Lab 2 Material Science - G4

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical

(EM220/EM221) Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Madam Atiqah Othman
Group : EMD4M11B – G4
MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE : Microstructure Study Of Ferrous And Non Ferrous

Alloys Under Various Compositions And Heat
Treatment Condition
No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1. MUHAMMAD ILYAS HANIF BIN
MUHAMMAD NOH 2019495574
2. MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN IZLAN 2019892868
3. MUHAMMAD NUR SAFIY BIN IZAHAR 2019476316
4. MUHAMMAD NURSYAFARIN BIN 2019495362

MOHD NOOR
5. MUHAMMAD RAFAIE BIN 2019848262

MUSTAFA
LABORATORY THURSDAY
SESSION : 2PM-4PM
REPORT 17 MAY 2020

SUBMISSION :
1
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work
you have contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism
in this work will result in an investigation of academic msconduct and may result in a “0” on the
work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.
Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
TITLE
Microstructure Study Of Ferrous And Non Ferrous Alloys Under Various Compositions And Heat
Treatment Conditions
ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to determine the differences between ferrous and non-ferrous
alloys in terms of metallurgical properties. Beside that, this experiment also to understand the
phase diagram of iron-carbon and non-ferrous alloys systems that enables for heat treating and
procedures in heat treatment involved. At the end of the experiment, the student should be able to
describe the principal engineering properties and industrial application of ferrous and non-ferrous
alloys. Eight different specimens were provided which each of the specimen have been treated
under certain conditions. Then, the microstructure of the specimens was observed under the optical
microscope. Microstructures of the all specimens were studied to determine their differences.
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGE
1.
INTRODUCTION 5
2.
THEORY 6
3.
EXPERIMENTAL 7
PROCEDURES
4.
RESULTS, DISCUSSION & 8-41
CONCLUSION
5.
REFERENCE 42
6.
APPENDICES 43
4
1. INTRODUCTION
Metal have the certain properties that can be changed or controlled by different processes such as;
strain hardening or cold - working, alloying process and heat treatment. This process related with
the crystalline nature of metals. Engineering metals are commonly categorized into two main
groups; ferrous and non-ferrous.
A ferrous metal is made up of iron and other metals to give the ferrous properties required.
Although iron on its own is often referred to as a ferrous metal, the term really relates to any metal
compounds that have iron in that metal.
Steels are alloys of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, widely used in construction and other
applications because of their high tensile strengths and low costs. Carbon, other elements, and
inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that
otherwise occur in the crystal lattices of iron atoms. Carbon steels are possibly the most widely
used type of ferrous metal. They are primarily made up of iron, with over 90% of their chemical
composition being that element. The only other major alloying element in carbon steel is carbon.
There are only trace amounts of other elements. Common applications of carbon steels include
structures, furniture, and automotive components.
A non-ferrous metals are much more malleable than ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are also
much lighter, making them well-suited for use where strength is needed, but weight is a factor, such
as in the aircraft or canning industries. Because they contain no iron, non-ferrous metals have a
higher resistance to rust and corrosion.
The common properties of non-ferrous metals simply because there is such a large variety of metals
that fall into the non-ferrous category. Some non-ferrous metals are hard and brittle, some soft and
ductile. Some non-ferrous metals are made for cryogenic applications, others are made to withstand
extremely high temperatures.
Aluminum and copper is a very widely used type of non-ferrous alloy. In its unanodized form, it
has a silvery colour. Without the addition of alloying elements, it is more ductile and not quite as
strong as many steels. However, through the addition of alloying elements and heat treating or
work hardening, both of this type alloy can achieve very high strengths. Aluminum and copper is
lighter than steel. It forms a protective oxide layer that helps it reduce the risk of detrimental
corrosion.
5
2. THEORY
 Ferrous alloy
Ferrous alloy is a composition of metal with iron where iron is the prime constituents that are
produced in larger quantities than any other metal. They are important as an engineering
construction material and their widespread use is affected by three factors. First, compound that
contains iron exist in abundant quantities within the earth’s crust. Second, metallic iron and alloy
steel may be produced using relatively economical extraction, refining, alloying and fabrication
techniques. Lastly, the ferrous alloys are extremely versatile. Due to the factors, they may be
tailored to have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. The principle disadvantages of
having many irons in the alloy is their susceptibility to corrode. This section discusses the
compositions, microstructures and properties of a number of different classes of steels and cast
irons.
 Nonferrous alloy
Non-ferrous alloy is a metal that does not contain iron which is ferrite in appreciable amount. Steel
and other ferrous alloys are consumed in exceedingly large quantities because they have such a
wide range of mechanical properties, may be fabricated with relative case and are economical to
produce. However, they have some distinct limitations chiefly which is relatively high density,
comparatively low electrical conductivity and inherent susceptibility to corrode in some common
environment. Thus, for many applications it is beneficial or even necessary to utilize other alloys
having more suitable property combination. Alloy systems are classified either according to the
base metal or according to some specific characteristic that a group of alloys share.
6
3.PROCEDURE
In this experiment student will be provide with 8 sample. The sample have been treated under
different condition. Students need to observe the microstructure under the optical microscope and
record the data.
Ferrous Alloy
Specimen 1 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar, heated for 1 hour at 800oC, furnace cooled
(X17) (annealed) to room temperature
Specimen 2 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar, heated for 1 hour at 800oC cooled in still air
(X18) (normalized)
Specimen 3
0.35% carbon steel bar, furnace cooled from 870oC
(X19)
Specimen 4
1.3% carbon steel bar, furnace cooled from 970oC
(X20)
Nonferrous Alloy
Specimen 5 Cu 58% / Zn 42%, reheated to 800oC for 1 hour, furnace cooled to 600oC and
(X12) then water quenched
Specimen 6 Cu 58% / Zn 42%, reheated to 800oC for 1 hour, furnace cooled to room
(X13) temperature
Specimen 7 Aluminium / 4% copper alloy, sand cast, heated at 525oC for 16 hours and then
(X14) water quenched
Specimen 8 Aluminium / 4% copper alloy, sand cast, heated at 525oC for 16 hours and then
(X15) water quenched, reheated at 260oC for 70 hours
7
4. RESULT, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
8
Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor - 2019495362
RESULTS
 FERROUS ALLOY
1
Figure 1: Microstructure of Specimen 1 (X17)

3
9
NON-FERROUS ALLOY

DISCUSSION
Ferrous Alloy
Specimen 1 (X17)
Specimen 1 (X17) which is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at 800'C.
It then undergoes annealed process which is furnace cooled to room temperature. Annealing is a
term that often used to define heat treatment process that produces some softening of the structure.
True annealing involves heating the steel to austenite and holding for some time to create stable
structure. The structure is then cooled very slowly to room temperature. This will produces a very
soft structure, but also creates very large grains, which are seldom desirable because of poor
toughness
When Specimen 1 (X17) undergoes annealing process, it will produced ferrite and pearlite.
The white areas are a solid solution known as ferrite. The dark areas are actually a composite
called pearlite.
Specimen 2 (X18)
Specimen 2 (X18) which is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at
800'C. It then undergoes normalized process which is cooled in still air. Normalizing is as term of
returning the structure back to normal. The steel is heated until it just starts to form austenite, It is
then cooled in air. This moderately rapid transformation creates relatively fine grains with uniform
pearlite. When Specimen 2 (X18) undergoes normalizing, it will produced fine pearlite with excess
of ferrite or cementite. The resulting material is soft and the degree of softness depends on the
actual ambient conditions of cooling. Normalizing is more commonly used than annealing, as it is
considerably cheaper that full annealing since there is not the added cost of controlled furnace
cooling.
Specimen 3 (X19)
Specimen 3 (X19) which is containing 0.35% carbon steel bar. It then undergoes spheroidizing
which is furnace cooled from 870'C. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3 can
be classified as medium-carbon steel. When this type of carbon steel undergoes spheroidizing, it
will developed the spheroidite structure. Spheroidited steels have a maximum softness and ductility
and easily machined or deformed. The carbon steels will produced ferrite, cementite and also
bainite microstructure.
Specimen 4 (X20)
Specimen 4 (X20) which is containing 1.3% carbon steel bar. It the undergoes spheroidizing which
is furnace cooled from 970%. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3 can be
classified as high-carbon steel. During cooling process of this steel, from the austenite field, the
first phase to form is cementite on the austenite grain boundaries. This partitions iron and at the
eutectic composition pearlite is formed from the remaining enriched austenite.
Nonferrous Alloy
Specimen 5 (X12)
Specimen 5 (X12) which is containing 58% Copper (Cu) or 42% Zinc (Zn). It then reheated to
800oC for 1 hour. The specimen is then was furnace cooled to 600oC and then undergoes water
quenched. Hardenability means the influenced for alloy composition on the ability of steel alloy to
transform to martensite for particular quenching treatment. After quenching, specimen 5 will form
microstructure of martensite
Specimen 6 (X13)
Specimen 6 (X13) which is containing 58% Copper and 42% Zinc. It then reheated to 800oC for 1
hour. The specimen is then was cooled to room temperature. The specimen undergoes hardenability
just like specimen 5. The microstructure of the grains of this specimen expands
Specimen 7 (X14)
Specimen 7 (X14) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% of Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast. It
then heated at 525o for 16 hours. It is finally undergoes water quenched. This specimen undergoes
age-hardening process. Age hardening was used to designate this precipitation hardening because
the strength developed by time or as the alloy ages.
Specimen 8 (X15)
Specimen 8 (X15) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast. It
then heated at 525oC for 16 hours. It then undergoes water quenched. Finally, the specimen
was reheated at 260oC for 70 hours. Just like specimen 7, specimen 8 also undergoes age-
hardening process.
CONCLUSION
From the experiment that has been carried out, we are able to understand the differences between
ferrous and non ferrous alloys from the metallurgical point of view. There are differences in the
microstructure of the materials. We are also able to understand the phase diagram of iron-carbon
and non ferrous systems that enables for heat treating and procedures in heat treatment involved.
Besides that, we are also able to describe the principle engineering properties and industrial
application of ferrous and non ferrous alloys.
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Teamwork Assessment Form
Name : Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor
Member’s Name 1 : Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh
2 : Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar
3 : Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan
4 : Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent
You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: All is well.
Member 1: Good teamwork shown.
14
Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa – 2019848262
RESULTS
 FERROUS ALLOY
1
Figure 4.1 : Microstructure of Specimen 1 (X17)

3
15
 NON-FERROUS ALLOY
1

Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa - 2019848262
DISCUSSION
Ferrous Alloy
 Specimen 1 (X17)
Specimen 1 (X17) which is containing 0.8% carbon steel, the rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at
800’C. It then undergoes annealed process which is the furnace is cooled to room temperature.
Annealing is a heat treatment process that produces some softening of the structure. The structure is
then cooled very slowly to room temperature. This will produce a very soft structure, but also
creates very large grains, which are less desirable as it have less toughness. As the specimen
undergoes annealing process, it will be produced a white area of a solid solution known as ferrite
and the dark areas which are actually a composite known as cementite.
800’C. It then undergoes normalized process which is cooled in still air. Normalizing is a term of
returning the structure back to normal. The steel is heated until it just starts to form austenite and
then cooled in air. This moderately rapid transformation creates relatively fine grains with uniform
pearlite. As the specimen undergoes normalizing, it will be produced fine pearlite with excess of
ferrite or cementite. The resulting material is soft, and the degree of softness depends on the actual
ambient conditions of cooling. Normalizing is more commonly used than annealing, as it is
considerably cheaper that full annealing since there is not the added cost of controlled furnace
cooling.
Specimen 3 (X19) which is containing 0.35% carbon, steel bar. It then undergoes spheroidizing
which is furnace cooled from 870'C. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3 can
be classified as medium-carbon steel. When this type of carbon steel undergoes spheroidizing, it
will develop the spheroidite structure. Spheroidited steels have a maximum softness and ductility
and easily machined or deformed. The carbon steels will produce ferrite and also pearlite
microstructure.
Specimen 4 (X20) which is containing 1.3% carbon steel bar. It the undergoes spheroidizing which
is furnace cooled from 970%. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3 can be
classified as high-carbon steel. During cooling process of this steel, from the austenite field, the
first phase to form is cementite on the austenite grain boundaries. This partitions iron and at the
eutectic composition pearlite is formed from the remaining cementite.
17
Nonferrous Alloy
Specimen 5 (X12) which is containing 58% Copper (Cu) or 42% Zinc (Zn). It then reheated to
800oC for 1 hour. The specimen is then was furnace cooled to 600 oC and then undergoes water
quenched. Hardenability means the influenced for alloy composition on the ability of steel alloy to
transform to martensite for particular quenching treatment. After quenching, specimen 5 will form
microstructure of martensite
Specimen 6 (X13) which is containing 58% Copper and 42% Zinc. It then reheated to 800 oC for 1
hour. The specimen is then was cooled to room temperature. The specimen undergoes hardenability
just like specimen 5. The microstructure of the grains, alpha phase of this specimen expands.
Specimen 7 (X14) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% of Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast. It
then heated at 525o for 16 hours. It is finally undergoing water quenched. This specimen undergoes
age-hardening process. Age hardening was used to designate this precipitation hardening because
the strength developed by time or as the alloy ages.
Specimen 8 (X15) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast. It
then heated at 525oC for 16 hours. It then undergoes water quenched. Finally, the specimen was
reheated at 260oC for 70 hours. Just like specimen 7, specimen 8 also undergoes age-hardening
process.
CONCLUSION
Based the experiment that has been carried out, we are able to understand more about the
differences between ferrous and non-ferrous alloys from the metallurgical point of view of its
microstructure. There are differences in the microstructure of the materials in every each phase that
the alloys going through. For example of the microstructure found are pearlite, cementite, ferrite
and alpha. We are also able to understand the phase diagram of iron-carbon and non-ferrous
systems that enables for heat treating and procedures in heat treatment involved. Besides that, we
are also able to describe the principle engineering properties and industrial application of ferrous
and non-ferrous alloys in the industrial uses. The hardness of the alloys also has been studied in this
experiment made us understand more about the uses of suitable material in the man
Name : Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa
2 : Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan
4 : Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Try to give all your best for this work. Pull yourself together.
Member 1: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh (2019495574)
Result
Ferrous Alloy
Actual sketch
Specimen 1 (X17)
cementite
ferrite
Specimen 2 (X18)
ferrite
cementite
Specimen 3 (X19)
Primary
ferrite
pearlite
Specimen 4 (X20)
pearlite
Primary
cementite
21
Non-ferrous alloy
Actual sketch
Specimen 1 (X12) Alpha –
phase, α
Beta-
phase, β

phase, α
Beta-
phase, β
Specimen 3 (X14)
Alpha –
phase, α
Beta-
phase, β

phase, α
Θ- phase
CuAl2
Discussion
Ferrous alloy
Specimen 1( X17)
This specimen is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar, heated for 1 hour at 800˚C ,then it
undergoes furnace cooled (annealed process) at room temperature. The term annealing
usually refers to softening by altering the microstructure, which is a term used to describe the
heating and cooling process of the solid state metals. The word annealing typically means that
carbon and alloy steels cool fairly slowly. When this specimen undergoes furnace cooled
process to room temperature, this can be assumed that it produced granular pearlite based on
what we found through optical microscope. The darker on the microstructure is cementite and
the white areas are ferrite.
Specimen 2(X18)
This specimen is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar, heated for 1 hour at 800˚C, then it
cooled in still air (normalized process). Normalizing is a heat treatment process for making
material softer but does not produce the uniform material properties of annealing. This
specimen can be produced pearlite when it undergoes normalized process. Pearlite is an iron
alloy characterized by the formation of distinct ferrite and cementite bands. Normalizing is
more widely used than annealing, but full annealing is considerably cheaper because there is
no additional expense to control furnace cooling.
Specimen 3(X19)
This specimen is containing 0.35% carbon steel bar, it then furnace cooled or otherword is
spherodized process from 870˚C. This specimen is classifiable as moderate-carbon steel
based on its carbon percentage. When this specimen undergoes spherodized process, it will be
based on the iron-carbon phase diagram at the ferrite and cementite zone, depending on the
percentage of carbon. Therefore the microstructure produced ferrite, cementite and bainite.
Specimen 4 (X20)
This specimen is containing 1.3% carbon steel bar. It the undergoes spheroidizing which is
furnace cooled from 970˚C. Specimen 3 can be classified as high carbon steel, based on the
percentage of carbon steel. The first phase to form is cementite on the austenite grain
boundaries during the cooling process of this steel, from the austenite region. This iron
partition and pearlite is formed from the remaining enriched austenite at the eutectic
composition.
Non- ferrous alloy

Specimen 5 (X12)
This specimen is containing 58% Copper (Cu) or 42% Zinc (Zn). It then reheated to 800 ˚C
for 1 hour. The specimen is then was furnace cooled to 600 ˚C and then undergoes water
quenched. Hardenability means the alloy composition affected on the ability of steel alloy to
convert to martensite for different quenching treatment. Specimen 5 will form martensite
microstructure after quenching.
Specimen 6 (X13)
This specimen is containing 58% Copper and 42% Zinc. It then reheated to 800 ˚C for 1 hour.
The specimen is then was cooled to room temperature. Just like specimen 5, this specimen
also undergoes hardenability. The grain microstructure of that specimen is expanding.
Specimen 7 (X14)
This specimen is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% of Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast. It then
heated at 525 ˚C for 16 hours. It is finally undergoes water quenched. This specimen
undergoes age-hardening process. Age hardening was used to designate this precipitation
hardening because the strength developed by time or as the alloy ages.
Specimen 8 (X15)
This specimen is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast. It then
heated at 525 ˚C for 16 hours. It then undergoes water quenched. Finally, the specimen was
reheated at 260oC for 70 hours. Just like specimen 7, specimen 8 also undergoes age-
hardening process.
Conclusion
As conclusion, we are able to understand the differences between ferrous and non-ferrous
alloys in several aspect such as characteristic and microstructure. Besides, we are also able to
understand the phase diagram of iron-carbon and non-ferrous systems that enables for heat
treating and procedures in heat treatment involved. Last but not least, we are also able to
describe the principle engineering properties and industrial application of ferrous and non-
ferrous alloys.
Name : Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh
Member’s Name 1 : Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: good job. Keep up your good teamwork
Member 1: good job. Keep up your good teamwork
26
Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan (2019892868)
Result
Ferrous Alloy
Microstructure Sketch of the Microstructure
Specimen 1
(X17) under
optical
microscope
Specimen 2
(X18) under
optical
microscope
Specimen 3
(X19) under
optical
microscope
Specimen 4
(X20) under
optical
microscope
27
Non-Ferrous Alloy
Microstructure Sketch of the Microstructure
Specimen 5
(X12) under
optical
microscope
Specimen 6
(X13) under
optical
microscope
Specimen 7
(X14) under
optical
microscope
Specimen 8
(X15) under
optical
microscope
Muhammad Izzuddin Bin izlan (2019892868)
Discussion
Ferrous Alloy
Specimen 1 (X17)
Specimen 1 is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at 800 degree
celcius. It then undergoes annealed process which is furnace cooled to room temperature.
Annealing is a term that often used to define heat treatment process that produces some
softening of the structure. True annealing involves heating the steel to austenite and holding
for some time to create stable structure. The structure is then cooled very slowly to room
temperature. This will produces a very soft structure, but also creates very large grains, which
are seldom desirable because of poor toughness. When Specimen 1 undergoes annealing
process, it will produced ferrite and pearlite. The white areas are solid solution known as
ferrite. The dark areas are actually a composite called pearlite.
Specimen 2 (X18)
Specimen 2 is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at 800 degree
celcius. It then undergoes normalized process which is cooled in still air. Normalizing is as
term of returning the structure back to normal. The steel is heated until it just starts to form
austenite, It is then cooled in air. This moderately rapid transformation creates relatively fine
grains with uniform pearlite. When this specimen undergoes normalizing, it will produced
fine pearlite with excess of ferrite or cementite. The resulting material is soft and the degree
of softness depends on the actual ambient conditions of cooling. Normalizing is more
commonly used than annealing, as it is considerably cheaper that full annealing since there is
not the added cost of controlled furnace cooling.
Specimen 3 (X19)
Specimen 3 is containing 0.35% carbon steel bar. It then undergoes spheroidizing which is
furnace cooled from 870 degree celcius. According to the percentage of carbon steel, this
specimen can be classified as medium-carbon steel. When this type of carbon steel undergoes
29
spheroidizing, it will developed the spheroidite structure. Spheroidited steels have a
maximum softness and ductility and easily machined or deformed. The carbon steels will
produced ferrite, cementite and also bainite microstructure.
Specimen 4 (X20)
Specimen 4 is containing 1.3% carbon steel bar. It undergoes spheroidizing which is furnace
cooled from 970 degree celcius. According to the percentage of carbon steel, this specimen 3
can be classified as high-carbon steel. During cooling process of this steel, from the austenite
field, the first phase to form is cementite on the austenite grain boundaries. This partitions
iron and at the eutectic composition pearlite is formed from the remaining enriched austenite.
Ferrous Alloys
Iron alloys containing chromium, manganese, molybdenum, silicon, titanium, tungsten,

vanadium and other elements in varying proportions. Ferrous alloys are added to steel during
the manufacturing process to achieve the desired degree of corrosion resistance, tensile
strength, yield strength and other qualities.
Non-ferrous Alloy
Specimen 5 (X12)
Specimen 5 contains 58% Copper or 42% Zinc. It then reheated to 800 degree celcius for 1
hour. The specimen is then was furnace cooled to 600 degree celcius and then undergoes
water quenched. Hardenability means the influenced for alloy composition on the ability of
steel alloy to transform to martensite for particular quenching treatment. After quenching, this
specimen 5 will form microstructure of martensite
30
Specimen 6 (X13)
Specimen 6 is containing 58% Copper and 42% Zinc. It then reheated to 800 degree celcius
for 1 hour. The specimen is then was cooled to room temperature. The specimen undergoes
hardenability just like specimen 5. The microstructure of the grains of this specimen expands.
Specimen 7 (X14)
Specimen 7 which is containing Aluminium and 4% of Copper alloy, sand cast. It then heated
at 525 degree celcius for 16 hours. It is finally undergoes water quenched. This specimen
undergoes age-hardening process. Age hardening was used to designate this precipitation
hardening because the strength developed by time or as the alloy ages.
Specimen 8 (X15)
Specimen 8 is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% Copper alloy, sand cast. It then heated at
525 degree celcius for 16 hours. It then undergoes water quenched. Finally, the specimen
was reheated at 260 degree celcius for 70 hours. Just like specimen 7, specimen 8 also
undergoes age-hardening process.
Nonferrous Alloys
Non-ferrous alloys are alloys that are the byproducts of non-ferrous metals such as
aluminium, cobalt, lead, magnesium, titanium and zinc. By definition, a non-ferrous alloy is
an alloy that does not intentionally contain iron. In general, non-ferrous alloys are invested
with non-metallic properties, have higher melting point and better strength. These properties
make them a favoured choice for several commercial and non-commercial uses, including
automobile and aircraft parts, communication equipment, water valves, musical instruments
and the manufacturing of flammables and explosive.
31
Muhammad Izzuddin Bin izlan (2019892868)
Microstructural
Austenite
Austenite is a solid solution of ferritic carbide or carbon in iron. It cools to form pearlite or
martensite.
Ferrite
Ferrite is a solid solution of carbon in body-centered cubic iron. It is a constituent of carbon
steels.
Cementite
Cementite is iron carbide and an orthorhombic crystal structure. It is hard, brittle material,
essentially a ceramic in its pure form. It forms directly from the melt in the case of white cast
iron. In carbon steel, it either forms from austenite during cooling or from martensite during
tempering.
Pearlite
Pearlite is an iron alloy phase which is characterized by the formation of distinct bands of
ferrite and cementite. This iron alloy phase contains around 88% ferrite and 12% cementite. It
only forms under specialized conditions which must be controlled to create this alloy phase
rather than another one. Pearlite is known for being tough, thanks to the way in which it
forms, and may be used in a variety of applications.
Martensite
Martensite is a solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron that is formed when steel is cooled so
rapidly that the change from austenite to pearlite is suppressed; responsible for hardness
of quenched steel.
32
Conclusion
In conclusion, we are able to understand the differences between ferrous and non-ferrous
alloys from the metallurgical point of view. There are differences in the microstructure of the
materials. We are also able to understand the phase diagram of iron-carbon and non-ferrous
systems that enables for heat treating and procedures in heat treatment involved. Besides that,
we are also able to describe the principle engineering properties and industrial application of
ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.
33
Name : Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Nice work. Keep it up.
Member 1: Nice work. Thank you for pulling everyone together on such short notice
Member 4: Nice work. Thank you for pulling everyone together on such short notice.
34
Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar 2019476316
Result.
1)Ferros Alloy.
cementite
Ferrite, alpha
Ferrite, alpha
cementite
ferrite
cementite
pearlite
cementite
35
2) Non Ferrous-Alloys
alpha
betha
alpha
betha
alpha
alpha
Discussion.
Ferrous alloy.
Specimen 1 (X17)
800'C. It then undergoes annealed process which is furnace cooled to room temperature.
Annealing is a term that often used to define heat treatment process that produces some
softening of the structure. True annealing involves heating the steel to austenite and holding
for some time to create stable structure. The structure is then cooled very slowly to room
temperature. This will produces a very soft structure, but also creates very large grains, which
are seldom desirable because of poor toughness.
When Specimen 1 (X17) undergoes annealing process, it will produced ferrite and pearlite.
The white areas are a solid solution known as ferrite. The dark areas are actually a composite
called pearlite.
Specimen 2 (X18)
800'C. It then undergoes normalized process which is cooled in still air. Normalizing is as
term of returning the structure back to normal. The steel is heated until it just starts to form
austenite, It is then cooled in air. This moderately rapid transformation creates relatively fine
grains with uniform pearlite.
When Specimen 2 (X18) undergoes normalizing, it will produced fine pearlite with excess of
ferrite or cementite. The resulting material is soft and the degree of softness depends on the
actual ambient conditions of cooling. Normalizing is more commonly used than annealing, as
it is considerably cheaper that full annealing since there is not the added cost of controlled
furnace cooling.
Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar 2019476316
Specimen 3 (X19)
Specimen 3 (X19) which is containing 0.35% carbon steel bar. It then undergoes
spheroidizing which is furnace cooled from 870'C. According to the percentage of carbon
steel, specimen 3 can be classified as medium-carbon steel. When this type of carbon steel
undergoes spheroidizing, it will developed the spheroidite structure. Spheroidited steels have
a maximum softness and ductility and easily machined or deformed. The carbon steels will
produced ferrite, cementite and also bainite microstructure.
Specimen 4 (X20)
Specimen 4 (X20) which is containing 1.3% carbon steel bar. It the undergoes spheroidizing
which is furnace cooled from 970%. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3
can be classified as high-carbon steel. During cooling process of this steel, from the austenite
field, the first phase to form is cementite on the austenite grain boundaries. This partitions
iron and at the eutectic composition pearlite is formed from the remaining enriched austenite.
38
Nonferrous alloys.
Specimen5(X12)
Specimen 5 (X12) which is containing 58% Copper (Cu) or 42% Zinc (Zn). It then reheated
to 800oC for 1 hour. The specimen is then was furnace cooled to 600oC and then undergoes
water quenched and the specimen turn into needle like shape. Hardenability means the
influenced for alloy composition on the ability of steel alloy to transform to martensite for
particular quenching treatment. After quenching, specimen 5 will form microstructure of
martensite
Specimen 6 (X13)
Specimen 6 (X13) which is containing 58% Copper and 42% Zinc. It then reheated to 800oC
for 1 hour. The specimen is then was cooled to room temperature. The specimen undergoes
hardenability just like specimen 5. The microstructure of the grains of this specimen expands.
Specimen 7 (X14)
Specimen 7 (X14) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% of Copper (Cu) alloy, sand
cast. It then heated at 525o for 16 hours. It is finally undergoes water quenched. This
specimen undergoes age-hardening process. Age hardening was used to designate this
precipitation hardening because the strength developed by time.
Specimen 8 (X15)
Specimen 8 (X15) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast.
It then heated at 525oC for 16 hours. It then undergoes water quenched. Finally, the specimen
was reheated at 260oC for 70 hours. Just like specimen 7, specimen 8 also undergoes age-
hardening process.
Conclusion.
From the experiment, we can study the differences between ferrous alloy and non- ferrous
alloy from the metallurgical point of view. There are differences in the microstructure of the
materials. We are also able to understand the phase diagram of iron-carbon and non ferrous
systems that enables for heat treating and procedures in heat treatment involved. Besides that,
we are also able to describe the principle engineering properties and industrial application of
ferrous and non ferrous alloys.
Name : Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar.
Member’s Name 1 :_ Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan
2 :_ Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh.
4 :_ Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
Total 55 55 55 55 55
Comment
Self: Good job, thank you guys.
Member 1: good job, thank you for all the cooperation.
41
5. References
1. http://allaboutengineeringworks.blogspot.com/2012/02/microstructure-study-of-
ferrous-and-non.html
2. http://sydney-harbour-bridge.bos.nsw.edu.au/engineering-studies/steel-structure.php
3. http://www.engineershandbook.com/MfgMethods/normalizing.htm
4. http://metals.about.com/library/bldef-Ferrite.htm
5. http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Matter/Hardening.html.
42
6. Appendices
43

Lab 2 Material Science - G4

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : Microstructure Study Of Ferrous And Non Ferrous

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

2. MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN IZLAN 2019892868

3. MUHAMMAD NUR SAFIY BIN IZAHAR 2019476316

4. MUHAMMAD NURSYAFARIN BIN 2019495362

5. MUHAMMAD RAFAIE BIN 2019848262

REPORT 17 MAY 2020

Figure 1: Microstructure of Specimen 1 (X17)

Figure 2: Microstructure of Specimen 2 (X18)

Figure 3: Microstructure of Specimen 3 (X19)

Figure 4: Microstructure of Specimen 4 (X20)

Figure 5: Microstructure of Specimen 5 (X12)

Figure 6: Microstructure of Specimen 6 (X13)

Figure 7: Microstructure of Specimen 7 (X14)

Figure 8: Microstructure of Specimen 8 (X15)

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor

Member’s Name 1 : Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh

2 : Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar

3 : Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan

4 : Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa

Member 1: Good teamwork shown.

Member 2: Good teamwork shown.

Member 3: Good teamwork shown.

Member 4: Good teamwork shown.

Figure 4.1 : Microstructure of Specimen 1 (X17)

Figure 4.2 : Microstructure of Specimen 2 (X18)

Figure 4.3 : Microstructure of Specimen 3 (X19)

Figure 4.4 : Microstructure of Specimen 4 (X20)

Figure 4.5 : Microstructure of Specimen 5 (X12)

Figure 4.6 : Microstructure of Specimen 6 (X13)

Figure 4.7 : Microstructure of Specimen 7 (X14)

Figure 4.8 : Microstructure of Specimen 8 (X15)

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa

Member’s Name 1 : Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh

2 : Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan

3 : Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar

4 : Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor

Member 1: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Member 2: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Member 3: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Member 4: Good job. Nice cooperation. Easy to work with.

Specimen 2 (X13) Alpha –

Specimen 4 (X15) Alpha –

Non- ferrous alloy

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Muhammad Ilyas Hanif Bin Muhamad Noh

Member’s Name 1 : Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan

2 : Muhammad Nur Safiy Bin Izahar

3 : Muhammad Nursyafarin Bin Mohd Noor

4 : Muhammad Rafaie Bin Mustafa

Member 1: good job. Keep up your good teamwork

Member 2: good job. Keep up your good teamwork

Member 3: good job. Keep up your good teamwork

Member 4: good job. Keep up your good teamwork

Iron alloys containing chromium, manganese, molybdenum, silicon, titanium, tungsten,

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Izlan