IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

CHEMICAL BONDING
Ionic Bonding

Syllabus Guide. Topic 4.1, Ionic Bond (2 hours)

4.1.1 Describe the ionic bond as the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

4.1.2 Describe how ions can be formed as a result of electron transfer.

4.1.3 Deduce which ions will be formed when metals in groups 1, 2 and 3 lose electrons.

4.1.4 Deduce which ions will be formed when elements in groups 5, 6 and 7 gain electrons.

4.1.5 State that transition metals can form more than one ion. Examples: Fe 2+ and Fe 3+.

4.1.6 Predict whether a compound of two elements would be ionic from the position of the

elements in the Periodic Table or from their electronegativity values.

4.1.7 State the formula of common polyatomic ions formed by non-metals in periods 2 & 3.

Examples include NO3-, OH-, SO42-, CO32-, PO43-, NH4+, HCO3-.

4.1.8 Describe the lattice structure of ionic compounds. Example: NaCl.

1. What is the formula for an ionic compound formed between an element, X, from group 2 and an
element, Y, from group 6?
A. XY
B. X2Y
C. XY2
D. X2Y6
(Total 1 mark)

2. Which fluoride is the most ionic?

A. NaF
B. CsF
C. MgF2
D. BaF2
(Total 1 mark)

3. Which statement is a correct description of electron loss in this reaction?

2Al + 3S  Al2S3
A. Each aluminium atom loses two electrons.
B. Each aluminium atom loses three electrons.
C. Each sulfur atom loses two electrons.
D. Each sulfur atom loses three electrons.
(Total 1 mark)

4. What is the formula for the compound formed by calcium and nitrogen?
A. CaN
B. Ca2N
C. Ca2N3
D. Ca3N2
(Total 1 mark)

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

5. What happens when sodium and oxygen combine together?

A. Each sodium atom gains one electron.
B. Each sodium atom loses one electron.
C. Each oxygen atom gains one electron.
D. Each oxygen atom loses one electron.
(Total 1 mark)

6. Element X is in group 2, and element Y in group 7, of the periodic table. Which ions will be
present in the compound formed when X and Y react together?
+ –
A. X and Y
2+ –
B. X and Y
+ 2–
C. X and Y
2– +
D. X and Y
(Total 1 mark)

Covalent Bonding

Syllabus Guide. Topic 4.2, Covalent Bond (6 hours)

4.2.1 Describe the covalent bond as the electrostatic attraction between a pair of electrons and
positively charged nuclei. Single and multiple bonds should be considered. Examples should include O2, N2, CO2,
HCN, C2H4 (ethene) and C2H2 (ethyne).

4.2.2 Describe how the covalent bond is formed as a result of electron sharing. Dative covalent
bonds are required. Examples include CO, NH4+ and H3O+

4.2.3 Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structures of molecules and ions for up to four electron
pairs on each atom. A pair of electrons can be represented by dots, crosses, a combination of dots and crosses or
by a line. Note: Cl - Cl is not a Lewis structure.

4.2.4 State and explain the relationship between the number of bonds, bond length and bond
strength. The comparison should include bond lengths and bond strengths of: (a) two carbon atoms joined by
single, double and triple bonds; (b) the carbon atom and the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group of a
carboxylic acid.

4.2.5 Predict whether a compound of two elements would be covalent from the position of
elements in the Periodic Table or from their electronegativity values.

4.2.6 Predict the relative polarity of bonds from electronegativity values. Aim 7: Simulations may
be used here.

4.2.7 Predict the shape and. bond angles for species with four, three and two negative charge
centres on the central atom, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR). Examples
should include: CH4, NH3, H2O, NH4+ and H3O+, BF3, C2H4, SO2, C2H2, and CO2. Aim 7: Simulations are available to
study the three-dimensional structures of these and the structures in 4.2.9 and 4.2.10.

4.2.8 Predict whether or not a molecule is polar from its molecular shape and bond polarities.

4.2.9 Describe and compare the structure and bonding in the three allotropes of carbon
(diamond, graphite, and C60 fullerene).

4.2.10 Describe the structure of, and bonding in, silicon and silicon dioxide.

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

7. How many lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons surround xenon in the XeF 4 molecule?

Lone pairs Bonding pairs

A. 4 8
B. 0 8
C. 0 4
D. 2 4
(Total 1 mark)

8. How many electrons are used in the carbon-carbon bond in C2H2?

A. 4
B. 6
C. 10
D. 12
(Total 1 mark)

9. Which statement is true for compounds containing only covalent bonds?

A. They are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged
ions.
B. They are made up of metal elements only.
C. They are made up of a metal from the far left of the periodic table and a non-metal from
the far right of the periodic table.
D. They are made up of non-metal elements only.
(Total 1 mark)

10. When C2H4, C2H2 and C2H6 are arranged in order of increasing C–C bond length, what is the
correct order?
A. C2H6, C2H2, C2H4
B. C2H4, C2H2, C2H6
C. C2H2, C2H4, C2H6
D. C2H4, C2H6, C2H2
(Total 1 mark)

2–
11. What is the shape of the CO3 ion and the approximate O–C–O bond angle?
A. Linear, 180
B. Trigonal planar, 90
C. Trigonal planar, 120
D. Pyramidal, 109
(Total 1 mark)

12. In the molecules N2H4, N2H2, and N2, the nitrogen atoms are linked by single, double and triple
bonds, respectively. When these molecules are arranged in increasing order of the lengths of
their nitrogen to nitrogen bonds (shortest bond first) which order is correct?
A. N2H4, N2, N2H2
B. N2H4, N2H2, N2
C. N2H2, N2, N2H4
D. N2, N2H2, N2H4
(Total 1 mark)

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

13. When C2H4, C2H2 and C2H6 are arranged in order of increasing C–C bond length, what is the
correct order?
A. C2H6, C2H2, C2H4
B. C2H4, C2H2, C2H6
C. C2H2, C2H4, C2H6
D. C2H4, C2H6, C2H2
(Total 1 mark)

14. Which species has a trigonal planar shape?

2–
A. CO3
2–
B. SO3
C. NF3
D. PCl3
(Total 1 mark)

+ –
15. When the species BF2 , BF3 and BF4 are arranged in order of increasing F−B−F bond angle,
what is the correct order?
– +
A. BF3, BF4 , BF2
– +
B. BF4 , BF3, BF2
+ –
C. BF2 , BF4 , BF3
+ –
D. BF2 , BF3, BF4
(Total 1 mark)

16. Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds?

A. MgCl2
B. HCl
C. H2CO
D. NH4Cl
(Total 1 mark)

17. Which compound has the least covalent character?

A. SiO2
B. Na2O
C. MgCl2
D. CsF
(Total 1 mark)

18. Which molecule is polar?

A. CO2
B. PF3
C. CH4
D. BF3
(Total 1 mark)

19. Which molecule has the smallest bond angle?

A. CO2
B. NH3
C. CH4
D. C2H4
(Total 1 mark)

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

20. Which substance is most similar in shape to NH3?

A. GaI3
B. BF3
C. FeCl3
D. PBr3
(Total 1 mark)

21. What is the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory used to predict?
A. The energy levels in an atom
B. The shapes of molecules and ions
C. The electronegativities of elements
D. The type of bonding in compounds
(Total 1 mark)

22. Which statement is correct about two elements whose atoms form a covalent bond with
each other?
A. The elements are metals.
B. The elements are non-metals.
C. The elements have very low electronegativity values.
D. The elements have very different electronegativity values.
(Total 1 mark)

23. Consider the following statements.

2–
I. All carbon-oxygen bond lengths are equal in CO3 .
II. All carbon-oxygen bond lengths are equal in CH3COOH.
–
III. All carbon-oxygen bond lengths are equal in CH3COO .

Which statements are correct?

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

24. Which molecule is non-polar?

A. H2CO
B. SO3
C. NF3
D. CHCl3
(Total 1 mark)

25. According to VSEPR theory, repulsion between electron pairs in a valence shell decreases in
the order
A. lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond pair.
B. bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-bond pair > lone pair-lone pair.
C. lone pair-lone pair > bond pair-bond pair > bond pair-lone pair.
D. bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair.
(Total 1 mark)

26. Which molecule is linear?

A. SO2
B. CO2

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

C. H2S
D. Cl2O

27. What is the Lewis (electron dot) structure for sulfur dioxide?
A. O S O

B. O S O

C. O S O

D. O S O
(Total 1 mark)

2–
28. What is the best description of the carbon-oxygen bond lengths in CO 3 ?
A. One short and two long bonds
B. One long and two short bonds
C. Three bonds of the same length
D. Three bonds of different lengths
(Total 1 mark)

29. Which of the following increase(s) for the bonding between carbon atoms in the sequence of
molecules C2H6, C2H4 and C2H2?
I. Number of bonds
II. Length of bonds
III. Strength of bonding
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

30. Based on electronegativity values, which bond is the most polar?

A. B―C
B. C―O
C. N―O
D. O―F
(Total 1 mark)

31. (i) Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the carbonate ion.
(3)

(ii) Identify the species with the longest carbon-oxygen bond and explain your answer.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

32. (a) Draw the Lewis structure of methanoic acid, HCOOH.

(1)

(b) In methanoic acid, predict the bond angle around the

(2)

(i) carbon atom. .....................................................................................................

(ii) oxygen atom bonded to the hydrogen atom. ...................................................

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

(c) State and explain the relationship between the length and strength of the bonds between
the carbon atom and the two oxygen atoms in methanoic acid.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

32.5 Explain why the bonds in silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, are polar, but the molecule is not.
(Total 2 marks)

33. (i) State the shape of the electron distribution around the oxygen atom in the water molecule
and state the shape of the molecule.
(2)

(ii) State and explain the value of the HOH bond angle.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

34. (i) Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for CO 2 and H2S showing all valence electrons.
(2)

(ii) State the shape of each molecule and explain your answer in terms of VSEPR theory.

CO2 .............................................................................................................................

H2S .............................................................................................................................
(4)

(iii) State and explain whether each molecule is polar or non-polar.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

35. State the type of bonding in the compound SiCl4. Draw the Lewis structure for this compound.

(Total 3 marks)

36. Draw a Lewis structure of a water molecule, name the shape of the molecule and state and
explain why the bond angle is less than the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecule such as
methane.
(Total 4 marks)

37. Draw the Lewis structure of NCl3. Predict, giving a reason, the Cl – N – Cl bond angle in NCl 3.
(Total 3 marks)

38. Outline the principles of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

(Total 3 marks)

39. Arrange the following in decreasing order of bond angle (largest one first), and explain your
reasoning.

– +
NH2 , NH3, NH4
(Total 5 marks)

40. Predict and explain which of the following compounds consist of molecules:
NaCl, BF3, CaCl2, N2O, P4O6, FeS and CBr4.
(Total 2 marks)

41. (i) Outline the principles of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

(3)

+
(ii) Use the VSEPR theory to deduce the shape of H3O and C2H4. For each species, draw the
Lewis structure, name the shape, and state the value of the bond angle(s).
(6)

(iii) Predict and explain whether each species is polar.

(2)

(iv) Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, predict and explain which of the bonds O-H, O-N or
N-H would be most polar.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

42. Diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene are three allotropes of carbon.

(i) Describe the structure of each allotrope.

(3)

(ii) Compare the bonding in diamond and graphite.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

HIGHER LEVEL:

14.1.1 Predict the shape and bond angles for species with five and six negative charge centres
using VSEPR. Examples should include: PCl5, SF6, XeF4, and PF6-. Aim 7: Interactive simulations are available
to illustrate this.

Syllabus Guide. AHL Topic 14.2, Hybridization (2 hours)

14.2.1 Describe and  bonds. Treatment should include: • bonds resulting from the axial overlap
of orbitals. • bonds resulting from the sideways overlap of parallel p orbitals. • double bonds formed by
one and one bond. • triple bonds formed by one and two bonds.
14.2.2 Explain hybridization in terms of the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new orbitals for
bonding. Students should consider sp, sp 2, and sp3 hybridization, the shapes and orientation of these orbitals.
TOK: Is hybridization a real process or a mathematical device ?

14.2.3 Identify and explain the relationships between Lewis structures, molecular shapes and types
of hybridization (sp, sp2, and sp3). Students should consider examples from inorganic as well as organic
chemistry.

Syllabus Guide. AHL Topic 14.3, Delocalization of Electrons (2 hours)

14.3.1 Describe the delocalization of electrons and explain how this can account for the
structures of some species. Examples should include NO3- , NO2-, CO32-, 03, RCOO - and benzene. TOK: Kekulé
claimed that the inspiration for the cyclic structure of benzene came from a dream. What role do the less
rational ways of knowing play in the acquisition of scientific knowledge ? What distinguishes a scientific from
a non-scientific hypothesis; it’s origins or how it is tested ?

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

1. How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in the structure of HCN?

σ π
A. 1 3
B. 2 3
C. 2 2
D. 3 1
(Total 1 mark)

2
2. What is the geometry of the bonds around an atom with sp hybridization?
A. 2 bonds at 180
B. 3 bonds at 120
C. 2 bonds at 90, 1 bond at 180
D. 4 bonds at 109
(Total 1 mark)

–
3. What is the molecular geometry and the Cl–I–Cl bond angle in the ICl 4 ion?
A. Square planar 90
B. Square pyramidal 90
C. Tetrahedral 109
D. Trigonal pyramidal 107
(Total 1 mark)

4. Which molecule is square planar in shape?

A. XeO4
B. XeF4
C. SF4
D. SiF4
(Total 1 mark)

5. What is the hybridization of nitrogen atoms I, II, III and IV in the following molecules?

H 2N N H 2 H N N H

I II III IV

I II III IV
2 2 3 3
A. sp sp sp sp

3 3 2 2
B. sp sp sp sp

2 2
C. sp sp sp sp

3 3 sp sp
D. sp sp
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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

(Total 1 mark)

6. Identify the types of hybridization shown by the carbon atoms in the molecule

CH3CH2CH2COOH

I. sp

2
II. sp

3
III. sp
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

7. Which is the smallest bond angle in the PF5 molecule?

A. 90
B. 109.5
C. 120
D. 180
(Total 1 mark)

8. Which types of hybridization are shown by the carbon atoms in the compound CH 2 = CHCH3?

I. sp
2
II. sp
3
III. sp
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

9. Which statement is correct about multiple bonding between carbon atoms?

A. Double bonds are formed by two π bonds.
B. Double bonds are weaker than single bonds.
C. π bonds are formed by overlap between s orbitals.
D. π bonds are weaker than sigma bonds.
(Total 1 mark)

–
10. Which statements correctly describe the NO 2 ion?

I. It can be represented by resonance structures.

II. It has two lone pairs of electrons on the N atom.

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

2
III. The N atom is sp hybridized.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

11. Which statement about sigma and pi bonds is correct?

A. Sigma bonds are formed only by s orbitals and pi bonds are formed only by p orbitals.
B. Sigma bonds are formed only by p orbitals and pi bonds are formed only by s orbitals.
C. Sigma bonds are formed by either s or p orbitals, pi bonds are formed only by p orbitals.
D. Sigma and pi bonds are formed by either s or p orbitals.
(Total 1 mark)

12. What is the molecular shape and the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in NH 3?

Molecular shape Hybridization

A. tetrahedral sp3

B. trigonal planar 2
sp
C. trigonal pyramidal 2
sp
D. trigonal pyramidal 3
sp
(Total 1 mark)

13. What is the number of sigma () and pi () bonds and the hybridization of the carbon atom in

O
H C O H

Sigma Pi Hybridization
A. 4 1 sp2
3
B. 4 1 sp
3
C. 3 2 sp
2
D. 3 1 sp
(Total 1 mark)

2
14. Which allotropes contain carbon atoms with sp hybridization?
I. Diamond
II. Graphite
III. C60 fullerene
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

15. Which of the following contain a bond angle of 90°?

+
I. PC14

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

II. PCl5
–
III. PCl6
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)


16. (i) Apply the VSEPR theory to deduce the shape of NO 2 , ICl5 and SF4. For each species,
draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure, name the shape, and state the value of the bond
angle(s).
(9)

(ii) Discuss the bond angle(s) in SF4.

(1)

(iii) Explain the hybridization involved in the C2H4 molecule.

(4)


(iv) State the hybridization involved in the NO 2 ion and comment on the nitrogen-oxygen
bond distances.
(2)

(v) Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, predict and explain which of the bonds O-H, O-N or
N-H would be most polar.
(2)
(Total 18 marks)

17. (a) (i) State the meaning of the term hybridization.

(1)

(ii) State the type of hybridization around the carbon atoms in C 60 fullerene, diamond
and graphite.
(3)

(iii) Explain why graphite and C60 fullerene can conduct electricity.
(2)

(b) (i) Compare how atomic orbitals overlap in the formation of sigma () and pi ()
bonds.
(2)

(ii) State the number of sigma bonds and pi bonds in H2CC(CH3)CHCH2.

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

18. Draw the Lewis structures, state the shapes and predict the bond angles for the following
species.

(i) PCl5
(3)

(ii) SCl2
(3)

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

–
(iii) ICl4
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

19. (a) Explain the meaning of the term hybridization.

(1)

(b) State the type of hybridization shown by the carbon atom in the H–C≡N molecule, and
the number of  and  bonds present in the C≡N bond.
(2)

(c) Describe how  and  bonds form.

(4)
(Total 7 marks)

20. (a) State the meaning of the term hybridization. State the type of hybridization shown by the
nitrogen atoms in N2, N2H2 and N2H4.
(4)

(b) By referring to the N2H2 molecule describe how sigma () and pi () bonds form and
describe how single and double bonds differ.
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

–
21. (a) Draw the Lewis structures for the compounds XeF 4, PF5 and BF4 .
(3)

(b) Use the valance shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to predict the shapes of the
three compounds in (a). State and explain the bond angles in each of the three
compounds.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

22. For the following compounds

PCl3, PCl5, POCl3

(i) Draw a Lewis structure for each molecule in the gas phase.
(Show all non-bonding electron pairs.)
(3)

(ii) State the shape of each molecule and predict the bond angles.
(6)

(iii) Deduce whether or not each molecule is polar, giving a reason for your answer.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

23. (i) Explain the meaning of the term hybridization.

(1)

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

(ii) Discuss the bonding in the molecule CH3CHCH2 with reference to

 the formation of σ and π bonds
 the length and strength of the carbon-carbon bonds
 the types of hybridization shown by the carbon atoms
(6)
(Total 7 marks)

24. (i) Use the VSEPR theory to predict and explain the shape and the bond angle of each of the
molecules SCl2 and C2Cl2
(6)

(ii) Deduce whether or not each molecule is polar, giving a reason for your answer.
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

25. Atomic orbitals can mix by hybridization to form new orbitals for bonding.

Identify the type of hybridization present in each of the three following molecules.
Deduce and explain their shapes.

(i) OF2
(3)

(ii) H2CO
(3)

(iii) C2H2
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

26. In 1954 Linus Pauling was awarded the Chemistry Nobel Prize for his work on the nature of the
chemical bond. Covalent bonds are one example of intramolecular bonding.

Explain the formation of the following.

(i) σ bonding
(2)

(ii) π bonding
(2)

(iii) double bonds

(1)

(iv) triple bonds

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Intermolecular Forces

Syllabus Guide. Topic 4.3, Intermolecular Forces (2 hours)

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

4.3.1. Describe the types of intermolecular force (attractions between molecules that have
temporary dipoles, permanent dipoles or hydrogen bonding) and explain how they arise from
the structural features of molecules. The term van der Waals' forces can be used to describe the
interaction between non-polar molecules.

4.3.2 Describe and explain how intermolecular forces affect the boiling points of substances. The
presence of hydrogen bonding can be illustrated by comparing:
• HF and HCl • H20 and H2S • NH3 and PH3
• CH3OCH3 and CH3CH2OH • C3H8, CH3CHO and CH3CH2OH.

43. Which compound has the highest boiling point?

A. CH3CH2CH3
B. CH3CH2OH
C. CH3OCH3
D. CH3CHO
(Total 1 mark)

44. The compounds listed have very similar molar masses. Which has the strongest intermolecular
forces?
A. CH3CHO
B. CH3CH2OH
C. CH3CH2F
D. CH3CH2CH3
(Total 1 mark)

45. What intermolecular forces are present in gaseous hydrogen?

A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Dipole-dipole attractions
D. Van der Waals’ forces
(Total 1 mark)

46. In which substance is hydrogen bonding present?

A. CH4
B. CH2F2
C. CH3CHO
D. CH3OH
(Total 1 mark)

47. When the following bond types are listed in decreasing order of strength (strongest first), what
is the correct order?
A. covalent  hydrogen  van der Waals’
B. covalent  van der Waals’  hydrogen
C. hydrogen  covalent  van der Waals’
D. van der Waals’  hydrogen  covalent
(Total 1 mark)

48. In ethanol, C2H5OH (l), there are covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals’ forces.
Which bonds or forces are broken when ethanol is vaporized?
A. only hydrogen bonds
B. covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds
C. covalent bonds and van der Waals’ forces
D. hydrogen bonds and van der Waals’ forces
(Total 1 mark)

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

49. Why is the boiling point of PH3 lower than that of NH3?
A. PH3 is non-polar whereas NH3 is polar.
B. PH3 is not hydrogen bonded whereas NH3 is hydrogen bonded.
C. Van der Waals’ forces are weaker in PH 3 than in NH3.
D. The molar mass of PH3 is greater than that of NH3.
(Total 1 mark)

50. (i) List the following substances in order of increasing boiling point (lowest first).

CH3CHO C2H6 CH3COOH C2H5OH

(2)

(ii) State whether each compound is polar or non-polar, and explain the order of boiling
points in (i).
(8)
(Total 10 marks)

51. Identify the strongest type of intermolecular force in each of the following compounds.

CH3Cl ...................................................................................................................................

CH4 .......................................................................................................................................

CH3OH .................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

52. The boiling points of the hydrides of the group 6 elements are shown below.

400

300

B o ilin g p o in t / K
200

100

0
H 2O H 2S H 2Se H 2Te

(i) Explain the trend in boiling points from H2S to H2Te.

(2)

(ii) Explain why the boiling point of water is higher than would be expected from the group
trend.
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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

53. The boiling points of the hydrides of group 6 elements increase in the order

H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2O.

Explain the trend in the boiling points in terms of bonding.

(Total 3 marks)

54. (a) An important compound of nitrogen is ammonia, NH3. The chemistry of ammonia is
influenced by its polarity and its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Polarity can be
explained in terms of electronegativity.

(i) Explain the term electronegativity.

(2)

(ii) Draw a diagram to show hydrogen bonding between two molecules of NH 3.

The diagram should include any dipoles and/or lone pairs of electrons
(3)

(iii) State the H–N–H bond angle in an ammonia molecule.

(1)

(iv) Explain why the ammonia molecule is polar.

(1)

+
(b) Ammonia reacts with hydrogen ions forming ammonium ions, NH 4 .

(i) State the H–N–H bond angle in an ammonium ion.

(1)

(ii) Explain why the H–N–H bond angle of NH3 is different from the H–N–H bond
+
angle of NH4 ; referring to both species in your answer.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

55. Predict and explain the order of the melting point for propanol, butane and propanone with
reference to their intermolecular forces.
(Total 4 marks)

Metallic Bond

Syllabus Guide. Topic 4.4, Metallic Bond (0.5 hours)

4.4.1 Describe the metallic bond as the electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive ions
and delocalised electrons.

4.4.2 Explain the electrical conductivity and malleability of metals. Aim 8: Students should
appreciate the economic importance of these properties and the impact that the large-scale production of
iron and other metals has made on the world.

56. What are responsible for the high electrical conductivity of metals?
A. Delocalized positive ions
B. Delocalized valence electrons

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

C. Delocalized atoms
D. Delocalized negative ions
(Total 1 mark)

57. Which is a correct description of metallic bonding?

A. Positively charged metal ions are attracted to negatively charged ions.
B. Negatively charged metal ions are attracted to positively charged metal ions.
C. Positively charged metal ions are attracted to delocalized electrons.
D. Negatively charged metal ions are attracted to delocalized electrons.
(Total 1 mark)

58. Which statement best describes the attraction present in metallic bonding?
A. the attraction between nuclei and electrons
B. the attraction between positive ions and electrons
C. the attraction between positive ions and negative ions
D. the attraction between protons and electrons
(Total 1 mark)

59. State two physical properties associated with metals and explain them at the atomic level.
(Total 4 marks)

60. The elements sodium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur are in period 3 of the periodic
table.

Describe the metallic bonding present in aluminium and explain why aluminium has a higher
melting point than sodium.
(Total 3 marks)

Physical Properties

Syllabus Guide. Topic 4.5, Physical properties (2 hours)

4.5.1 Compare and explain the properties of substances resulting from different types of bonding.
Examples should include melting and boiling points, volatility, electrical conductivity and solubility in non-polar and
polar solvents.

61. What type of solid materials are typically hard, have high melting points and poor electrical
conductivities?

I. Ionic
II. Metallic
III. Covalent-network
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

62. Which statement is true for most ionic compounds?

A. They contain elements of similar electronegativity.
B. They conduct electricity in the solid state.
C. They are coloured.
D. They have high melting and boiling points.
(Total 1 mark)

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 IB CHEMISTRY EXAM REVISION 2011

63. Which substance has the lowest electrical conductivity?

A. Cu(s)
B. Hg(l)
C. H2(g)
D. LiOH(aq)
(Total 1 mark)

–3
64. Which substance is most soluble in water (in mol dm ) at 298 K?
A. CH3CH3
B. CH3OCH3
C. CH3CH2OH
D. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
(Total 1 mark)

65. The diagrams below represent the structures of iodine, sodium and sodium iodide.

A B C

(a) (i) Identify which of the structures (A, B and C) correspond to iodine, sodium and
sodium iodide.
(1)

(ii) State the type of bonding in each structure.

(3)

(b) (i) Sodium and sodium iodide can both conduct electricity when molten, but only
sodium can conduct electricity when solid. Explain this difference in conductivity
in terms of the structures of sodium and sodium iodide.
(4)

(ii) Explain the high volatility of iodine compared to sodium and sodium iodide.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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