Chapter 1

Introduction
1.0. Introduction
1.1. Medicinal plants
Plants have been a significant medicinal source since ancient times. People in various
parts of the world still rely on plants as an option to treat their different types of
diseases. Most modern medicines that people today use are plant derivatives. The use
of medicinal herbs cures many diseases such as heart disease, inflammatory disease.
Many scientists around the globe are interested in plant-related research to find out
their medicinal values by using different assays. A number of antibiotics have been
derived from plants, such as quinolone and anticancer medicines. People living in
rural areas of any country continue to rely on plant-based medicine(Pei, 2007).
1.2. Plants as a source of medicine
More than 25 percent of prescription pharmaceutical drugs have been estimated to
contain plant-derived compounds, but only a small number of plants around the world
have been explored for potential pharmaceutical and medical use . Increased efforts in
recent years to survey plants as sources of new drugs have stepped up the pace of
discovery from plants of new bioactive compounds, and many programs will continue
to contribute to this in the near future(Shakya, 2016). China has played an important
role in the production of commonly used pharmaceuticals, with an estimated 30,000
plant species, many having a long history of use as traditional medicines. Chinese
plants also promise to make useful medicinal products available in the future. Several
factors contribute to the current interest in Chinese plants, especially those used in
traditional Chinese medicinal products. Recently programs for clinical trials of
Chinese species herbal products have been initiated. Additionally, developments in
pharmaceutical screening and plant evaluation against a wider range of goals are
increasing the potential for new pharmaceutical and nutritional products from Chinese
medicinal plants to be discovered. Plants have always played an important role as a
source of medicinal products in both Western and Traditional context. Medicines that
are central to health care, cure diseases (such as antibiotics), relieve symptoms (such
as analgesics), are preventive (such as anti-hypertension drugs) or substitute
endogenous compounds (such as insulin)(Chan and Chu, 2017). The quest for
pharmaceuticals, which probably started in prehistoric times, led to compounds such
as morphine, atropine, tubocurarine, quinine and digoxin. In addition, many of today's
West medicines have been produced with traditional medicines with recently
identified receptors and mechanisms of action. This receptor discovery has allowed up
new and bioactive compounds to be tested and similar structures to be established and
subsequently synthesized. However, in the history of drug creation, society has moved
from broad human screening and testing to molecular screening in which nanoscale
research can be done, from a systematic empirical approach to a reductionist
analytical approach.

1.3. Important medicinal plants

Being the easily accessible and cheapest source of medicine, medicinal plants had
proved their value not only to mankind, but also to various animal forms. Today,
several researchers are putting more emphasis on plant sources to isolate various plant
derivatives that cure many diseases. Since ancient times, plant sources have been
extracted from useful compounds like antibiotics, cardiac glycosides, different types
of alkaloids, etc. In addition to contemporary medicine, plants are primarily dependent
on natural resources, many traditional medicines like herbal medicine, ayurvedics, and
homeopathy. Plants were used even before the prehistoric period for medicinal
purposes(Van Wyk, 2008). Ancient manuscripts of Unani demonstrate the use of
herbs through Egyptian papyrus and Chinese writings. There is evidence that Unani
Hakims, Indian Vaids, and European and Mediterranean cultures have used medicinal
herbs for more than 4000 years. Indigenous cultures like Egypt, Rome, India, Africa
and America used shrubs for their healing practices, and other traditional medical
systems have been developed in which hieratical treatments are routinely applied,
such as Unani, Ayurveda and Chinese medicine(Street and Prinsloo, 2012). On many
ways traditional medicine methods continue to be commonly practiced. The increase
in population, inadequate medication supply and care costs have contributed to the
increased focus being put on the use of plant materials as source of medicines for a
wide range of treatments, including on the production of resistance to currently used
medicines for infectious diseases. WHO (World Health Organization) recently
reported that 80 per cent of people worldwide rely on traditional medicines for many
facets of their primary health care needs. According to WHO, the potential effects that
are being used as medicinal plants have about 21,000 plant species.

1.5. Antioxidant activity

1.5.1. Principal
It is assumed that antioxidants play a very important role against ROS in the body
defence system. Any material that greatly retards or prevents oxidation of this
substratum when present at low concentrations, contrasted with the oxidizable
substrate is otherwise known as an antioxidant(Loganayaki et al., 2013). Halliwell
(2007) reported that "any substance which delays, prevents or eliminates oxidative
damage to the objective molecule is an antioxidant. Antioxidants, even at relatively
small concentrations, are an enemy of the oxidation cycle. They also play a different
biochemical function in the body. The plant material's antioxidant constituents serve
as radical scavengers and help turn the radicals into less reactive cells.

1.5.2. Various types of anti-oxidants

I. Natural antioxidants
a) Nordihydroguaretic
b) Sesamol
c) Teopherols
d) Gossypol etc.
II. Synthetic antioxidants
a) Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA)
b) Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT)
c) Propyl Gallate (PG)
d) Tertiary Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ)

1.6.0. Cytotoxicity Study

Research on cytotoxicity are a valuable initial step in assessing the possible toxicity of
a test product like plant extracts or plant-isolated biologically active compounds. The
successful production of pharmaceutical or cosmetic preparation involves minimal or
no toxicity and cellular toxicity studies have a vital role to play in this respect. The
definition of basal cytotoxicity is important when considering the connection between
acute toxicity and cytotoxicity, where deleterious effects are noted on structures and
functions common to all human cells. A selectivity index for substances with
promising biological activity and negligible cytotoxicity is an important measure to
classify. Diverse bioassays and various cell lines were used to determine the
cytotoxicity of African medicinal plants. Furthermore, polarity solvents were used to
remove different plant components and add to the broad range of cytotoxicity
outcomes of African plants(D'Souza et al., 2002).

1.7.0. Anthelmintic Activity

Nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes are three major parasite worm groups called
helminths that infect humans. Helminths of the intestine are very important to human
well-being(Stepek et al., 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that
around 3.5 billion individuals have gastrointestinal infections and around 450 million
have been sick from those infections. Around 1.5 billion individuals are affected and
cause considerable morbidity and are estimated at 5.2 million disability years
(DALYs), due to soil-borne casks (Ascaris Lumbricoides, Hookworm and Trichuris
Trichiura) (DALYs)[ Pullan et al. 2014]. Within developing countries, helminthiases
almost always exist, within particular where safety and hygiene are a concern.
Helminths are not miniature organisms but their eggs are microscopical, which are the
contagious agents. Helminth eggs are transmitted in faeces to the atmosphere and the
oral faecal path is the disease's primary transmission method. Incorrect wastewater,
sludge and faecal slodge management and disposal pollutes crops, water and food that,
if ingested, can be used to transmit the disease. Helmints can come from infected
individuals (helminthisms of anthroponosis) and zoo (zoonotic helminthisms)(Stepek
et al., 2006).

1.7.1 Development of helminths

Helmints have a complex biological development cycle including some phases:
embryo, larva (sometimes a few phases), adult worm. The physiology of the worm
relies on an outbreak. Touch helminthisms (enterobiasis, hymenolepiasis) are the only
immediate threat for contaminated individuals. At the enterobiasis of the larvae,
mature eggs are preferred with feces in the perianal folds. An infection occurs through
everyday articles and dirty hands in a patient's home contact. Immature eggs develop
more rapidly than any in the world during geogelmintiasis in the artifacts of the
setting. They enter the stage of the larval. We are contaminated with foodstuffs (green
vegetables, fruit), with waters or with dirty hands, which hold the helmint's invasion
eggs. A skin or mucous membrane can actively instill larvae into an organism. The
3rd party act with biogelmintiasis. Their agents go through the development cycle of
2-3 hosts being updated. In him a helmint is human. The last host becomes final
(definitive). Other hosts parasitize larval stadiums in which-medium. Biogelmintiasis
may occur orally or percutaneously in one way. For instance, larvae actively
inculcated into the skin or a bite (mouscles, horse-flies) during schistosomiasis(Castro,
1996).

1.7.2. Diagnosis

There are no known signs for helminthism. Crucial value has been lab diagnostics.
Macroscopic vision may be given to eggs or to larvae and adult helminths or to their
fragments (segments). Helmints are used for the detection of fecal, urine, duodine,
sputum, perianal fold scrape, blood, tissues. Serum methods are used to diagnose
tissue helminthism.

1.7.3. Treatment

Anthelminthic chemo preparedness is used for the diagnosis of helminthism.

Treatment in ambulatory or permanent facilities is undertaken depending on the type
of helminthism and the risk of side effects. Chemotherapy of antihistamines,
anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory treatments, often steroids is mixed with the facts.

1.7.4. Anthelmintic drugs

1. Drugs for nematodes

 a) Albendazole
b) Mebendazole
c) Ivermectin
d) Diethylcarbamazine
e) Pyrantel pamoate
2. Drugs trematodes
a) Oxamniquine
b) Bithionol
c) Metrifonate
d) Praziquantel
3. Drugs for cestodes
a) Albendazole
b) Mebendazole
c) Praziquantel
d) Niclosamide

1.8.0. Aim of Study

There are many illnesses which have been remained curable. In fact, multiple
contagious and non-infectious diseases are arising day in and day out. The ecology of
plants is a rich source of discovery of new pharmaceutical compounds. This shrub is
popular among the locals of the area from which it was collected to be used for the
treatment of various diseases. So, I choose this shrub for assessment of potential
therapeutic qualities. The objective of this study is to identify the presence of
antioxidant, cytotoxic and anthelmintic activity in the leaves extract using methanol
(80%) solvent.
1.9.0 Plant description:
This plant has tiny, lateral leaflets which move fast enough with the naked eye at
speeds to be perceivable. This is likely a method of monitoring the sun to optimize
energy. That leaf is fitted with a character that allows it to be relocated to obtain more
sunshine, but the weight of these leaves ensures that the plant has to spend a great deal
of energy shifting it. Each large leaf has two small leaflets at its base, to optimize its
movemen(Johnsson et al., 2012a). These move constantly along an elliptical path,
sampling the sunlight intensity and directing the large leaf to the most intensive area.
Another theory that the fast movements are meant to deter potential predators has
been suggested. The dancing plant also has some other interesting features beyond
responding to sound(Johnsson et al., 2012b). For millennia, the stems, leaves and
flowers were used in Chinese and Southeast Asian medicine to treat a medley of
inflammatory ailments . These parts contain many alkaloids which are used
medicinally. Alkaloids are secondary metabolites that help plants live in their specific
environments. The dancing plant is a beautiful perennial which matures two to four
feet tall and produces violet flowers. The roots contain large terminal leaves, and
smaller lateral leaflets above them. The room underneath the leaflets is important for
accelerated motion(Johnsson et al., 2012b).
 Figure 1: Leaves of Codariocalyx motorius

1.9.1. Different types of names

Scientific name: Codariocalyx motorius
Synonyms:
1. Codariocalyx gyrans (L. f.) Hassk.
2. Desmodium gyrans (L.) DC.
3. Desmodium gyrans (L. f.) DC.
4. Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr.
5. Hedysarum gyrans L. f.
6. Hedysarum motorius Houtt
7. Meibomia gyrans (L. f.) Kuntze

Bangla or Vernacular name:

I. Gorachan (Bangla);
II. Turut chandal (Bangla);
III. Kodatoris (Bangla)
Common name:

I. telegraph plant, 
II. dancing plant, or 
III. semaphore plant,

1.8.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy:

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

SubClass: eurosid I

Order: Fabales

SubOrder:

Family: Fabaceae

SubFamily: Faboideae

Tribe: Desmodieae

SubTribe: Desmodiinae

1.8.3. Distribution:

It is widely distributed in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia,

Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri-lanka, Taiwan, Thailand.

1.8.4 Ethnobotanical Uses:

In case of Snake Bite: prepare a decoction with Codariocalyx Motorius roots. Use
it on the snake bite, and you may eat 2 tsp of it as well. In case of rheumatism:
drink 30 ml of Codariocalyx Motorius root decoction. Have it once a day.In case
 0f wounds: apply the leaf and root paste of Codariocalyx Motorius to the damaged
skin. In case of Diabetes of: boil 50 g Codariocalyx Motorius roots in 500 ml
water, and drink 40 ml once a day. It’s also used as sex tonic.
https://herbpathy.com/Uses-and-Benefits-of-Codariocalyx-Motorius-Cid4895

1.8.5 Literature Review

To assess the phenolic content and to test the antioxidant properties in Codariocalyx
motorius root extract using specific in vitro assay method(Chidambaram et al., 2013).
In the present study in experimental diabetic rats, effects of Codariocalyx motorius
ethanolic root extract (CMRt) have been tested for blood glucose, insulin and
metabolic enzymes of carbohydrate. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats obtained
CMRt orally at doses of 100 mg and 200 mg / kg bw everyday for 30 days. CMRtt
therapy demonstrated a decrease of glucose in blood with increased levels of serum
insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin. We observed an increase of the carbon
metabolic enzyme in CMRt-treated rats with reduction of glucose-6-phosphate and
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in liver and glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase(Uma et al., 2014). Motorius Codariocalyx (Houtt.) H.
Ohashi (Fabaceae) is an ethnologically important plant in South Asia used for specific
inflammatory diseases as a herbal medicine. Because of the absence of systemic trials
for this plant, the inhibitory activity of Codariocalyx motorius in order to use its
ethanolic extract (Cm-EE) for inflammation responses was studied(Kim et al., 2014).
 Chapter 2
Materials and Methods
2.0. Material and Methods

2.1.0. Collection of plant materials

• Fresh leaves of the plant Codariocalyx motorus were collected from Ukhiya Cox’s
Bazar area throughout the month August 2019.
• Then the plant was identified by Dr. Shaikh Bakhtear Uddin, Professor,
Department of Botany, university of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.
• The leaves were made dust and soil free with tab water and subjected for air dry in
the room at a temperature of 22±2°C.
• Then the dried leaves were ground to coarse powder by using household grinding
machine.
• Then the powdered plant materials were used to make extract.

2.1.1. Preparation of plant extract

• For extract preparation, I used methanol (80%) as solvent.

• 600gm of leaf powder was soaked in 1 liter of (80%) methanol for 8 days in a
glass bottle wrapping with aluminium foil over a plastic tightly screwed with the
lid.
• The mixer was used to shake for 4-5 times per day regularly for better extraction
of the molecules.
• After 8 days, the mixer was filtered using cotton plug followed by Witman filter
paper.
• After being filtered, the extract was used to evaporate in water bath at 40°C until
the solvent got evaporated completely.
• The resulted viscous mass of leaf extract was used for further pharmacological
screening.

2.1.2. Instruments and Equipment used in for the work

Beaker, Pipette, Funnels, Glass bottles, Glass rods, Conical flasks, Water bath,
Measuring cylinder, Test tubes, UV spectrophotometer, Syringes, Incubator,
Micropipette, Witman filter paper, Cotton, Aluminium foil

2.1.3. Reagents

Methanol, Distilled water, DMSO, Sea salt non ionized NaCl, Tween 80, Bovine
serum Albumin, Diclofenac sodium, Ascorbic Acid, Albendazole

2.1.4 Experimental animals

Brim shrimp, Raillietina spiralis (round worm)

2.1.5 Drugs and chemicals

Drug used as standard is obtained from Beximco pharmaceuticals Ltd., for example
albendazole. The laboratory of the Pharmacy Department, IIUC offered the chemicals
and analysis-grade reagents, which were needed for the research work.

2.2.0. Antioxidant Activity

2.2.1. Estimation of total phenolic content

2.2.2. Required equipment and chemical reagents

Beakers, Test tubes, Electronic weight machine, Spatula, Aluminum Foil paper,
Spectrophotometer, Folin Ciacalteu reagent (FCR), Na2CO3, Extract, Distilled water,
Methanol.

2.2.3. Experimental Procedure

The content of total phenolic compound in the leaf extract of Codariocalyx motorius
was determined with Folin -Ciacalteu reagent following Spectrophotometric method
with slight modification using gallic acid as standard. The sample solution was
prepared by dissolving 2mg of extract in 4ml of methanol up to 500µg/ml. 1ml of the
sample solution was mixed with 2.5ml of FCR (Folin Ciacalteu reagent) and 2.5ml of
Na2CO3.Then the mixture was incubated at 20°C for 20 minutes. After incubation the
absorbance was taken at 760nm. The estimation of total phenolic compound was done
triplicate. The total phenolic content is expressed gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in
milligrams per gram of sample.

2.3.0. Estimation of total Flavonoid content

2.3.1. Required equipment and chemical reagents

Beakers, Test tubes, Electronic weight machine, Spatula, Aluminum Foil paper,
Spectrophotometer, UV-cell, Incubator, Extract, Distill water, Methanol, AlCl3,
Potassium acetate.

2.3.2. Procedure

The total flavonoid content of the leaf extract of Codariocalyx motorius was estimated
by aluminium chloride colorimetric method with slight modificatin. The sample
solution was prepared by dissolving 2mg of extract in 4ml of methanol up to
500µg/ml. Then A mixture of 1ml sample solution, 200µl 10% aluminium
chloride,200µl 1M potassium acetate and 5.6ml distilled water was incubated at room
temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, the absorbance was taken at 420nm by
using spectrophotometer. Quercetin as standard was used to make calibration curve.
The estimation of total flavonoid in the extract was carried out in triplicate and the
results were recorded.

2.4.0. Reducing power assay

2.4.1. Apparatus
Micropipette, Pipette, Spectrophotometer, UV-cell, Test tubes, Beakers, Centrifuge
machine, Incubator.

2.4.2 Reagents

Trichloro acetic acid (TCA)-10%, Ferric chloride-0.1%, Potassium ferricyanide -1%,

Phosphate buffer, Ascorbic acid.

2.4.3. Procedure
Reducing power activity of the extract was identified by using the method of Jayanthi
et al with a slight modification. Various concentrations of extract in corresponding
solvents were mixed with potassium buffer (2.5 ml), potassium ferricyanide (2.5 ml).
This mixture is incubated at 50°C for 30 minutes. 2.5ml 10% trichloro acetic acid was
added after cooling of the mixture. Then the mixture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for
10 minutes. After centrifugation the upper layer of the mixture(2.5ml) was mixed with
2.5 ml of distilled water and freshly prepared ferric chloride solution(0.5ml). The
absorbance was taken at 700nm. The control was mad similarly except the sample.
Here ascorbic acid was used as standard at different concentrations. Increasing
absorbance of the reaction mixture is believed to be increased in reducing power.

2.5.0. Cytotoxic activity

2.5.1. Experimental required reagents and apparatus
Test tubes, Beaker, Vial, Cotton, pH meter, Marker, Pipette, Micropipette, Oxygen
pipe, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Brine Shrimp, Vincrine.

2.5.2 Experimental procedure

Brine shrimp bioassay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of Codariocalyx

motorius crude methanol extract. Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) eggs were hatched
using a conical shaped vessel (capacity = 1L) containing sterile artificial seawater (sea
salt 38.0 g / L; modified pH 8.5). Sulfoxide dimethyl (DMSO, 1.0 ml) was used in the
preparation of triplicates of different sample extract concentrations (1000, 500,
250,125,62.5 and 32,25 μg / ml). Every tube was introduced with ten salt shrimp
larvae (10 nauplii) following the evaporation of vehicular solvents. Both test tubes
have been held for 24 hours at room temperature. The numbers of surviving and dead
shrimps have been counted. The mortality percentage was established. Each level was
threefold. Based on these results, the percent (percent) of the lethality of the brine
shrimp nauplii was determined for each concentration using the following formula:
percent mortality= Nt/N0×100,

Where Nt= Number of dead nauplii after 24-hour incubation; N0= Number of
active nauplii transferred i.e., 10.
The LC50 (median lethal concentration) was calculated by the log concentration and
the percent mortality curve. The LC50 was calculated using Microsoft Excel software.

2.6.0. Anthelmintic activity

2.6.1. List of equipment and reagents required for this study

Beaker, Petri dishes, Glass vials, Measuring cylinder, Gloves, Pipette, Distilled water,
Normal saline, Raillietina spiralis (round worm)

2.6.2. Experimental procedure

Anthelmintic activity was carried out against round worms (Raillietina spiralis) test
parasites. The parasites were obtained from infested fowls ' intestine. They were kept
at room temperature in distilled water in Petri dishes. Codariocalyx motorius test
solutions were prepared at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 mg / ml. Approximately
25 ml of the respective solutions were kept in the petri dishes. Time for paralysis
(anthelmintic activity) was recorded when motion was not observed except when
vigorously shaken. Death times were recorded when the worms displayed no
movement by vigorous shaking or when immersed in warm water (50 ° C). The
parasite activity was recorded. Distilled water has been used as a negative control.
Albendazole was used as standard.

2.7.0. Statistical analysis

The results were evaluated by using a one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) followed
by a Dunnet check for the multi-comparison test in Microsoft's 2019 office. A p<0.05
value was found to be substantially different.

Chapter 3
3.0 Results and discussions

3.1 Antioxidant activity

3.1.2 Determination of total phenolic content

 Phenol is the most essential secondary metabolite in plants which spread widely
throughout the plant kingdom. It is universally accepted that plants may relate many
biological activities and health benefits to the antioxidant activity of the phenolic
compounds it provided. The overall phenolic content was therefore investigated in
plant extracts. Table 1 showed the total phenolic content in the leaf extract
Codariocalyx motorius using methanol (80%) solvent.

Table 1: The total phenolic of the leaves extract of Codariocalyx motorius.

Sample TPC as
w. of dry GAE GAE Mean±SEM
solutio Absorbanc GAE,
extract/ml(mg conc.C conc.C
n in e A=C*V/
)m (µg/ml) (mg/ml)
(µg/ml) M

1000 0.001 0.198 40 0.04 40 35.33333333±2.634

1000 0.001 0.163 31 0.031 31
1000 0.001 0.1805 35 0.035 35

3.1.3 Determination total flavonoid content

Flavonoid is the most essential secondary metabolite in plants which spread widely
throughout the plant kingdom. It is universally accepted that plants may relate many
biological activities and health benefits to the antioxidant activity of the flavonoid
compounds it provided. The overall flavonoid content was therefore investigated in
plant extracts. The Table 2, showed the total flavonoid and the content in the leaf
extract of Codariocalyx motorius using methanol (80%) solvent.

Table 2: Total flavonoid content of Codariocalyx motorius.

 Weight
TFC as
Sample of dry QE conc. QE conc.
Absorbanc QE,
Solution extract C C Mean±SEM
e A=c*v/m
(µg/ml) /ml (µg/ml) (mg/ml)
(µg/ml)
m(gm)
500 0.0005 0.019 4.028 0.004028 8.056
500 0.0005 0.02 4.305 0.004305 8.61 8.611±0.321
500 0.0005 0.021 4.583 0.004583 9.166

3.1.4 Determination of reducing power

The reduction capacity of the Codariocalyx motorius leaf extract is shown in Fig1. A
stronger absorbance in the power reduction assay suggests a higher decreasing
strength. The extracts which have shown comparable absorbance readings with the
positive reference norm are considered to have high reduction capacity.

Figure 1: The reducing power Codariocalyx motorius.

Reducing power activity assay

2
f(x) = 0 x + 0.73
1.8 R² = 0.81
1.6
1.4
Absorbance

1.2 Absorbance of ascorbic acid

1 Linear (Absorbance of ascorbic acid)
0.8 Absorbance of extract

0.6 Linear (Absorbance of extract)

0.4
f(x) = 0 x + 0.01
0.2 R² = 0.96
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Concentration (µg/ml)

3.2.0 Cytotoxicity study

 Cytotoxic activity
100
90
90
f(x) = 0.07 x + 26.9
80 R² = 0.95
70
% of mortality

60
60
50
50 % of mortality
40
Linear (% of mortality)
40
30
30
20
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Concerntration

Figure 2 represents the effects of Brine shrimp cytotoxicity. Where the

LC50 is 353.75 μg / ml. The plant extract is cytotoxic and can provide a good source
of cytotoxic compounds.

Figure 2: Brine shrimp cytotoxicity of leaf extract.

3.3.0 Anthelmintic activity

Table 3 and Figure 3 show the results of anthelmintic activity. Time taken for
paralysis and death is expressed in minutes. Test samples of Codariocalyx motorius
raw methanol extract at 40 mg / ml concentrations have shown excellent anthelmintic
activity against Raillietina spiralis. The common usage as anthelmintic is clearly
evident.

Anthelmintic Activity
45
40 Conc.(mg/ml)
40
35 Raillietina spiralis (round
35 worm) Paralysis time in min
30 Raillietina spiralis (round
30 worm) Death time in min
25 22
21
Time

20
15 16
15
10
10
20

5
10

10

0
40

Extract Albendazole
Codariocalyx
motorius
Figure 3: Anthelmintic activity of Codariocalyx motorius and Albendazole as
standard.

Raillietina spiralis (round worm)

Test Sample &
Conc.(mg/ml)
Standard
Paralysis time in
Death time in min
min
10 21 40
Extract Codariocalyx
20 22 35
motorius
40 10 15
Albendazole 10 16 30
Table 3: Athelmintic activity of Codariocalyx motorius and standard drug against
Raillietina spiralis.

Sample Name Concentration (mg/ml) Paralysis time in min Death time in min
Plant Extract 10 21 40
20 22 35
40 10 15
Standard 10 16 30
Chapter 5
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(Asha et al., 2001, Ayesha et al., 2010, Eguale et al., 2011, Ferreira et al., 2013, Iqbal

et al., 2004, Iqbal et al., 2001, Kosalge and Fursule, 2009, Pessoa et al., 2002, Shivkar

and Kumar, 2003)

(Ara et al., 1999, Dash et al., 2014, Khan et al., 2008, Khan et al., 2007,

Ramachandran et al., 2011)

(Atanassova et al., 2011, Ayesha et al., 2010, Carballo et al., 2002, Hossain et al.,

2013, Langley-Evans, 2000, Ruikar et al., 2011)

(Bahorun et al., 2004, Eberhardt et al., 2000, Ghasemi et al., 2009, Pourmorad et al.,

2006, Rice-Evans et al., 1996)

(Chan and Chu, 2017)

(Castro, 1996)