Example: In mechanics, the energy of a moving body is called kinetic energy.

If an object of
mass m (kilograms) is moving with a velocity v (meters per second), then the kinetic energy
k (in joules) is given by the equation k 1 mv 2. Suppose = we
2
model the mass and velocity as
inputs to a system (moving body) and the energy as output, then observe the system for a while
and deduce the following two disjunctive rules of inference based on our observations:
Rule 1 : IF x 1 is A1 (small mass) and x 2 is A1 (high velocity),

THEN y is B 1(medium energy).

Rule 2 : IFx 1 is A2 (large mass) and/or x 2 is A1 (high velocity),
THEN y is B 2 (high energy).

Rule 1
m m m
A11 A12 B1

min

Input(i) x1 Input(j) x2 y

Rule 2
m m m
A21 A22 B2
min

Input(i) x1 Input(j) x2 y

y
y*
 Rule 1
m m m
Small High Medium
A 11 A 12 B1
min

0 0.1 0.3 0.5 x1 0 20 40 60 x2 100 300 500 y

Input(i) Input(j)

Rule 2
m m m
Large Medium High
A 22 B2
A21
max

012 345 x1 0 20 40 60 80 x2 100 300 500 y

Input(i) Input(j)

y
y* = 244 J
 IF x is A and y is B, THEN z is z = f (x, y),

Min or
product
m m
A1 B1
w1 z 1  p 1 x  q 1y  r 1

X Y
m m
A2 B2
w2 z2  p2 x  q2y  r2

X Y Weighted average

x y
w1 z 1  w2 z 2
z 
w 1  w2

Example. An example of a two-input, single-output Sugeno model with four rules is repeated
from Jang et al. (1997):

IF X is small and Y is small, THEN z = −x + y + 1. IF

X is small and Y is large, THEN z = −y + 3.
IF X is large and Y is small, THEN z = −x + 3. IF
X is large and Y is large, THEN z = x + y + 2.

Min or
product
m A1 m B1 m C1

w1

X Y z1 Z
m A2 m B2 m
C2

w2
X Y z2 Z

x y Weighted average

w1 z 1  w2 z 2
z 
w 1  w2
Example. An example of a single-input, single-output Tsukamoto fuzzy model is given by the
following rules:

IF X is small, THEN Y is C1,

IF X is medium, THEN Y is C 2,
IF X is large, THEN Y is C3 ,
 Example In heat exchanger design, a flexibility analysis requires the designer to determine if
the size of the heat exchanger is either small or large. In order to quantify this linguistic
vagueness of size, we form the general design equation for a heat exchanger, Q AU OT,
where
= the heat transfer coefficient U and area A need to be determined. Figure show a
schematic of this exchanger.

Condensate
Ts

Benzene stream T2
T1, initial benzene temperature
w, benzene flow rate

Benzene stream
Ts

.
 We want to determine the sizes for a heat exchanger in which a stream of benzene
is heated using saturated steam at pressure 68.95 kPa and tem perature 362.7 K. The initial
◦
temperature of the benzene steam is 17 C, and the model used to determine the size of the
heat exchanger is the following:

 T  T  
AU  wC p ln  s 1 
 OT 
−1
where Cp is the heat capacity of the benzene [1.7543 kJ (K kg) ] and Ts T1 72.55
− K.=
We will model the benzene flow rate, w , in kilograms per second, and temperature
approach (OT) in kelvin, as the inputs, and we will model the size of the heat exchanger as
output. We will deduce the following disjunctive rules of inference based on the observations
of the model:

Rule 1 : IF w is large flow rate and OT is small approach THEN AU is large

heat exchanger .

Rule 2 : IF w is small flow rate or OT is large approach THEN AU is small

heat exchanger .

Rule 3 : IF w is small flow rate and OT is small approach THEN AU is large

heat exchanger .
 The graphical equivalent of these rules is shown in Figure A weighted average defuzzi- fication
method will be employed to compare the results from one input pair for each of the three
following inference methods: Mamdani, Sugeno, and Tsukamoto.
We will input two crisp values of benzene flow rate and temperature approach:
−1
w = 1300 kg s and OT = 6.5 K.

Rule 1
m(w) m OT) m(AU)

0.25
w(kg/s)  app (K) AU (m2kW/m2 K)
1000 1500 2000 0 5 10 T 0 10000 20000

Rule 2
m(w) m OT) m(AU)
0.5

w (kg/s) OT (K) AU (m2kW/m2 K)

1000 1500 2000 5 10 15 0 10000 20000

Rule 3
m(w) m OT) m(AU)

0.25
w (kg/s) OT (K) AU (m2kW/m2 K)
1000 1500 2000 0 5 10 0 10000 20000
FIGURE
Graphical inference using the Mamdani method for three rules.

1. For the Sugeno fuzzy method of inference, we have experience in heat exchanger design
that gives the following expressions in a polynomial form for our two consequents (small
and large heat exchangers):

AUsmall = 3.4765w − 210.5OT + 2103.

AUlarge = 4.6925w − 526.2OT + 2631.
 Rule 1

m(w) m(OT) m(AU)

7000
w (kg/s) OT (K) AU (m2kW/m2 K)
1000 1500 2000 0 5 10 0 10000 20000

Rule 2

m(w) m(AU)
m(OT)

5000

w (kg/s) OT (K) AU (m2kW/m2 K)

1000 1500 2000 5 10 15 0 10000 20000

Rule 3

m(w) m(OT) m(AU)

7000
w (kg/s) OT (K) AU (m2kW/m2 K)
1000 1500 2000 0 5 10 0 10000 20000
FIGURE
Tsukamoto method of inference for the three rules.

Taking the minimum membership value for the input conjunction “and” of Rules 1 and 3,
and the maximum value for the input disjunction “or” in Rule 2, the membership value
of each of the consequents will be (Figure 5.19):

Rule 1: m(AU) = 0.25,

Rule 2: m(AU) = 0.5,
Rule 3: m(AU) = 0.25.

Then
AUsmall = 5256 m2kW/m2K and AUlarge = 5311 m2kW/m2K.

Finally, the defuzzified value of the heat exchange size is (using the weighted average
method of defuzzification – see Figure 5.14)

(5311 m2kW/m2K)(0.25) + (5256 m2kW/m2K)(0.5) + (5311 m2kW/m2K(0.25)

AU =
0.25 + 0.5 + 0.25
2 2
= 5283.5 m kW/m K.

2. For the Tsukamoto fuzzy method of inference, we modify the output membership functions
from the Mamdani case (Figure 5.19), but we added shoulders to them for Tsukamoto.
Using a graphical approach, we get the rules shown in Figure 5.21.
 The defuzzified value of the heat exchanger size is

(7000 m2kW/m2K)(0.25) + (5500 m2kW/m2K)(0.5) + (7000 m2kW/m2K(0.25)

AU =
0.25 + 0.5 + 0.25
2 2
= 6250 m kW/m K.

The Mamdani and Tsukamoto methods yield similar values of AU , since they are based on
similar membership functions for the output. The difference with the Sugeno method is a
function of the accuracy of the polynomials that model the output.