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MODULE 1
Sub Module 1.2
ALGEBRA
Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions The rules are exactly the same as those used with directed
numbers:
Like terms are numerical multiplies of the same algebraic
quantity. Thus 7x, 5x and -3x are three like terms. (+ x) (+ y) = + (xy) = + xy = xy
q - 3q = (1 - 3)q = -2q +x x x
+y = +y = y
Only like terms can be added or subtracted. Thus (7a + 3b - 2c)
is an expression containing three unlike terms and it cannot be - 3x 3x
simplified any further. Similarly, with (8a2b + 7ab3 + 6a2b2) which 2y = - 2y
are all unlike terms.
- 5x 5x 5x
It is possible to have several sets of like terms in an expression - 6y = + 6y = 6y
and each set can then be simplified.
4x 4x
8x + 3y - 4z - 5x + 7z - 2y + 2z = -
- 3y 3y
= (8 - 5)x + (3 - 2)y + (-4 + 7 + 2)z
= 3x + y + 5z
When multiplying expressions containing the same symbols, The Use of Brackets
indices are used:
Brackets are used for convenience in grouping terms together.
When removing brackets each term within the bracket is
mm = m2 multiplied by the quantity outside the bracket:
3m 5m = 3 m 5 m = 15 m2 3(x + y) = 3x + 3y
Practice Questions
x x x
(m) 5(2x - y) - 3(x + 2y) (n) 3 + 4 + 5
3 5 4 3x 5 y
(o) y - 3y + 5y (p)
2 y 6 x
LINEAR EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTION Step 1: Since there are no roots get rid of the fraction by
multiplying both sides of the equation by ( R r )
An equation is the relation of equality between two or more V ( R r ) 2R
expressions.
If the degree of the equation, i.e. the highest power among the Step 2: Clear the bracket
variable of each term on both sides in the equation is 1, then the VR Vr 2R
equation is said to be linear equation. For example, 2x + 5 = 0,
x – 2y = 7 are linear equations. Step 3: Collect the terms containing R on the LHS.
VR 2R Vr
Transposing Formulae
Step 4: Factorize the LHS.
The formula y ax b has y as is subject. By rearranging this
R(V 2) Vr
formula we could make x the subject.
Step 5: Isolate R by dividing both sides of the equation by
The rules for transforming a formula are: (V 2).
1) Remove square roots or other roots Vr
2) Get rid of brackets R
V 2
3) Clear brackets
4) Collect together the terms containing the required Although we used five steps to obtain the required subject, in
subject very many cases far fewer steps are needed. Nevertheless, you
5) Factorize if necessary should work through the steps in order given.
6) Isolate the required subject
2R
Example: (a) Transpose the formula V to make R the
Rr
subject.
The solution of linear equation(s) depends upon the number of and on division by −5, x= −9/-5
variable(s) used in the equation(s). The number of equations
must be equal to or greater than the variables used in a system or, x = 9/5
of equations.
Then: 3x + 2x − 4 = 6
so, 3x + 2x = 6 + 4
or, 5x = 10
and so x=2
8 + 4x − 4 − 5x + 15 = 10 + 4x
4x − 5x − 4x = 10 + 4 − 8 − 15
Practice Questions
RT
2. The formula P is used in connection with the
V
expansion of gases. Transpose it to find the value
of R .
(a) 2x 5 7 (b) 3x 1 6 x 10
1 3 5
(c)
x 2x 2
INDICES AND POWERS Now, providing the base of two or more numbers expressed in
index (exponent) form are the same, we can perform
When a number is the product of the same factor multiplied by multiplication and division on these numbers, by adding or
itself, this number is called a power of the factor. For example, subtracting the indices accordingly.
we know that 3 × 3 = 9. Therefore, we can say that 9 is a power
of 3. To be precise, it is the second power of 3, because two 3s Consider the following literal numbers in index form:
are multiplied together to produce 9. Similarly, 16 is the second
power of 4. We may use literal terminology to generalize the x2 x2 x x x x x4
relationship between powers and factors.
1 1 1 We know that
a n 6 2 2
6. an 6 2
36 9 3
1 2
3 2 2 30 1
9 or 3
We need to study these laws carefully in order to understand
the significance of each. 0
which shows that 3 1 and in fact because we have used the
Law 1: As you have already met, it enables us to multiply second law of indices, this must be true in all cases.
numbers given in index form that have a common base. In the
example the common base is 2, the first number raises this Law 5: This, rather complicated looking, law simply enables us
base (factor) to the power 2 and the second raises the same to find the decimal equivalent of a number in index form; where
base to the power 3. In order to find the result we simply add the index is a fraction. All that you need to remember is that the
the indices.
ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only
PTC/CM/B Basic/M1/01 Rev. 01
1.2 - 10 Nov 2017
PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS
Category – B Sub Module 1.2 – Algebra
index number above the fraction line is raised to that power and These missed multiplication signs must reappear when the
the index number below the fraction line has that number root. numbers are substituted for the symbols.
2
So for the number 8 3 , we raise 8 to the power 2 and then take (a) 2y + 4 = 2 4 + 4 = 8 + 4 = 12
the cube root of the result.
(b) 3y + 5z = 3 4 + 5 5
It does not matter in which order we perform these operations.
So we could have just as easily taken the cube root of 8 and (c) 8 - x = 8 - 3 = 5
then raised it to the power 2.
y 4 1
Law 6: This is a very useful law, when you wish to convert the (d) x = 3 = 13
division of a number to multiplication. In other words, bring a
number from underneath the division line to the top of the 3y + 2z 3 4 + 2 5
division line. As the number crosses the line we change the sign (e) x + z = 3 + 5
of its index. This is illustrated in the example, which 12 + 10 22 3
accompanies this law. = 8 = 8 = 24
Practice Questions
Substitution
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
3x + 21y = 45 [3]
Consider the two equations: 3x + 4y = 11 [1]
17y = 34
2x + 3y = 13 [1] y = 2
3x + 2y = 12 [2]
To find x we substitute for y = 2 in either of the original
Each equation contains the unknown quantities x and y. The equations. Thus, substituting for y = 2 in equation [1],
solutions of the equations are the value if x and y which
satisfy both equations. Equations such as these are called 3x + 4 2 = 11
simultaneous equations. 3x + 8 = 11
3x = 11 - 8
There are various methods of solving simultaneous equations. 3x = 3
We will only discuss one method, that is elimination method. x= 1
20x + 12y = 116 [3] In these equations it is easier to eliminate y because the same
coefficient of y can be obtained in both equations by multiplying
Multiply equation [2] by 5, equation [2] by 2.
19x = 38
ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only
PTC/CM/B Basic/M1/01 Rev. 01
1.2 - 17 Nov 2017
PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS
Category – B Sub Module 1.2 – Algebra
2
x term a = 1. What about the constant b? Well there is no x term
SECOND DEGREE EQUATIONS WITH ONE UNKNOWN in our
(QUADRATIC EQUATIONS)
equation so b = 0. What about the constant c? Our equation is
A quadratic equation is one in which the unknown variable is not in standard form, because the equation should be equated
raised to the second power (or degree). to zero. Then in standard form our equation becomes x2 – 4 = 0
by simple transposition! So now we know that for our equation
For example, the equation x2 =4 is perhaps one of the simplest the constant term c = −4.
of quadratic equations. We can solve this equation by taking the
square root of both sides, as: There are several ways in which quadratic equations may be
solved, that is finding the values of the unknown variable. We
shall concentrate on just two methods of solution; factorization,
x2 4 and using the quadratic formula.
or x 2
Solution of Quadratic Equations by Factorization
Note that even for this simple equation there are two possible
2
solutions, either x 2 or x 2 , remembering the laws of Example: Solve the equation 3x 5 2 x 4 .
signs!
A quadratic equation can not be solved until it is converted into
In general, a quadratic equation is of the type the standard form. So first we have to convert the given
equation in standard form as:
ax2 bx c 0 , 3x 2 5 2 x 4
or 3x 2 5 2x 4 0
where the constants a, b and c can take any numerical value,
2
positive or negative, decimal or fraction. or 3x 2x 1 0
The second step is to factorize the L.H.S. of the equation, as:
Like linear equations, quadratic equations do not always appear
3x 2 3x x 1 0
in standard form, i.e. they are not always arranged in exactly the
2 or 3x( x 1) 1( x 1) 0
same order as their qualifying equation, ax bx c 0 . How
is our simple equation x2 = 4 related to its qualifying equation? or ( x 1)(3x 1) 0
Well the coefficient of x2 that is the number multiplying the
So, either x 1 0 , giving x 1
Thus, the given equation has only one solution as x 2 . 5x( x 1) 2x(2x 1) 20
or 5x 2 5x 4x 2 2x 20
or x 2 7 x 20 0
Practice Questions
Here, a 1 , b 7 and c 20
1. Solve the following equations:
2
(a) 6x x 2 0
b b 2 4 ac
x
Since 2a 2
(b) 2 x 20x 32
7 (7) 2 4(1)(20) 1
x (c) x 3
2(1) x
or
1 1 2
7 49 80 (d) 0
x x 1 x 2 3
or 2
7 129
x
or 2
7 11.358
x
or 2
7 11.358 7 11.358
x x
or 2 or 2
4.358 18 .358
x x
or 2 or 6
or x 2.18 or x 9.18
LOGARITHMS Look at the graphs, notice the logarithmic functions change very
rapidly for arguments (x values) less then 10 and then change
Introduction much more slowly as x increases:
N = aX Then Loga N = X
Logarithms – log
Then
Note that although you cannot take the logarithm of a
log10N = X, the log operator simply “extracted” the exponent negative number or zero.
from the base 10 exponential representation of the number.
antilog 5 = 105 = 100000 In the natural sciences, many derivations result in relationships
antilog –2 = 10–2 = 0.01 involving natural logarithms. For many years, before scientific
antilog 0 = 100 = 1 calculators were widely available and inexpensive, common
logarithms were found from tables or a slide rule. The natural
Note you can take the antilogarithm of any real number. logarithm was calculated from the base 10 logarithm using the
formula: ln(a) = 2.303 log(a).