Lab 3 Material Science - G4

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Madam Atiqah Othman
Group : EMD4M11B – G4
MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE : The Jominy End-Quench Test
No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1. MUHAMMAD ILYAS HANIF BIN
MUHAMMAD NOH 2019495574
2. MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN IZLAN 2019892868
3. MUHAMMAD NUR SAFIY BIN IZAHAR 2019476316
4. MUHAMMAD NURSYAFARIN BIN 2019495362

MOHD NOOR
5. MUHAMMAD RAFAIE BIN 2019848262

MUSTAFA
THURSDAY
LABORATORY SESSION :
2PM-4PM
REPORT SUBMISSION : 31 MAY 2020
1
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you have contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism
in this work will result in an investigation of academic misconduct and may result in a “0” on the
work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.
Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
TITLE :
The Jominy End-Quench Test
ABSTRACT
This experiment called Jominy End Quench test. It is used to determine the hardenability
of a material. Firstly, sample such as specimen given which is used in this experiment,
is transformed completely into a single solid phase through heating in a furnace. It is
then quenched by exposing one of its ends to a cooling source, water. The region of the
sample that is put in contact with this cooling source drops in temperature faster which limits
growth in the material's grains. Other regions of the sample cool slower which allows for the
grains in these areas to grow to bigger. The result of this is a single substance containing
many different solid phases, each contributing differently to the hardness of the sample.
Hardness readings are then taken along the length of the sample to establish the effects of
changing temperature after heat treatment on the material's characteristics and
behavior. In this experiment the Jominy End Quench test was performed on a specimen
steel sample to investigate the effects of heat treatment followed by different rates of cooling
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION
5
2. THEORY
6-7
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
8-10
4.
RESULTS, DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION 11-34
5.
REFERENCE 35
4
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Jominy end quench test is a standardized test (ASTM A255) used to determine the
hardenability of a steel specimen. If austenitising of steel is performed correctly, the
transformation to the hard martensite phase is controlled mainly by carbon and alloy content
along with quench rate. Since the quenching media is in contact with the surface of a heated part,
the surface and the center will experience different quenching rates. Based on information
presented in TTT diagrams, if the quench rate is too slow, the austenite will transform to weaker
phases of pearlite and bainite instead of martensite.
The hardenability of a steel refers to the amount of martensite formed during cooling as
the depth into the part increases. A steel with high hardenability will have a high percentage of
martensite at the center of the part as well as the surface which will yield high hardness readings.
These steels are often referred to as “through hardening”. On the other hand, low hardenability is
evidenced by high hardness values near the surface of the part, and rapidly decreasing hardness
values toward the centre.
The Jominy end quench test allows uniform samples of steel to be tested to determine
hardenability. The test provides water quenching on one end of a steel specimen, and essentially
air cooling on the other end. In this manner, various quench rates can be tested by conducting
hardness measurements along the length of the sample.
2.0 THEORY
Hardenability
Hardenability is the ability of a steel to partially or completely transform from austenite to some
fraction of martensite at a given depth below the surface, when cooled under a given condition.
For example, a steel of a high hardenability can transform to a high fraction of martensite to
depths of several millimetres under relatively slow cooling, such as an oil quench, whereas a
steel of low hardenability may only form a high fraction of martensite to a depth of less than a
millimetre, even under rapid cooling such as a water quench. Hardenability therefore describes
the capacity of the steel to harden in depth under a given set of conditions.
Steels with high hardenability are needed for large high strength components, such as large
extruder screws for injection moulding of polymers, pistons for rock breakers, mine shaft
supports, aircraft undercarriages, and also for small high precision components such as die-
casting moulds, drills and presses for stamping coins. High hardenability allows slower quenches
to be used (e.g. oil quench), which reduces the distortion and residual stress from thermal
gradients.
Steels with low hardenability may be used for smaller components, such as chisels and shears, or
for surface hardened components such as gears. Hardenability can be measured using the Jominy
end quench test.
The Jominy End Quench Test.

The test sample is a cylinder with a length of 102 mm (4 inches) and a diameter of 25.4 mm (1
inch). The steel sample is normalised to eliminate differences in microstructure due to previous
forging, and then austenitised. This is usually at a temperature of 800 to 900°C. The test sample
is quickly transferred to the test machine, where it is held vertically and sprayed with a controlled
flow of water onto one end of the sample. This cools the specimen from one end, simulating the
effect of quenching a larger steel component in water.
Data from the Jominy end quench test can be used to determine whether a particular steel can be
sufficiently hardened Slow quenching speeds are often chosen to reduce distortion and residual
stress in components. in different quenching media, for different section diameters. A high
hardenability is required for through hardening of large components. This data can be presented
using CCT diagrams (Continuous Cooling Transformation), which are used to select steels to suit
the component size and quenching media. Slower cooling rates occur at the core of larger
components, compared to the faster cooling rate at the surface. Slow quenching speeds are often
chosen to reduce distortion and residual stress in components.
Vickers Hardness Test
The Vickers hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond indenter,
in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees between opposite
faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf. The full load is normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds.
The two diagonals of the indentation left in the surface of the material after removal of the load
are measured using a microscope and their average calculated. The area of the sloping surface of
the indentation is calculated. The Vickers hardness is the quotient obtained by dividing the kgf
load by the square mm area of indentation.
Figure 1
3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
3.1 Sample Preparation

i. Define what material is used as the specimen in Jominy End Quench and the
melting point of the material used.
ii. The specimen is heated in the Jominy End Quench furnace as shown in Figure 1
until the temperature reaches the melting point.
Figure 2: Jominy End Quench Furnace
iii. Next, adjust the water flow until the height reaches approximately 65mm (2 ½”)
at Jominy End-Quench test bench. Figure 3 shows the vertical free height of the
unobstructed water fountain and the distance between the water outlet and the end of the
specimen when it is in place.
Figure 3 : Control of the variables for the Jominy test
i. Pull out the safety pin from the furnace so that the specimens fall down to the
quenching apparatus.
ii. Apply the water within 5.5 seconds; extra care should be taken so that the water
strikes only the bottom of the specimen.
iii. The specimen should be left in the quenching unit until it cools down to room
temperature.
iv. Remove the specimen for hardness test and microstructure evaluation using the
optical microscope.
3.2 Vickers Hardness Test

a. Jominy end quench specimen is then taken to the material laboratory for hardness test
using the Vickers Hardness Testing Machine.
Figure 3 ; Sample of specimen
b. Vickers hardness (1kg) readings are taken at 1 mm intervals for the first 10 mm, 5 mm
intervals for the next 40 mm and 10mm intervals for the remaining 50 mm length of the
specimen
Figure 4 ; Vickers Hardness Testing Machine

4.0 RESULT, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa – 2019848262
RESULT
Reading Distance(mm) vs Hardness Vickers (HV)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 1: Reading of Distance (mm) against Hardness Vickers (HV)
12
1
Figure 2.1 : Specimen 1

2

3

4

5

6

DISCUSSION
Based on this experiment, the reason for Jominy End Quench process was undergone is to
investigate the hardenability of a specimen which is an alloy. Hardness of an alloy steel can be
achieved with heat treatment process by measuring the depth of hardness gained by heat
treatment through quenching. Hardenability of an alloy steel is depending on the capability of an
alloy to be hardened by heat treatment. Water is used in quenching process. When the alloy steel
is quenched, the end of the alloy steel was cooled by water jet while the other part of the
specimen is leave did not cool. The cooling rate was the highest at the quenched end. The part
which have lower cooling rate allow the austenite to form into structure like martensite. It
produced a material with softer core and harder surface. The softer end was caused by the
formation of large amount of soft pearlite due to the low cooling rate.
The optical microscope was used for the microstructure evaluation that being study
through microstructure view. The steel sample is normalized to eliminate microstructure
differences due to previous hot work, and then austenized. The specimen then quickly transferred
to the test fixture, which quenches the steel by spraying a controlled flow of water onto one end
of the specimen. The cooling rate varies along the length of the specimen, from very rapid at
quenched end where the water strikes the specimen to slower rates that equivalent to air cooling
at the other end. The readings are taken at 1 mm intervals in the first 10 mm, 5 mm intervals for
the next 40 mm and 10 mm intervals during the remaining 5 mm length of the specimen. The
hardness decreases with distance from the quenched end.
CONCLUSION
In the conclusion, after conducting the Jominy End Quench test, we can understand the
relation between hardness of the alloy to the cooling rate of the specimen after being heated and
quenching. We also able to differentiate and figure out the microstructure changes due to
different cooling rate of the specimen after being heated and quenching. The data that we have
gained from this test is necessary in selecting the suitable combination of alloy steel and the heat
treatment needed to minimize the thermal stresses and distortion when it is manufactured. An
error may occur during this test as it is due to poorly calibrated Jominy End Quench furnace
temperature. This error needs to be taken care of before starting the experiment and all the safety
rules need to be taken into account during this experiment to avoid any unwanted accident from
occur.
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Teamwork Assessment Form

Name Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa
Member’s Name 1: Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh
2: Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar
3; Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan
4: Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent
You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Try to give all your best for this work. Pull yourself together.
Member 1: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.
16
Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor – 2019495362
RESULT
Hardness Vickers (HV) vs Distance

Hardness Vickers (HV)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance
Figure 5 : graf hardenability curve of Vicker hardness vs distance
17
The types of specimen used in the experiment.
Figure 6: Specimen 1

DISCUSSION
In this Jominy End-Quench experiment the metal chosen is alloy steel. The alloy steel undergoes
heat treatment in order to determine its hardenability. The hardness is measured through
quenching. During quenching, the end of the alloy is struck with water for cooling. The cooling
rate was the highest at the quenched end. Austenite is formed into structure like bainite at the
part that did not struck by water. Material with softer or and hard surface is produced from
quenching. It is due to the large amount of soft pearlite or bainite. Presence of nickel, chromium
and molybdenum reduce the formation of austenite to bainite. It also allows the martensite to
form as the cooling rate higher.
Carbon is usually used as the hardening agent despite it increases the durability. Boron is
the most effective steels of 0.25% carbon or less. Boron is combination of Nitrogen and Oxygen.
The effect on the hardenability of the alloy can be eliminate. So, Boron is the most suitable alloy
to improve the hardenability
The sample is normalized to get rid of microstructure differences due to previous process
undergone by the sample, and then austenitzed. The specimen is transferred to the test machine
when quenching process is applied. The quenched end where the water strikes has high cooling
rate compare to the other part. The martensite part caused the higher hardness of the sample
while bainite, ferrite or pearlite caused the lower hardness.
CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment that we had conducted we are able to understand relation
between hardenability and its cooling rate after quenching. Microstructure changes are different
according to cooling rate. From the data of this experiment we are able to choose the proper
combination of alloy steel and heat treatment. It is important in choosing the best alloy to avoid
error when the alloy is being manufactured. During the experiment an error may occur if the
Jominy End Quench test is conducted poorly. Proper preparation have to be done to avoid the
error from occurring before conducting this experiment.

Name Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor
2: Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar
4: Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self : All is well.
Member 1: Good teamwork shown.
22
Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar
RESULT
Hardness Vickers (HV) vs. Distance (mm)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Hardness Vickers (HV) vs. Distance (mm)
Microstructure. Characteristics.
specimen1
Martensite microstructure shown
martensite
specimen2
Tempered martensite microstructure
shown
Tempered
martensite
23
specimen3
Fine pearlite and bainite microstructure
Fine shown.
pearlite
bainite
specimen4
Fine bainite microstructure shown
Fine
bainite
specimen5
Preouctoid ferrite microstructure shown
preuoctoid
specimen6
Pearlite and ferrite microstructure
produce
pearlite
ferrite
24
Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar
DISCUSSION
From the jominy end quench test, we can study the hardness of the specimen. A steel’s
hardness depends on many factors such as depends on the alloy content and processing. When
steel is rapidly cooled or quenched and has adequate carbon content the iron forms a phase
known as martensite, which has high value of hardness. This test has been standardized and uses
a consistent size sample of different metals. From the graph Hardness Vickers (HV) versus
Distance from the quenched end, we can see that different distance from quenched end results in
different value of Hardness Vickers (HV). For example, if the distance from quenched end is
10mm, the value of hardness Vickers (HV) is 310.5 while if the distance from quenched end is
100 mm, the value of hardness Vickers (HV) is 105.9. Therefore, the closer the distance from
quenched end, the higher of the value hardness Vickers (HV). Then, microstructure of the
specimen also depend on the cooling rate of the specimen. Based on this experiment, the higher
the cooling rate, produce higher strength of the material
CONCLUSION
From this experiment, I can conclude that we as a student can Understand the relation
between hardness to the cooling rate of the specimen after being heated (quenching) using the
Jominy test method. The experiment will undergoes 3 method of cooling process which is
annealing, normalizing and quenching. Then, we also can understand the microstructure changes
due to different cooling rate of the specimen after being heated (quenching) using the Jominy test
method. Microstructure different also can be observed at different cooling process. For example,
martensite will be produce when the specimen undergoes quenching process. Bainite and pearlite
microstructure can be seen when the is no undergoes quenching process directly.
25

Name Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Good job, thanks guys.
. Member 1: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.
Member 2: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.
26
Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan – 2019892868
RESULT
Reading Distance(mm) vs Hardness Vickers (HV)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
27
Specimen Microstructure under optical microscope Sketch of the microstructure
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
Specimen 4
Specimen 5
Specimen 6
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, Jominy end-quench test was carried out to study the hardenability of an alloy
steel. When the alloy steel was quenched, the end of the alloy steel was cooled by a jet of water
while the other part of the alloy steel did not cool rapidly as the distance further away from the
quenched end. The cooling rate was highest at the quenched end. The part with lower cooling
rate allow the austenite to form into structure like martensite or bainite. This produce a material
with softer core and harder surface. The softer part was cause by formation of great amount of
soft pearlite or bainite due to low cooling rate. Presence of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum
in the alloy steel reduce the formation of austenite to bainite and allow more martensite to form
as the distance from the quench end decreases and the cooling rate was high.
CONCLUSION
From this experiment on the result that we obtain from the graph Hardness Vickers (HV)
versus distance, we can conlude that if the distance specimen from the quench end is closer, the
value of the Hardness Vickers will increaseas. As a student I can understand the relationship
between the hardness and the cooling rate of the specimen after being quenched using the Jominy
test method. There are three method that need to be done in this experiment which are annealing,
normalizing and quenching. Besides, I can understand that the microstructure changes are
differently according to the cooling rate. The data we got is necessary in selecting the suitable
combination of alloy steel and the heat treatment to minimize the thermal stresses and distortion
when it is manufactured.

Name Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan
3; Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar Izlan
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Good job, keep it up.
. Member 1: Good job, thanks for all the coorperatio.
30
Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhammad- 2019495574
Result
Specimen Sketch Result

This diagram shown the
microstructure of martensite
This diagram shows the

microstructure of tempered
martensite

microstructure of perlite

microstructure of fine
bainite
31
microstructure of bainite

Austenite
microstructure of martensite
and austenite. The black
needle region is martensite
while white region is
austenite
Martensite
Hardness Vickers vs Distance

600
500
400
300
200
100
1 0
HV
32
Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhammad- 2019495574
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, we can invastigate the hardenability of the specimen by using the
jominy end quench test. Hardenability of the specimen was the degree of certain hardness that
the specimen can achieved after undergoes a heat treatment process. When the specimen was
quenched, the end of the specimen was cooled by a jet of water while the other part of the
specimen did not cool rapidly as the distance further away from the quenched end. The cooling
rate was highest at the quenched end. The part with lower cooling rate allow the austenite to
form into structure like martensite or bainite. This produce a material with softer core and harder
surface. The softer part was cause by formation of great amount of soft pearlite or bainite due to
low cooling rate.
Based on the result that we obtain from the graph Hardness Vickers (HV) versus
distance, we can conlude that if the distance specimen from the quench end is closer, the value of
the Hardness Vickers will increase.
CONCLUSION
In this experiment we can conclude that we have archieved all the objective. First, we can
understand the the relation between hardness to the cooling rate of the specimen after being
heated (quenching) using the Jominy test method. It was observed that hardness increased as the
cooling rate increased. The formulation of microconstituents depended on the method of cooling
and the rate of the cooling curve. As the tempering temperature of a sample inereased, the
hardness of that sample decreased. In the Jeminy End Quench Test, the hardness decreased as the
distance from the sample's end increased. Besides, we also understand the changes of the
microstructure due to different cooling rate of the specimen after being heated (quenching) using
the Jominy test method. The Jominy end-quench test measures the effects of microstructure, such
as grain size, and alloying on the hardenability of steels in different cooling-rate.
Knowledge of the hardenability of steels is necessary in order to select the appropriate
combination of alloy and heat treatment for components of different size, to minimise thermal
stresses and distortion.
33

Name Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh
Member’s Name 1: Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan
3; Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar Izlan
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Good job, keep it up.
. Member 1: Good job, keep up your good teamworks.
Member 2: Good job, keep up your good teamworks.
Member 3: Good job, keep up your good teamworks.
Member 4: Good job keep up your good teamworks.
34
5.0 REFERENCES
1. https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/jominy/printall.php
2. https://www.gordonengland.co.uk/hardness/vickers.htm
3. http://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2012/Jominy/index.html
4. https://www.industrialheating.com/articles/92224-understanding-the-jominy-end-quench-
test
5. http://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2012/Jominy/index.html
6. https://www.wmtr.com/en.jominyend.html
35

Lab 3 Material Science - G4

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : The Jominy End-Quench Test

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

2. MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN IZLAN 2019892868

3. MUHAMMAD NUR SAFIY BIN IZAHAR 2019476316

4. MUHAMMAD NURSYAFARIN BIN 2019495362

5. MUHAMMAD RAFAIE BIN 2019848262

REPORT SUBMISSION : 31 MAY 2020

The Jominy End-Quench Test

The Jominy End Quench Test.

Vickers Hardness Test

3.1 Sample Preparation

Figure 2: Jominy End Quench Furnace

3.2 Vickers Hardness Test

Figure 4 ; Vickers Hardness Testing Machine

Reading Distance(mm) vs Hardness Vickers (HV)

Figure 1: Reading of Distance (mm) against Hardness Vickers (HV)

Figure 2.1 : Specimen 1

Figure 2.2 : Specimen 2

Figure 2.3 : Specimen 3

Figure 2.4 : Specimen 4

Figure 2.5 : Specimen 5

Figure 2.6 : Specimen 6

Teamwork Assessment Form

Member 1: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Member 2: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Member 3: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Member 4: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Hardness Vickers (HV) vs Distance

Figure 5 : graf hardenability curve of Vicker hardness vs distance

Figure 10: Specimen 5

Figure 11: Specimen 6

Teamwork Assessment Form

Self : All is well.

Member 1: Good teamwork shown.

Member 2: Good teamwork shown.

Member 3: Good teamwork shown.

Member 4: Good teamwork shown.

Hardness Vickers (HV) vs. Distance (mm)

Hardness Vickers (HV) vs. Distance (mm)

Teamwork Assessment Form

Self: Good job, thanks guys.

. Member 1: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.

Member 2: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.

Member 3: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.

Member 4: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.

Reading Distance(mm) vs Hardness Vickers (HV)

Teamwork Assessment Form

Self: Good job, keep it up.

. Member 1: Good job, thanks for all the coorperatio.

Member 2: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.

Member 3: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.

Member 4: Good job. Thanks for all the coorperation.

Specimen Sketch Result

This diagram shows the

This diagram shows the

This diagram shows the

This diagram shows the

Hardness Vickers vs Distance

Teamwork Assessment Form