Brighter Grammar 2 An English Grammar with Exercises New edition CEEccenley ‘Margaret Macaulay Revised by DK Swanraat rope epi Shes en 1SON O-0582-550%-4 Seno Lint ae Contents (Exch exon efolowed by exersies) 1 Paes of speech 2 Nouns 3 Plurals ofnouns 4 Determines: possessive adjectives L ‘5 Determiner: posesive adjectives? 6 Comparison of jctves 7 Comparison of sdectives 2 8 Determiner he artis aan che 9 Countable and uncountable nours 10 Verbs tense 1 11 Verbs tae 2 12 Prevent continuous tense 13 Pastcontinustente 14 Simple present tense an present 16 Negnve of ers: "method A" the eeatare2 17 Negative of ers present continous anfpastcontnoows 18 Interopativeof verbs: method A’ the pecan 19 Verb forms 1 2m Verb torms2 2 Paste and psp: cepuar 3 » a 6 n22 Pastonge and past patie: ieregue foe 23 Negative of verbs sinle present tense ‘method 5" 24 Neate over: simple pst ene - 25 Interopaiv of verbs simple present enw etnethod 26 Interrgatve of verbs simple past tense Sethe B » ® ” Lesson One Parts of speech ‘Revision. There ae eight parts of speech: nouns (names of Soything), pronouns (wore stancngisead of nuns), ‘Adjectives (Words iming the meaning of 0003), verbs (words expressing an action or state of bring), adverbs (words limiting the meaning a es), conumeions (ining ‘word, repstons (words used wth nouns or pronouns 9 Inake pase), nterjetons (words west express a sudden fecig) you ae asked, ‘What part ot peech i watch?” 0 What pattof speech ison? the right answer dont know. But Kyou put the word into sentence, ten lean ie you the [Now whys this? 1's because ya tall what part of speech ‘words bythe works diag So you mus se (or heat) the ‘word at workin sentence For example, ake watchin he sentence, "My father gave me anew watch ory bithay. J that cetence war sthe name of sometbing, ands itis 8 Now look a thistentence, Tam goin to watch a football match Here ofcourse, watch express sn ation: tells what Lam, song odo So in ths sentence watch isa verb,Lesson One ‘What abou tis semence? ‘No evescan come tour house because we have a good ‘etch 0g, What ind of dg? ~a watch dog. As you ksow, words that tellvhat kind ate adjectives. So hee, watchs an adjective ‘ualiying the noun dog. Ortake the word spring in hese three sentences: 1 Theapring of my watchs broken, 2 The dagtied spring over he gate 5 Tove spring flowers. BD rele Rye Int itisthe name of something noun. In2itexpressesan action ~2 verb. InSite what kindof flowers an adjective Soremember: ‘ouch what part of speech word iby the work i dos Exercises A. What part of speech are the wordsin aes? Example: Turnto the righ at the comer. “Anawer: Turn = verb; eoener—n000 1 Useabig hammer for those nai 2 Hammer the nals ell, 3 Na the piture oa the wal. 44 Tean aumer tat question 5 Ginesme the ener tthe question, 6 We ae going to stayin Athens. 5 Ove stay there wil be for only a week Leston One 8 We drnktes from tesco 9 Wil you come and have adrnt? 10 My father kes to smoke a pipe 1 Thesmokeis going up the chimney B Give the partof speech of the wordsin ali. 1 Bath be baby in the smal bath and dry him with he bath ‘owe. 2 Joha's mothers singan electron torn Joba's shirt. 53 Thatlron gates made of ro that came tom Engand 4 These plan need mater You must wetertem every day in dry weather 5 Tam going:o plan some wae ilies in my pond. 6 ant yout colour tes pictures any colour you ke. Ue the folowing woeds in seatences (3) asmouns and (b) severe Example: fim “Answer: (a) Have youseen the ne fim athe Odeon? (©) They med Some ofthe scenesin Rome, Lal 3work = Sue box dhe twa wwe Ban D Hereisashort story Newspaper headlines My Harlow newspaper bad big headline: GERMAN. WORKS FOR HARLOW. “There wit a picture ofa Geeman businessman, and lead theve words under the picture: Mr Svar in Harlow yesterday.“Tar'sthe man, Tehough “That's the Gettan, but what does he do for Halo” {Toegan read the ate GERMAN WORKS FOR HARLOW ‘car assembly works pan Final arrangements have been made forthe German fi of Schorr fo semble their Lakaland and Riverside cay in Harlow: The compaay plass o build the works on ity ses of land cose to Hatlow. When sembly darts, se tral husdred Hatiow people wil wrk there. Me Schvare, he managing director, expect to open the factory in March 12 words are unecined in the headlines and the atc. Say what part of speech each word Is in the sentence you find iin. We have done the fst two words for you al an example Examples: GERMAN adjective WORKS —noun Leon Tyo ‘Nouns ‘evion (Book , Lasons2-3) A noun the name ok anything. Nouas tat ae the ames forall people o things ‘rplacer fhe same kind are common nouns The speci ‘ates peopl, paces or thisgs are proper nouns. Proper ‘oneal begin with acaptalleter, "Nouns can be singular oc poral “The poses of singular nounsis formed by petting‘ ser the noun tht stand forthe posesor. ‘The pases of paral nounssfrmedby puting sposuope after the noun ifthe plural endein (0098 shoes) ‘ry prting rafter the noun ifthe pla doesnot end in| (Children's shoes “The posessv form snot generally wed for nouns that, same things, ony for people (ad or most ails), Abstract nouns ‘There are some other kind of nouns Lok at thete ‘The car went at sped of 90 miles an hour. ‘Tank yout your great kindnes Lloyd bas othache He bore he pan wih reat courage “Health is beter than weahth The words sped kindness, tothacke, pain, courage, health,Lesson Two wealth are all ouns. Each ofthem isthe name of voething. Dut ey ae not quite ike the cher nouns that you have met ‘far They dont aly name ting. The) mame qualities St ideas. They don't nme things youean touch orsee. Youean teeand touch the footh, but you can tse the ache’ ‘Toothache isn abtracinoan ‘The nouns kindnes, peed, health et. don't ane materi ‘hing; they same abt hinge. We el aouas ike his shetrac nouns Lesson Two Collective nouns ‘Ter are some nouns that ate the names n01 fst one person oF thing, but ofa whol coletion of people things, Fomideredasone Forexampie, inthe schools hockey team here areeleven players but we think ofits ingle eam thats, as one ‘hing, Wecalita eam, In this cae, trams a collective [Novis that stand for umber of things considered a one recalled calletve nouns. Collective nouns general (xt notalways) tke singular verb The crowd was one ofthe largest Ihave ever sen, ‘Aloe of sheep coming down the il ‘Taeclass haran Engh lesson every ds Exercises 1A Pick othe abstract noun ia ther sentences, Example: Some Bish people don' ike the heat, ‘Anower beat 1 The soldiers fought wih great courage 2 Hehasalvayshadvery good health 53 The ight othe birds very beautiful 4 Limde thie table withowt an help ' That flower isa prety clos 6 He was fled wit admiration foe my lin owing the boat 1 he explore was suffering fom hunger and hist but ver elo hope of succes. 8 There wisdom nthe od man's advice, 5 I want youto get the meaurement ofthis oom. Write flown its lengt, breadth, snd eightLesion Two 10 We admire beauty not ughcess segth aot weakness; bravery nt cowardee andres not rely; generosity not meanness. 1 Pick ou the callactive nouns ia thet sentences. Example: The team was choses by a commit. 1 The man was diving a hed ofeatle 2 Thatshiphasa crew of: hundred men 3 Hetas whole iiary of books 44 A swarm ofbees ew ost ofthe ive 5 The audience istenedin breather silence othe singer. 6 Theregimentor older marched nt bate, 17 Apackof wolves chased the sedge 8 The Ashermen saw aig shoal oh, 9 The police were tying to contol the mob. 10 Mente waned forthe army, the nivy and the a force, CC Pick outthe nouns the following story and arrange these ‘ncolumas under these headings Common | Proper | ABbswact | Collecive a a a ‘We have done the fest wo seatecesas an example Wiccan gain a breakfast at was a poor a with large family One mornin, cold and hunger made him wake up cay He decided 0 0 Shooting in 2 wood nea his conage, "The wood beloaged to Lord Naehwood, 4 rch gent man, aod Pat had no sight to go there. But there were families of eabbits inthe wood, and Pat determined to ake 2 Lesson Two the ik. Suddenly he saw the owner, with a group of frends coming toward Rim through the wood. There wat 8 look of anger on Lord Northwood's cess he caught sight ofthe gua Pat's hands. Pa’ heat Sank wit fear, but he Saw there was n0 hope of escape. So he waked boldly towards the company and sald to Lord Northwood, “Good morning, sc. What bas brought you out 30 ead this morning?” Lord Nocthwood was rather surprised but be std, “My friends and I ate taking a ite exerce 10 get an appetite for our breakfast." Then, looking t Pal wth suspicion, be sald, But why are you out ery inthe moming?™ "Well, ssid at, I jst came out to ty 0 pet a ‘breakfast for ny sppetie, “The whole crowd bust into laughter a Pat's eea8y wit, and wih a smile Led Northwood walked on, leaving Pat ys ick wih he eas,Lesson Thee Plurals of nouns ‘Revlon (Book i, Lessons Vand’) Singlernowss igenerally make their paras by adding Some (ending in hinsng sound ono) a0, Some (ending infor f) change to ver. Some (ending in») change os. In Book 1, yous the principal methods of forming she plural Here are rome more points about plural moans 1A few nouns nave the sme form for singular an plural “Two common ones ae ohtep and dee. “There isa shes in that Gel. (gus) “There are some sheep in that Bel Taw a deer in he woods (ingula) Taw two deer inthe woods, (pla) ‘Usual fick has the same form i he singular ain the loa How many fk have you caught today? (pur We have only esught one fh oday (Singular) a) 2 Some nouns have 0 plural: information, advice, faritce, ews. 80 80 3 Thought three paces of furniture (never deere). He gave me two good is of adc (nt emo), ‘The news ood (neve denver good), New ook ke & plural word butit sat “ Lesson Tree Pence the wal plural or penny. “This rubber es ten pene Some people say p instead of pene. "Tpaid ten p fori” ‘But You should wits pence. 3 Some nouns have no singular sctsore, rouer, clothe, ries. These scisors are ot sharp, (t Tis pai of sisson is notsharp.) ‘Tomay's ruses ere tor a he was climbing the toe Her cothes are ala ery sma. Riches do not always bing happiness “Tere ace som nous that are made up of two novns choolroom, grind, boyfriend, bookcase, work, Inthe pra aly the second prt changes. Singular | Paral ‘dasroom | cassoome (Baltiend | gence boytiend_| boyfriends bookesse | bookcases srorkman_ | workmen Exercises A Make the folowing sentences para Example; Te sherman caught fs inhi et. ‘Answer The Bshermen caught ome) Soh a el ets 1 There is deer onthe hls. 2 This sheep white, bat that sheep is lack. 53 The hookeat is made of oak, asLesson Three 46 Lam going 9 pay the workman 55 My grandfather coming to vit me 6 He ra schoolboy but be et at school today. 47 sheep isexting x cabbage ie my gaeéen 4 Shea invited her boyltnd othe pany 9 That newspaper tied 10 costs pensy. (Use wo in your answer). 1 Put the missing verbs (ae, way, were) ia the following sentences Write singular or plural after each sentence Example: The boy's wousers torn. “Answer The boys tousers were tom. (Plural) 1 There —_ some ba news in the paper this morning. 2 Hirclothes —-made bya good taloe 3 That erie very dest. {The atviee tha ke gave me —— good, 5 The people in that oom —— wang for me, 6 My sears ——not very sharp. 1 Thsinformaton —jst what Twas. 8 Allthe fish nthe pond —— gold and ed 6 Leson Four Determiners: possessive adjectives 1 THs IS MY ‘CAT ER CAT sue ne ae weLesson Four Inall hor sentences there are word that show who those ‘These words ll qualifying the noun ca) are adjectives. Beats they show posession, wcll fem possesie adjetvs, Let’ collec them an arrange them ike his [suze Whee wr ors pn lear iba nem, ego oes no have anyother determiner (Uke am the, rome) Exercises ‘A nthe bank spaces in the following, write fist the posseaive adjective snd then the personal pronoun {Gtjective). Te fst one is doe or you 1 Ihave a book This is book. have brought it with 2 Youhave a book. This is book, You have brought with — 3 Hehasa book ‘Thirse— book, He hae Drought twit —— 4 She has a book. This — Book She has brought with —— 5 U(he dog) has bose. Thisis bone has Toughe with — ‘Thr is — book, We have Drought with — 6 Weave book Lesson Four 7 They have abook. This i book. They have broughe with —— White these sentences with posestive adjectives instead ofthe words init, Example: This athe key that belongs tome 1 The mother tld she mother ie gi story. 2 Tom rode Tom's bye to schol 5 The ite bird but he te id's nest inthe hee 4 Susan gave present to Suan fend. 5 The teacher told Richard to tring Richard's book tthe 6 The los se enki that Belong ome 7 Mr and Mrs Robinson have jst gone to Mr and Mes Robinson’ hoa 8 Wehave sold the car thar belonged to ws The dog iin the Dake ha the dogs 10 want the book ha Belongs me, athe Book that belongs to yu reLeston Five Determiners: possessive adjectives 2 ‘You have earned what the posesiv adjetvs ae. Now we ‘aust aie tte pints about he way hey Behave, 1 The singular forms, your, hs her, ar se ifthe pasesor singular Tedoeso matter whether the thing that SS posesed singular or plural Afew examples wll maketh matter quite cle, Take the possessive adjective my, whichis singular, and pt singh "My ster in the Nous. Now we wll use pura oun witht Insome languages, Freachor German, fo example, when the nouns plu, the pstessive adjective plural fo. In Engl tie’ Here are some more example, pocket iful of aples. My Tpocketsare fll of apples, book son the abe His Teooks are on the tbe fendi coming votes. ee Ttgends ae coming tt ‘Youwindow broken wiodows ae broken 2 The poral forms our, your, her are wed the posesor i plu, trdoesn't matir whether the thing ponested singla or poral 0 Lesson Five ‘urcat (sngua) s inthe basket, ‘Ourcass (plural are ia hee asker ‘have jus been talking to your bother (singul). {hve just been taking to your brothers (url. ‘They are waking with hee son (igul) 3 Hiss mascing, her iene. My, your our, thea ‘eed for maa or feminine i ed fo nesta gender "Singular, this ose or meta ender lar the possessor is mae, the postesiveadjctie is masclie. Ifthe passers femal, te pasesv adjective feminine Tdoemntmater which ender he hing posed is For cramp ‘She scareyinghereat Thee slong leaves. aMarys Tomi Francineis The mother walking walking ling iwalking wither with ther wath her ‘mother. mother. father.” Gon Thefatheris Suan Johnie walking with carrying her cacryinghis Riedavghter, brother. ‘iter. And here you can eal hese es ofthe posesive adjectives You rave a mame; your names Pauline. ‘Sheba name her names Susan ‘Trae ame; rane f Jumbo the Elephant Wehaves mame; our name Brow. Youhave a name; your oameis Green. They havea name’ ter nme is Robinon, Exercises ‘A Make sentences of you own, sng my, your, i, her, te, ou thei 2 Leson Fire B Heres shorstory. Rewrite wth possessive adjectives {nthe bank spaces and instead of the words in ais. Dr Swift andthe boy More thap two hundeed years ag, the writer Jeathan Swift lived near ach od indy. The lady sometimes sent 4 boy with a presen for Swift Swift tok the ladys presents athe neve gave the boy aything for —— trouble Swat was busy with writing, when the boy red into Swift rom, Keocked some Books out ofthe books place, thew ——— patel on the desk a sid, rises has sent you two of —_— rabbits ‘Swift turned round aed sald That 1 not the way to aiver parcel. Now, you st in chair and watch ay of dol ‘The boy sat down. Swit weat out, knocked on Swift's dooe and waited. Tae boy sid, "Come in Swift entered, Walked to" desk and ssid, Th you please, sy, — Teese seods =~ Hind regard and hopes you wll cop these eabite which Som shot this morning ia — fel. "The boy antwered, “Thank you, ——. boy. Give —— sistese and —~ son Dr Suis thanks for ~~ Kindness fd ere sapence or yous. "Swit inughed, and after tat, be never forgot to ive the boy —H. 2Lesson Sit Lasoo Si Sometimes ie aster of the poses double Comparison of adjectives 1 i ha fete a vase tebasn th ie [tenia the postive end ine we ony ad rand st Positive Comparative —_|Supelave large larger he largest fine fer the Best, ‘Adietves that end ia usually change thi to erin the enparative and et ba the sper Me Bingo is strong man, Mr Jingo i tronger. Me Singo is ee Comparaive | Superaire the strongest mat of he tree ees peter te pretest Mr Bingo, Me Jingo and Me Stago ate al stroag ia 8P0Y napier ee happiest ferent degrees, and we show that by thee diferent forms oe ee heaviest ‘tthe adjective: trong, stronger the songet. In grammar, these three form are called the psitive degre, the comparative depres, andthe supertaie degree. Exercises -Aereat many short adjectives frm thi comparative degree ‘A What are the thre deres of comparison? byaddiag er and hele superative by ang sto te biopic psie Give the comparative and the superlative ofthe following Positive Comparaive | Supertaive seas ‘all ‘aller the tallest Thigh $ bright 7 mad 10 happy short shorter the shortest, 2imy Saew S thin, age ‘ick | ceicker the quickest + Flong Shot Bred 12 pretty ota older the olcest m 2sLesson Seven Comparison of adjectives 2 ‘You have jus eeen one way in which adjectives form heir comparative aod superative they adder and xt the pie Comparison of long adjectives Some adjectives form their comparative and sperative by ing more and mort t: Oo &. This isan exciting Thisitamore This is he most book, roti Dock. exating book ofl, ‘The adjectives that do thi ace usualy rather long words ‘Al adhecties of tres or more sable. ex-otiog Terestdng, wnfortusate, ee compared ike this Here are some more examples: [Positve [Compare [Supe imporant | more imporaat [ie most impor angeour [ims gras [te on drgerout ‘thane |forevouaue” |inemos vee ‘ondertul | more wonderful | the mot wonderful [somesient [nore conveniet [the most convenient 2% Leston Sever Irregular comparisox ‘Uafortanatly, les ig Enpish grammar always have “exceptions some disobedient words tit wont obey the ‘les. Well, thee are some exceptions to these res for ‘comparison of adjectives. Take good for example. We can't Say goodee and goodect And we san ay badder ad ‘Beddese Wil jst gather there ‘dobedien? worde together. [ repr compara wd pas Positive Comparative | Superiaive | good beter the bet bao worse the worst = farther the farthest fuer the furthest ‘Comparing one thing with another Look at these thre ways of comparing one hing (oF person) with anor 1 With the postive degree we us a before the adjective nd arate "The tick a long as that one. John is a fa ati tbeLesson Seven 2 With the comparative we use. tha afer the adjective. “That stick is longer than this on. “Th howe i ete har that one ‘That's amore comfortable chair than this chai 2 Afce the supetaive we olen ue of “This is he est ofthe the knives. Buc we may use «pase that begins, on ee, “That gs the youngest Un the class. e's the biggest boy onthe ld Bxercises [A Give the comparative and the superlative ofthe folowing adjectives wide 4 good Tefal 10 fr 2 dangerous 5 fortunate Brice 11 greedy 3 duieale” 6 bad 9 beauiel_ 12 magnificent B Filia the ising words. 1 Tomis alr Richard 2 Fred soot old Tom 5 Tom is oldest —te the ‘This book is ever — that, 5 This book isnot —— good that. 6 This book ¢———eat-—— the thee. 17 That exercise more dicult this one. % Lesson Sevan 8 The weathers worse today twas yesteiay. 9 tras aot —bad yesterday — es today 10 Today's weathers wort” the week C Waite ou these sentences. Put the adectves tat ea brackets into thei coret frm. (Some ace leady inthe comet form. Leave them st they ar) 4 Tom is (ld than Richard, 2 Jona is the (clever) boy inthe as 3 The weather is (fine) today than twas yesterday, 4 Caicos the (bi) city in Eaype. 5 This sentence & (ical) han the fst one 6 My bcyle i 35 (god) as yous. 7 My bieyle i (good) than yous, 1 My bicyle ithe (god) ofthe toe. 9 Your byl is (ol) than mine 10 My colds (ad) today than i was yesterday 11 This mountains the (high ia Europe 12 This piece of homework ia (b38) a our Ist one. 13 This piece of homework is (bad) than Your ast one 14 This piece of homework ithe (bad) ofall your 15 Richard iota (al) a8 Tom. 16 Toms (all thas Richard. 17 Tom he (tl) boy ate els. 18 Tobjo s(t fom London thas Rome is 19 Me Chung is (ch) han Mr Huang, bt I don | (happy) than Ms Hug, 20 Their hens are (goo) than ours. They are the (good) in the county, think he D Asswer the following questions 1 Tom s taller than Richard and Richards aller han Fred. Which of the boysis the alles!” Which isthe shortest” »Lesson Seven 2 Tis toner in Aten tha tin London. This ot 8 ot In Oia seit iin onhn, Wich ofthe ees the Hove Wh wth ls? 4: Richré gor wre than Fein he xan Toimen wove ars than Resa. Wh boy pr ‘stant Wich oy goth wos? 4 Zt gos fer unt ot ot oat ZUGgane whch ihe se? Wc te slowest? 20 Lesion Eight Determiners: the articles a, an, the Wemmentioned the determlets on page 18. The determiners reasmal mmberofwerdthat we ze wih nouns Here tre mont ofthe terminers Definite artcehe Indie atl: an ‘Demonstrative adjectives, ta, se, ase (BOOK T, eson§) Posse adjectives, jour har, our, your, ther (GBook2, Levon) eve each, ether Determines are often used with adjectives Tye los ig red book “This your big red book, isn't? [No. Tht red books a big as my book. But dtermipersare never used with other determines. You never ny dhisbook othe my booker myihebook or each eee oka ‘The definite article ‘Wecalla, am andthe atl. The the dite arti. We ‘ee he with nouns that nome! 3Lesson Eight 1 people o things when the heater o reader knows who or velat me mean = whe the meaning i definite, have bec talking to he head eacher (We know which head teacher) He is going 10 the post oft. (We know which post office.) 2 apersoo or thing hat the only one ‘We gelight rom shesun and the moon ‘The River Thames fowe through Lordon. Pronouace the with an e sound before vowel sound: the ‘lps the end: the inde, the hour (edo sound the). The indefinite article We alla, onthe indie atl, We seo a with ‘ammoa nouns when we mention somebody or something for the Git ime “Thete'sagood lm at the Odeon ‘Arman can twice with ke. Ive mention the person or thing agai, we kaow which on, sowe oe the "Thetes a good film a the Odeon, The film is sbout cowboys ‘A man can towards ws with kf. Te kif wae with ‘tod, aid ke mar was shouting rca: Wha'sthe difrence between and an? ‘rnc: Wel ere are some examples: ator ‘nape abies ‘login song cep ‘mrorange Now canyoutel me the answer? scyARD: Oh yes, see it Ifthe ext word begins with consonant sound, you us but ft bees with a vowel 2 Leson sgh sound, you wean. ‘esciaa:Tha's right. Notice also that with words ike how, honour, Rone, we ee an beease the his ot sounded. $ veesayan honestman, an hour ago, Osinally2(n) meant one. "Tom hat a apple’ mene "Tom has one appl’. And notice that the beginning ofthe next word maker ws choore «orem. So we say There was acar oot the door ‘There was a old car out the door. Wesswranclephon We saw a young elephant (Young does'tbegi with & vowel sound) Wessw anald elephant ‘Canaor an go with any common noun, John? son: Of, o; oly ifthe nown singular Teacusn: Of couse! You ca saya book but not ebooks "You can ays woman but rot asoman The paral of book is books orsome books, Here ae afew exam: Singular Plarat ‘Aone saul animal, Horses are weft animals ‘Anapple rowson tree Apples grow on tees Thereisabookon the le, There ate books (or same books) onthe table aLesson Eight Exercises [A Puta orn belore ech of he following words Lew 4 hove 1 hone 2 pen 5 telephone 3 jeeream 3 oe 6 aeroplane 9 honour ‘When do you use #and when do you us an? B Wite #oran before these pies of words adjective and Examples old nan, tale, big orange ‘Answers an ok a, all ab aig ange 1 longed 6 rieess, 2 vely man 7 hard question 3 easyanawer § oidpeon 4 Sony question 5 young animal 5 encour box 10 Samasan tend (© Mark the deerminesinthistory. There are 4 of them. ‘A ts eecved avery nee ing rom her boyiend. She wore ‘he rg tho ofthe nextday Nobody aoied it She moved ber hand thie way and that way, and still one of the ‘the gs inthe ofc otced he ring. Aas se sad, T's ey ot dyer? Lar ake ol yng” How many indefinite artes di you fn? How many ter ithe defile atl sedate sty? ‘What other determiners ave you masked inthe story? Lesson Nine Countable and uncountable nouns reacts: Can you ws aah with any singular noun, Alan? ‘ass ve been thinking boot tat Tthouphtof he 900m ‘read andstam: I woulda'say a oan before those towns Sol think the answer a your question "NO! But Trot sore which oans can have and which nouns esc: Well done, Alan, Listen to this eaetally All consmon nouns ca be vided into tw classes: Nuns ik apples, boys, bites, erplane are Countable tbat toy, you can cunt the things they fume, Youcan hive three bicjles, tea boy, 1wenty Seoplanes, ty apples. ‘But what abou things ike mater, a Bread, money, wool Smoke ls, ra? Yo don say-owet dete spor How maniac thee inthis ‘oom! orletsosounttheve mone: Youcould, perhaps, Tut drops of water, lie of bead ples of money. The ‘Tous (oan) drop lies, pieces af countable, bot ‘ater bred, money atcuneountables Do you think you fethe diference? ‘nase Oh ye, 1th 0. ‘hoaao’ You used the noun gla aban example ofthe Tcountbls, But cant aay, There are thee gles on the able" So an glen that sentence a countable noun? ‘excita; Yes, Richard, tie You se, a wordin Eagish ‘alten has ee than one meaning. if, asin yur sentence, ‘las meaas'a thing we can dik ou oP then tis 3sLesonNine Leson Nine ‘auntable noun. But if lace names the tuff tht ‘windows are made of, isan encousable noun, Te the Sentence, "My house bul ostone the wordone, forthe stuff my houses made of, is uncountabl, But ‘Al say, "The bos threw sioner through the window, Stone ould be countable nou, So the ae ‘Youcan use (an) witha singular countable nun. Yo can sea an) with uncountable nouns. ‘Youhardly ever we singular countable noun without a Glas ised for windows (Class unountabe) vant gas foe my orange drink, (Gls countab sndithat the determiner) Exercises ‘A Arrange the nouns inthe box in two colunas: countable Sountin est | and uncountable nouns inclu 2, We ave put the st two nouns inthe correct clumsy, "old, machine, ee, ver, happiness, flower, fous, Iachinery wl, spoon, ml leticty, te, steam, book, house rain, cgarete, mud, wheel, cotton, teacher education, bute, hat shoe, lather, spodeess, rss, pen paper com, 36 T Coat nas oo 78 | 1 roars] 'B Copy out these sentences ting or ar where necestary, ‘Remember tht only countablenouns tat re singular take a ran Don't put anything before a plcl countable noun or Sh neouatabe oun 1 Teatis__man, 2 Taeseare men, 3 Shouse can be built of stone, § Seow animal 5 _neowsare animate, 6 agate made of tobacco and_—_ paper. 4 Lemire of wood. 8 chair are made of wood 9 man murthave ——airo lve. 10 hen ean yee, 11 —fower growsin — eden 12 flowers grow in gudens. 13 Weget milk from cow. 14 We get mile fom — oom. 15 window is made of —- las 17 shoe is made of —— leather. 18 shoes are made of leather 19 —gaassgrowsia—— Eoglah el 20 ras: growsin English Gel 21 recon player pays — musi 22 You put —~ reco on vera player to get 23 our made fom hes 24 —teatiemade fom — Sour, 25 loaves are made fom _— fost, ”Lesson Nine C Putthese sentences nto the sings Example: There are vr birdsin those tes. They are buling ness. Answer There isan that ee ts building a nes. 1 Some books are on my desk 2 Rowe are dower. 3 Dogsare animal 4 Houses are bugs 5 Chair are pieces of urntue 4 Nouns ae the names of hig ives ae made of tee Carpenters work wth hammer and sas. 9 Peoplelight igaretes wih matches, 10 Dogehave ta, 11 ackets are made of ot, 12 Ont are ig tres 13 Soldiers arty guns 1 Horses are atta to farmers 15 Bridges ate often made ofstone D Heres aise story “The trapper andthe weather ‘Two men were traveling in avery wid and lonely part of ‘Amesica. For days they did't see «house, ony af hots ‘ade of wood, or tent made of skins. Then one day they ‘et an old man who trapped animals forthe fr They bad 2 conversation with bm One of them asked him, ‘Can you tell us what the eater wil be like ie the next few days?” “Oh yes. he said. “Rai is coming, and wind. Then there wil be snow fortwo dys, bu afer that there will be Bogt nhine “Ist that wonderful sid one man to his end. These 38 Lesson Nine ‘old trappers know more of the secrets of Nature than we do with all ur een He turned 1 the o that? be asked “Theard ton the radio trapper ‘How do you know all Pick out six uncountable oun in tat story, and ten 8Leson Tea Verbs: tense 1 ‘Revbion (Book 1, Lessons9 wo 12). Vert are wed to expres fnactonorartate of being. Tere lnays aver inthe prediateofaseatence. the sbjectofaentence is Singular the yes singular i the sublets pla, the ver [splural, Vert that ke object are tansive verbs. Verbs ‘hat don' take objets te intraiive verbs excten: What day ittoday? Puri Tes Tuesday today Tecan: What dy ast yesterday? or Te war Monday yesterday. ‘rencutt; What ay wit Be tomorow? ‘Pom: willbe Wednesday tomorrow To thove questions and snawers we have been taking about three diferet times. The st question ands anor are bout the present ime: today. The second pal ae about past {umes yesterday. Te thir ae shout fare ie: marr Hire are some other examples suzaaers: (A) This ens Lamin the 2d Year English Cae (B) Last year Iwas in the 1 Year English as. (©) Next year wil (bein the rd Year English Cas. coterie: (A) [havea owerin my cont today. (B) Thad one in sy coat yesterday. o Lesson Ten (© Y(t have another one tomorto™ ‘rescun:” (A) This week the students do their lessons Rooms. (8) Last weck they did seria Room 3 (6) Next ek they wil (hey) do them in Room's Sentences (A) ae about preset time: ht year, today thé nek Sentences (Bare abou pastime: ast year, yesterday, ast Sentences (Care abou ature tine: next ear, marrow, nett wee. ‘Asyou can set, the verb havea diferent form to show these ‘tere ines Presnt | Past | Fare am | var | willbe fave | tad | wit have | dd_| wilde ‘These diferent form are calle tense, ‘The present tae wed fer ations in present ine. “The pst tee sed for acne in pat ie, “The future tense wed for ato ature ine. aLesson Ter Here the simple present tense the imple past tense andthe future tense ofthe verte bead have. ‘Simple Simple preeweence | patense | Paurevone es — i am [it T hevsteit | hevshe,it was | Rese, Be te [we were | wef wllber you ae |you were |you [ibe ey ae _[ they wore | they pene - T te TE Td heshevit has | heyehe,t| | he, she, wen hve [we fad [we |i you have | you you [ise they have | they they Leston Ten 'B Copy out ane complete these inthe past tens. 1 had abolidayie lst yea. He | My bother al we \ Myssterandt | || —~————~ They My brother and sister | © Copy out and complet thse inthe ature ease ‘You ilar shall after or we, Dat thee no weed we. Exercises [A Copy outand complete these in the preset tense 1 sm astudent. Trae. 1 wile here tomorrow. My bother ai Mystere = We infas betmonth Myfather Putthese seatencesint the smote past tense. Add on of the words or phrases inthe box to show pas ie. yesterday, ast web, unl yesterday, vo Yar ago, ‘then Iwas younger, ast nth 1 Tamin schol 53 "The flowers are ver Dautfu 4 Tom has ive pene nhs pocket 5 Themis vey bot, 6 Maryhasa new pen 7 Lam Richard's tend 8 Vem has anew book 9 The children ae not ead for choo 10 We have plenty ote to ft toschool sLeson Eleven Verbs: tense 2 Heres the ver do: & ‘Simple | Simple prentiense|patiense | Pauretene Tao) Taid Twill dard he he he the does |sbe | aid | she} wit doruso wwedo |vea ‘we wil dol do youdo | youd — | soul dort do theydo [they dit | they will dort do Here are some more sentences using the verbs be, have doin the three tenses Present tense ase Today my birthday so Uhave a olay today. On ‘birthday Tatas do ay work eal in he morn, 50 lam free forthe day. This year my biehday son a Tuesday Thoves present for my birthday, here tin my band. L ameleven years old today noe: ems my bitaday yesterday 40 Thad body then vddxy work early nthe morning, 301 was re forthe day Thad preset for ny buthday. La weve years okt yesterday. “ Lesson Eleven ature tense avout willbe my bithday tomorrow, c0 Tithe 8 ody then Tif omy work ery nthe mownig. vt ‘efeee forthe day My bithday will bona Wednesay this year. TU havea pay, andiny mother and father wl sive mea bihday presen. Ube thiten year old ‘The tense of verb sbowsthe time (present pat fate) when the action happens, happened wil bappen Exercises [A Puttheverbsin these sentences int the simple present tense. Change word, add them, oleavethem out whete Example: We had breakfast t 7 o'clock yesterday. “Answer: Weave breakfast at 7 o'clock every dy. 1 Howas a god fotble once. 2 We were school yesterday. 3 The Mowers were very beaut ast yar 4 The un was ery hoyesterdsy 5 We werein the second ls tye 6 I did eons xref 7 Lishad tea a5 lock. 8 The css did English tree ines a wock ast year 9 Inada bad cold lat week 10 Harry was tired after the game of football 1 The child's hands were very diy, 12 Youwere very careless, weren't you? 1 Mary washere yesterday, wast She? “sLesson Eleven B Putte verbs in theflloning sentences into the ftore fens. Change words where necessary, sig, or example, temorrom, mex year, in afew day tin, five mines, Example: We do or homewotk inthe evening. ‘Anower: We will 9 our homework moTo™. 1 Lam ele yest old today 2 Youre ihe socond elas hi eae 5 nave plenty of tine to iis he work {They havea busy time today. 5 Ldomy work extfuly 6 Tomiss good swimmer. 7 thin fine day today 8 Tamlste tor school 9 The two boys te ate fr school 10 The lowers are cutin my garden, Lesson Twelve Present continuous tense We nave just eared thatthe tenge of ve shows the tine oan action shows ster happens i preset ine, pastime, or future tie, Butte tense ofthe ve an aio show whether he action it [asked or mot. For example lok athes sentences ‘Lam wring of the Dackboar ‘You elearning grammat ‘Tom reading bs book. ‘Mary isstudying maths, ‘The dower ts ding We aresinging "Ten Green Bones: They are igang [Allthose actions ae inthe presen time and they ae ala ‘continuing. The wring, lesring reading, singing ging res gong on; they te alls comtinuing. Shi er {orm scaled the presen coninucstense. “The present continues tense expresses an action that tt {going ea nw. nis quite easy to make he present continuous. As yousee, it has tro parts -The rst parts the preset tens he ver beam, rare). The second pat isthe form ofthe ero ‘hat ending Tearing reading, singing, te. When ou Inake the ing form fa verb, nots thes points of seling 1 Verbs that end ina sent, drop tis -ewhen they add “ing: dance dancing; wre, wring save, saving. 2 Some verbs double the last oter: sap, stopping gt, ering, ting aLesson Tere 53 Verbs ending ini, change this to: le, ying de, dying; Being “The presen coatiavou tenses made by wing om, ir are with the -ing for ofthe verb ae ee Fim | mat LG (oOG ate eaux] = en) = ey Exercises A. Write dow the ing form of hese verbs Lak S dace 9 swim eeply ase —Gwnte «ame die Suk Tam MN offer 13 le Sen Bdge ger “ Lesson Twelve 1B Weiteout the present continioa tense for she and we of these verbs: pet ake, cu, play, te Example: laugh ‘Answer: Tam lauphiog, Shes lahing. We ae laughing © Change the vrbsia these sentences from the simple resent tense tothe present continous tense Adda word or Dhrase from thebow to each tenance, Leave ut the wor in bracket, [ now, today, ats moment, atpreent Example: My father (sometines) wera typewriter. Answer My father using typewriter thie momen 1 Totten) write fete. 2 Richard alway) walks to schoo 53 We(asuall) getup ats 4 My mother (sometimes) works inthe nes, 5 Theold man ie down (te lunch) 6 He tte) siogs the bus ere 17 Wetzavel Porto Spain (very dy) 8 The gardener sometimes) cuts down ate. 9 John comes nome (ia the evening). 10 Theshopkeeper (lays) tet up the parcelLesion Thineen Past continuous tense Sometimes we wan to speskof an action tht was gong on tr contiaing in the pastime. [tat case we ue the past ens ofthe verb be with the sing for ofthe verb. ‘Compare the present connoous andthe pst continues, "Weare looking thi grmmar book now. (present tontinvost) “Ths time esterday, we were looking at this grammar book, (past continuous) Here are some other exarpes ofthe pas continous tense ‘Ayer ago I nas working n Batoador saw Richart th tation thie moming’~"Yes, he was sing fo Tob, who was coming home rom Oto. Hersh ust caine the er (Sawer Tm penon | asa0i0g ‘we were goin 2nd person] you were going) 2ndpersoa | you were going Bru ptson | be, se, ie was |Saperson | they weve ging soing “The pastconinsousis very often wet show that 20 action was going on (or contains) ata te when something else Iapgened: Ancazple wil makethat ear, Lets take an hat was tl conting oes coming to hoo his morning “Then meting happeneé: vis faaw a eae ito a us. ‘Notice thatthe thing that suddenly happened is expresed by ‘he simple past nue con), Hore are some forthe examples “ast Continuous ston Simple pat (Frm oingon) acon) “The teacher was giving us 8 | ieson when alite dog weltedinto While we were having ‘upper, allthe lights went ont “The fice wessilldurning when Ipased te house the mess “While he man was ooking The shop windom,_the hil picked his pocket,Lesson Thiseen Sometimes:he sentences nay be he other way oud, with the verbin he simple past lens irs, ad the ver in the past tinuous ese second ‘Simple past Past ‘lithe igs went out wile we were baving upper When passed tiehoase next day, the Gre was stil burning Harry didhis homework while the other boys wee laying football, Exercises ‘A Wait out he past continuous tense ofthe verbs do, re, on Putthe yerbia bracket into the pst continuo ese, 1 ohn got ofthe aa while (g). 2 (cai) when we ment ou 31 (play) he piano when he eae into the room. 4 Teame into the oom when Lynette (py) the piano. 5 Jona (work al day yesterday. 6 She ive) in England when the war began 17 He hur his fot while he (limb) the re 8 The baby (et) sa dinner wha lctne hom. 9 He (walk) home when the rin beg, 10 The aria tree wilt teavel) at 60 eles an hour. 11 He (we) letter when a hie 12 The maa ell down athe (ron) forthe bs 13 We Ging) songen Peter came into the oom. 14 While te eacher (give) atesson, aml dog waked into the rom, 15 When te phone rang (workin he garden, 16 My at blew of while eros) te badge By Simple present tense and present continuous tense ‘Doyoukaow whes wo se the smple preset tense and when {ose the present continuous tense? Compare these (A) Mary playsthe piano every evening, (B) Mary splayingtbe piano nom, (A) You oftes wit an ne blackboard (8) You ae wring onthe backboard now ‘Wha isthe ditferece between sentences (A) and sentences or ‘The present continuous tens ul expresses an ation in the resent ime, an action thats happening now. "Mary i laying the piano and" am waiting onthe Backboat mean {hat these ations are going ona this very moment. They haven'ended when Is (or write) hore seateces “The simple present tenses generally used for a action that |s done regulary foram action that happens, perhaps every day. So you ote tnd word ike rua, general, every ay, sometimes, days witht Tam dancing 9 ance everyday (presentcontioucus) (imple peesea)Leson Fourten Nowhere isa short composition that Mark Browa wrote It ‘wilshow youthe ue of he spl present ese My ally programme—by Mark Brown wake up every day about seven o'clock. {get out of bed and {go and wake Jeremy and Richard, [somtimes drip some Srasr on them fo wake them. Then thy ge up an chase me {othe batho. We wash, andwe brush our teeth and then ‘rego back tthe bedroom to ress. Mother usualy alls “Upstairs, "Come on, boys, breakfasts readySo we hurry ‘vast, Wea), "Good morning, mother, "Good morning, finer at downto reas. Father gos 19 the otis a bal pat eight, bt before he gos, he sual ss and reads his paper. We have out breakfast and aif ean leave the table Then we go and ge our books andschool ‘hinge. We ay goodbye to moter, take out ou Byes ard ete to hoo ‘Asyousce, llthose verbs aren the simple present tense ‘because Maris tling you bi diy habs He selling you swhathe does very dy, not what he dog at that moment “The simple present tent ised fora repeated or habit ‘The present continuous tens sed fran action tat til continuing now. “There ze one orto smal butrather important poits that you should nae Inthe simple present tense the 3d person Elnguarende in (There ate some exceptions, which yu ‘wllmect nthe ex ssn.) Tatperoningdor [rd person singular Tait esis get eget Tread heveade se Lesson Fourten Somesees the 3d pertn singlr ends in-s. Trash he washes 10 he goer Sometimesitchange trom 0 Ce Tey heuer ley eerie Exercises ‘A Heres the simple present tense oo Test wmeeat Desh iteats yovest [Now write ou the simple present nse of the verbs es, ‘seh, mach, go, 2. B Change the following from It person singular to 3rd ‘evn sgaar, Use te new subject piven in brackets Example: Latch my school hockey team. (My broter) ‘Answer’ My brother watches his schoo hockey team, 1 The chocolate. (My ste?) 2 Twn th exerci. (He) 3 Tiknow the snewer (She) 4 Teryto do my work well (Mary) $3 Tash my ce and neck. ot) 6 Heating Break, (iy aber) 5 Vbrshay eth (He) 8 Lay g00d morning omy mother (That boy) 9 1 gov shoo! ona bieye (This ie)Lesson Fourteen 10 Ido my workcaehly. (A good lady teacher) 1 Leamapeak Engl. (He) 12 Fwvlelp you. (Ste) 13 aay come eve tomortow. (The cat) 14 oust nah ny work (My dauphter) 15 Tought tobe more careful. (Tom) C tn the following sestences the rerbshave been eft out. Some ofthe verbs ought to bein the preset simple ese, others inthe presen contnaour eae Rewrite he wentences ting inthe verbs. (The verb owe iin brackets) Example: (ct) t's Saturday, and my brother —_wood for the re. He always wood on Saturday, Answer: I's Saturday, and my brother eM wood for the re He sways Ali wood on Saturdays 1 (play) Elizabeth always the piano well She it 2 (rive) My mother tater ofc every day. She there nom, 3 (ran) It today, Hussy in winter 4 (peak) He generally Chinas, but he English today. 5 (emake) Father —_ tot inthe hitchen just now. He ‘sully toa or breakin. 6 (et) Thesun always inthe weet. It now, andit all soon be dar, 7 (ig) My sister always te garde. She __itnow. 8 (cng) The telephone spain. esometimes twenty timer, 9 (do) John hishomework now. He usualy _itin the cvenig, 10 (go) Richard to school everyday. A (do) Carles tudens never ther work wel % Lesson Fourten 12 (write) "What isthe teacher doing?"~"He onthe 13 five) Tat ft man next dor tous 14 (go) He justin atthe fon oor. 15 (ake) Len the dock —— Count he strokes. 16 (go, give) Whenever we tomy sun's house he slags oes goodtea D Revision exerci on verbs. Here isa story. Some othe vetbsshould be nthe simple peseat tense, some in the sSmple past tease, some inthe past eontindous ad ome in ‘he future. Rewrite the story wth the vert inthe ight forms “Theich tay and the por begsar ‘A wealthy lady (live) ia a big Hotel beside New York's Cental Pack. One day as she (ook) ou ofthe window, he (Gee) a very poor man stessed in ag. He (a) ona wooden, ‘seat and he’ (look) up atthe windows ofthe Bote. She (look) the nextday andthe tet, tad the cent, and every ‘ay he (look) up at he windows ofthe hotel At last one ay while she (Eve) im her sar, she (sop) by the seat where the man (st). She (ge) out aad (speak) (9 him end (st him way he (ok) atthe hotel windows“Lady he (G9), ‘T (St) on this seat every day and T (cep) on thinset every igh, and all the cme T (ink) ‘hat some day I (sleep a that Bote "Tne lady sid, (make) your dream come tve. Tonight yo (seep in the best om in the Bote "Te nent motsing ts she (st) a Breakfast she (so) the rman and (el) hin 10 come t9 her table. She (63), "HOW fi you seep” "Eady he (ay), “my Sat in the park was better” ‘Serely 20 (33 the lay. "Yer, he (ey), "You se, I (ep) on the seat every right; but every eight { (Gram) I (bs) is sot warm bed ‘he hotel But al lastnight wie! (eep), T dreamt tat Tas back onthe cold had seat. So I (go) Back to my seat Inthe park tonight 8 Lesion Fitesn Negative of verbs: ‘method A’ — the ‘peculiars’ 1 ‘There are two main ways for verbs to oem thee Letscallthem method A’ 2nd'"method 8 ‘rere are only ew verbs hat te metho A’, but they ate verbs that sre wed very ten They ares range ile ‘group. They dont behave ic oer verbs in a number of ‘rays, oet'seall them the “pecuars’ Here are some of be (am. sae, was, weve) may have (has, ag) sight can (ould) mu ‘il (would) ought Stal boul) ‘which we will conser ne, ae need, edo, do (oes did) and dare ‘The: pecllars'form her ngatve simply by adn nt Other 9Leon Ffen ‘And they are the only verbs out ofthe thousands of Eglsh ‘vets tha make thelr mga that way (the way we ave Called"method A’. Here are some examples Afemasive Nepaive Hess Engl, Hetsner Engl Shecanspeak English. She cannotspeak Eogsh Wevillhavealesson Wewillnorbaves leon ‘Youmay have another cake. You may norhave another eke, ‘You must writin your book. You must no wet on the ‘Tomoughttodohisowa He ought notto ak Lloydto work soitorhi Contracted forms ‘These negatives are often shortened expecially in ‘conversation. Here ae the contracted (Ghortened) forms Contracted Conrad Negative form Negorre form | remot arent wilt won't hhavenot vent | mustnot most’ hasnot hasnt | oughtrot__ougha't "Notice thatthe apostophe () takes the place ofthe oof nor « Lesson Fen Exercises ‘A Wate dowa the contracts forms of Lisact — Sarenct_ S havenot 7 willaot Doughact A mustnot Ghisnot cannot Make he folowing sentences neat. 1 Sheiea teacher 2 TamGreek, 3 Youaremy pupils 4 Weare your pups. 5 Richerdcan swim very wel 6 Twill goto se bim tomorrow 7 You oughtto wate your exercise this book 8 Lwilldo what you stk ne. 9 Youust go som. 10 Have you any money? (Ue the contracted form) 6Negative of verbs: ‘method A’ — the ‘peculiars’ 2 Hee the simple pst tense of some ofthe peculiar’ Prevewtense Pasttense | Preventiense Pastiense amis wes Tavefhas ad ae were on could Here aresome examples “He was in Tokyo yesterday ‘Shehad abel st ear, “The other peculiar’ do not havea pest ene, but ome of {hemean sometimes be weed to express the meaning ot fothersin the past Here they are (Recltar”| Past meaning tories expressed by at | souls | wil! | would | ray _| mane | Here are some examples Tilgonow. wouldnt go before. “Welloome othe party. ‘They si they wold come tothe party. ‘The mega ofthese forms ofthe peculinisoten shortened. Here are the contracted or shor forms @ LestonSisteen Neaive _ Shortfoom | Negative Shorsform wasnot wart | shouldnat —shovldnt Radeot hada’ | wouldnot wouldn't couldnot—couidy’t | mightaot —might't Some people think that he contacted forms can only be ‘ied in conversation, But nowadays you nees't be afi ‘write them. Indeed, lavise yout use contracted forms in ‘egaive queens reno secious wing, Tin English useful world language? ‘Coulda’ the Goverment help the poorer countries Here are some examples of he peculiar in lfiematie and Asfematve Negoe Hewarhere yesterday. Hemasnor wasn) here yeseraay. Joh couldswimn whenhe John could not could) wane “wim when he wa si He taid hate mightcome. He sai that he might nor (nigh) come, Shesaid that she would Shera thats would not helpas (would) Reps. Exercises A Wits down the contacted (shortened) forms of 2 was not 3 mightnot 5 had not 2ouldnct shouldnt 6 could not 'B Make the flowing sentences negate 1 Sidney was at our house as ight. 2 John ould swim when he was three years odLesson Sistem 3 You friends wore at he party at ight. 4 He would go terete weather wae fine 5 Ifthe sky wascler, you could sete sa C Inthe second pt ofthe sentence, te the past form nega ofthe peculiar’ chats inthe fst pare Example: e's an old woman nox, but she __oldin 1950, ‘Answer: Shes a ld woman now, bu she "Sod in 1950, 1 There are two houses here now, but there any houses sere a year ago 2 He hasheard the sews gow, but he heart an hour ap. 3 There area lato sompuer in the word now, but thee ‘lot in 1960. 4 Tyeseen Pars now, but everseenit before 5 There's acat inthe garden hit afternoon, betters fone there this morning D Inthe second part ofthe sentence te the sme verb asin the fst pant, bt change the pecan Example: Lean swim now, but___ when Iwas younger. “Anower: Lean sein ow, but Souls when was youngee 1 He'l take ustotheciaema nest week, bathe —_ ost 2 She can cead his writing now, but she its year. 3 My trends will eome wth me this yb they with ‘mein 18s. 4 My grandfather cold hear wll few years ago, bute ell tom, 5 He would tbetiee the story at fis, but prhape he Lesson Seventeen Negative of verbs: present continuous and past continuous ‘You remember, ofcoure, thatthe present continuous tense andthe prt continuo tense are formed by using pact of the ‘rb be with the ing frm ofthe verb, So they form thie eqative, asthe pela €o, simply by adding no. Present contnooue Affemaive Negative Tan writing on the arene rig (Um not bisekboacd virion the ia koond ‘YouatelemingEnglsh. You ore not aren) learning English 5Allisresding is history Aliieno (' reading his took, history book. ‘Weare livin the swenteth We ae no (aren) tings century. the eighteenth centr. Past contavous Affemative epave ‘Hewne working when saw He mas nor wasn) working him, when sa hm ‘When Looked athe baby, it When looked at the baby, it sro aleeping. wasnt (was) sleeping “They were singing an English They were nr (ween) wong zinging an English son, ative, Use contracted forms Example: We ae siting outside the classroom “Answer We rea’esting outside the classroom, 1 We arelistenngto the teacher. 2 Lamvrting onthe blackboard. Ci. not..) 3 Youre learning Bags gamma 11s raining hard now. 55 Heis watching elevision {6 Thehorses ae running very fst 1 sak sbeping hs mother a cook. 8 arm working very hard at presen, 9 Ton’ssierearingo dave aca 10 Yow aesingngvery well iday B In these senenets, ad the verb in the past continnous nd mae negative. Use contacted forms. Example: When the tai rived, we were wating fort “Answer: When the ain aeved, we werent wating frit « Lesson Seventeen 1 Thehorses were running very fst. 2 They were pla a very heavy lad 3 Thistme yesterday we were siting here 4 Yesterday the snow war covering the garden, 5 Itwasraiing hard when Teame 0 sh00 6 When! came to shoo, t war ining bar 5 The boys were reining whea we sa hem. {When we sw them, the Boys were simming, 9 Youwere working hurd whes Teale. 10 When Tell, you were working hard oLesson Eighteen Interrogative of verbs: ‘method A’ - the ‘peculiar: ‘The ‘pecalias'ate diferent rom othe verbs sot only ithe say they make thee negative, They ae different to, ithe ‘way they make theirimterropativ ce gestion form Tey do ‘Rbylnversion,thatis by puting the ‘peculiar before subject ike tis: [HE] [5] jrencuee| Suctement Question We (subject) s (verb) ever) he (objet) teacher teschee? K(subject)s(veed)tea_——_Isert out ten oock odo? Hisnameis AShah. _Tshis mime Al/Shah? Hecanspeak Engist. Can hespeak English? They must gohomenow. Must they go home now? ‘Theycan'ttndestand the Can they wedertand the resoa. lesion? Hemuste'topen the bos. Musta'theopenthe box? Hewashereyeseray.— Washebere yesterday? ey Lesson Eighteen John couldswim whenhe Could John swim when he was, vase years old six years old? Inversion fhe subject and he peculiar’ ls happens when the pears’ heiptomake teat. Sutement Oueston Present continuous Theyareworingherd. —_Arethey working had? Past continuous ‘They wereworkinghard, Were they workinghard? Future She wihelpus Wilste help us? Present perfect ‘Theyhavesnihedthe Have they Sinished the “The pecaas are the only verbs hat form thir Inverroatvesby inversion. “The way we wie heveischanging, Wewill explain itin Lesion B Exercise ‘Change the following statements ito questions DDon' forget the question mark (?) atthe end of your Example: The farmers planing rie “Answer: isthe termer panting c=? 1 Rissxo'lock 3 You eansee them though the window ' You willeome wth us tothe football match, 5 There ste boy at well is athe cas. 6 John esting nthe arden,Lesson Eighteen 7 Hissieris with im, 8 Shei helping hi wich hiswork 5 Temustdo the work now 10 Wayne very it 1 They are Greek children 12 Heeango now. 13 She mt keep the money. 14 The cook slow 15 Lamright. 16 My exercise ight 17 The git were afraid ofthe bal 18 Hecancome here tomottow. 19 Gaeester was with him 20 The children were sieping. 21 The cldren are sleeping 21 The boys wer looking athe picture. 23 The boy are looking tthe peture 24 The boys can look atthe picture. 25 The boyseant look atthe pire ” Lesion Nineteen Verb forms 1 ‘When we spsi ofa ver we dont always mean justone sword, Aver isthe ik a fay has several member For example, he vb bea eight forms. aig family, the biggest ofa ind Most verbs hve only ve membecs. Giveisanexample: nN B c D = gre ghee ge given giving Have bas only ove members ave bar had (had) having Pura tee ut pase (pu) (put) patting Jon: Then put isthe same word for preset tense and past tense How do we keow which itis? rescten: Liter Tent tothe pst office. bought stamp andpuiton ayer, Then I posted it Inthat example, what ens spa? soa: The simple past ese. reactex: How do you know tha? nLesson Nineteen son: From the other thing you sai ‘Teac: Yes. Tether sentences, the other words wth it tells, Now look at theze example. 1 Please buy astamp and puiton the eter, ‘The verb pur ncommand. (Book 1, Leson 10) 2 always puny books on this desk ‘The verb puis inthe simple preset ten. You know these things rom the cont the other words cor ventences, or from the situation, 4 ‘Base | sform [Pat | Past | aingform Srdpercon| came | partite | present singular’ pertiple present ‘begin | begins | Bexan [begun | beginning come _|eomes__[eame | come’ _|coming, and , the past patcpte and the ing form, sent wed lone witha subject We do'say or write Hhegumtastveeh or Hecominghote But we can se D and E with pecutar nd a subject. ‘You wl member rom Lesson 12 nd 13 that meus he 2 Lesson Nineten ‘peculit’ be with Eto make the present continuous and past Hes coming her fortes She was coming is hs ection wien Lsaw hes, Wie can ao ws the-pecuiahave (haz) with Dt make the present peruct tense (See Book 3 Lesion 4) ‘have begun toleaen about partes, ‘She has ep play tennis. [A Tryto pottheformsof the verbs give speak, Bei, bring, buy, wrteand work unde these heatngs [a _la[e [> JE Bae | stom | Fan [Pa Pct Sdpenoa| tee | parce | pene tor fost Give the pas parteple and the ng orm (present arp) of these ver Vfl S dance 9 rick take 2koow Gayest 14 bite Sale Tuy UL forget 15 put ‘ply Bone mae 16 beLeston Twenty Verb forms 2 Le’ stock a the work the dierent forme do Form Examples How we use the farm "A Base poll 1 Forallhe preset tense excep fake 3d peson sing: pu _ Wau! They ul the rope. 2 Commands: Pull ope {3 Winsome peculiar Hecanpulthe rope 4 With Heed to pullthe rope. 'B foam pulls Srd person singular, present tense fakes only pete HeSaflvThe sailor pulls the 76. _ {© Simple pulled Simple past tense, al persons psttense fool (Lewon2i) fut He pulled the ope an hour ag0, D Pet piled 1 Wilhhavefor he present Patciple ken perfect tense (Book 3, Lss00 pa 4 hove pulled he rope, andthe fags, 2 With efor the pave oe (Bock3, Leson 1: ‘That carag pled by wo hore " Lesion Twenty E -ingform pulling 1 With e forthe continvous: faking Hes pulling the rope now. Deting He wan’ pulingtan bor apo 2 Without ‘peel (Books, Lesson 1} Paling hard, they moved the hip towards hen Padling ropes is bard wor [Notice hatin the examples excep thse for A2 (Commands) and E2 the verb has eeubjec, In commands ike ‘Ndiwe understand asbject: {You pull hatrope andwe coulda. "You pallthat ope! Go on! Ta the E2 way of wing the ng form, the subjects ot wed Wis non-ine se of the ng form, Anite ver canbe made yp ofone word ormore has 8 ‘subject, and itcan change for tense and person Exercises [A Use the same numbers (A1,2,3, 4B; C;D 1,236 1,2) {show the uae of the vernal each hese sentences. We give you the answer for 1 and? 1 The bos areplying octal. Answer: E 1) 2 Thedoye wlll football his afternoon. (A3) 3 Tue boys have ployed oobl hie afternoon 44 Theboys are going to ploy footal hs aernoon, 5 The bos ike play otal every afternoon, 6 Lamizarning English 7 Weare ging toleern English 8Lesron Twenty 8 Did the gs play tani fay? 19 Do the gi play tennis every day? 10 Can you ply tenis? 1. Have you played tennis today? 12 Were the is playing tani today? 15 IsRichard going to play football today? 14 They havent played tennis all aernaon, 15 They were not playing tennis th afternoon B The examples in the able use the verb pull andthe object. ‘herope Lets repeat them hee: AL pull the cope 2 Pall tat ope. 3 Hecan pl the ope 4 Heiedeopulltbe rope B He pulse cope © Hepulled he ope an hour ago, DL Iheve pulled the rope, and the ig up. 2 Tharcarsage pulled by wo horses, EL Hes pulling the rope now 2 Pulling ope hard work, ‘Noi use the sae numbers (omiting D2 and 2) and make Sentnees withthe er take ad pu 1 Forthe objet ofthe verb ake, se a dink of water Example: Al Takea drink of water 2 Forthe object ofthe verb pur we the glas Example: AIL put the gitar onthe table 6 Lesion Twenty-one Past tense and past participl regular verbs ‘Weave studied the past tent ofthe peculiar (Lesions 10, and 1), Now et ook atthe other so verbs. Many of ‘hem form thei pst tense and pas participle by adding ed, ‘dor ito the base. These are the regular verb, Here are Toncottnen, ‘Base | Simple past tense | Base | Simple past tense anlociparicye| _|enipatpartaple wai | ated Tope | Ropes eee | pened Sitan | domes shy | payee (Crees) Sane | fame tum | Sine orb) thee | Sc Ne at wihsome vets we dole at oon ep ae ee ena se op py pale “Thefollowing sntences will show how we ue the simple pst tense andthe pat patcpe, The pst parpe wed wth {he peculiar’ haveto form the present pete tense, (See ‘Book 3, Lessons) T wal imple presentense to schoo every day {nated (mpl past ese) 0 choo yerery. {hve walked (past parpe) oso! day, and ere Taeenan pays (simple presen tense) the workman oa Ssturdaye, ”Lesson Twenty-one “He paid (simple past tess the workman ast Saturday. Hehe paid (pst participle) the workman every Saturday ‘° ‘9. 78 SI eon 38 ek My hen ly (imple preset tense) god ess. ‘They ina ipl pst tense) si exer yesterday. Tieyhne nd ppt en a sie from these examples, the smpe pst tense participle have the sane form (waled, pid, {ay All regular verbs are like this Exercises [A How do regular verbs fum ther simple past tense and past participle? 'B Give te simple past tense and pas participle of each of hese regular verbs Lopen duns Tary 1ossy ok Stop Bry My Secok 6 drop pay, 12 ream 8 Lesson Twenty.te0 Past tense and past participle: irregular verbs ‘You have leaned tht a number of verbs (he regular ‘erbs) make their simple past ene and past partiple by Meng ed oro theirbase Buthete area number of ‘erbstha don't make theisimpe past tense and pas Dartplelike ti nstead, some of them change their vowel Sounds They at the irregular verbs. Here ares few of the ‘ommonet iepunr ers ‘Base Simple Past \ ‘Simple Past per paricile per partite ‘eg began begun [forget forgot forgon ie bebe duet gt aat tow blew blown [gneve pen break broke broken |Bokd held eld bring brought brought [Know knew kaown boy’ bought. bought” [lie layin Ca caught caught [mistake mistook mistaken fome came. come, shake stook shaken fiw drew drawn [take took taken dank drank drunk [think ought thought dove drove driven [throw thew thrown fal fel falen [win won von fy flew foen _[wnte wrote writen ‘One ver, go, avery regula. ruses a different word ‘Stogethe fot part tense — wert and forts past partlpe Sone ”Lesson Twenty. 200 “Licis aber dtc Tis a nteastve verb Here are tree sentences tollusteate ts use Tn sammerF often fie (Simple present tense) onthe shore snd'wateh he sips salty Tay (Simple past tense) onthe shore and watched them yesterday. ‘Alteran (pt pat) here foran our, wea ‘Compare this wth the regular ver lay (se page 78). Lay a transtve ver. Lie an trance verb. Exercises ‘A How do some regular verb form ter simple pst tense nd pas partite? B Give the simple past tense and past participle ofeach of the verbsin the bor. Arrange them n two colimas, eplar verbsin one column and lreglar ver the thes, We ave done the rst wo for 904, ‘un, jump, ey wea ko Regular ver | tregularvebs ism jumped jumped | oun ran un » Lesson Tendo © Change the verbs inthe following sentences into the ‘Simple past tense, Add one ofthe words ox phase in the box toshow pastime { yesterday wo years go, when Twas younger, last week, last month util yesterday, an hour ago en minutes ag9 playin he 2 Mewants too home, 53 The diver stop the ca. 4 Hectinkatea everyday 5 Ithepins orain 6 They ke our hows. 4 dean every ight. 8 Theteacher givesmeabook. 9 Hoste athe desk and write eters (2verbto ngs) 10 Grace comes tothe deca. 11 Weesteh shia theiver 12 The dog eatsits diane 13 The boy oor aholidy. 14 Retard knows Lance, 15 Theplane ies very high 16 He teaches us Engle, 47 Tach mykande a dry them. (2 ers) 18 Lhein mye 19 Hegoestoschoot 20 Feat the sing D Hereisastory. Rewsiteit, changing seh verb in taler tothe simple past ene. ‘Andon fog ‘isa very fogzy day in London. The fg so thick that ie imposible to see more than 0 foot ors. Buse, ears and tans ae-not able to run and stay bythe sie ofthe road. People ry tof their way about on fot but they lve hei 8Lesson Twenty-o00 way in the fog, Me Smith has avery important meeting. He ‘me to walk there but finds he is quite lost. Suddenly he Dumps int a stranger. “Cat U help you? the strange asks Mr Smith ays he mont fo get 10 the Houses of Para. “The tanger offer to take him thee. Me Smith hanks tim and they sort to walle The fog get thicker, but the ‘ranger Aar no sificaly n Gdn the way. He goes along fone sect, ums down anther, croses 2 square ad at ast they arive atthe Houser of Pastament. Me Smith cant bnderstand how the strange nds his way t wonderful” he tye How do you Sod the way ia this fog? “Tt no trouble at all to me, says the stranger. am vain Lesson Twenty three Negative of verbs: simple present tense — ‘method B’ ‘You now know ‘sthod A’ the way we make peculiar’ ive All vet excep he povulir” make their present tense negative by the other methed, "method B. They doit by sing do (dot) and not. Here ate some examples “Afenaive Nessie mm] | Tisow Rar | Eabaor | eno] Hay Yousmertry. | Youdo a | toow! Hae Telgosetary. | Hecserno | hoow| Har Wetwowtry, | Wedonor. | koow! Hay Teyinorttay, | Thoy donot | tow] HeyLesson Trenpree ‘Ther are evo things that you ought to note her 1 Do otis generally shortened, especialy io conversation, to don't Does nots generally stortened to doen. Hee are some other examples. Compare the affirmative and the sega forme of he 5, Affemaive Negative Richard kes ice-cream. Richard doen ite ace swim wel Grace doen’ swine we Mary dos the howsework, Mary door do the housework, 2 Note he sin th thi person singoi He kaows Harry, ‘There iso. the Enow inthe negative sentence, “He doen know Harry ete are some other examples: Affirmative Negaive Tike eating Eagish do not (dn')tikelerning English Wecome toschoslon —Wedo nt (don') comet Monday stool on Sunday, Mr Browa walks othe office. Mr Brown does nor (doen) wal to te otc “They live in Caio. ‘Thay do ot (don vein Gai, That bicycle costs slot of ‘That bicycle does not money (sn) cot of money. ‘This plane fies o Kingston, This lane doesnot (doce) fy Kington, You know how to do this "You do nor (don) know how exer to do this exerese Mary works nan office, Mary doer no (doesn) work Ian office Lesion Twenty-three Exerclses [A Give the contacted (sortaned) forms of donot and deena 1B Give the 3d person singular, simple present ese of these vets. Supply sublet Ezamgle: show Vase 3 think Set 7 tearm 2know A play, G drink B rte {© Make te verbs inthe following Seances negate. (A ‘re motiod BY) Use the contacted forms Example: He kes garish “Anower: He does’ ike spa ins, 1 ov Richard. 2 Wecome here every day. 5 You speak Engish well 4 They tv in New York 5 He knows Richard 6 The pl comes here every day 4 She speaha Engh wel & Richard ves it Kington, 9 The horse pul the ca 10 The horse pull the eat. 11 We swim nthe ever every day. 12 Jom swims ia the sver eveey dy. 13 The bid et the cor. 114 The bird eat the cor, 15 The et stson the wall 16 The etsiton the ws 1 Térink tea every morning 18 We dra tea every moring,Lesson Twengohree 19 Mr Brown drinks tea every morning 20 Iain every dy. D Make the verbs in the folowing eetences mgative (Gome aemethed A’ and some sre"metbod B") Example: Lean seein for ‘Anawer:Vea't sen 8105 1 Carl bikes ake 2 Mary an Susan bake a cake 53 Mary and Susan ae baking @ cake 1 The dog cases abbit. 5 The dogs chase rabbits. 6 The dog is chang a rabbit. 1 The dogs ate chasing rabbit 8 That shopkeeper sels pod cakes 9 Mary speaks English vel 10 Mary can speak English wel 11 Mary fe speaking Engh now 12 Harry tees to understand the lesson, 15 Harry i teying to understand the eson. 11 The boy ty toundersand the leon 15 The boys were ying to nderstand the leson. 6 Lesson Twentyfour Negative of verbs: simple past tense ~ ‘method B’ “The simple past tense negative fal verbs except the ‘peciltsmadety wang dd and noe general shortened (Giepwith the be fom ofthe verb. Here are some examples: [atoms Hae fe Base Teese) Tn | teow | Hae Yor. | Yond | teow | Hany foe [fut | ice | oes wearers, | Means | tow | Hoey Westen. | Mey | tow | Mary HARRY]Lesson Twenty four Affmasve Negaive ‘Me Stah walked tothe Mg Shah dd’ wale tothe office tfc John opened the door. John didntopen the dor. They pai the money. "They ddw'paythe money Mary broke the ss. Mary didn'break te gs. ouistought «Bijele, Louie did't buy a bel wrote aleer Haid weie eter ere are some more regular verbs (sce page 7) wih their past tense and past parle. Lear these Bae Pastiene Past pariiple Become became Tesome choo howe éhosen ie ug ug et Tough foughe find found found forive ——foaave forpven feexe fone ‘eonen pow ew row tana fate ine se rede cen ing ‘ang rung Bxercises ‘A Give the simple past tense an pat patch verbs, Example-catch ‘Answer: catch aught caught cy Lesson Twenty four hen Scie Oring 13 ide Dmake Shang Wile 14 grow 3become 7 choose It dig 5 fight 4nd” 8 forgive eeze 16 go Make the verbs in these sentences negative, 1 Temade a mistake in my eerie 2 The two boys ought in the see 3 Weroce toehool on oar bel ‘ Tehowe thew cakes fortes 5 The water one inthe pond at aight. 6 He found the fat bal. 7 My vegetable grew very wel his yea. 8 The ares dg up the poatcs. 9 Mr Browa hung the pire sight, 10 The boy rang the be. 11 Toke very early ths morning, 12 Tgotou of bed aa oeoce 13 The boy ata fast she could, 14 Soha saw that picture at he einem, 15 That bakersold us good cakes, 16 Theten lad an eg tod. 17 Mar ate her breaks guicky 18 He went toschol tha morn. 19 Thechildeen sang very well. 20 Wesat on these seas yesterday.Lesson Tweny-6ve Interrogative of verbs: simple present tense - ‘method B’ All verbs except the “peclis fo hel simpe present tense interrogatve by using do (does) and the base form. A few examples oil make thi ale quite clear ‘Siaemant uesion— know Harry [Dot [sew | Hany? ‘You know Harry. Doyos | know | Hary? He knows Har Doesne| know | Hary? ‘We know Hay Dowe.| knew | Hary’? ‘They know Hay Dothey| know | Har? a Lesson Twenty five Statement Question ‘Youspeak Eaplsh Dovyou speak Englih? (Dowitntase form of speak) He speaks Eoglh Doerhe speak Enghah? “That dog bites. Dos hat dog bt (Does with base form of bie) ‘Those dogs bie Dothore dogstite? eperk cle Dolspeaketeaty? Youssme oshoolevery Dayoucome to school every ay. aay? Wesing wel Dave ing welt? ‘They pay games everyday. Do they play games very oy? She yes swimming evry Does he go swimming every we. week? Interrogative ofthe verb have Haves sila ‘method A verb when it forme the present perfect ese other verb (Book 3, Laon 4) You have seen te Pyramids. (ffinative) Have youseen the Pyramids? atrrogative) Hehas gover been Toy (afrmatve) “Hlaz he eve bea t Tokyo? (nteropative) But have ichinging when tenn "old ot ‘poses’. You can then reatt(inBriish or American Enghsh) as ‘method B ver. ‘Shehas a beni home. (ffmative) oer she havea beau home (interrogating) Youave scar (atfmstve) Doyow have aca? (terrogatve) ‘lave you scar isnot wrong, butt isbecoming old- aLesson Twenty five Exercise ‘Make the following sentences iterogative. Don't forget the vestion mark athe end of exh of your questions. Exomple: Uncle Joba takes sugar Answer Does Uncle on ake 1 Mary kes chocolates. 2 Thatbaker sel good cake, 5 Tepeak English wel 4 He speaks Eng we, 5 He takes English lestons every dy, 6 Richardbas sea 4 Joye ives ia Sa us, 8 Mr Green drives to work everyday, 9 Te boy ties toundersand te leson, 10 The boys uy to understand the lesion 11 He wrtesto his brother every week 12 They wate to thes brother every neck, 13 Youaow the answer, 14 He knows the answer 15 They lera English t school 15 Youcan speak Englsh (Be careful This isitferent end soareiome tat felon) 17 The train river see the sgnal 18 The ain driver ean sce the spa 19 Mary goes to school every day. 20 Mary 8 at school eday 21 The bird ings sweety, 22 The bird issnging nom 23 John ass new footal 24 John caries is football on tothe Be 25 Johnis carrying his fotballoa to the fld iste, inten? Ds Leston Twenty-six Interrogative of verbs: simple past tense — ‘method B’ All vets excep the peculiar’ make their simple past tense Interogative by using did andthe base form. Here ate some examples. ‘Sitement uation, Tinew Har Dist _[keow | Hany? You keew Harry. Didyoe | krow | Hany? He kaew Hay, Didhe | know | Har? ‘We knew Harry Didwe |krow | Hany? ‘They knew Har. Ditthey|ksow | Hay? 9%Lesson Twentysix Statement Question She walkod to shook Did she male (base form) shoo? He opened the door Did open (bce orm) the “They pid the money. Did hey pay the money? ‘She boke the gas, Did hebreak the gas? MrsGreendrovethecar. Did MesGreen de the “Tom bough bie la you the ory He came by aeroplane ‘Youhad carla yest “ere ae some more irregular verb with heir past tense nd at partite Learn he Did Tom buy abieycle? Dia Itt you the story? id he come by aeroplane? Did you hive a Ia eae? = bt =i Se Sows oS noe ie SE aunt Speak poke pen moe Same So mio woe cea ig ape tH i oe Sestnd underood—ndentood wae woe woken * Lesson Twenty ste Exercises [A Give the simple past tense an past participle ofthese erbe Example: sick ‘Answer sick tack sc 1 understand. $ teat 9 swim 13 speak 2s G shine ID Sak 14 stand Stel tewh steal 15 wake GShake Bing ID st 16 spring 18 Make the following sentences intrrogatve. (Dont forget the question mark.) 1 MrLec waked this office, 2 Te boystried toundertand the lesson, 5 He wrote tohistbrother every Week {They wot tothe brother every Weck 55 Thebakersold good cakes, {6 Thebaker burned he cakes. 4 The leson began at nie o lock 8 John brought iit brother school 9 Alltheboys wore uniforms 10 They thought carefully about that exerie 1 Joha took hill brother to sehoo, 12 Hismotber made a bigeake forthe party 13 The orstoodin the fl YE Johaeld hile brthershand 15 Mr Green went tthe oes by ct 16 Fred gave hi biel ois younger brother. 17 Heng forgotto brag hisbook wo the class. 18 The birds Sew out of te cage 19 Johns ite boter came school with hin. 20 Mary hada new bjt 95