Institute of Rural Management Anand

PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination

< Course Name>
<Date of Examination>
<Name of the Student, Roll Number: ……>

Institute of Rural Management Anand

PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
<Gender and Development Lab>
<27th October 2020>
<Amit kr Godara, P41003>

A. 1. Gender Stereotype is a belief or perception about characteristics or roles that are to be

performed by women or man. Generally, these are imposed by society by parents, peers,
teachers through various channels like media or films.

2. Patriarchy is one of the major social structure in which major and primary roles like
decision making in family, moral authority, social privilege etc. are given or performed by men.

3. Agency about women is their ability to act for herself. Agency is about women becoming
agents of their own and other people in society. Agency role can be played by women both at
individual and collective level.

4. Gender development Index (GDI) is index which is designed specifically to measure gender
equality. United Nation Development Program had introduced GDI in year 1995.According to
the UNDP report 2018, GDI of India is 0.829.

5. Feminization of Agriculture refers to increased participation of women in agriculture and allied

activities. According to Agri Census 2015-16, around 80% of employed women work in
agriculture sector.

B. 1. According to the Population Census of 2010-11, Sex ratio in India is 943. Following are the
reason for lower sex ratio in India:
(a) Son preferences by Women and Man. For Example, In Bihar around 39.2%women preferred
son as against 38.5% men in a survey conducted.
(b) Low literacy Rates Especially in rural sector is one of the major reasons for lower sex ratio.
(c) Other reasons like female infanticide, pre sex determination, lack of awareness are some of
other reason due to which sex ratio is low.

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 Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
< Course Name>
<Date of Examination>
<Name of the Student, Roll Number: ……>

Institute of Rural Management Anand

PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
<Gender and Development Lab>
<27th October 2020>
<Amit kr Godara, P41003>

2. Various reason for low female work participation rate are

(a) Generally, outside productive work of female is not encouraged and recognized.
(b) Due to patriarchy, women mobility rate is restricted.
(c) There is less opportunity for various jobs for women as their education level and skills
level are low.

3. Higher drop rate of girls are due to following reasons:

(a) Girls are made to do domestic work at home.
(b) Generally due to education cost, girls are kept out of school.
(c) Non availability of good social Infrastructure, various facilities like toilet and female
teachers are other reason for lower attendance of girls in schools.

4. Gender Biases in research because in rural areas women are bit more conservative and they
are reluctant to answer some sensitive research question. So, generally survey team neglect
them while doing research. Survey team should have female members.

5. SHG does not always empower women due to following reasons.

(a) Gender barriers prevalent in society is one of the most reason which becomes hurdle to
tap empowerment.
(b) Due to patriarchy nature of society, men generally take control over majority of credit
which women earns through SHGs.
(c) Women lack skills and market to start their own enterprises.

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 Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
< Course Name>
<Date of Examination>
<Name of the Student, Roll Number: ……>

Institute of Rural Management Anand

PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
<Gender and Development Lab>
<27th October 2020>
<Amit kr Godara, P41003>

C. 3. Land property rights are major discourse in gender. Land property rights have been
neglected for women. Land reforms land ceiling, tenancy reform, land consolidation which
took place post-independence did not give any especial emphasis to the women rights. Land
property rights are very important for women overall development and empowerment.
According to Agri census 2015-16, around 13.87% operational lands are holded by women
which has increased as compared to previous census, but it is very low. Around 80% of total
employed women works in agriculture and allied activities.
Bina Agrawal in her book ‘A Field of One’s Own’ presented 4 major reasons for land rights for
women which are necessary for their empowerment.
Equity: Providing land rights will encourage gender equality and equity. Higher equality
means higher social status, which will also play a pioneer role in reducing violence against
women.
Empowerment: Giving land rights to women will increase their power and they can have
major role in decision making. It will also help in enhancing their bargaining abilities.
Welfare Reason: Land rights to women will reduce their vulnerability. Their dependency on
men will be reduced. Their financial stability will increase which will improve not only their
conditions but also her children.
Efficiency: Access to land rights can improve their efficiency. They will be able to operate lands
in more productive manner. They will be able to access various inputs for land cultivation
easily.

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 Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
< Course Name>
<Date of Examination>
<Name of the Student, Roll Number: ……>

Institute of Rural Management Anand

PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
<Gender and Development Lab>
<27th October 2020>
<Amit kr Godara, P41003>

D. 4. One of the major ways of woman empowerment is political participation. Political presentation
of women helps in increasing their status and influence. They can also become role model and
encourage other women of society for greater participation. According to the 73rd Constitution
Amendment Act Passes in 1992 for rural local government, rights have been given to females for
their representation. One- third of seats are reserved for women (including SC/ST) in membership
and in presidential post (Sarpanch). In India, around 20 states have 50% representation for women
in Panchayati Raj Institutions. It has led to increase in Women representation in local ruling bodies.
According to the report (2018) about Elected women representations around 44.37% women
contested in local election. This shows that absolute participation has increased at local level. Still
there are various challenges for their effective representations in PRIs.
(a) Inflexible nature of patriarchy has curtailed the effective women representation in reserving
seats for women.
(b) Cultural attitude about gender roles, gender inequalities within families are major reasons in
limiting women representation in panchayats.
(c) Work life balance also hinders their representation. Generally, more preferences of women
towards their family life especially during and after pregnancy also results in lower
representation in public life.
(d) Sex stereotyping, political Socialization are some of other major reasons which contributes to
lower representation.

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Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
< Course Name>
<Date of Examination>
<Name of the Student, Roll Number: ……>

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Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term I – End Term Examination
< Course Name>
<Date of Examination>
<Name of the Student, Roll Number: ……>

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