
 3-point perspective.

1-point perspective:
1-point perspective (aka frontal or central perspective) has only one vanishing point on
the horizon line located somewhere within the picture plane and all the orthogonals
converge towards it.

When to use this type of perspective:

 when you want to create a single strong focal point in your sketch (with
orthogonals leading our attention to it).
 for close to front view, seeing one side of an object (almost) flat.
  for straight on looking points of view.
 for view perpendicular to the scene we draw.

2-point perspective:
2-point perspective (aka angular perspective) has two vanishing points on the horizon
line, which don’t necessarily need to be within the picture plane.

When to use this type of perspective:

 when you’re seeing two perpendicular sides of an object, both

distorted/foreshortened.
 for non-perpendicular point of view.

3-point perspective:

3-point perspective uses three vanishing points where two of them are on the horizon line
and the third is either high above the horizon line or way below it. There are two basic
types of 3-point perspective based on the position of the horizon line:

 Worm’s Eye View - imagine yourself looking high up. The horizon line is situated
very low.
 Bird’s Eye View - imagine being Superman flying over a city and looking down.