GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS

(GRA)

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 INTRODUCTION

1. Grey relation analysis is an important part of grey system theory.

2. Originated by Professor Julong Deng (1933 – 2013), professor at
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
3. Generally, the black is represented, as lack of information, but the
white is full of information. Thus, the information that is either
incomplete or undetermined is called Grey.
4. A system having incomplete information is called Grey system.
5. The Grey number in Grey system represents a number with less
complete information. 2
 INTRODUCTION

1. The Grey element represents an element with incomplete

information.
2. The Grey relation is the relation with incomplete information.
3. Those three terms (Grey number, Grey element and Grey relation)
are the typical symbols and features for Grey system and Grey
phenomenon.
4. With existence of internal and external disturbances and the
limitations in understanding, when investigating systems the
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available information contain various kinds of uncertainty and noises.
 INCOMPLETE INFORMATION

1. Incompleteness in information is one of the fundamental

characteristics of uncertain systems. The most common situations
involving incomplete system information include cases where:
1. Information about system elements (parameters) is incomplete
2. Information on the structure of the system is incomplete
3. Information about the boundaries of the system is incomplete
4. Information on the system’s behaviours is incomplete

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 INACCURACIES IN DATA

1. In grey systems theory, the meanings of uncertain and inaccurate are

roughly the same.
2. Both terms stand for errors or deviations from actual data values.
3. Based on the essence of how uncertainties are caused, inaccuracies
can be categorized into three types:
1. The conceptual type
2. The level type
3. The prediction type inaccuracies.
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 THE CONCEPTUAL TYPE

1. Inaccuracies of the conceptual type originate from the expression of a

certain event, object, concept, or wish.
2. For instance, all such frequently used concepts as “large,” “small,”
“many,” “few,” “high,” “low,” “fat,” “thin,” “good,” “bad,” “young,”
and “beautiful” are inaccurate due to lack of clear definition.
3. It is very difficult to use exact quantities to express these concepts.

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 THE LEVEL TYPE

1. This kind of data inaccuracy is caused by a change at the level of

research or observation.
2. This means that the available data might be accurate when seen at the
level of the system; macroscopic level or at the level of the whole.
3. For example, the height of a person can be measured accurately to
the unit of centimeters or millimeters.
4. However, if the measurement has to be accurate to the level of one
ten-thousandth micrometers, the former accurate reading will become
extremely inaccurate. 7
 THE PREDICTION (ESTIMATION) TYPE

1. It is difficult to have complete understanding of the laws of

evolution, any prediction of the future tends to be inaccurate.
2. In statistics, it is often the case that samples are collected to estimate
the whole.
3. Therefore, much statistical data are inaccurate.
4. As a matter of fact, no matter what method is used, it is very difficult
for anyone to obtain any absolutely accurate (estimated) value.

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 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF GREY

SYSTEM
1. Grey generation: This is data processing to supplement information.
It is aimed to process those complicate and tedious data to gain a
clear rule, which is the whitening of a sequence of numbers.
2. Grey modeling: This is done by step 1 to establish a set of Grey
variation equations and Grey differential equations, which is the
whitening of the model.
3. Grey prediction: By using the Grey model to conduct a qualitative
prediction, this is called the whitening of development.
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 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF GREY

SYSTEM
4. Grey decision: A decision is made under imperfect countermeasure
and unclear situation, which is called the whitening of status.
5. Grey relational analysis: Quantify all influences of various factors
and their relation, which is called the whitening of factor relation.
6. Grey control: Work on the data of system behavior and look for any
rules of behavior development to predict future’s behavior, the
prediction value can be fed back into the system in order to control
the system.
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 GREY SYSTEM THEORY

Uncertainty relation
system analysis
prediction

Key factors Behavior

model decision
Incomplete construction
information

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 NEED FOR GRA

1. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is used to determine the optimum

condition of various input parameters to obtain the best quality
characteristics.
2. Grey Relational analysis is broadly applied in evaluating or judging
the performance of a complex project with meager information.
3. GRA can be used to derive optimum condition for multi-objective
problems by providing weightages to individual responses.

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 STEPS IN GRA

1. Data Pre-processing.
2. Normalizing.
3. Deviation Sequence.
4. Grey Relational Coefficient.
5. Grey Relational Grade.

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 DATA PRE-PROCESSING &
NORMALIZING
1. The data to be used in Grey analysis must be preprocessed into
quantitative indices for normalizing raw data for another analysis.
2. Preprocessing raw data is a process of converting an original
sequence into a decimal sequence between 0.00 and 1.00 for
comparison.
3. If the expected data sequence is of the form “Higher-the-better”,
then the original sequence can be normalized as,
x 0
( k ) − min x 0
i (k )
xi* (k ) = i

max xi0 (k ) − min xi0 (k ) 14

 DATA PRE-PROCESSING &
NORMALIZING
4. where xoi (k) is the original sequence, x∗i (k) the sequence after the
data preprocessing, max xoi (k) the largest value of xoi (k), and min xoi
(k) imply the smallest value of xoi (k).
5. When the form “Smaller-the-better” becomes the expected value of
the data sequence, the original sequence can be normalized as,

max x 0
( k ) − x 0
i (k )
xi (k ) =
* i

max xi0 (k ) − min xi0 (k )

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 DEVIATION SEQUENCE

1. The deviation sequence of the reference sequence is given by,

 0i (k ) = x0* (k ) − xi* (k )

 max = max max x0* (k ) − x*j (k ) ,

j i k

 min = min min x0* (k ) − x*j (k )

j i k

2. ζ is distinguishing or identification coefficient: ζ ϵ [0, 1]. ζ = 0.5 is

generally used
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 GREY RELATIONAL COEFFICIENT

1. Grey relational coefficient is calculated to express the relationship

between the ideal and actual normalized experimental results. Thus,
the grey relational coefficient can be expressed as,

 min +  . max
 i (k ) =
 0i (k ) +  . max

where ∆oi (k) is the deviation sequence of the reference sequence

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 GREY RELATIONAL GRADE

1. After obtaining the grey relational coefficient, normally the average

of the grey relational coefficient is taken as the grey relational grade.
2. The grey relational grade is defined as,

1 n
 i =  i i ( k )
n k =1

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 CASE STUDIES

1. Grey Relational Analysis – Friction Stir Welding

2. Taguchi-Grey Relational Analysis

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 GRA - Example

Sl. No Parameter / Level Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Rotational Speed
1 1000 1400 1800
(rpm)
Welding Speed
2 10 20 30
(mm/min)
3 Axial Force (kN) 6 8 10

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 GRA - Example

Rotational Speed Welding Speed

Sl. No Axial Force (kN)
(rpm) (mm/min)
1 1000 10 6
2 1000 20 8
3 1000 30 10
4 1400 10 8
5 1400 20 10
6 1400 30 6
7 1800 10 10
8 1800 20 6
9 1800 30 8 21
 GRA - Example

Output Normalizing
Sl. No
Tensile Strength Hardness Tensile Strength Hardness
1 268.000 104.000 0.723 0.000
2 281.000 109.000 1.000 0.077
3 279.000 111.000 0.957 0.108
4 241.000 128.000 0.149 0.369
5 257.000 135.000 0.489 0.477
6 262.000 142.000 0.596 0.585
7 240.000 149.000 0.128 0.692
8 234.000 167.000 0.000 0.969
9 246.000 169.000 0.255 1.000 22
 GRA - Example
Deviation Sequence Grey Relational Coefficient Grey
Sl.
Relational
No Tensile Strength Hardness Tensile Strength Hardness
Grade
1 0.277 1.000 0.644 0.333 0.489
2 0.000 0.923 1.000 0.351 0.676
3 0.043 0.892 0.922 0.359 0.640
4 0.851 0.631 0.370 0.442 0.406
5 0.511 0.523 0.495 0.489 0.492
6 0.404 0.415 0.553 0.546 0.550
7 0.872 0.308 0.364 0.619 0.492
8 1.000 0.031 0.333 0.942 0.638
9 0.745 0.000 0.402 1.000 0.701 23
GRA - Example

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GRA - Example

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 GRA - Example

Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value % Contribution

Rotational 2 0.030535 0.015267 111.89 0.009
Speed 36.48%
Welding 2 0.048534 0.024267 177.85 0.006
Speed 57.98%
Axial Force 2 0.00437 0.002185 16.01 0.059
5.22%
Error 2 0.000273 0.000136
0.33%
Total 8 0.083711
100.00%

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 TAGUCHI – GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS

1. Calculate individual Signal-to-Noise ratio.

2. Data Pre-processing for the calculated S/N ratio.
3. Normalizing.
4. Deviation Sequence.
5. Grey Relational Coefficient.
6. Grey Relational Grade.
7. Calculate response table and draw main effects plot
8. Draw interaction plot and perform ANOVA.
9. Perform confirmation experiment for validation. 27
TAGUCHI – GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS

28
 TAGUCHI – GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS

1. Minimum experiments = [(L-1) x P] + 1

1 n 2
2. Smaller-is-the-better (Minimize): S / N = −10 log   yi 
 n i =1 

1 n 1 
3. Larger-is-the-better (Maximize): S / N = −10log   2 
 n i =1 yi 

 y
S / N = 10 log  2 
4. Nominal-is-the-best: s 
 y
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 HYBRID Taguchi-GRA - Example
Sl. No Surface Speed (m/min) Feed (mm/rev) Dill Bit Diameter (mm)
1 30 0.025 3
2 30 0.050 4
3 30 0.075 5
4 30 0.100 6
5 60 0.025 4
6 60 0.050 3
7 60 0.075 6
8 60 0.100 5
9 90 0.025 5
10 90 0.050 6
11 90 0.075 3
12 90 0.100 4
13 120 0.025 6
14 120 0.050 5
15 120 0.075 4
16 120 0.100 3 30
 HYBRID Taguchi-GRA - Example
Sl. Output responses Signal-to-Noise Ratio
No Thrust Force(N) Torque (N) MRR (g/min) Thrust Force Torque MRR
1 42.701 0.195 10.045 -32.609 14.198 20.039
2 122.598 1.996 42.949 -41.770 -6.001 32.659
3 217.719 3.494 99.090 -46.758 -10.867 39.921
4 445.075 9.428 186.198 -52.969 -19.488 45.399
5 50.097 0.774 25.608 -33.996 2.223 28.167
6 107.849 0.896 28.068 -40.656 0.958 28.964
7 462.741 3.604 162.428 -53.307 -11.136 44.213
8 269.667 4.299 151.466 -48.617 -12.667 43.606
9 104.231 1.542 54.095 -40.360 -3.761 34.663
10 229.585 1.381 149.688 -47.219 -2.801 43.504
11 190.199 4.976 53.763 -45.584 -13.938 34.610
12 207.288 2.533 79.835 -46.331 -8.074 38.044
13 201.298 3.354 98.505 -46.077 -10.511 39.869
14 160.931 1.820 127.742 -44.133 -5.202 42.127
15 151.238 1.555 119.053 -43.593 -3.834 41.515
16 162.614 3.093 86.755 -44.223 -9.806 31
38.766
 HYBRID Taguchi-GRA - Example
Sl. Normalizing sequence Deviation sequence
No Thrust
Torque MRR Thrust Force Torque MRR
Force
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
2 0.443 0.600 0.498 0.557 0.400 0.502
3 0.684 0.744 0.784 0.316 0.256 0.216
4 0.984 1.000 1.000 0.016 0.000 0.000
5 0.067 0.355 0.321 0.933 0.645 0.679
6 0.389 0.393 0.352 0.611 0.607 0.648
7 1.000 0.752 0.953 0.000 0.248 0.047
8 0.773 0.798 0.929 0.227 0.202 0.071
9 0.374 0.533 0.577 0.626 0.467 0.423
10 0.706 0.505 0.925 0.294 0.495 0.075
11 0.627 0.835 0.575 0.373 0.165 0.425
12 0.663 0.661 0.710 0.337 0.339 0.290
13 0.651 0.734 0.782 0.349 0.266 0.218
14 0.557 0.576 0.871 0.443 0.424 0.129
15 0.531 0.535 0.847 0.469 0.465 0.153
16 0.561 0.713 0.738 0.439 0.287 0.26232
 HYBRID Taguchi-GRA - Example
Sl. No Grey Relational Coefficient Grey Relational Ranking
Thrust force Torque MRR grade
1 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 16
2 0.473 0.555 0.499 0.509 12
3 0.612 0.661 0.698 0.657 5
4 0.968 1.000 1.000 0.989 1
5 0.349 0.437 0.424 0.403 15
6 0.450 0.452 0.436 0.446 14
7 1.000 0.668 0.914 0.861 2
8 0.688 0.712 0.876 0.759 3
9 0.444 0.517 0.542 0.501 13
10 0.630 0.502 0.870 0.667 4
11 0.573 0.752 0.540 0.622 7
12 0.597 0.596 0.633 0.609 9
13 0.589 0.652 0.696 0.646 6
14 0.530 0.541 0.795 0.622 8
15 0.516 0.518 0.765 0.600 11
16 0.533 0.635 0.657 0.608 10 33
 HYBRID Taguchi-GRA - Example

Main Effects Plot for Grey Relational Grade

Surface Speed (m/min) Feed rate (mm/rev)
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
Mean

30 60 90 120 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100

Drill bit diameter (mm)
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

3 4 5 6 34
 HYBRID Taguchi-GRA - Example

Interaction Plot for Grey Relational Grade

0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100
1.00
Surface
Speed
0.75 (m/min)
Surface Spe e d (m/mi n) 30
0.50 60
90
1.00 120
Surface
Feed rate
0.75 Speed
(mm/rev)
(m/min)
0.025
Fe e d rate (mm/re v)
30
0.050
0.50
60
0.075
90
0.100
1.00
Feed120
Drill bit
rate
diameter
(mm/rev)
0.75 (mm)
0.025
Dri l l bi t di ame te r (mm) 3
0.050
0.50 4
0.075
5
0.100
6
30 60 90 120 3 4 5 6 35
Drill bit
 HYBRID Taguchi-GRA - Example

%
Source DoF Seq SS Adj MS F P
Contribution
Surface
3 0.001206 0.000402 0.12 0.945
speed 0.30%
Feed rate 3 0.178248 0.059416 17.76 0.002 44.10%
Drill bit
3 0.204689 0.06823 20.39 0.002
diameter 50.64%
Error 6 0.020078 0.003346 4.97%
Total 15 0.404222 100.00%
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THANK YOU

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