Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ŹŵƖƣřƹƾŤƠƳƽŚƷƱřŶǀƯƾƳżŴƯƽŚƷƢƟřŹŵƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƾƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟ
**ƾưſŚƣŚƋŹŶưŰƯźŤƧŵƹ *ƾŝřźţŚŤǀƳōƶŤƃƺƳ
ƵŶǀƨģ
ƽřŹřŵŢſřƖƣřƹźºŤųŚŝśƺƴūŹŵŽźĭřŻƭƺŝƂǀěƶƬƀĭƹ ŹƹŚºųƩŚưƃŹŵƩƺƟŻŵŢƀƄƳƹźƟƪƀĭźŤųŚŝƩŚưƃŹŵŵƹŹLJŚŝƂưųƲǀŝƶƧƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟ
Ţſř ƽř ƶƔůLjƯ ƪŝŚƣ ƾƳŚưŤųŚſ ŢººƟř ƽřŹřŵ ƶººƤƐƴƯ Ʋƿř ŶƃŚŝ ƾƯ ƾſŚƴƃ ƲǀƯŻ ƾŤºƀƿŻƺƳ ƹ ƾŤºƀƿŻ ƶƳŚǀƯ ƱřŹƹŵ ƽŚƷ śƺſŹ Żř ƽźºŞŤſƹ ƪƯŚƧ ƾƫřƺºººţ
ƶŝřŹƽŶƷřƺƃŚƸƀƿŶƣŚţŻřƾƤưƗ(profiles)ƽŚƸųźưǀƳƶǀƸţƹƽřƵŻźƫśŚţŻŚŝƍƺƐųźǀƀƠţƶƿŚěźŝƩƺƟŻŵŢƀƄƳƹźƟƾƳżŴƯžƿŶƣŚţŪƴěƽŹŚŤųŚſƽŚƷƾſŹźŝ
ƭřƺººƣźěƾƳżºººŴƯƽŚƷƶƿLJ
(dip isogon) ŜǀƃƮƷƍƺººƐųƶſŶƴƷƹŚƷƶƿLJ(relative competence )ƾŞƀƳƭřƺƣƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ ŢſřƶŤųŚſŹŚƨƃōźƿŻŭźƃ
ƹźºĭ ƹƾěŹƺĭƵŶºŝŚěŶƴƳŚƯincompetent ƭřƺºººƣƮƧƂƃƺěƹŐººººƄƴƯƽŚƷƶƿLJƹ 1BƵŵŹƱŚººƿŹřŵƹƭLjººººƿřƥƹźºſƽŹŚººưſōŶƴƳŚƯ competent)
Ʋǀģ(fault-bend folding)ƶƬƀĭƮººųƽŚƷƲǀģƂƬƀĭŚŝƾĭŵŹƺųƲºººǀģƍŚŞţŹřƵŚĭŶƿŵŻř.ŶƴŤƀƷřŹřŵ ƽżººººƯŹƽŶºƴŝƵŵŹŽŚſřźŝřŹ1Cƹ1AƵŵŹ
Śŝ ŵźƧƵŶƷŚƄƯŚƸƀƿŶƣŚţƲƿř ŵŹƺƯ ŹŵƱřƺţƾƯřŹ (antiformal stack)ŢŴƿŹơŚţŢƃŚºººººŞƳřƱŚưŤųŚſ ƹ (fault-propagation folding)ƶƬƀĭƽƹźƄǀě
ŶǀƠſ ŢƠƳ ƾŤƠƳ ƱřŶºǀƯ ŶƷŵ ƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ řŹ ŢŴƿŹơŚţŢƃŚŞƳř ƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģ ƩŶƯ ƪƨŤƠƷ ƾŤƠƳ ƱřŶºººǀƯ ƽřƵŻźƫśŚţŻŚŝƽŚƸųźưǀƳź
ºǀƀƠţƹƾſŹźŝƶŝƶūƺţ
ƹ ŪºƳźƧƾŤƠƳƽŚƷƱřŶǀƯƹ ŵƺƃ ƾƯ źǀƀƠţ ƶƬƀĭ ƽƹźººƄǀě ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋºǀģ ƕƺƳ Żř ƾſŹŚě ƾŤƠƳ ƱřŶǀƯŶƷŵ ƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ řŹ ƶƬƀĭ Ʈų ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ ƩŶƯ
ŵŹřŵŢƤŝŚƐƯƾƄƿřŶūƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƩŶƯŚŝLJŚưŤůřƲºǀţŚƯŚƯ
ƾƄƿřŶūƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģŢŴƿŹơŚţƭřƺƣŽźĭřŻƭƺŝƂǀěŵƹŹLJŚŝƪƀĭƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟƽŶǀƬƧƽŚƷƵĥřƹ
Abstract
Dezful embayment located in southwest Iran is bounded to Bala-Rud flexure towards northwest, Dezful embayment fault
towards northeast, Mountain front fault towards north, and Zagros foredeep fault towards southwest. The embayment consists
of thick sedimentary sequences of Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. The whole region is charecterised by intense structural
depression. Structural analysis of five anticline reservoirs in Dezful embayment based on interpretation of seismic reflection
profiles, and depth sections indicates: Based on dip isogons analysis, and relative competence of the layers, the (competent)
reservoir horizons such as Asmari, Sarvak, and Dariyan are of class 1B, while source and cap rock (incompetent) layers such
as Pabdeh, Gurpi, and Garu are of class 1A and 1C. Regarding fault-fold relationship, there are fault-propagation folds and
fault-bend folds. The Haftkel structure is interpreted as antiformal stack; the Naft sefid structure is fault-bend fold; the Parsi
field is fault-propagation fold, and Mamatain and Karanj structures are possibly detachment folds.
êæêçƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝç
www.SID.ir
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
Archive of SID
žƿŶƣŚţ Ūƴě Pattinson&Takin,1971 ŵŹřŶƳ ƱƺưƴųŹ ƽŹŚưºſō ƱŻŚŴƯ ƶƘſƺţ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ ŜſŚƴƯ ƽżƿŹ ƶƯŚƳźŝ ƭƹŵ ƹ ƽŹƺºººŝźƧƹŹŶǀƷ
ƽŹƹŚųśƺƴūƶŝƽźŤųŚŝƩŚưƃŻřŜǀţźţƶŝƂºƷƹĦěƲƿřŹŵƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯ śƺƴūƹśƺºƴūƶƤƐƴƯƽŚƷŹŚŤųŚſƾſŹźŝźĮƿŵƽƺſŻř ƵŶƃƝŚƄŤƧř
æƪƨƃƾſŹŚěƹŪƳźƧƲǀţŚƯŚƯƪƨŤƠƷŶǀƠſŢƠƳŻřŶƴţŹŚŞƗ ƶƘƫŚƐƯ Śŝ řźƿŻ ŵŹřŵ ƽŵŚƿŻ ŢºǀưƷř ƽř ƶºǀůŚƳ ŽŚººǀƤƯ Źŵ Ʊřźƿř źºººŤųŚŝ
è êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝ
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
řŹ ƽźſ Ʋƿř Ʋºſ ƽŵŚººººưŤƯ ƽŚƷ ƩŚſ ƽřźŝ Ţſř ƵŶºººƃ ƵřźººưƷ ƲƨưƯ ƵŚĭ Ʊō Ţſř ƶŤƟźĭ ƪƨƃ ƽŶƴŝ ƶƿLJ šřŻřƺƯ ƶŝ ƶƧ ƾƈŴƄƯ
ƶŝ řŹ Ʊō Żř ƾƄººŴŝ řźǀųř ŚºƯř ŶºƴŤƟźĭ ƾƯ źººƔƳ Źŵ ƲƿźƿŻ ƲƿźŞƯŚƧ ƾƄưų ƾƃźŝ ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ ƽŵƺưƗ Ƃºººººưų źŝ ƵƹLjƗ Ţſř
Stöklin,1968;Kent,1970ŶººƴººƷŵƾƯŢººŞƀƳ
Ʀ
Ʋǀƀě ǀŗƹŻƹźºţƹźººě śçƪƨƃŶººƷŵűŹżǀƳflexural shear folding
ƾƫřƺţ Źŵ Ƶƹźĭ ƲƿźţźŞŤºººſ Competent Group ƭřƺƣźě Ƶƹźĭ ę ƲǀģƹŚƧŢưſƶŝƶƧŶƴŤƀƷƾŞǀƃƮƷƽŚƷƎųƽřŹřŵ1CƵŵŹƽŚƷƲǀģ
ŚţƲƿźŞƯŚƧŻřŚƸƳōƲſƶƧŢſřšŚŝƺſŹƶƗƺưŬƯƦƿƪƯŚƃƾŤƃŚĮƳƶƴǀģ Ʋǀģ ƽŚƷ ƩŚƿ ƽƹŹ Źŵ 1B ƵŵŹ šŶƃ ƶŝ ƶƳ ƶŤŞƫř ŶƳƺƃ ƾƯ řźĮưƷ
źƠǀƴŝźƧŚţƲƿźŞƯŚƧƽŚƷĬƴſƪƯŚƃƾƫřƺţƲƿřƾƴǀƿŚěƂŴŝŢſřƲſƺǀƯ ŚƸƴţLJƺƫƶƤƐƴƯŹŵƶƧƾƫŚůŹŵŶƴŝŚƿƾƯƁźŝšŶƃƶŝƭřƺƣƮƧƽŚƷƶƿLJ
ƶţŚƴŝźƧƽŚƷĬƴſƹƶſŚƯĬƴſƪǀƃŻřƶƧŢſřźŤƯ çåååŵƹŶůŹŵ ŶƳƺƃƾƯflatƝŚƇƹŲě
ƾƳŚǀƯƂŴŝŢſřƵŶƃƪǀƨƄţƾƗźƟšŹƺƇƶŝƽźǀŴŞţŵřƺƯƹƱŹŚƯŚŝ ƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģŹŚƧƹŻŚſŻřƾƃŚƳřŹƶŝŚƄƯƽŚƷƲǀģ çƵŵŹƽŚƷƲǀģ
ƶţŚƴŝźƧ ƽŚƸĮƴſ Żř ŚŞƫŚƛ ƶƧ Ţſř ƾƿLJŚŝ ƶſŚţźƧ Śţ ƲǀƯźě ƾƫřƺţ ƪƯŚƃ ƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƶƧ ŶƴƳřŵƾƯpassive shear folding ƩŚƘƟźǀƛƾƃźŝ
ƂŴŝƲƿřŢſřƵŶƃƪǀƨƄţƾƗźƟšŹƺƇƶŝƽźǀŴŞţŵřƺƯƹƪǀƃƱŹŚƯ Ʋƿř Źŵ ŵƺƃ ƾƯ ƵŶǀƯŚƳ żǀƳ ƾƳŚƿźū ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ Śƿ ƩŚƘƟ źǀƛ ƱŚƿźū
Ʋſ ƶŝ Ƶƹźĭ ƾƿLJŚŝ ƂŴŝ ŵŹřŵ źŤƯ èåååéååå ŵƹŶůŹŵ ƾƿřźŞŤſ ƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƽƹŹźŝƽźǀŧŐţĢǀƷƹŶƴŤƀƷƭřƺƣƮƧľřŶƿŶƃŚƷƶƿLJŢƫŚů
ŚŝƶƧŢſřƾƿŚƷƦºƷōƹƪǀƃƪƯŚƃƹŢſřƲſƺĮǀƫřŚţƾƿLJŚŝƶſŚţźƧ ƾƯŢŞŧřŹšŚŰƠƇƾŤŴƿŹźĭŵƶƧƶƳŚƄƳƦƿšŹƺƇƶŝŚƸƴţƶƨƬŝŶƳŹřŶƳ
Ĭƴſ Ɓƺě ŢƿŹŶºǀƳř ƹ ƽŹŚưºſō Źřŵ ŢƠƳ ƹ ƽř Ƶŵƺţ ƽŚƷ ƦºƷō ƽŻřƺƯ ƲǀģŹƺŰƯƹƲǀģƽLJƺƫƶŝŚƄƯƽŚƷƲǀģŹŵŶƴƴƧƾƯƪưƗŶƴƴƧ
ŚƷĬƴſƲƿřƽřźŞŤſ
ŶƳƺƃƾƯƵŶƳŚºƃƺěƱřŹŚººƀĤĭŶƳŻŚſƾƴǀŗŚěŢưƀƣ Ʋǀģ ƕƺƳ Ʋƿř Źŵ ŶƴŤƀƷ ƽŶƴŝ ƶƿLJ ƹ Ɓźŝ ƽŚƷ ƶŰƠƇ ƖƏŚƤţ ƪŰƯ Śŝ
źŤƯ ëåååŵƹŶůŹŵƭřƺƣźěƵƹźĭƾƬƧƽřźŞŤſŢſřźŤƯ æåååŵƹŶůŹŵ ŚƷƶƿLJƶŝŢŞƀƳźƠƇźǀƛƶƿƹřŻźƷŚŝŢſřƲƨưƯƁźŝšŚŰƠƇƾĭŵŹƺų
ŢſřźŤƯìåååŚţ źƷ Ţſř ƲƨưƯ Ɓźŝ šŚŰƠƇ ƱƹŹŵ Źŵ Ɓźŝ ŢƸūƹ ŶƴƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵŹřźƣ
ƭřƺƣźě Ƶƹźºººĭ Upper Mobile Group ƾƿLJŚŝƥźºººŰŤƯ Ƶƹźĭ š ŶƴƃŚŝƵŵŹƺųƲǀģƶƿLJƽŻřƺƯƶƧƱōŌŚƴŨŤſřƶŝŶƴƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵƾŤƸū
ƱřŹŚºƀĤĭ ŶƳŻŚſ ƾƳŚǀƯ ƂŴŝ ƽŚƷ ƱŹŚƯ ƹ ŢƿŹŶºǀƳř žººĜƿĥ ƦưƳ Śŝ ŢưſƭřƺƣƮƧƽřƶƿLJŹŵƶƧŶƳźǀĭƾƯƪƨƃƾŤƫŚůŹŵèƵŵŹƽŚƷƲǀģ
ƶººŤųŚººƴƃ ƾºŝƺų ƶŝ ŚƸĮƴſ Ʋºƿř ƾƳŚưŤųŚºſ ƥźºŰţ ŵƺƃƾƯ ƵŶºƳŚƃƺě ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵƹŚººƧŢưſƶŝŢŞƀƳƽźººŤƨģƺƧƾĭŶǀưųƕŚƘƃƲǀģĥƺƧ
Desitter,1964; Lees et al., 1940; O’Brien, 1950;ŢſřƵŶººƃ ƶŝƶƿLJƽřźŞŤſƹŶƴŤƀƷřźĭřƹŜǀƃ ƮƷƽŚƷƎųŚƷƲǀģƕƺºƳƲƿřŹŵ
Ƶƹźĭ Ʋƿř ƾŤººƃŚĮƳ ƶºƴǀģ ƽřźŞŤſ ƽźǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳř (Hills, 1963 ŶŝŚƿƾƯƂƷŚƧŚƷƩŚƿƽƺſƶŝLJƺƫŻřƽŹƺºŰƯźŧřšřŻřƺººƯ
Śţ çƽŚƷƂºººŴŝƵƹźºººĭƲºººƿřƱřŹŚƀĤĭƾŤƠƳƱřŶǀƯŹŵŢſřŹřƺºƃŵ
James & Wynd, 1965ŵŹřŵřźŞŤſźººŤƯçåååŵƹŶºůŹŵë ƹ ŚƷ ƶƿLJ ƾŞƀƳ ƭřƺƣ ƵŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ ƽŚƷ ƶƿLJ ƾƨǀƳŚƨƯ ƽŚƷ ƾĭĦƿƹ çæ
ƪǀƃ ƶƿLJ ƥŻŚƳ ƽŚƷ ƱŹŚƯ Żř ƽř ƶƗƺưŬƯ ƪƯŚƃ ƾſŚƴƃ ƶƴǀģ ƾƫřƺţ ƵŵŹƺųƲǀģƽŚƷƶƿLJƾƨǀƳŚƨƯƽŚƷƾĭĦƿƹƾſŹźŝƽřźŝŹŚŤƃƺƳƲƿřŹŵ
ƲſƺǀƯŢƿŹŶǀƳřŚŝƾƗźƟšŹƺƇƶŝƶƧŢſřƁƺºūĬƴſƹƶſŚƯĬƴſ Żř ŽźĭřŻ Źŵ decollement ƂƿřŶū ƽŚƷ ŮƐſ ŵƺūƹ ƹ ƾŞƀƳ ƭřƺƣ
ƮƷƽŚƷƁƺūĬƴºººººſŚŝƾƫřƺţƲƿřŶƃŚŝƾƯƵřźưƷƲſƺǀƬěŚţƲƿźƿŻ ƱƺºººººŤſ Ʋƿźŝř Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř O’Brien (1950) ƽŶƴŝ ƶƤŞƏ
ŶƳŻŚſ ƲºſƺŤƀºººǀººŘƬě Śţ ƲſƺººǀƬě syntectonic ŢųŚſ ƲǀƯŻ Śŝ ƱŚƯŻ ŢſřƵŵźºººƧƮǀƀƤţƾƳŚưŤųŚſŶººůřƹêƶŝřŹŽźººĭřŻƽŹŚĮƳƶºººººƴǀģ
źĮƳŚƿŚưƳ ƶƧ Ţſř šƹŚƠŤƯ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƷŚū Źŵ ƭřƺƣ ƾŝ Ƶƹźĭ ƽřźŞŤſ ŢſŵƶŝŶƳřƵŶǀſŹŮƐſƶŝƽźǀŴŞţŵřƺƯƽŚƷźǀěŚƿŵŚŝƶƧƾţŚƘƐƣŻřĬƴſ
ƵŵźƧƪưƗŢŴſ ƮººƀūƦƿ ƱřƺººººººƴƗƶŝŚƿ ŚƯƺººưƗƾŤŴƿŹźĭŵ ƾƏ šŹƺƇ ƶŝ ŽŹŚƟ ƶƋƺů Źŵ ƵĦƿƹ ƶŝ ƶƧ Ţſř żƯźƷ ƽźſ ƽźǀŴŞţ ŵřƺƯ
řŶūĬƴſ ƾě Żř ƭřƺƣźě Ƶƹźĭ Lees, 1952; Falcon, 1969 ŵƺƃ ĬƴſƾěƾƳƺĭźĭŵ ƹƲƿŹŷōƽŚƷĬƴſƲǀƴĤưƷƹƶţŚºƴŝźƧƽŚƷĬƴſ
êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝé
www.SID.ir
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
Archive of SID
1AƵŵŹƾƯŵĦºººƧƢƟřŹŵƹ 1BƵŵŹƭLjƿřƢƟřŹŵ1AƵŵŹƾěŹƺĭƢƟř ƾƴºǀŗŚě ƥźººŰŤƯƵƹźĭŵŹƺųƾƯƲǀģƪƤŤººººƀƯšŹƺƇƶŝƹŵƺƃƾƯ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƿŵ ŶºººƷŵƾƯƪºǀƨƄţřŹ ƹŵƲƿřƲǀŝdecollement zone ƂƿřŶūƶƴƸě
ƱŚºưŤųŚſ ƵŶƃ źǀººººƀƠţ ƹ ƵŶƃ Ƶŵřŵ ġƺƧ ƾƨƿżǀƟƺŗĥ Ɓźŝ ë ƪƨƃ ŚƳ ƵŵŹƺų Ʋºººǀģ Ƶƹźºººĭ ƹŵ Lees, 1950; O’Brien, 1950)
ƹ ŢſřŹ Ţưſ Źŵ ƾſŹŚě ƱŚưŤųŚſ ƹŵ Ʊō Źŵ ƶƧ Ţſř ŪƳźƧƾſŹŚě ƂººƿřŶūƶºƴƸěƦƿŚŝƭřƺºƣƮƧƵƹźººĭƹƭřƺºººƣźěƵƹźĭĬººƴƷŚººưƷ
ƽŹŚưſō ƢƟř Źŵ ƪƨƃ Ʋƿř Źŵ ŵŵźĭ ƾƯ ƶƔůLjƯ Ěģ Ţưſ ŹŵŪƳźƧ O’Brien,1950ŶºƳƺºƃƾƯřŶūźººĮƿŶºƨƿŻřƾƿLJŚŝƥź
ºŰŤƯƵƹźºĭŹŵ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƷŚƄƯ1BƵŵŹƥƹźſƢƟřŹŵƹ1AƵŵŹƵŶŝŚěƢƟřŹŵ1BƵŵŹ ƶƬƣ Źŵ ŽźĭřŻ ŢƠƳ ƾƬƇř ƖưŬţ Lees & Richardson,1940;
ƲƿřŹŵŢſřŪƳźƧƵŶƃźǀƀƠţƹƵŶƃƵŵřŵġƺƧƾƨƿżǀƟƺŗĥƁźŝ ìƪƨƃ ƵƹźĭŶƳŻŚſ top źſŹŵƖƣřƹƽŹŚưſōƦƷōŹŵŵƺūƺƯƽŚƷžƿŶƣŚţ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƿŵ1AƵŵŹƵŶŝŚěƢƟřŹŵƹ1B ƵŵŹƽŹŚưſōƢƟřŹŵƪƨƃ ƾƿLJŚŝƥźŰŤƯƵƹźĭƹƭřƺƣƮƧƵƹźĭƾŤƠƳšŚƟŚƄŤƧřŹŵŢſřƭřƺºººƣźě
ƽŹŚưſōƾƳżºŴƯƽŚƷƢƟřƶƧŵƺƃƾƯƶƔůLjƯŚƷƱŚưŤųŚººººſƾƯŚưţŹŵ ŢſřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣƾƿŚſŚƴƃŵŹƺºººººƯƾŝƺųƶŝƭřƺƣźěƵƹźĭŚŝŚƸƳōƍŚŞţŹřƹ
ĬƴſƽŚƷƢƟřƹŶƴƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳŵƺųŻřřŹ
1BƵŵŹƱŚƿŹřŵƹƭLjƿřƥƹźſ ŹƺƌůŚƯřŢſřƵŵŚƠŤſřƪŝŚƣƽřƶǀůŚƳŽŚǀƤƯŹŵƲƿźŝřƽŶƴŝƮǀƀƤţƶģźĭř
řŹ1CƾƷŚĭŚƿƹ 1AƵŵŹƾƯŵĦƧƹƾěŹƺĭƵŶŝŚěƂƃƺěĬƴſƹŐƄƴƯ ŭƺƐſŵŚŬƿřƶŝźŬƴƯźĮƿŶƨƿšŹƹŚŬƯŹŵšƹŚƠŤƯƾŞƀƳƭřƺƣŚŝƾƿŚƷƶƿLJ
ŶƴƷŵƾƯƱŚººƄƳŵƺųŻřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƾƬƧŹŚƧƹŻŚſƶŝƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ LJŚŝ Źŵ ƶƧ ƭřƺƣ Śŝ Ƶƹźĭ Źŵ ƩŚŨƯ ƱřƺƴƗ ƶŝ ŵŵźĭ ƾƯ ƾƘƋƺƯ ƂƿřŶū
ƾƯ ƪºǀƃ Źƺºƌů ƾºěŹƺĭ ƹ ƵŶºŝŚě ƽŚƷ ŶºƳŻŚºſ Źŵ Ŷºƃ Ƶŵřŵ ŭźºƃ
ƂƬƀĭŚŝƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƍŚŞţŹřƹŚƷƶƬƀĭè źƿŻŹŵƾƯŵĦƧŶƳŻŚſŶƃŚŝƵƺƤƫŚŝ ƂƿřŶūŮƐſƦƿŵŚŬƿřƪŰƯŶºƳřƺţ
ƶƧ ōí ƪƨƃŶƳźǀĭƾƯ ƪƨƃ ƂƬƀĭ Śŝ ƍŚŞţŹř Źŵ Ʋǀģ ƕƺƳ ƶſŚƯƺưƗ ŚƿƱŚǀƬƸƟƹƱŚƿŹřŵƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſƲǀŝƱřƹŶĭŶƳŻŚſŚƿƱŚŤƀĮƴŝƵƹźĭƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſ
ƽƹźºƄǀě Ʋºººººǀģ fault-bend folding ƶºƬƀĭ Ʈų Ʋǀģ Żř ŶƴţŹŚŞƗ ƭźƷŵŶƳŻŚºſŚƿƹƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƶƤƐƴƯŹŵƵĦƿƹƶŝŵŚƿŻƽřźŞŤººſŚŝƹźĭŶƳŻŚſ
ƾººººººƄºƿřŶūƲººººººǀģƹ(fault-propagation folding)ƶƬººººººººƀĭ ƱřƺººƴƗƶŝƵŶƃźƧŷƭřƺººƣźěƵƹźººĭƲǀŝŹŵŶƴƳřƺţƾƯƱƹŹŻŚƧƵƹźĭŹŵ
ŚƸƴţƩŶƯƶſƲƿřƾſŶƴƷƪǀƬŰţƹƶƿżŬţŹŵ detachment folding źƿŚſŹŵƵŶƯōŶƿŶěƽŚƷƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƹŶƴƴƧƪºººưƗƂººƿřŶūŭƺººƐſ
ƦǀƳŚƨƯ Śƿ ŹŚƧƹŻŚººººººſ ƲŤƟźĭ źƔƳ Źŵ ƱƹŶŝ ƹ ƶººſŶƴƷ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ Żř ŶƴƴƧƶǀūƺţřŹƭřƺƣźěƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſ
ŚŝƎŞţźƯƲǀģźĮƿŵƕƺƳƦƿƲǀģƕƺƳƶſƲƿřźŝƵƹLjƗŶƳƺƃƾƯƞƿźƘţ ƶŝ ƂƿřŶū ŭƺƐſ Ʋƿř Źŵ ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ Śŝ ƵřźººưƷ ƂƬƀĭ ľLJƺººƇř
ŹƺƌůźŧřźŝƶƧŢſřantiformal stackŢŴƿŹơŚţŢºƃŚŞƳřƂƬƀĭ ƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſŹŵƾƫƹŶƃŚŝƾƯflat ƽŶƴŝƶƿLJŚŝƽŻřƺƯƹŮƐƀƯšŹƺƇ
śíƪƨƃŵźǀĭƾƯƪƨƃduplexƶºŤƄěƹŵƽŚƷƱŚưŤųŚſ ŵźººƨƬưƗ Śŝ ƹ ŶƴƧ ƾƯ ƪưƗ ramp ĦºººƧ šŹƺººƇ ƶŝ ƂƬƀĭ ƭřƺƣźě
ƶǀůŚƳŻřƶƧŶƷŵƾƯƪǀƨƄţřŹƾĭŶƳřŹƵŹřƺƿŵřźƟŚƯƺưƗƶƬƀĭƮųƲǀģ ŢſřƲƨưƯƾĭŵŹƺųƲºǀģƕřƺƳřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģŚŝƎººŞţźººƯƽŚƷƪºƀĭ
ƍŚŞţŹřżǀƳƶƬƀĭƽƹźƄǀěƲǀģŢſřƵŶƃƪƤŤƴƯƾĭŶƳřŹŮƐſƽƹŹźŝĦƧ ƾŞƀƳƭřƺƣŵŹƺƯŹŵƵŶƃƱŚǀŝŜƫŚƐƯƶŝƶūƺţŚŝŶƿōŵƺūƹƶŝ ƶºƤƐƴƯŹŵ
ƩŚŞƳŵ ƶŝ ƶƬƀĭ Ʈų Ʋǀģ ŵŹřŵ ƲƿźƿŻ ƾĭŶƳřŹ ĦººƧ ƪŰƯ Śŝ ƾưǀƤŤƀƯ ƽŚƷƱŚưŤųŚſ ƱřƺţƾƯ ŚƸƳō ŵŹƺƯ Źŵ ƽżºƯŹ ƽŶƴŝ ƶƤŞƏ ƲǀǀƘţ ƹ ŚƷƶƿLJ
ƱŚƯŻƮƷƶƬƀĭƽƹźƄǀěƲǀģƶƧƾƫŚůŹŵŶŝŚƿƾƯƁźŤƀĭĦººƧƪǀƨƄţ ŵźƧƽŶƴŝƶŤſŵźƿŻšŹƺƇƶŝřŹƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯ
ƶƬƀĭƽƹźƄǀěƲǀģŹŵŵƺƃƾƯƪǀƨƄţƲǀģĦººƧƽLJŚŝŹŵƶƬƇŚƟLjŝƹ ŻřƵŶƃźǀƀƠţƹ migratedƵŶƃƵŵřŵġƺƧƾƨƿżǀƟƺŗĥƁźŝèƪƨƃŹŵ
ƹŶŝŚƿƾƯƂƷŚƧĦƧƪŰƯƩƺƏŹŵŚŬƿŹŶţƾĭŶƳřŹƽŚŤſřŹŹŵƾƿŚŬŝŚū Źŵ1BƵŵŹƽŹŚưſōƢƟřŹŵŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳŶǀƠſŢƠƳƱŚưŤųŚſ
ƶƳŚƄƳŢƤǀƤůŹŵƲǀģŢƫŚůƲƿřŹŵŶſŹƾƯźººƠƇƶŝƲǀģƽŚººººƸŤƳřŹŵ ƶŝƶºūƺţŚŝƶƧŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƷŚƄƯ 1BƵŵŹƭLjƿřƢƟřŹŵƹ 1AƵŵŹƵŶŝŚěƢƟř
ƶƬƀĭƦƿŹƺƌůźŝŢƫLJŵƶƧŢſřƾŤŴƿŹźĭŵƾºƄƳźƧƾŤųŚƴƃƲǀƯŻ źƔƳ ƶŝ ƾƤƐƴƯ ƽźǀĭ ƶŬǀŤƳ Ʋƿř ŚƷ ƶƿLJ ƭřƺƣ ƝLjŤųř ƹ ŚƷƶƿLJ žƴū
ƾĭŶƳřŹ Ʀƿ ƽŚƸŤƳř Źŵ ƶƬƀĭ ƽƹźƄǀě Ʋǀģ ŶƴƳŚưƷ ƾƄƿřŶū ƲǀģŵŹřŵ ŶſŹƾƯ
ƦƿŚŝƾƄƿřŶºººūƲǀģƶƬƀĭƽƹźƄǀěƲǀģƝLjųźŝŚƯřŶŝŚƿƾƯƁźŤƀĭ ƪƨŤƠƷ ƱŚưŤųŚſ ƵŶƃ źǀƀƠţ ƹ ƵŶƃ Ƶŵřŵ ġƺƧ ƾƨƿżǀƟƺŗĥ Ɓźŝ éƪƨƃ
ŮƐſ Ʀƿ ƽLJŚŝŹŵ Ʋǀģ ƶƨƬŝ ŵƺƃ ƾưƳ ƵřźưƷ ƲƿźƿŻ ƾĭŶƳřŹŹŵ ĦƧ Źŵ1BƵŵŹƽŹŚưſōƢƟřŹŵŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƿŵƪƨƃƲƿřŹŵƶƧƱŚƴģŢſř
ŚƷ Ʋǀģ ƕƺƳ Ʋƿř ƽŚƸŤƳř Źŵ ŶŝŚƿ ƾƯ ƁźŤƀĭ ƾŤƃŚĮƳ ƶƴǀģ ƾƄƿřŶū ƢƟřŹŵƹ 1AƵŵŹƾƯŵĦƧƢƟřŹŵ 1BƵŵŹƭLjƿřƢƟřŹŵ1CƵŵŹƵŶŝŚěƢƟř
Źŵ ŚŬƿŹŶţ ƽŶƴŝ ƶƿLJ Śŝ ƽŻřƺººƯ ƂººƿřŶū ŮƐſ ƽŚººŤſřŹ Źŵ ƾƿŚŬŝŚū ŵŵźĭƾƯƶƔůLjƯ1BƵŵŹƱŚƿŹřŵ
ŶſŹƾƯźƠƇƶŝƭƺŝƂǀěŢƸū ƲǀţŚƯŚƯƱŚưŤųŚſŻřƵŶƃźǀƀƠţƹƵŶƃƵŵřŵġƺƧƾƨƿżǀƟƺŗĥƁźŝ êƪƨƃ
Źřźƣblind thrustƱŚººººººƸƳƾĭŶººƳřŹƦºººººººƿƽŚƸººŤƳřŹŵƶƧƾººƴǀģ Źŵ 1BƵŵŹƽŹŚººưſōƢƟřŹŵŵŵźĭƾƯƶººƔůLjƯƶƧƶƳƺººĭƱŚưƷŢſř
ê êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝ
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
ƶƿLJŚŝƾƴŰƴƯƽƹŹŹŵƲǀģƲƿřƶſŶƴƷŵŵźĭƾƯƵŶƷŚƄƯōîƪƨºººººƃ ƽƹźƄǀě Ʋǀģ Ʀƿ Śƿ ƾŤƀƿŚŝ Boyer & Elliott, 1982 ŵźǀĭƾƯ
ŢƤŝŚƐƯŵƺūƺƯƶſŶƴƷŚŝƶƧŵźǀĭƾƯŹřźƣŢųřƺƴƨƿƽřźŞŤſƽřŹřŵƽŶƴŝ ƾĭŶƳřŹƲǀģƾƫŚºưŤůřƽŚƷƶººƐŝřŹŶƃŚŝƾºƄƿřŶūƲǀģƦƿŚƿƹƶƬƀĭ
ŵŹřŵ ŶƴƧƾƯƲǀǀƘţŚƷƶƿLJƾƨǀƳŚƨƯƽŹŚĮƳƶƴǀģřŹ
ŵƺƃƾƯźǀººƀƠţƶƬƀĭƽƹźƄºǀěƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƕƺƳŻřƾºſŹŚěƾºŤƠƳƱřŶǀƯ
ƽŚƷƶƬƀĭŻřƽŹŚǀƀŝŶƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳƶƧŢſřƵŶƯōŢſŵƶŝƽŵŚƿŻŶƷřƺƃ
ãƾƫŚƿ Ʋǀŝ ƶƿƹřŻ ƹá ĦƧ ƶƿƹřŻ ƽźǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳř Żř žě æç ƪƨƃ ƱƺººººƟŶƯšŹƺƇƶŝƹŶƴſŹƾưƳƲǀƯŻŮƐſƂƿŚſźƟŮƐſƶŝƾĭŶƳřŹ
ƽƹźºººººƄǀěƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƶſŶƴƷŹřŵƺưƳƽƹŹźŝƶƏƺŝźƯƶƐƤƳƱŶǀºƄƧƹ ƵřźưƷƾƬººººŞƣƽŚƷƾĭŶƳřŹŚŝŚƷƾĭŶƳřŹƲƿřŻřƾƿŚƷƵƺĭŶƴƳŚƯƾƯƾƣŚŝ
çêƾƴŰƴƯƽƹŹźŝƲǀģƲƿřƶſŶƴƷŵŵźĭƾƯƆŴƄƯśîƪƨƃƶƬƀĭ ƽŚƷƱŚưŤųŚºººººſ
ƹŶƳźǀĭƾƯŹřźƣźººĮƿŵƽŚƷƾĭŶƳřŹƽƹŹźŝŶƳƺƃƾƯ
űźưǀƳƶſŶƴƷŚŝƽŵŚƿŻŵƹŶůŚţƶƧŵźǀĭƾƯŹřźƣƩŚƿƂǀěƾĭŶƃźºŞŤſ ƪƨƃžººƿŶƣŚţƦƿŚƷƱōƽLJŚŝŹŵƶƧŶƴƷŵƾƯƪǀƨƄţřŹƽřƶººŤƄěƹŵ
ŵŹřŵŢƤŝŚƐƯƲǀģƲƿř antiformal ùŢŴƿźƣŚţ ŢƃŚŞƳřù ƪƇŚů ŹŚŤųŚſ ƶºſŶƴƷ ŵźǀĭ ƾƯ
ƽŏƵŻźƫśŚţŻŚŝƽŚƷ űźºººưǀƳ ŹŵƾƈŴƄƯflat ŢŴţ Śƿ ramp ĦƧ ŶƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳśíƪƨƃThompson, 1981 ŵƺƃƾƯƵŶǀƯŚƳstack
ƹæèƪƨƃŵƺºƃƾººưƳƵŶºƷŚƄƯƲººǀţŚƯŚƯƹŪººƳźƧƾººŤƠƳƽŚƷƱřŶǀƯ ƾĭŶƳřŹƦƿƽźǀĮƿŚūŜŞſƶŝŢŴƿŹơŚţŢƃŚŞƳřƱŚưŤųŚſƶƳƺĮģƶƧ
ƲǀģƩŶºƯŚŝLJŚưŤůřŚƷŹŚŤųŚºſƲƿřŹŵƾĭŵŹƺųƲººǀģƵŵŚººſƶººſŶººƴƷ ƪƨƃ ƽŶƴŝ ƶƿLJ ŮƐſ ƽŚŤſřŹ Źŵ ŵƺūƺƯ ƾĭŶƳřŹ źƿŻ Źŵźţ ƝŹĥ
źŝŚƷƲǀģƲƿřƶºŶƴƷŢºǀƘƣƺƯƲǀǀƘţŚŝŵŹřŵŢºƤŝŚƐƯƾƄƿřŶūƾĭŵŹƺų ƩŚƈƠƳřŮƐſŻřƵŶƳƹŹƂǀ욏ƺƇƶŝƾƿŚŬŝŚūƶŤƄěƹŵƲƿřŹŵŵźǀĭƾƯ
ŹŵŹƺººŝżƯƽŚƷƲººǀģƶƧŶƃ ŹŚººƨººƃōęîƪƨƃƶƏƺŝźƯŹřƺưƳƽƹŹ ƪƀĭ ƶŝ ŲſŚě Źŵ ƹ ŵƺƃ ƾƯ ƪƤŤƴƯ ƾƿLJŚŝ ƩŚƈƠƳř ŮƐſ ƶŝ ƾƴǀŗŚě
ƵŹŚŝ Źŵ řŸƫ ŶƴƴƧ ƾƯ ƩŚƜººººƃř řŹ ùƪů ƵřŹ ƱƹŶŝø ŢǀƘƣƺƯ ŹřŵƺưƳ Ʋƿř ŵƺƃƾƯƪǀƨƄţżǀƳƲǀģƾĭŵŹƺų
ŵƺưƳƪưƗƍŚǀŤůřŚŝŶƿŚŝƾƄƿřŶūƽŚƷƲǀģƱřƺƴƗƶŝŚƷƲǀģƲƿřźǀƀƠţ Śŝ ƎºŞţźƯ ƽŚºƷ Ʋººǀģ ƽŚƷ ƾĭĦºƿƹ źŝ ƶººǀƨţ Śŝ Suppe (1983)
ƦƿƾĭŶƳřŹƲǀģƪŝŚƤŤƯƍŚŞţŹřƹ Rich,1934ĢƿŹƩŶƯƂºººƬƀĭ
ƽźǀĭƶŬǀŤƳé ĦºººººƧƽŚƿřƹŻŢŞƀƳƹƲǀģƾƫŚƿƲǀŝƶƿƹřŻƶƐŝřŹƶƿŚěźŝƾƴŰƴƯƶƗƺưŬƯ
ƾŤƠƳ ƽŚƷ ƱřŶǀƯ ƱƺĭŚƳƺĭ ƽŚƷ ƢƟřŹŵ ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ ƶººººſŶƴƷ ƾſŹźŝ Ʋƿř ƶƧ Ʊō ŵƺūƹ Śŝ î ƪƨƃ ŵźƧ ƞƿźƘţ ĦººƧ ƲǀŗŚě ƹ LJŚŝ ramp
ƩƺººƟŻŵ ŢƀƄƳƹźƟ Źŵ ƾſŹŚě ƹ ŪƳźƧ ƲǀţŚƯŚƯ ƪƨŤƠƷ ŶǀƠſ ŢƠƳ ƶǀƫƹř Ǝƿřźƃ ƾƫƹ ŶƴŤƀǀƳ ƱŵźƧ ƶƳŻřƺºƯ ƽŚƷ ƁƹŹ ƾĭŵŚſ ƶŝ ŚƷ ƪǀƬŰţ
ƹ ƭLjƿř ƥƹźſ ƽŹŚưſō ƾƳżŴƯ ƽŚƷ ƢƟř ƶƧ Ţſř ƶŤųŚſ ŹŚƨƃō ŶƷŵƾƯƪǀƨƄţřŹŚƸƳōšLJŵŚƘƯƱŚǀƴŝƮŬůƱŵźƧƒƠůƱŵźƧƶƳŻřƺƯ
ĬƴſƹŐººººººƄƴƯĬƴſƽŚƷƢºººƟřƹ1BƾĭŵŹƺºųƲººǀģƵŵŹƱŚºƿŹřŵ ƱōŹŵŵƺºūƺƯƾſŶºƴƷƎŝřƹŹƶƧƾĭŶƳřŹºƲǀģƶƳŚƯŚſƦƿƶºŬǀŤƳŹŵ
ƶŝ ƶūƺţ ŚŝřŹ 1C ƾƷŚĭ ƹ 1A ƵŵŹ ƾƯŵĦƧƹ ƾěŹƺĭ ƵŶºŝŚě Ƃƃƺě ŢſřƶººƳŻřƺºƯƪŝŚƣŶƃŚŝƵŶƃŵŚƸƴƄǀ욌ºǀƋźƟƹŚƷƾƴŰƴƯŚŝƶƀƿŚƤƯƪŝŚƣ
ƾĭĦƿƹƲƿřŢųŚƴƃŶƴƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳŵƺųŻřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƾƬƧŹŚƧƹŻŚſ Suppe & Medwedeff,1984; Suppe,1983
ƶƘſƺţƹ ƾŤƠƳ ƱŻŚŴºƯ Ʋƿř ƶſŶƴƷ ƾƿŚſŚƴƃ ƶŝ ƽŵŚƿŻ ƦưƧŶƳřƺţ ƾƯ Dahlstrom (1969) ƽƺſ Żř ƶºƴǀƯŻ Ʋƿř Źŵ ƾƳƺºĭŚºƳƺĭ ƽŚƷ ƁƹŹ
ŶƿŚưƴŝƩƺƟŻŵŢƀƄƳƹźƟŹŵƶŝŚƄƯƱŻŚŴƯ ŢſřƵŶƃŵŚƸƴƄǀěSuppe & Medwedeff (1984)ƹSuppe (1983)
ŵŹƺƯ ƾŤƠƳ ƽŚƷ ƱřŶººǀƯ Żř ƽř ƵŻźƫ śŚţŻŚŝ ƽŚƷ űźưǀƳ ƽŹŚŤųŚſ źǀƀƠţ ƪŝŚƣ ƽř ƶǀůŚƳ ƽŚƷŹŚŤųŚſ ƽŻŚſŻŚŝ ƽřźŝ ƾƬººǀƬŰţ ƽŚƷ ƁƹŹ Ʋƿř
Źŵ ŵƺūƺƯ ƾƬƇřƹ ƮƸƯ ƽŚƷ ƶƬƀĭ źŤƄǀŝ LJŚưŤůř ŶƷŵ ƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ ƾſŹźŝ ƽřźŝƾƿŚưƴƷřŹŀŚŰǀūźţƶƨƬŝSuppe, 1980ƩŚŨƯƽřźŝŶƴŤƀǀƳƵŵŚººººƠŤſř
ƱŚŤºƀĮƴŝ Ƶƹźĭ źƿŻ Źŵ ƂƿřŶū ŮƐſ Ʀƿ Źŵ ƩƺƟŻŵ ŢƀƄƳƹźƟ ƶǀůŚƳ ŶƴŤƀƷƵŶƳřŹƹŹƶƤƐƴƯƦƿŹŵŵźƠƴƯƽŚƷƲǀģƱŵźƧƶƳŻřƺƯ
Ʊřƺţ ƾƯ ŢƸū ƲƿřŻř ŶƴŝŚƿ ƾƯ ƁźŤƀĭ LJŚŝ ƽƺſ ƶŝƹ ŶƳźǀĭ ƾƯ ƪƨƃ ƾſŹźŝƹƾĭŶƳřŹƲǀģƽŚƷŶƴŝźưƧƽřźŝƵŶƃƱŚǀŝƽŚƷƩŶƯƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ
ƽŚƷ ŶƳŻŚººſ źƿŻ Źŵ ƶƧ řŹ(Hith) ŦǀƷ ŢƿŹŶǀƳř ŻŹř ƮƷ ƽźǀŴŞţŵřƺƯ ƾŤƠƳƱřŶǀƯƶƧŶººſŹƾƯźƔƳƶŝƞƬŤŴƯƽŚƷƱřŶǀƯŻřƽřƵŻźƫƽŚƷűźưǀƳ
ŻřŵźƧŵŚƸƴƄǀěŹƺŝżƯƂƿřŶūŮƐſƱřƺƴƗƶŝŶƳŹřŵŹřźƣƱƹŶºĭƹƱŚǀƬƸƟ ƶƧŶƷŵ ƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ řŹ ŢŴƿŹ ơŚţ ŢºººƃŚŞƳř ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ ƩŶƯ ƪºƨŤƠƷ
ŶǀƠſŢƠƳƱřŶǀƯƁźŝŶƴƳŚƯƾƿŚƷƁźŝŹŵƶƧƾƄƿřŶūŭƺƐſźĮƿŵƽƺſ ƾŝƺų ƶŝ ƽř ƵŻźƫ ƽŚƷ űźưǀƳ ƝŹĥ ƽŚƷ ƢƟřŹŵ ƶƏƺŝźƯ ƽŚƷ Ƶƺºĭ
ƵƹźĭƽźǀŴŞţƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſŹŵŶƿŚŝŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƿŵƽŹŚưſōŶƳŻŚſƽLJŚŝŹŵ Ʈų ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ ƩŶƯŶǀƠſ ŢƠƳ ƾŤƠƳ ƱřŶǀƯ æå ƪƨƃ ŶƳŵƺƸººƄƯ
ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵŹřźƣƱřŹŚƀĤĭŶƳŻŚſŽŹŚƟ ƲǀŝƶƿƹřŻƹĦƧƶƿƹřŻƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřŚŝææƪƨƃŶƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳřŹƶƬººººƀĭ
ƵŵŹƺºººų Ʋǀģ ƵŵŚºººſ ƶºººƴƸě Źŵ ƶººººƘƫŚƐƯ ŵŹƺƯ ƽŚƷƱŚ
ººººưŤųŚſ Ʊřƺţ ƾƯ ōî ƪƨƃ ŹřŵƺưƳ ƽƹŹ źŝ Ʊō ƢǀŞƐţ ƹ ƱŚưŤųŚſ Ʋƿř Źŵ ƾƫŚƿ
ŢƀººººƄƳƹźƟ ƮƸƯ ƾĭŶºººƳřŹ ƽŚƷ ƶƬººººƀĭ šŹƹŚŬƯ Źŵ ƹ ŽźººººĭřŻ ŹřŵƺưƳŹŵƶƧƱŚƴģŵźƧƆŴƄƯřŹƱřŶǀƯƲƿřŹŵƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģŢǀƘƋƹ
êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝë
www.SID.ir
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
Archive of SID
ƱŚƄƳ řŹ ƾƄƿřŶū ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ ƹ ƶƬƀĭ Ʈų ƾĭŵŹƺų Ʋǀģ ƽŚƷ ƩŶƯ Ʋƿř ƵŶººººƴƴƧřŶººººū ƶƧ ƱŚºººŤƀƷƺƧ ƾƳŚººººƄǀě ƾĭŶººººƳřŹ ƹ ƩƺººººƟŻŵ
Ʋǀģ ƩŶƯ ŹƺƧ ƽŚƷ ƶƬºƀĭ ƲŤƃřŵ Śŝ ƪƨŤƠƷ ƾŤƠƳ ƱřŶǀƯ ŶƴƷŵƾƯ
ŚŝŶƳřƶººººººŤƟźĭŹřźƣŶºººººƴƃŚŝƾƯŽźºººĭřŻƾƀƬƟŶºººƴŝźưƧŻřƶººººƴƸě
ƹ ƾſŹŚěƾŤƠƳƱřŶǀƯƹŵŶƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳřŹŢŴƿŹơŚţŢƃŚŞƳřƾĭŵŹƺų ƹŵƺºººūƺƯƽŚººƷƵŵřŵƽƹŹźŝƵŶººººƃƭŚººººŬƳřƽŚƷƪºǀƬºººŰţƶŝƶºººūƺţ
ŜǀţźţƶŝŶƳřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣƱŚŤƀºƷƺƧƾƳŚƄǀěƾĭŶƳřŹƾƨƿŵżƳŹŵƶƧƲǀţŚƯŚƯ ƽŚƷŚƟŹĥ Źŵ ƽŏ ƵŻźƫ šŚƗLjƏř ƾŤƣŵ ƽŚƷ ŢƿŵƹŶŰƯ ƲŤƟźĭ źƔƳ Źŵ Śŝ
ƶŝřŹƾºƄƿřŶūƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƹƶºƬƀĭƽƹźºƄǀěƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƽŚƷƩŶƯ ŶǀƠſ ŢƠƳ ƾŤƠƳ ƱřŶǀƯ ƹŵ ƶƧ ŵƺưƳ ƽźǀĭ ƶŬǀŤƳ Ʋǀƴģ Ʊřƺţ ƾƯ ŵŚƿŻ
ŶƳŹřŸĭƾƯƂƿŚưƳ Ŝǀţźţ ƶŝ ŶƳř ƵŶƃ Ɩƣřƹ ƱŚŤƀƷƺƧ ƾƳŚƄǀě ƾĭŶƳřŹ Żř źţŹƹŵ ƶƧ ŪƳźƧƹ
ŶƳřƵŶƃƆŴƄƯƵźǀţĬƳŹŚŝƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƾŤƠƳƽŚƷƱŚưŤųŚſƱřźƿřźŤųŚŝśƺƴūƾŤƠƳƽŚƷƱŚưŤųŚſƶƄƤƳæƪƨƃ
ì êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝ
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
ś
ō
ƵŵŹƶƧƪƨŤƠƷƱŚưŤųŚſŻřƵŶƃźǀƀƠţƹƵŶƃƵŵřŵġƺƧƁźŝéƪƨƃƵŵŹƶƧŶǀƠſŢƠƳƱŚưŤųŚſƵŶƃźǀƀƠţƹƵŶƃƵŵřŵġƺƧƁźŝèƪƨƃ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƱōƽƹŹźŝƱƺĭŚƳƺĭƽŚƷƢƟřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƾſŶƴƷŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƱōƽƹŹźŝƱƺĭŚƳƺĭƽŚƷƢƟřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƾſŶƴƷ
ŪƳźƧƾſŹŚěƽŚƷƱŚưŤųŚſŻřƵŶƃźǀƀƠţƹƵŶƃƵŵřŵġƺƧƁźŝëƪƨƃƲǀţŚƯŚƯƱŚưŤųŚſŻřƵŶƃźǀƀƠţƹƵŶƃƵŵřŵġƺƧƁźŝêƪƨƃ
ƱƺĭŚƳƺĭƽŚƷƢƟřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƾſŶƴƷƵŵŹƶƧƱƺĭŚƳƺĭƽŚƷƢƟřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƾſŶƴƷƵŵŹƶƧ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƱōƽƹŹźŝŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƱōƽƹŹźŝ
êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝí
www.SID.ir
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
Archive of SID
ƵŵŹƶƧŪƳźƧƱŚưŤųŚſŻřƵŶƃźǀƀƠţƹƵŶƃƵŵřŵġƺƧƁźŝìƪƨƃ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƱōƽƹŹźŝƱƺĭŚƳƺĭƽŚƷƢƟřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƾſŶƴƷ
ō
ś
ś
ƩŶƯśƂƬƀĭŚŝƎŞţźƯƽŚƷƲǀģƕřƺƳřƶſŶƴƷōíƪƨƃśō
Jones,1987ŢŴƿŹơŚţŢƃŚŞƳřƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģ
ę
ƶŝƍƺŝźƯŹřŵƺưƳŹŵƵźƿřŵŶǀƠſŢƠƳŹŚŤųŚſŢǀƘƣƺƯōîƪƨƃ
ŹřŵƺưƳŹŵƵźƿřŵƾſŹŚěŹŚºŤųŚſŢǀƘƣƺƯśƶƬƀĭƮųƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģ
ƹŪƳźƧƽŚƷŹŚŤųŚſŢǀƘƣƺƯęƶƬƀĭƽƹźƄǀěƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƶŝƍƺŝźƯ
ƪƨŤƠƷƱřŶǀƯƽřƵŻźƫśŚţŻŚŝűźưǀƳƽŹŚŤųŚſźǀƀƠţæåƪƨƃƾƄƿřŶūƾĭŵŹƺųƲǀģƶŝƍƺŝźƯŹřŵƺưƳŹŵŚƷƵźƿřŵƲǀţŚƯŚƯ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƮƸƯƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſźſŢǀƘƣƺƯJamison, 1987ŻřŚƷŹřŵƺưƳ
î êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝ
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƮƸƯƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſźſŢǀƘƣƺƯŶǀƠſŢƠƳƱřŶǀƯƽřƵŻźƫśŚţŻŚŝűźưǀƳƽŹŚŤųŚſźǀƀƠţææƪƨƃ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƮƸƯƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſźſŢǀƘƣƺƯƾſŹŚěƹŪƳźƧƽŚƷƱřŶǀƯƽřƵŻźƫśŚţŻŚŝűźưǀƳƽŹŚŤųŚſźǀƀƠţæçƪƨƃ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƮƸƯƽŚƷŶƳŻŚſźſŢǀƘƣƺƯƲǀţŚƯŚƯƱřŶǀƯƽřƵŻźƫśŚţŻŚŝűźưǀƳƽŹŚŤųŚſźǀƀƠţæèƪƨƃ
êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝæå
www.SID.ir
ƩƺƟŻŵƾĭŵŚŤƟřƹźƟŹŵƖƣřƹİŤƠƳįŚƷƱřŶǀƯƱżŴƯįŚƷ
ƢƟřŹŵİĭŵŹƺų
ƲǀģİƄŞƴūƪǀƬŰţ
Archive of SID
ƽŹŚĮƴŝŚŤƧ
ƅæååîçêƁƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃƲǀƯŻśŚŤƧŶƬūƹŵŽźĭřŻŢƠƳƾſŚƴƃƲǀƯŻæèìéƵƾƘǀƐƯ
References
Boyer, S. E. & Elliot, D., 1982- Thrust systems., AAPG Bull., v66, p1196-1230.
Dahlstrom, C. D. A., 1969- Balanced cross sections., Can. J. Earth Sci. v6, p743-757.
De Sitter, L. U., 1964- Structural geology, 2d ed., New York, McGraw Hill, 551p.
Falcon, N. L., 1969- Problems of relationships between surface structure and deep displacements illustrated by the
Zagros Range, In Time and place in orogeny., Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub. 3, p9-22.
Harrison,J.V.,1930- The geology of some salt plugs in Laristan (southern Persia) ., Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour.
v86, p463-522.
Haynes,S.J. & McQuillan,H. ,1974 - Evolution of the Zagros suture zone , southern Iran , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
v85, p739-744.
Hills, E. S., 1963- Elements of structural geology., New York, John Wiley and Sons, 483p.
James,G.A .& Wynd,J.G., 1965- Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area., AAPG Bull.,
v49,p2182-2245.
Jones, P. B., 1987- Quantitative geometry of thrust and fold belt structures. In Methods in exploration series 6., AAPG,
Tulsa,Oklahoma.
Kent, P. E., 1970- The salt plugs of the Persian Gulf region., Leicester Literary and Philos. Soc. Trans., v64, p56-88.
Lees, G. M., 1950- Some structural and stratigraphical aspects of the Middle East., 18th Internat. Geol. Cong. Great
Britain, Proc., pt6, p26-33.
Lees, G. M., 1952- Foreland folding, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour. v108, p1-34.
Lees,G.M., & Richardson,F.D.S.,1940- The Geology of the oil-field belt of S.W. Iran and Iraq., Geol. Mag. v77, p227-252.
O’Brien, C. A. E., 1950- Tectonic problems of the oilfield belt of southwestern Iran., 18th Internat. Geol. Cong. Great
Britain, Proc., pt6, p45-58.
Pattinson,R & Takin, M., 1971- Geological significance of Dezful embayment boundaries, IOOC, report No.1166
(unpub.).
Rich, R. L., 1934- Mechanics of low-angle overthrust faulting as illustrated by Cumberland thrust block, Virginia,
Kentucky, and Tennessee., AAPG Bull., v18, p1584-1596.
Stocklin, J., 1968- Salt deposits of the Middle East., In Saline deposits: Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 88, p158-181.
Suppe, J., 1980- A retrodeformable cross-section of northern Taiwan., Geol. Soc. China Proc., 23, p46-55.
Suppe, J., 1983- Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding., Am. J. Sci., v283, p684-721.
Suppe,J., & Medwedeff, D. A., 1984Fault propagation folding., Geol. Soc. Am. 1984 Ann. Mtg. Prog. With Abs., 16, 670.
Thompson, R. I., 1981- The nature and significance of large “blind” thrusts within the northern Rocky Mountains of
Canada.In Thrust and nappe tectonics (eds. McClay, K. R., and Price, N. J.), Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. London, v9,
p449-462.
Twiss & Moores, 1992- Structural geology, WH. Freeman & Company, 532p.
ƵŹŚƣšLjƟŢƠƳŢƧźƃƾƟŚƄŤƧřƽŚƷŭźƏŢƿźƿŶƯ *
ŹƺƄƧƾƳŶƘƯšŚƟŚƄŤƧřƹƾſŚƴƃƲǀƯŻƱŚƯŻŚſ**
ææ êçêæƵŹŚưƃƮƷŵŻŚƿƩŚſíèƱŚŤƀŝŚţƹŹŚƸŝ
www.SID.ir