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Tamil - Durga PDF
Tamil - Durga PDF
√Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^”
(Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_´z\V[)
gFkV·Ï
E.mÏÔV, ®D.∞., ®D.‡∏_.,
√]° ®ı. : 24503/Ph.D-2/Tamil/P.T/April-2006
ÿ§BV·Ï
xÁ™kÏ ÿ>.]ÚQV™JÏ›]
÷Á©º√´VEˆBÏ.
hÁÈ á 2012
ÿ§BV·Ï ƒV[§>μ
ÿ>. ]ÚQV™JÏ›],
÷Á© º√´VEˆBÏ,
>tμ cB´VF° Á\BD,
ÔºƒÏ ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_ Ô_Ÿˆ,
º\ÁÈflEkAˆ á 622 403,
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ \Vk‚¶D.
x>_kÏ
gFkV·Ï cÆ]ÿ\Va
E.mÏÔV,
√]° ®ı.24503/Ph.D2/Tamil/P.T/April/2006,
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFkV·Ï, (√z] ºÂ´D)
>tμ cB´VF° Á\BD,
ÔºƒÏ ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_ Ô_Ÿˆ,
º\ÁÈflEkAˆ á 622 403,
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ \Vk‚¶D.
(ÿ>. ]ÚQV™JÏ›])
ÿ§BV·Ï
Â[§•Á´
Â[§•¶[
∑Ú¬Ô¬ z§X‚| s·¬ÔD
x[–Á´ 1á11
WÁ≈°Á´ 285á287
mÁ±u√‚ΩB_ 1á15
∏[MÁ©AÔ^
‘∂¬M ƒV‚E’ ®[≈ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A ±KD, ‘ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]’ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>
±KD ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV>t sÚm ÿ√u≈ÁkBVzD. ƒJÔ ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁ·•D, cBˆB
>ÁÈkÏÔÁ·© √u§•D, A]B Ôı|∏Ω©AÔπ[ Â[Á\, yÁ\ÔÁ·•D ÔsÁ>BVÔ°D,
Ô‚|Á´BVÔ°D √Á¶©√]_ Eu∏ k_Èk´VÔ s·∫˛™VÏ.
~º´V| >tw[√[ 1933 gD gı| ÿƒ©¶D√Ï \V>D 28áD º>] ∏≈Õ>VÏ. ÷k´m
÷Buÿ√BÏ ÿ¤Ôyƒ[. >tμ *m ÿÔVı¶ √u§[ ÔV´\VÔ› >™m ÿ√BÁ´ >tw[√[
®™ \Vu§¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ. º√´VEˆB´VÔ°D, ÿ√V]ÁÔ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚El_
2
ÿƒF]kVE©√V·´VÔ°D √ËBVu§BkÏ. ¤©√VMB ÔsÁ> kΩkV™ ‘ÿƒ[ˆ•’áÁk
x>[ x>o_ >ta_ ®ø]BkÏ ®[≈ ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆBkÏ. ƒJÔ ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁ·•D,
>tμ √u§B EÕ>Á™ÔÁ·•D, ∂´EB_ \Vu≈∫ÔÁ·•D >[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
ÿÔVı|kÕ>kÏ. cÁ´ÂÁ¶, Ô‚|Á´, ÔsÁ>, ÂV¶ÔD, √B ÷Ȭ˛BD, EÆkÏ
÷Ȭ˛BD ®™© √È ÷Ȭ˛B kÁÔÔπKD E≈©A© ÿ√u≈kÏ. 1970á_ >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>±_ ÿkπkÕ>m. ÷m >twÔ ∂´E[ x>u√ˆ∑ ÿ√u≈m. ÛˆB
∏Á≈Ô^ ®[≈ Á«Ì ÿ>Vz] 1985á_ ÿkπkÕ>m.
>ÁÈ©A› º>Ï°
3
gF° ºÂV¬ÔD
x[™VF°Ô^
4
x>[Á\ g>V´∫Ô^
gF° ®_ÁÈ
gF° ∂bzxÁ≈
÷B_ √Vz√V|
5
÷B_ : 1 x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD
6
~º´V| >tw[√[ >D ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V| ÿ√VÚ·VÔ ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶ÔD, Ô_s,
g‚E›mÁ≈l_ ¶¬zD ÊϺÔ|Ô^, ÔVÕyBD, \VϬEBD x>oB™kuÁ≈› >D
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|^·VÏ. kVÿ™Vo, ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E, ]Á´©√¶D
®™© √Èku§KD >™m x›]Á´ÁB© √]›>kÏ. √V´]ÁB© º√VÈ \¬Ô”¬z
sa©AÏÁk ∞u√|›>© √_ºkÆ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÷Bu§•^·VÏ. \¬Ô”¬z
Â[Á\ÔÁ·fl ÿƒFB ºkıΩB ª¶Ô∫Ô^ ÷[Æ ∂kÏÔ”¬z ªÆ sÁ·s©√™kVÔ
÷Ú¬˛[≈™ ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ. ]Á´©√¶© √V¶_Ôπ_ kÚD g√Vƒ\V™ kVÏ›Á>ÔÁ·
∂∫Ô>fl ∑ÁkºBV| ÿ\‚|© ∏≈©AÔ^ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ.
8
ÿ√ıÁ kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ› mÁBVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ kVμs_ ÿku§
ÿ√ÆkVÏÔ^. ÷´V\VB, EÈ©√]ÔV´ kw¬zÔÁ· ®_ÈVD ªΩÁwBV¬˛ ÿÂÚ©A¬z^
∂k^, ∂k”¬z^ ÿÂÚ©A ®™ ÷[≈_È ºÂu≈_È ∂k^ ®ˆÕm
ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛[≈V^ ®™fl ƒ]l[ ƒ]ÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛ ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈VÏ.
ÿ√ı cBÏÕ>k^ ®[Æ ÌÆD ÔsQÏ ∂k·VKD ∏´flƒÁ™Ô^ kÚ˛[≈™ ®™
÷Ú√¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
ÔsÁ> ®[√m ®m? ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ÀkVÆ ÷™D ÔVı√m ®[√™ √u§B √_ºkÆ
∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D ∂¬ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ÀkVÆ √Á¶¬Ô ºkı|D ®[≈
ÿ§xÁ≈Ô”D ÷]_ s·¬˛¬ Ì≈©√‚|^·™.
9
>tw[√[ ÂÁ¶ \≈Õ> Â]•D ]Áƒ \V§B {Á¶•D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_
√øm√‚¶VKD √øm √VÏ›m ÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú©√m >V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ ®™
kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z› >™m ÔsÁ> JÈD ÷ȬÔD ÌÆ˛≈VÏ. ∂w˛BÁÈ•D, √Ω\›Á>•D
>\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ Am© ÿ√Vo°¶[ >Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ. ¶©∏BÁÈ ‘sÁ¶ ˛Á¶›>
ºkÁ·l[ x›>VF©A’ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ∑‚|˛≈VÏ. ∂´EB_kV]Ô”¬z ®^Á·•D,
®Ú¬ÁÔ•D ckÁ\BV¬z˛[≈VÏ. ~w› >twÏÔπ[ ∂Ô]WÁÈÁB ÛwoB_ ÿÔVı|
cÏ›m˛≈VÏ. ‘∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ’ ®–D ÔsÁ> E≈Õ> z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔfl
E›]ˆ›m^·VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √Ω\D, z§X| ÔV‚E ∂|¬zÔπ[
®|›mÁ´©A, ÷B_√V™ ∂w˛B_, º√V´V‚¶ ∂w˛B_. z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>© √V∫z,
ºkÆ√V¶VÔ© A]™©√|›m>_ x>ÈV™ku§uz ª¶V™ c›]xÁ≈Ô·V_ ºkÆ√V¶VÔ¬
Ô‚¶Á\›m^· xÁ≈ÔÁ· ∂kÏ >D >M›]≈™VÔ¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD.
11
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD
ƒJÔ cÏ°, ƒJÔ {ÏÁ\, ƒJÔ ¿], ÷kuÁ≈fl ƒVÏÕm ®ømD, √Á¶©√VπÔ^
®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”¬˛Á¶l_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ŒuÆÁ\•D c^·m.
∑>Õ]´D, ƒ\›mD, ƒºÔV>´›mkD ®–D ∏´fi∑© A´‚El[ x¬ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ®|›m¬
ÿÔVı¶VKD, ƒºÔV>´›mkD ®[√>Á™ºB ƒxÔ ¿] ®[√>VÔ°D ÿÔV^·ÈVD. ÷∫ºÔ
ƒJÔ ¿] z§›> √V´]BVÏ √VÏÁkl_ ÷ÚÕmD÷>Á™ ∂bÔÈVD.
13
WÁÈlºÈºB Ô|Á\BV™ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬ ÿÔ|∏Ω•¶[ ÌΩB ƒ¬]BVÔ k·ÏÕm
kÕ>m. ÷]_ ∂´E[ ƒVÏAWÁÈ•D, WÏkVÔ ∂]ÔV´ ∂Á\©AD ÿ√ÚD√VKD
cBÏ\‚¶›]™ˆ[ ÂÈ–¬ÔVÔºk ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|s‚¶™. ®™ºk ƒJÔ¿]
ÿƒB_√|›>©√|k]_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ
®[√VÏ” 3 Ω. ÿ«fl. >V¬.
14
1.1.1. º>EB ÷B¬ÔD
÷Õ]B
“÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈ ÷B¬ÔD ÷ÕÂV‚Ω_ \ıΩ©º√V•^·
∂´EB_, ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂¿]Ô^, ∑´ı¶_Ô^ ∂WBVB∫ÔÁ· {a©√>uÔVÔ
¶¬zD, ŒÚ>M©√‚¶ ÂV‚Ω[ ∂´EB_ º√V´V‚¶D, ∂[Æ cÈÔD xøk]KD
\M>ÏÔπ¶D c^· ÿ>Fk›>[Á\ÁB, \M>MK^· sÈ∫z›>™D,
ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m¬ ÿÔVø¬zD ∂kÈ›Á>ºk´Æ›m¬ ˛Á¶¬zD º√VˆB¬ÔD ÷m.
\M>M[ g[\ ƒ¬] kV[ koÁB Œ|¬Ô› ÿ>V|›m^· ÿ√ÚD º√VÏ ®™›
ÊMkVƒ[” 6
º>EB ÷B¬Ô›][ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB© º√E Wu√VÏ \ˬÿÔVΩ, ÊMkVƒ[
ÔVÕ]•ÔD
“ÔVÕ]•ÔD ( 1920 x>_) ∂Á™›]Õ]BVÁk \Vu§Bm º√V_
>twÔ›]KD x›]Á´√]›>m .................. ˛´V\ kVμ¬ÁÔ› >·›Á>© º√_;
(ƒJÔ\Vu≈›]KD √VϬÔ)ƒJÔ ÊÏ›]Ú›>›Á> kuAÆ›>_; ÷Õm
\>¬ºÔV‚√V‚Ω–^ \> ÷¬Ô›Á> ko•Æ›>_ ®[√™ ÔVÕ]B›][
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈Ô·VzD,......ÔVÕ]B›][ ÷Õ>fl ÿƒBu√V|Ô^ ÔV´\VÔ º\™V‚|
\BkV¬ÔD, ÷Õ]B ∂ΩWÁÈ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB √´°km tÔtÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔºk
÷ÚÕ>m. ∂Õ> ∂·s_ ÔVÕ]B›m¬z ŒÚ ÔVÈMB ®]Ï©AxÁ™ ÷ÚÕ>m
÷ÚÕ>m” 7
®™ ÔVÏ›]¬ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ ÔË›mÁ´©√m ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ô>VzD.
15
g∫˛È g]¬Ô›][ ®]ÿ´VoBVÔ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ∑º>EB cÏ° AslB_ º>EB
kV>\VÔ© √V´]BVÏ. ]Ú.s.Ô. x>ÈVº™Vˆ¶D ÿkπ©√‚¶ s>D ®[√m >tμ\´A º√bD
√V´D√ˆB©√ˆ\V\VÔ°D E≈Õº>V∫ÔÈVluÆ. ∂kÏÔ”^”D ∂m z§©√VÔ› ]Ú.
s.Ô. s¶D x©ÿ√ÚD ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ[ >V¬ÔxD ŒÚ ºƒ´› ]´ıÿ¶øÕ> g¬Ô\VÔ
ÔV∫˛´¸, ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô, ÿ>Vauƒ∫Ôfl ÿƒBu√V|Ô·VÔ°D, √›]ˆ¬ÁÔBVEˆBÏ
√Ë ®™°D, √[xÔ\VÔ© √ˆ\VD ÿ√≈ÈVluÆ. ÷m√u§ºB,
16
1919 x>_ 1925 kÁ´ WÔμÕº>§B ∞øÔV∫˛´¸ \VÂV|ÔπKD
“1919
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿÔVı|k´xB[≈ kz©AkVˆ© ∏´]W]›mk› yÏ\V™D ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÔVfiEA´›]_ ]Ú.s.Ô. >ÁÈÁ\l_ 1925 ÷_ ÂÁ¶ ÿ√u≈
ÔV∫˛´¸ \VÂV‚Ω_ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m \‚|\_ÈV\_ kz©A kV>› yÏ\V™D
®[√>VÔ°D √a ∑\›>√‚¶m. ÷>™V_ 1925 ÷_ ÔV∫˛´E_ ÷ÚÕm ÿ√ˆBVÏ
ÿkπºB§™VÏ. ÿkπºB§B º√V]KD ÔVÕ]BVˆ[ WÏ\V™©√Ë›]‚¶∫ÔÁ·
\‚|D ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÿƒBu√|›]ºB kÕ>VÏ. g™V_ 1927 _ ÔVÕ]BVÁ´ ºÂˆ_
ƒÕ]›m kÏV>Ï\¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ z§›m kV>VΩB∏[™º´ ∂≈ºk
ÂD∏¬ÁÔlwÕm º√V™WÁÈl_ ÔVÕ]B ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔπoÚÕmD ̶› >DÁ\
xu≈VÔ› mıΩ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ
ÿÔVı¶VÏ” 12.
“ÔVfiEA´D
ÔVfiEA´D \VÂV‚Ω_ >D >ÁÈÁ\lºÈºB ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿÔVı| kÕ>
yÏ\V™D º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ]Ú.s.Ô. tzÕ> kÚ››]uz g·V™VÏ.
ÔV∫˛´Áv s‚|© ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿkπºB§B º√Vº> >VxD ÿkπºB§s‚¶>VÔ
ÿ>ˆs›>VÏ” 13
]Ú.s.Ô. ]´Vs¶ ÂV‚|©√¶› ]≈©AswVs_ ÿ>ˆs›>VÏ
ì “zΩ
zΩ ∂´∑ ®–D ÿƒF] ÷>μ 2.5.1925 ∂[Æ ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m. zΩ ∂´∑
º>V[§B ÂVº· ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD º>V[§B ÂV·Vzÿ\™© ÿ√ˆBVÏ
z§©∏‚|^·VÏ
z§©∏‚|^·VÏ” 14.
ì “∑B\ˆBVÁ>
∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz 21,22.11.1925 ÷_ ÔVfiEA´›]_ WÔμÕ>
ÔV∫˛´E[ >tμ\VÔV \VÂV‚Ω[ kz©A kVˆ© ∏´]W]›mk› yÏ\V™º\
ÔV_ºÔV^ ®[≈V_ ƒ\´ƒ ƒ[\VϬԺ\ ∂>[ s›m ®[Æ kV>V|˛≈VÏ ]Ú.s.Ô.
∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz ÂVB¬ÔÏ ∂kÏÔ^ >ÕÁ>BVkVÏ. ÂV[ >VBVºk[
ÂV∫Ô^ ÷ÚkÚD \VBk´D ƒ[\VϬԬ Ì‚¶›]_ ºƒÏÕm ÿ√u≈ ∏^Á·ºB
∑B\ˆBVÁ>BVzD. ∂¬zwÕÁ> >V•¶[ kVwVm. >ÕÁ>•¶[ ºƒÏÕm
kVμ˛≈m. ∂>[ k·ÏflEÁB¬ Ôı|BV[ ÿ√Ú\˛μflE ∂Á¶˛º≈[
∂Á¶˛º≈[” 15.
17
ƒ[\VϬԺ\ s›m ®[˛≈ WÁÈ©√V‚Á¶ ÷[–D ª|Úsfl ƒÕ]›>V_ ∂>[ ÔÚJÈD
E›>Ï\´º√ ®[˛≈ cıÁ\ Â\¬z^ AÈ©√¶_ gzD. º\È]Ô\V™ Ô‚|›]‚¶∫Ô^
s]xÁ≈Ô^ ÿÔ|∏ΩÔ^. sȬԩ√‚¶ ®flƒ∫Ô^ ®™¬ ÿÔ‚Ω >‚Ω©º√V™>V™ ÷Æ˛
J|ı¶ ƒx>VB›][ ( Closed Society ) ªº¶lÚÕmD ∑B\ˆBVÁ> cÏ°
˛·ÏÕÿ>økm ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD ∂>[ c^·VÏÕ> ÷B_º√. ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD √u§B
÷›>zAˆ>_Ô”¶[ ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ ÔË©AÁ´ÔÁ·•D ÷∫z
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD.
“1916
1916 gD gıΩºÈºB ƒV]B ®]Ï©AÏs[ JÈ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^
ÿ>V¶∫˛s‚¶™. 1917 ÷_ ´¥BVs_ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ g‚E ∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. 1925
ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm” 19 .
x>_ ÷Õ]BVsKD ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD ºk‘[≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm
∞Á™B∏≈ ƒJÔ ÊÏ›]Ú›> ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÂV‚Ω–^ zÁ≈ÔÁ·¬ ÔÁ·B xB[≈™.
g™V_ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ôº\V ∂ku§[ g˺kˆÁ™ ∂ÔμÕm ∂kuÁ≈
∂a¬Ô©√V|√‚¶m. s|>ÁȬÔV™ º√V´V‚¶D ®[√m ÂV‚Á¶ ∂ΩÁ\›>Á·loÚÕm
∂Ôu≈©√V|√|km ®[≈V_ ∑B\ˆBVÁ>¬ÔV™ º√V´V‚¶D ÂDÁ\© ∏ˬzD ƒÔÈ
>Á·ÔπoÚÕmD ÂDÁ\ s|s¬Ô©√V|√|kÿ>™ÈVD. J¶ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔÁ· tz]BVÔ¬
ÿÔVı¶>VÔ°D, ∏≈©∏™V_ cBÏ° >Vμÿk™© º√>D √V´V‚|k>VÔ°D, ∏´V\fl
ÿƒ_kV¬z t¬Ô>VÔ°D, ÷Õm\>D s·∫z˛[≈m. ®[√Á>™VºÈºB ∑B\ˆBVÁ>
÷B¬ÔD ∞u≈›>Vμ°Ô”¬z ÷¶\V™mD kÚVE´\>Ï\›][ >∫z>·\V™m\V™
19
ÔVμ©AÏ° ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD ÿƒBu√¶s_ÁÈ. √VÏ©√™Ï *m ÿkÆ©A
ÿÔVı| ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD ÿƒB_√¶Vm ®[Æ ÿ√ˆBVº´ ∂§s›>VÏ. ∂§s›>º>V|
∂_ÈV\_ ∂ÀkVº≈ ∂kÏ>D kVμÂV^ xøkmD kVμÕmD ÔV‚Ω™VÏ. ÷>uz ÔÚ›m
ºkÆ√V|Ô”¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶>VÔ ÷Æ]kÁ´ ÿ√ˆBVÏ ´V¤V˜l¶D ØıΩÚÕ> ‚º√
ƒˆBV™ c>V´\VzD.
ì >›mkD
“>›mkD cÈÁÔ á ÷k–Á¶B ÷k–¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ cÈÁÔ
\VuÆk>uºÔ ®[≈VÏ. ∂§°¬z ÷mºk cıÁ\¬ z§¬ºÔV^ ®[≈VÏ. ∂§°
∂§°¬ ÔVÔºk ®[√º> ÂT™ ÔVÈ›m sfiQVMÔ^ √ÈÚD √Á≈ƒVuÆD >›mkD
÷›>›mkD \È‚|›>™\V™m, ÿ√VÚıÁ\Bu≈m ®[√º> \VϬ¸ ÌÆD
cıÁ\” 21 ®™ \u≈›>›mk∫ÔπoÚÕm \VϬEB›][ √B[√V| ®Õ>kÁÔl_
cıÁ\
ºkÆ√|˛[≈ÿ>™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ®¸.®[. ÂVÔ´Vƒ[. \VϬEBD ®[√m Œ‚|ÿ\V›>
\V–¶ s|>ÁÈl[ ÷È‚EB\VÔ°D. ÷ȬÔ\VÔ°D ∂Á\Õ]B_kº> gzD.
20
\VϬEBD ®[√m ÿkÆD ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© º√V´V‚¶›Á> x[MÆ›>¬ÌΩB Œ[≈VÔ¬
ÔÚ]™V_ ∂m ∏Áw©√¶, ∏≈w cÏÕ> ]ˆº√, ®_ÈVs> \VÁBÔ”D ÿ√VÚ”¬z
∂ΩÁ\BV>o[ sÁ·ºk ®–D AÔμÿ√u≈ ÔV´_\VϬL[ JÈkVƒÔ›][ c^·VÏÕ>
ÿ√VÚıÁ\lÁ™› ÿ>^·› ÿ>πkV¬zkVÏ ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´V¤[.
“ÿ√VÚÁ·•D
ÿ√VÚÁ·•D ∂]ÔV´›Á>•D >ÔÏ©√k–¬z›>V[ ÔD¨´\V™
Ôs›mkD ÿ√V∫zD. kV_‚s‚¶\–¬z^ ÿ√V∫˛B Ôs›mkD √V´]¬z^”D
√V´]>Vƒ–¬z^”D ÿ√V∫˛Bm.îÔs›mkD ®[√m \M>[ >[Á™
xø∂·s_ ~Ï›m¬ ÿÔV^km ÔsÁ>¬zD. ∂[∏_ >Áw©√m
ÔsÁ>©√ıA”23 ®™ QVM•D ÷ÀkVº≈ ÿ√VÚ”¬zD ∂]ÔV´›]uzD ÷¶∫ÿÔV¶VÁ\
ÔsÁ>©√ıA
®[√>Á™ºB Ôs›mk›]uÔV™ x[W√Õ>Á™BVÔ ko•Æ›mkVÏ.
22
“Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ
Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ ∂§xÔ\V™ ®ø›m ÔsQÏÔπ[ cÈÔD ÿ√ˆmD.
>MÁ\l[ cÈÔD. ÌÆ©√‚¶ √VÏÁkl_ sÁ·Õ> kƒ™ cÁ¶ƒ_, ∂>ϬÔD,
√VÈ” 24 .
∂√›>D ®™¬∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ √VÈ
“ÂT™
ÂT™ kV>D ((Modernism)) ®[√m ŒÚ A]B ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B©º√V¬z
∂_Èm ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬Ô›Á>¬ z§¬zD. x>ÈVπ›mk ƒJÔ›][ x]ÏflEl_
º\u˛_ c>B\V™ ÂT™ kV>D ƒVÏÕ> ÷Ȭ˛B©º√V¬zÔ^ ÷Õ]BVs_ 1960
ÿ√u≈™”26 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ.
Ôπ_>V[ ÿƒ_kV¬z© ÿ√u≈™
ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔ^ x>ÈVπ›mkfl
“ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔ^ ƒJÔ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩloÚÕm
>©∏›m ∂ÔkB°È˛uz^ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ\V™VÏÔ^. º\uzÈÔ
ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©AÔ^ \M>Á™ ∂k™m k´ÈVuÆfl Ûwo_ ÷ÚÕmD Ô›>ˆ›m›
ÔV‚Ω™” 29.
>MÁ\› mBˆ_ t>©√™kVÔ¬ ÔV‚Ω™
24
ÂT™kV>›Á>© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ ∂>Á™¬ ÁÔBV”D xÁ≈Á\ √wÁ\
º√bk>VÔºkV, AmÁ\ÁB© Az›mk>VÔºkV ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ÔVıº¶VD. √V´]•D,
AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™kV>›Á>© AmÁ\ÁB© Az›mk>uÔVÔ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï ®M_
®ø›m¬zøs™Ï √ÁwÁ\ º√ıkÁÔlºÈºB ∂>Á™¬ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï ®™ÈVD.
“ŒaÔ
ŒaÔ Ô¶°^ / ∂aÔ ƒV] A´‚E {∫zÔ / AmÁ\ º>V[ÆÔ ®™¬Ìs™VF
/ ¿ºBV, ÂVº™V \´√V™ √wÁ\•D / x]ÏÕ> ÿ§•D kVFÕ> ÂDT| / ∂ÕWBD
zÁ\˛º≈[” 30 .
gk>V ®™¬ zÁ\˛º≈[
25
“√VkVÁ¶ WwK¬z^
√m∫˛kÚD ÿkıxB_Ô^”î
®[√m Áky¸k´M[ kˆÔ^
Herfeet beneath her petticoat
Lire little mice, Stole in and outî
26
®ø›m© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c^·¶¬Ô›Á> ®ı kÁÔBVÔ© √z©√VÏ
ÂV.kV™\V\ÁÈ.
“1.
1. kVμ¬ÁÔ, 2. ƒV°, 3. ÷Á sÁwfl∑›>[Á\, 4. W´VÁƒ
( Frustration ), 5 >M\M>D ( Individualism ), 6. cıÏ°›>VÁ´ ( Stream of
ÿ>Va_” 34
Cernsciousriess) 7. ÔsQ[ ÿ>Va_, 8. ®ø›>V·Ï ÿ>Va_
27
\´∏oÚÕm \VÆ√‚|©AmÁ\ÁBfl ƒVÏÕ]Ú›>_ ®[√m ÂT™›][
“\´∏oÚÕm
ÿ√Vm©ÿ√VÚ^. gl–D ÂT™D ∂_Èm AmÁ\ ®[√m \´Á√ xu§KD
W´VÔˆ¬ÔVm, √Á¶©√Vπ >™m >M›]≈[ JÈD \´∏uzD EÈA]B ÌÆÔÁ·©
Az›mk>[ JÈxD AmÁ\ÁBfl ÿƒFBÈVD ®[√Á> Ω.®¸.÷oB‚ ®[–D
ÂT™kV>¬ ÔsQÏ s\σÔÏ >™m \´AD >M›]≈–D ( Tradition and individual
Talent) Ô‚|Á´l_ sˆ›mÁ´›m^·VÏ
sˆ›mÁ´›m^·VÏ” 37. ÷m©√u§ E.\˺B ŒÚ º√‚ΩlKD
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
√ÁwB
“√ÁwB g‚Ô”¬z ÂVD ®_ºÈVÚD Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD.
ƒ∫Ô¬ÔsQÏÔ”¬z, Ôo›ÿ>VÁÔ, EÈ©√]ÔV´D, √‚Ω™©√VÁÈ ∂ÔÂV˚Æ,
A≈ÂV˚Æ ®ø]BkÏÔ”¬zD ÂVD Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD.....( Tradition and
individual Talent) ®[≈ Ô‚|Á´ ®∫Ô”¬z© √V¶\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ∂]Úi¶kƒ\VÔ
∂]_ \´Á√ xøkm\VÔ ∂§Õm ÿÔVı¶V_>V[ ¿ ®Á> *≈ ºkı|D ®[√m
ÿ>ˆ•D. ¿ \´Á√› ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^·V>kÁ´ ¿ AmÁ\ÁB© √Á¶¬Ô xΩBVm.
ÿÔV^·ºkı|D” 3 ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD
gÁÔBV_ ¿ √ÁwB s≠B∫ÔÁ·› ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^·ºkı|D
Ôı|ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ. ®oB‚Ω[ \´AD >M›]≈–D ºÔV‚√V‚Á¶ Ák›m›
>V[ >VD ®ø]B>VÔ°D ∂m>[Á™ tÔ°D √V]›>m ®™°D Œ›m¬ÿÔV^˛[≈VÏ.
28
BV©A±_ÔÁ·•D cÁ´Ô”¶[ √Ω›º>[. ∂>[sÁ·kVÔ¬ ∏≈Õ>m
ÿ\Z™V”40 ®™› ÿ>V¶ÏÁÔl_
ÿ\Z™V
29
√wD ÷Ȭ˛B kˆÔ^ ®[≈ ∂Á¶BV·›Á>› >¬ÔÁk›m¬ ÿÔVı|
“√wD
∂Á>\Vu§ ÷[Á≈B ƒJÔ›][ ¶©AÔÁ·¬ ˛ı¶ºÈV| s\ÏflE¬zD
ÿ√VÚπ_ ÁÔBV^˛≈VÏ. ∂m ÿkÆD ˛ı¶_ ÷_ÁÈ. ƒJÔ s\σ™xD
ÿ√V]Õ>m
ÿ√V]Õ>m” 42 ®™˛≈VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ºƒV>Á™ xBuEÔ^ ÷[Á≈B ÷·D
kVƒÔÏÔ”¬ºÔV, ÷·∫ÔsQÏÔ”¬ºÔV E. \ËÁB© √u§ ∂kˆ[ ƒV>Á™Ô^ √u§›
ÿ>ˆ•\V ®™ ÿk∫Ô‚ ƒVtÂV>[ A]B√VÏÁkl_ g>∫Ô©√|˛≈Vº´ ∂m√u§ E. \Ë
®[™ WÁ™¬˛≈VÏ ®[≈ ºÔ^s E∏fl ÿƒ_k™V_ ®ø©√√‚¶º√Vm,
“E.\Ë
E.\Ë ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ºÂ´ΩBVÔ© √Ω¬ÔV\_ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_
E.\Ël[ √V]©A ∂kÏÔπ¶D ÷Ú¬zD. ®©√Ω ®[≈V_ E.\ËÁB© √Ω›ms‚|
∂Õ>© √V]©∏_ ®ø]Bkˆ[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·© √Ω©√>[ JÈ\VÔ,
∂Á>©√Ω›ms‚| ®øm˛≈kÏ ®[Æ ƒ∫˛o›ÿ>V¶´VÔ Â¶¬zD ÷m. E.\Ë
√V]©∏_ÈV\_ ®ømk>VÔ WÁ™©√kÏ ∂©m_´z\V[ ∂_Èm >tw[√[
√V]©∏_®ø>ÈVD. >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ŒÚÁ\_Ô_ ´ÔD ®[Æ ®ø›ms_ ŒÚ
>ÁÈB∫ÔD kÕ>m. Eu∏•D ÂV–D {º´ kB]™Ï. ÷´ı| \V>D s›]BVƒD
´ÔD kÕ>∏≈z ∂>[ √V]©∏_ ®ø>kÕ>>VÔ Eu∏ sÚm swV º\Á¶l_ Eu∏
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ” 43 ®™ E. \Ël[ >V¬ÔD ®–D ƒ∫˛o›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D,
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ
>tw[√–D ´ԛ][ √V]©√V_>V[ ®ø> kÕ>>VÔfl Eu∏l[ kV¬zJÈ›Á>•D
∑‚Ωflÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ®ø›][ >V¬ÔD kV™D√VΩÔ^ kÁ´¬z\VÔ›
ÿ>V¶Ïk>Á™ ÷™D ÔVÈVD.
30
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈Õ> g”Á\ gkVÏ. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ >ta[ ÂT™›mkD ®[≈ ∂kÏ
±_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©At¬Ô Œ[≈VzD.
>tμflÛwo_ \VϬEB
“>tμflÛwo_ ÷Ȭ˛B¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ∂§xÔ©√|›]B
∂§QÏ ÂV. kV™\VÁÈ ÿ>V¶∫˛fl ƒ*√›]_ ÷m z§›mŒÚsˆkV™ √V¶±ÁÈ
®ø]•^· ºÔV. ºÔƒk[ kÁ´ ŸÔV¬Áƒ© ∏[√u§ ÷Ȭ˛B›]_
ÂT™›mk›Á> ®]Ï›m kÕm^·m z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ºƒVÔ{È∫Ô^ ®™°D,
ÂD∏¬ÁÔ k≈‚E ®™°D, >M\M>© AÈD√_Ô^ ®™°D ÷Ák xu≈VÔ©
A≈¬Ôˬԩ√‚| kÕm^·™. >s´°D \VϬEB ºÂV¬z ÷Ȭ˛B s\σ™D
®[√m ÷Ȭ˛B©√Á¶©AÔπ_ ÿ√V]Õm ˛¶¬zD ÔÚ›]Bu ƒVÏÁ√
ÿkπ©√|›mkm>V[ ®[˛≈ ÔÚ›º> ÷∫z √V´V”\[≈© ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\
º√∑˛≈ ÷.®D. ®¸.ÂDØ]ˆ √V| x>_ √ıÁ¶B› >tμ ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ[
ƒJÔºkÏÔÁ· ∂Á¶BV·D ÔV‚|k]_ x¬˛B ƒV>Á™Ô^ √ÈAˆÕm^· º>VwÏ
ºÔƒk[ kÁ´ ª¶VΩ Wu˛[≈m. kΩkD z§›m sfiQV™ØÏk\V™ \VϬEB
ÿƒFB©√¶s_ÁÈ” 45
∂bÔ_ xÁ≈ ÷[–D xøÁ\BVÔ› >ta_ ∂§xÔD ÿƒFB©√¶s_ÁÈ
®™ \VϬ¸ s·¬zkVÏ.
31
“>tμÂV‚Ω_
>tμÂV‚Ω_ xuº√V¬zkV> s\σÏÔ^ ºÔV‚√V‚| Z]BVÔ ∂w˛B_
º>V[Æ˛≈m” 46
z§›m º√V]B ∂·° ÷[–D g´VFÕm ®ø>s_ÁÈ ®[º≈ º>V[Æ˛≈m
®[√Ï Ô. ÁÔÈVƒ√]•D. √V´]√V‚Ω_
“√V´]√V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕ> ŒÚÁ\ ( integration )
\ˬÿÔVΩ¬ÔV´ÏÔ·V_ ŒÚÁ\fl EÁ>kVÔ© º√V™m ®[Æ Ô™Ô ƒ√V√]
z§©∏|kÁ> ºÂV¬˛™V_ ÷kÏÔ”¬zfl EÁ>°¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ÷ÚÕ>>VÔ \‚|º\
®ıºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m. √V´]¬z©∏≈z \M>› ÿ>Vz©∏oÚÕm >M\M>ÏÔ^
EÁ>°WÁÈ” 47 .
s|√‚|W[≈VÏÔ^. ÷mºk EÁ>°WÁÈ
32
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ Amÿ\Va ∂Á\©∏_ A]B ∂Ï›>∫Ô∫Ô^ ®©√Ωfl
ƒV›]B©√¶ÈV˛[≈™ ®[√>uz ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ E. \Ël[ ÔsÁ> Œ[§uz ª¶VÔ
®|›mÁ´©√VÏ Â. x›mƒVt.
ì “\u≈
\u≈ ºÂ´D ¶¬zD º√VmD WuzDº√Vm ÷Õ>¬ÁÔÔ^ ÿkÆÕº>V^
xÁ™› ÿ>V∫Ô_, >V∫ÔV> cÆ›>_ kΩk› ÿ>V_ÁÈ ®[º≈[. ÁÔÁB¬
ÔVÈV¬ÿÔ[≈V[. ÁÔÁB¬ ÔVÈV¬zkÿ>[≈V_ tÚÔ\VÔ \V§s|k>V? ÔV_Ô^
g>V´\VÔ ÷Ú©√Á>© º√VȬ ÁÔÔÁ·•D g>V´\V¬zkm. ÔsÁ> BV©Á√
s‚¶°¶º™ºB ÔsQ–¬z© A]B ∏´¬ÁQ ]≈Õm ÿÔVı|s‚¶m. ®[Æ
ÿ>V¶ÏkVÏ” 50 .
º>V[Æ˛≈m. ∂m>V[ cıÁ\ ®™› ÿ>V¶ÏkVÏ
33
ŒÚkaBVÔ ∞uÆ ∂>™V_ ®[™ √B[ ®™ ∂>[*>V™ ºÔ^sÔÁ·•D ®ø©A˛[≈VÏ.
~º´V| >tw[√[.
34
ÂÔÏ©A≈\›]B >´ kϬԛÁ>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ √B[√|›]B ÿ\Va ÿ√Vm
kw¬˛oÚÕm ÿƒDÁ\© √|›>√‚¶m. tÔflEÈÁ´› >s´ \u≈kÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>¬Ô·D
√ı√V‚| ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô·u≈m ®™¬ z§©∏|D ∑z\V´[ ®ø›]_ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈ {º´ ÿ√ı
ÔsQ´V™ ÷´V. *™V‚EÁB© √u§¬ z§©∏|D º√Vm ÷ÀkVº≈ ÷[Á≈B ÿ√ıËB¬
ÔsQÏÔπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÷´V. *™V‚El[ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ºkÆ√|kÁ>fl ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ.
kVÁwBΩ kVÁwBVF ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÚD ÔsÁ> \´∏uz ª¶VÔ ®ø›][ >V¬ÔD ∞º>–D
ŒÚkÁÔl_ √V]¬Ô¬ÌΩB Œ[≈VÔºk ∂m ∂kÏÔ”¬z ª¶VÔ°D ÿ>V¶ÏÕ]¶ÈVzD.
®[√m \Æ¬Ô xΩBV cıÁ\ºB gzD. ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ ®ø›m¬ÔsQÏ √∑kFBVs[
xw¬Ô∫Ô^ ∂ku§oÚÕm ∂≈ºk ºkÆ√‚| ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√>Á™¬ ÔVıº√VD.
“{FÕº>[
{FÕº>[ / ®™ \˛wVº> / c≈¬Ô\_È ]BV™D / ∏[kV∫Ô_ ∂_È
√m∫Ô_ / ®™m TÁl[ *‚¶o_ / ˇμ©√¶¬ ÔV›m¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™ / c™¬z
ÂÁ´ºBuÆD ÔVÈ∫Ô^ / ®™m ÿÔVΩ √≈¬˛≈m / ∂ΩkV™›m¬z ∂©√V_ ÷m
ƒkV_” 54
√∑kFBVs[ ƒkV_
35
zÆ˛B k‚¶›]uz^ EÁ≈©√|›]BÁk.... ®ø›m ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ tÔ x¬˛B √Ë,
∂Ák √V´]>Vƒ[ ÔVÈ›]oÚÕm ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l[ º>¬Ô›Á>
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ” 56 .
cÁ¶›>m>V[ ®™ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ
÷>μ \´A ®[√>M[ÆD ÷B¬Ô \´A ®[√m ºkÆ √‚¶ Œ[º≈BVzD. ∂Õ>
kÁÔl_ \ˬÿÔVΩ \´A ®ø›m ÷>μ \´A ®[√ku§oÚÕmD kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô
\´A ®[√m ºkÆ√‚¶>V˛[≈m. ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ÷>a_ >ta_ EÆÔÁ>l[ ƒV>Á™›
ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ \ˬÿÔVΩ•D, ÷ÀkVº≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>fl ƒV>Á™› ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ ®ø›m
÷>øD ∂Á\Õ>™ g™V_ kV™D √VΩ ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ∂´El_ √VÏÁkl_
÷ÁÕº>VÏ ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬Ô\VÔ s·∫˛Bm.
36
>tμÂV‚Ω_ ÷Õ> ±u≈Vı| ÿ>V¶∫˛ ∏´V\Ï ∂_ÈV>VÏ º√V´V‚¶D
“>tμÂV‚Ω_
ÌÏÁ\©√‚|©º√V™m. ∏´V\Ï ÷B¬ÔD ®mkVÔ ÷Ú©∏–D ∂>uz ºk·V·Ï
\´A ƒVÏÕ> , >tμ ÔÈVflƒV´ \´A ƒVÏÕ> ÷B¬ÔD Œ[Æ ®]ÏsÁ™BVÔ›
º>V[§ºB yÚD ®[≈ WÁÈ ∞u√‚¶m. Am¬ÔsÁ> ∏´V\Ï ÷B¬Ô\VÔ
÷ÚÕ>mD, ∂>[ ®πÁ\Bu≈ º√V¬zD (®ø›m , ƒVÏÕ> ÔsÁ>Ô^ √È AˆBVÁ\
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>mD) ƒJÔfl ƒVÏ√u≈ º√V¬zD, ®ø›m¬z ®]´V™ Am¬ÔsÁ>
\´A Œ[Æ cÚkVÔ ºkıΩB ƒJÔ WÏ√Õ>›Á> ∂π›>™
∂π›>™” 58 ®[√Ï Ô. Ø´fl
ƒÕ]´[.
37
\V]ˆ
\V]ˆ” ÷Á¶B≈V> skV>∫Ô”D ∂–√k∫Ô”D ÿ>V¶´ÈVl™
ÿ>V¶´ÈVl™” 61 ÷›>ÁÔB
∏[™ËÔπºÈºB kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ º>Vu≈D cÚ©ÿ√u≈m. ì
kƒÕ>›][
“kƒÕ>›][ ÷Ωxw¬ÔD ®™ ÷Õ>©º√V¬z kÏˬԩ√‚¶m. >twÔ›]_
÷>[ ∂ÁÈ ®øÕ> ÔVÈfl Ûw_ kV™D√VΩÔÁ·© √V]›>m. Eu∏,
∂¬M©A›]´[, º\›>V, Ô∫ÁÔ g˛BkÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷©√Ωfl
ÿƒV_k>uÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ¬ƒÁÈ‚ ÷B¬Ô›][
xΩ•D” 62 ®™ ÷m
º>Vu≈¬Ô·D ®™› >twÔ›]_ ºÔVÁkÁB› >V[ z§©∏¶ xΩ•D
√u§B QVMl[ √]°D ÷>Á™ºB ko•Æ›> k_È>VzD. ÷ÁkBV°D
kV™D√VΩl[ c>B›]uz¬ ÔV´\V™ ƒJÔ©∏[™M ®[≈V_ ÷M ÷›m¶[ ÔsÁ>©
º√V¬zÔπ[ ∏[™ËlKD ÷m√u§¬ÔV ºkıΩ•^·m ∂ÀkVÆ
∂bÔ›>ÁÈ©√|ÁÔl_ AÈ™Vkm ∂¬ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ WÈsB
“ÂV_kÁÔ¬
ÂV_kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zÔ^ ®[√º> 1. >tμ©AÈÁ\ \´∏[
√V´D√ˆB \´A¬ÔsÁ>© º√V¬z 2. √V´] , √V´]>Vƒ[ ka©√‚¶ \Æ\ÈÏflE¬
ÔsÁ>©º√V¬z 3. ®ø›m Ôƒ>√¶≈ ÷>μÔ^ kVlÈVÔ ∞u√‚¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>©
º√V¬zÔ^ 4. ÂV‚¶VÏ ÔÁÈ \´∏[ ka©√‚¶ ƒÕ>¬ÔsÁ>©º√V¬z
g˛BÁkºB” 63 . ÷Õ ÂV_kÁÔ© º√V¬zÔπ[ x´ËB¬Ô›]_ √V´] kalÈV™
g˛BÁkºB
kƒ™ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD, ®ø›m kalÈV™ Am¬ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD ys´\VF ÷B∫˛™.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >V¬z>K¬z ®]Ï sÁBVÔ© ∏≈z ÿƒBu√‚¶ kƒ™
ÔsÁ>©º√V¬zÔπKD ÷Ȭ˛B ÷ƒ∫Ôπ_ ∂uA> ÂsuE(Romantism)© º√V¬˛KD
Ák›º> kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô \´∏Á™ ÷™∫ÔV©Azkm ∞uAÁ¶B>VzD.
38
√VÁÈ WÈk–D x_ÁÈ, g>k–D ŒÚ ∏´Ô¶™›Á> ÿkπl‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï ÷ÚkÚº\
ÿkπX‚|© ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∞u§ÚÕ>™Ï ÷´ı¶Vkm ÷>ø¶[ ÔVk_ mÁ≈l[
>ÁÈX‚Ωuz©∏≈z x_ÁÈ g>k[ ÿkπºB§s‚¶VÏ.
®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
“®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D Œº´ >·›]_ WÆ›]flƒ\©√|›]s¶ xΩBVm.
∂mº√VÈ BVÿ>V[Á≈•D ÷ÔμÕm s¶°D xΩBVm. ŒÀÿkV[ƬzD
40
ŒÚsÁÈ , \]©A , ÷Ú¬˛≈m ÷ku§_ Ôs›mk© ÿ√V§ ÷Ú¬Ô¬ Ì|D
ÿ√ÚD √z] ÷Ák ÿƒF] ÿƒV_oÔ^, AÔμ√VΩÔ^, Œ©√VˆÔ^, gºkƒ∫Ô^
÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂È∫ÔV´›º>V| g›]´›º>V|Ô›mD
Ô>ÆD,ÔıßÏs|D ÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √B[√V‚Á¶, º>ÁkÁB ÂVD
A≈¬ÔË›m s¶ xΩBVm. ÷kuÁ≈¬Ôˆ ∂_Èm WȬԈ \V]ˆ ®[Æ Ì§™V_,
÷kuÁ≈ ÂVD ÷ÔμÕm ÌÆk>VÔ© ÿ√VÚ^√|›]s¶ xΩBVm
xΩBVm” 67
“√_ºkÆ
√_ºkÆ ƒJÔ á ∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÿƒB_√¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛B Ûwo_
º√fl∑, ®ø›m¬Ôπ[ Ìk_ √ıAD, ®]ÏÔVÈD √u§B Ôu√Á™
®]Ï√VÏ©AÔ”D ÿ√Ú˛™. ÷©∏[™Ël_ ÔsÁ>©√Á¶©√VπÔπ¶xD
Ìk_√ıA ÷¶D ÿ√≈ÈVluÆ. ∂›º>V| ®]ÏÔVÈ Âuƒx>VBD √u§B
ÿÔV^ÁÔ© AÁ™°Ô”D cÚkVl™. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿÔV^ÁÔ© AÁ™° ÿƒFk>[
JÈD k´ ÷Ú©√m √u§B Ôu√Á™BV™ \˛μflE ∞u√|˛≈m. ÔsQ–¬zD
\¬Ô”¬zD ÷Ú¬˛≈ ºk‚ÁÔÔ^ √u§B sÚ©√ WÁ≈° ( wish fulfilment )
÷›ÁÔB ®ø›m¬Ô^ JÈD ˛Á¶¬˛≈m ƒJÔ¬ zÁ≈√V|Ô^ ÷Ú¬zD kÁ´
÷›>ÁÔB º√V¬z ®¬ÔVÈ›]KD ∞>Vkm ŒÚ kΩk›]_ ÿkπ©√‚º¶ yÚD.
z§©√VÔ ∂´EB_ ÿƒB_√V‚| sa©AÏ° ÔÈÕ> WÁÈl_ Ìk_ ÿ>VM
÷Ú¬zD”68 ®™ ÷>[ ºkÏ JÈ∫ÔÁ· ∂ÔμÕm ÷™D ÔV‚|kVÏ.
tzÕº> ÷Ú¬zD
41
kV™D√VΩ¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ kw¬z© º√flºƒVÁƒ•¶–D ÂV‚¶VÏ kø¬z© √V¶u √V∫z¶–D
∂Á\Õm ºÔ‚¶K¬z x¬˛B› mkD ÿÔV|©√™kVF ∂Á\Õ>™. ∂´EB_ xw¬Ô∫ÔÁ·
xw∫zD º\Á¶› º>V´Ál[ Ìk_ √V∫zD Ì|>ÈVÔ kV™D√VΩÔπ¶D
ÿkπ©√¶ÈVluÆ. Œº´ ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ ÿkπ©√‚¶ Ûwo_ ƒV´VDƒ›]_ >DtÁ¶ºB
x´ı√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ®ø›][ \´∏_ ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> Ôƒ¶>√≈°D kV™D√VΩÔ”D ŒÚkÏ \u≈
kÁ´ s\ÏE›m ÷B∫zk´Vl™Ï.
“ÿ√VmkVÔ
ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷¬ÔsQÏÔ^ (Ôƒ¶>√≈ zÚs™Ï) ÿƒF•^ BV©Á√, ∂Á>
ko•Æ›>D AÈkÏÔÁ· ∂kÏÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> ÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂ÀsB¬Ô›][
>ÁÈkÏÔÁ· ÂÁ¶ xÁ≈ÔÁ· s\ÏE©√>[ JÈD >\m √ÁwÁ\
\Æ©Á√¬ÔV‚|˛[≈™Ï. Ôƒ¶>√≈ ÔsQÏÔπ_ ÷Õ> c^·¶¬Ô›Á>
∂]Ô\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶kÏÔ^ QV™¬Ì›>[ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
÷m√u§ºB” 70
÷À°^·¶¬Ô›Á>¬ ÔVÈVD ®™ ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ z§©∏|kmD ÷m√u§ºB
42
º√E©∏Áw¬zD á ÿÔ|¬zD \M>ˆ[ ºÔoflE›]´D ( Caricature )
쓺√E©∏Áw¬zD
∂>[ kΩk z›]uºÔu≈ ƒV´VDƒ¬ºÔV|Ô^ ( essential strores) ∂ø›>D,
ÿ>π°¶[ cÚkV˛≈m. ÷Õ>©√V›]´›][ zVD ƒ∫ÔÁ· ( Charaterstics )
kÏˬ˛≈ B>VÏ›>›]ºÈºB {Ï ∂√›>¬ zÆÔo_ ( absured reduction ) E¬˛
s|˛≈VÏ. ∂m>V[ ∂kÚÁ¶B JÏ›] á kw¬Ô\VÔ› ÿ>Bk∫ÔÁ·
\M>ÏÔÁ·© √V|˛≈ ʈBvV™ BV©A kΩkD >V[ sÚ›>D ∂wÔVÔ
kø¬˛¬ÿÔVıº¶V|˛≈m kˆ J[Æ ®ıÊÏ TÚ›>∫Ô^ x>ÈVkÁ> ∂|›m
AÁÔR] ´l_kıΩ ®øDØÏ ¿∫zD º√flƒV·Ï \™]_ ÁÔÿBVoÔ^ ºÔ‚zD,
ÔsÁ> ŒÚ z‚Ω ÂÁÔfl ∑Ák ÂV¶ÔD ®[Æ ∂ÚÁ\BVÔfl E›]ˆ©√VÏ
g_√Ï‚”71 ].x.Ô. º\Á¶©º√flÁƒ¬ ˛ı¶ÈΩ›m QV™¬ Ì›>[ ®ø]B ÔVÈkøÁ\]
g_√Ï‚
ÔsÁ> ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ tÔ°D AÔμ ÿ√u≈m.
44
\´∏[ ∏[AÈ\VÔ© √VÏ›>_ >zD ƒJÔ©√Ω WÁÈl_ ÷Á¶WÁÈfl ƒV]Ô·VÔ
s·∫˛BkˆÔ^ ÿ√ÆD\·s_ √∫z ÿÔVı¶ ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD
s·∫˛BÁ>•D ÂVD \≈Õm s¶ÈVÔVm. ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô›][ ∂ΩWÁÈ›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔ·VÔ°D ̶ ÷kÏÔ”D >Vμ›>©√‚¶kÏÔ”º\ s·∫˛™Ï
s·∫˛™Ï” 74 ®™
∂.\VϬ¸ ®|›mÁ´©√m ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm. ÷∫ºÔ ÿ\VaÁB ƒ™ÂVBÔ©√|›m>_
®[˛≈ ∂Ï›>›]_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô©√∫Ôπ©A x¬˛B›mkD ÿ√Æk>V˛[≈m.
“Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> kΩÁk¬ ÔkÏflEBV™>V¬˛©√´ÈkVÔ ∞uƬ ÿÔV^·
Ák›>m ∂§°^· \¬Ô”¬z º\Á¶loÚÕm √V|km º√V_ ŒÚkÁÔ¬ ÔVsB
∂È∫ÔV´ ÂÁ¶l_, ºÔ‚¶°¶[ AˆÕm ÿÔV^·°D E¬Ô°D ®ø]™VÏÔ^ ®™
√u§ºBBVzD” 75 .
®¸ á g_√Ï‚ z§©∏|kmD ÷m √u§ºBBVzD
45
“ÂV[ \ıË_ ºkº´VΩ / \VWÈ›]_ ÔV_√]›m / T∑D AB_ ÔVuÁ≈ / TøD
kÁ´¬zD W[ÿ≈]Ï©º√[ / W[ÿ≈]Ï›> xΩsM_ ÂV[ / WÈ›]_ søÕms‚¶V_ / ®[
Ô[ÿ≈]ϬzD Ô[ÆÁ¶B / Ô[ÿ≈]ϬzD” ®™›ÿ>V¶ÚD º\›>Vs[ xw¬Ô¬ÔsÁ>
÷>[ ®]ÿ´Vo ®ÀkVÆ s·∫˛uÆ ®™ QVM ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ.
46
√V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ √V´D√ˆB› ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVF ∂|›>Ô‚¶›]uz© √VFflƒÈV˛©
√ˆt›>º> kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´A. ƒJÔ ¿]l[ z´_Ô·VF ®]ÿ´Vo›mD
ƒ\>Ï\›Á> ∂kVs Wu√º> ÷>[ ƒV´VDƒD gzD. ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ J¬ÌÆÔ^
z§›m º´Õ]´ º\VÔ[ ÂT™ ÷Õ] ÷Ȭ˛B›]_ ÷Õ]B ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ á \Æ©AD
®]Ï©AD ®–D gFsoÚÕm m.ÊMflƒVt ®|›mÁ´©√™ ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ô™kVD.
√V´],
“√V´], √V´]>VƒÁ™ s¶°D ƒ\>Ú\ \M> ºÂB›m¶[
tz]BVÔ©√VΩlÚ©√kÏÔ^ z§©∏‚¶›>¬Ô Am¬ÔsÁ>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔº· ÷Õ>
¤™ÂVBÔ›]_ kÏ¬Ô x´ı√V|Ô^ ys´©√‚¶mD xuº√V¬z ÷Ȭ˛B›Á>
k·Ï¬Ô z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ^ x[ kÕ>mD ÷>uzˆB
ƒx>VB©∏[™M kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz]¬z QVM ®ø]B x[–Á´ ÷Á>› ÿ>π°©√|›m˛≈m. kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬ÔD >tμ¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒ\>Ú\©√VÁ> kz›>m ®[Æ ÌÆkm
tÁÔB_È
tÁÔB_È” 79 ®[√Ï.
47
®™fl∑‚|D √VÈV ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ >V\Á´, ÷>Áw ÿ>VÁÈ ºÂV¬z¶[ kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô›]uz¬Ô·\V¬˛B ].Ô. Ekƒ∫Ô´[ √∫˛Á™© √V´V‚|kVÏ º√flºƒVÁƒ¬ºÔu≈
ÿƒV_ÈV‚E, ŒoÂBD, ÿ>V¶Ï ∂Á\©A, √›] ∂|¬˛ k´_ ÷kuÁ≈ kV™D√VΩÔ^
ÁÔBVı¶ Û‚∑\›Á>•D E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√] ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ.
1. “∂ÁkºBVÁ´
∂ÁkºBVÁ´ x[ WÆ›]¬ Ôs¬z´_ ®øflE•Á¶BkÏÔ·VÔ
÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. 2. º√fl∑¬z ∞u≈√Ω ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ tz]©√|D ÿƒV_ÈV‚E•D,
3. º√flE[ ÷BuÁÔ¬z ∞u≈ ÷BuÁÔBV™ ŒoÂBxD EȈ¶D
ÔV©√|˛[≈™. º\KD 4. º√∑D cÁ´BV¶K¬zD º\Á¶© º√fl∑¬zD >¬Ô√Ω
ÿ>V¶Ï ∂Á\©Á√•D 5. √›] ∂|¬˛ k´ÁÈ•D ÷kÏÔ^ ÿÔVı|
kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^” 81 .
kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^
“1.
1. Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z© √´kÈV™ Ô·D ∞u√|›]Bm 2. Am¬ÔsÁ>l[
√V|ÿ√VÚÁ· sˆkV¬˛BmD ƒJÔflƒVÏA >Õ>mD 3. >tμ \ıËuºÔ cˆB
E›>VÕ> \´A ƒVÏÕ> \˛μ ºÂV¬ÁÔ ( optimism)-n ÷¶m ƒVˆ¬ÔÚ›m¬Ô”¬ºÔu√
\Vu§› >Õ>m 4. >tμ \´A ƒVÏÕ>ÿ>™ ÂVBÔ›>[Á\, ˛´VtB›>[Á\
ºÈVÔVB›>[Á\, >tμ›º>EB ®øflE ÷ku§uzfl ƒVÏ√VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>l_
W[≈m. ÷ku§uÔVÔºk ÷kÏÔÁ· ŒÚ >M ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ∞uÔxΩ•D
∞uÔxΩ•D” 82 .
48
“ÿ√VFÁ\loÚÕm
ÿ√VFÁ\loÚÕm ƒ›]B›]uzD ÷Ú‚ΩoÚÕm ÿkπflƒ›]uzD
\´›]oÚÕm W›]B›]uz\VÔ© A]B WÏ\V›]uÿÔ™© A≈©√‚¶>VF
∏´Ô¶™© √|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ®Õ>©A^πl_ EÁ>Õ>m?
Ì‚|≈°¶[ ÿƒB_√|k>[ kVlÈVÔV›>V[ >tμ ÷Ȭ˛B›Á>fl ƒÏkº>ƒ
÷Ȭ˛B›]uz cBÏ›>¬ÌΩB ∏[™ËÔÁ· cÚkV¬Ô xΩ•D ®[Æ
∂§s›>kÏÔ^ ∂>uÔV™ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ®Õ> ∂·° ª[§ W[≈™Ï?
÷›>ÁÔB ºÔ^sÔ^ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ∏·suz© ∏[ ®wÈVl™ ®©√Ω
kV™D√VΩÔ^ cÚkV™Ï ®>™V_ ∂kÏÔ^ cÁ¶Õm E>§™Ï ? ∂kÏÔ^
∏≈©∏[ ´ÔEBD cÏÕ>kÏÔ^ ŒÚ EȺ´–D ∂kˆÁ¶ºB ÷_ÁÈBV? ÷Õ]B
k´ÈVÆ ÷Õ]B™V_ ®ø>©√¶ ºkıΩBÁ>© º√V[º≈ kV™D√VΩÔ^ k´ÈVÆ
kV™D√VΩÔ·VºÈºB ®ø>©√¶ ºkı¶V\V? ÷©√Ω ∂kÏÔ^ ®ø]™V_
∂kÏÔπ[ zÁ≈ WÁ≈Ô^ ∂kÏÔ”¬ºÔ AÈ™VÔV>V ∂›>ÁÔB kV™D√VΩÔ^
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂kÏÔº· ®ø> ko•Æ›] ∏´√fiƒD ®[≈ ∞‚Ω_ ®ø]™VÏ
®ø]™VÏ” 84
].ºÔVsÕ>[, ÷>uz©√]ÈVÔ,
“g´D√
g´D√ x>ºÈ ÔÚ›m x´ı√V|Ô^ ÷ÚÕm kÕº>•^·™. √V´]>Vƒ[
\´A kakÕ> >twVEˆBÏÔ^; √ÁwB \´A kΩkD Aπ›m© º√VFAm¬ÔsÁ>¬z
kÕ>kÏÔ^ ÷kÏÔ^ ÿ√VmkV™ kÈm ƒVˆ¬zxD \VϬEB›
49
>›mk∫ÔÁ·¬Ôu√]_ ∂¬ÔÁ≈l[Á\•D ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ ]´Vs¶ \´A ƒVÏÕ>
ƒV] ®]Ï©A º>FÕ> ÂV›]ÔD, >tμ©√uÆ, √‚Ω \[≈ ÔsB´∫Ô√VË
ÿƒV_ÈÈ∫ÔV´ ºÂÏ›]Ô^ ÷kuÁ≈ cÁ¶ºBVÏ. ÷¶m ƒVˆflƒVÏ∏™º´V
ÔsQÏÔ^ ®[√Á> s¶ x>[Á\BVÔfl EÕ>Á™BV·ÏÔ^ ∂m kÁ´ ÷ÚÕ>
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ƒVÏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ º√V>VÁ\ÁB cÏÕº> ÷ÀsB¬Ô›]_
√∫z ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÷Õ> ÷Ú\´∏™Ï¬ÔV™ >›mk© º√V´V‚¶º\ ∏[™Ï 1975
∂·s_ kV™D √VΩÔ^ ÷B¬Ô›Á> sˆƒK¬z^·V¬˛Bm. ®[√VÏ
Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[” 86 î
Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[
“ÔÚ›m
ÔÚ›m ºkÆ√V|Ô^ ÂV·Á¶s_ x´ı√V|Ô·VF xu§© ∏≈z
ÿkΩ›>™ ÷Á¶l_ BVÏBVº´V AzÕ>™Ï. ®_ÈVD ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. ÂV·Á¶s_
>sÏ¬Ô xΩBV\_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ÷´ı¶VÔ©∏·Õ>m. ŒÚ √¬ÔD kÈm
ƒVˆÔ^ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √¬ÔD ÷¶mƒVˆÔ^ ÂV·Á¶s_ ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B©
ÿ√Ú\[≈›]–^ ÔÈÕ>™Ï. ÷kÏÔ^ >V[ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ¬ ÔVÈ›][ º√Vm
÷Õ]´Vºk ÷Õ]BV ÿkπl‚¶™Ï” 87 .
÷Õ]BVºk ÷Õ]´V, ®[Æ ±_ ÿkπl‚¶™Ï
kV™D√VΩl[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVÈ›]_ ÿ√VÆ©º√u§ÚÕ> ∂¬˛MA›]´[ ÷Á¶l_
ÿ√VÆ©º√u§ÚÕ> ~º´V|>tw[√[ √]°Ô^ ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô› >¬ÔÁkBVzD.
“>VD
>VD ∞uƬÿÔVı¶ >›mkD >\m kVμs[ s\σ™\VÔ
\V§›>DÁ\ºB s\ÏE›> º√Vm >V∫˛¬ ÿÔV^· ÷BÈV>kÏÔ·Vl™Ï, >VD
∞uƬÿÔVı¶ E›>VÕ>D >DÁ\ º\KD ÷B¬ÔflƒVÏA^·kÏÔ·VÔ
50
\Vu§¬ÿÔVı| º√VkÁ> ∞uÔ ÷BÈV>kÏÔ·Vl™Ï. >VD ∞uƬ ÿÔVı¶
∂´EB_ ÔV´\VÔ ∂´E[ ∂¶¬zxÁ≈Ô^ ∂]Ôˆ›> WÁÈl_ >\m º√V¬ÁÔ
\Vu§¬ ÿÔV^· xΩ° ÿƒF>™Ï. ÷>uz ∞u√ºk Eu∏•D AsB´∑D ƒVÏÕ>
ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B© ÿ√Ú\[≈D ÂV‚Á¶ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁȬz ÂÔÏ›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>
ÛwK¬z g>´kVÔ ÷ÚÕ> WÁÈl_ kV™D√VΩÔπÁ¶ºB ∏ˆ° >sϬÔ
∂Á\Õ>m” 88
xΩBV>>VÔ ∂Á\Õ>m
ì “®∫Ôπ_
®∫Ôπ_ √ÈÚ¬z ÷B¬Ô›m¶[ ºÂ´Ω› ÿ>V¶ÏA ˛Á¶BVm. √ˆ°
cı| ÔsÁ>© ÿ√VÚıÁ\l_ √V´], √V´]>VƒM[ ¿‚EBVÔ ®∫Ô^√Á¶©AÔ^
÷ÚÕ>™... ®\Ïÿ¤[L ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›m¬z ŒÚ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ
kÕ>m. EÈÏ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈÁB g>ˆ›>VÏÔ^. g™V_ ÂV[, ÷[zÈV© QVM,
∂¬˛M A›]´[ º√V[º≈VÏ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈÁB ®]Ï›º>VD, ®]Ï›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
®ø]º™VD ®™ºk ∂Á™kÚº\ sƒV´Á¬z©√¬Ô›]_ ÷ÚÕº>VD. EÈÁ´¬
ÔVk_ WÁÈB›m¬z ∂Áw›m sƒVˆ©√m º√V[≈ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ^ ∞u√‚¶°¶[
º√V™VÏ” 89
kV™D√VΩÁBfl Eu∏ ÿ√V^·VflE¬z¬ ÿÔVı| º√V™VÏ
51
®[˛≈ gw\V™ Aˆ>_ ∂kÏÔ”¬z kVF›]Ú©√>™VºÈºB ÷m ∂kÏÔ”¬zfl ƒV›]B
\V™>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m.
52
ì“cÚk›]_ ∑Ú¬
∑Ú¬’ / cÏ›mD xÁ≈l_ ‘∑ZÏ
cÚk›]_ ‘∑Ú¬ ∑ZÏ
∑ZÏ’ á √VÏÁkl_ ‘√πfl
√πfl
√πfl’
á ÂÁ¶l_ ‘Âfl
Âfl ®™” 92 . tÁÔ ®πÁ\©√|›] s|˛[≈VÏ
Âfl’ á ÷m >V[ Á«¬Ì ®™
÷´V. º\VÔ[. ÷m Á«¬Ì°¬z© º√Vm\V™ Aˆ>ÈVÔ ÷_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ, ∂>[ ∏≈©A©
√u§ *´V ÌÆkm ÷∫ºÔ Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
“n©√VM_
n©√VM_ º>V[§Bm Á«¬Ì ÿ¤[ A›>\>¬ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁefl
ƒVÏÕ>kÏÔ^ >V[ Á«¬Ì ®ø]™VÏÔ^. ∂>–Á¶B >›mk›Á> \‚|D >V[
Á«¬Ì∏´]√o›>m z§©∏‚¶ >›mk›]uÔVÔºk º>V[§ z§©∏‚¶
>›mk¬ÔsQÏÔ^ \‚|º\ √VΩB ŒÚ ÔsÁ> kΩkD. ÷m cÈ˛_ ºkÆ ®∫zD
®[√VÏ” 94 ∂©m_ ´z\V[. “ÿ√·›>
÷_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ ÿ√·›> \¶VÈB∫Ôπ_ J›>m≈sÔ^
÷Á·B m≈s¬z© √luE ∂π¬zxÔ\VÔ gƒVM[ s™V ŒÚkˆ ʶM[
\Æÿ\Va ŒÚkˆ kΩk\VÔ¬ ºÔVÿB[ ( Koan) ºƒÏÕ> ®[–D ŒÚÁÔ ŒÁƒ
kΩkº\”95
( The sound of one hand) ÷]oÚÕm ∏≈Õ> J[Æ kˆ¬ ÔsÁ> kΩkº\
53
ضÔ\V™ \Á≈ z§©AÔÁ·›>sÏ c^”Ϻk cıÁ\BV™ Á«¬Ì. \Á≈
ÿ√VÚº·V, A›]ƒVo›>™º\V Á«¬Ì gÔVm ®™ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ÔsQÏ º¤D¸ ÿ«¬Ω[
Á«¬Ìs[ kal_ ÷ÚÕm ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ >tμÂV¶[. ÿ«¬ÿÔ‚ 10 s]ÔÁ·
x[Ák©√VÏ ∂]_ ÷Á>›>s´ ÷[ÿ™V[ÆD z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ‘∂mºk ¿’ ®[√>[
JÈD >[ Á«¬Ì°D >V–D ÷´ı¶≈ Œ[§ Wu≈ÁÈ© º√∑kV´kÏ ∂m ÿ¤[M[
÷MB ∂–√k∫Ôπ_ Œ[Æ\VzD. \VϬEBÏÔ^ EÈÏ kÕ> A]]_∂>[
c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô^ *m ∞u√‚¶ ®ˆflƒÈV_ Am¬ÔsÁ> kΩk›Á>ºB W´VÔˆ›>m º√VÈ
÷[zÈV©AD Á«¬ÌÁk ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô \Ƭ˛≈VÏ. ~w›]_ ÔVE g™Õ>–D ÷ÀkVº≈
\Æ>o›m s‚| ÂƬÿÔ[Æ Á>¬zD zÆD√V kΩkÿ\™ ‘ÂƬz’ ®[˛≈ ÿ√Bˆ_
>D z‚Ω¬ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· x[MÆ›m˛[≈™Ï. ÷[zÈV©º√V Á«¬ÌÁk ¤©√VMBÏ
∂_Èm ¤©√VMB ÿ\VaÁB Œ›> ÿ\VaBV©ÿ√™© ∏≈w cÏ˛[≈VÏ.
“cÈÔ©Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z
cÈÔ©Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z cÕm sÁƒ E¬ÔVºÔV ÔsÁ> ÷>μ ∂m ®¸´V
√°ı‚Ω[ ÿ√Ú ÂÔ´´l_ WÁÈBD Œ[§_ ®–D >ÁÈ©∏_ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>ÁB
54
ÿkπl‚¶m (1913 ∞©´_ ) ág∫˛È›]_ ÷mºk x>ÈVkm Á«¬Ì ®™ÈVD.
cÈÔ·° sƒVÈ©√‚¶ ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ_ √Ω\ ÷B¬ÔxD Œ[Æ á √Ω\¬
“cÈÔ·°
ºÔV‚√V‚Ω[ clÏ √Ω\D. √Ω\D Á«¬Ìs[ √ıA g>o[ √wD Á«¬Ì
√Ω\¬ÔV´ÏÔ”¬z sÁ> k∫˛ gluÆ ®™ Á«¬ÌsuzD √Ω\
>tμÂV¶[” 98
÷B¬Ô›]uz\V™ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD √u§ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ >tμÂV¶[
55
÷ÀkVÆ x[–Á´ kƒ™›Á>¬ Á«¬ÌkVÔ kΩk\Vu§ Á«¬Ì ®ø]B x>_
>twÏ ÿk∫Ô¶´\Ë ®™ ÂVD ÿÔ·´s¬ÔÈVD ®[˛≈VÏ >tμÂV¶[,√V´]BVˆ[ ÿ«V¬z
ºÔV·Vÿ≈™ \Æ>o›ms‚| ®™ºk Á«¬Ì¬ÔsÁ> ∂>[ cˆB kΩk›m¶º™ >ta_
\‚|\_È ÷Õ]B ÿ\VaÔπºÈºB x>[ x>_ ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ E.\˺B ®™ÈVD
1968 ÷_ ÂÁ¶x>_ ÷>a_ ¤©√VMB¬ Á«¬Ì¬ÔÁ· ∂kÏ ∂§xÔ©√|›]™VÏ 1970
÷_ EÕ>Ï ®[≈ ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω √V_ T]l_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ. Á«¬Ìsuzfl EÕ>Ï ®[Æ
ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω™Ï. ∂>uz¬z^·Ï ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^, EÕ>Ω ®–D >ta[ JkΩ BV©A
kΩk›Á>•D cÏ›mD kÁÔl_ ÂÁ¶ ÷>a_ E.\Ë•D, ®¸. Áky¸k´–D
Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ®ø]™Ï ®[≈ ].‹ÈVk]l[ ±_Ô^ Á«¬Ì ©√u§B™kVF
ÿkπBVl™. 1984 ÷_ x>_ >tμ Á«¬Ì ÿ>Vz©√VÔ ŒsB¬ÔsQÏ ∂x> √V´]l[
ì A^π©Ø¬Ô^î ÿkπBVluÆ ∂º> gıΩ[ ÷Æ]l_ ÂkD√Ï \V>›]ºÈºB
∂§°\]l[ A_o[ OMl_ √M›mπ•D 1985 ÷_ ~º´V| >tw[√M[
ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô”D ÿkπBVl™ 10.04.1988 ÷_ \ÁÈBÔ ÿkπX‚¶Ô ÿkπX¶VÔ¬
ÔıΩl_ ÷È∫ÁÔl_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ› >ta_ ÿkπkÚD Á«¬Ì kΩk¬ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz] ®™¬z§©∏‚| ∑. x´π>´M[ ‘ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒD’ ÿkπBV˛uÆ.
“ÌÁ¶ÁBfl
ÌÁ¶ÁBfl ƒ\Õm ÿƒ[≈VÏÔ^ / Ô™¬Ôfl ∑\Õm ÿƒ[≈VÏÔ^ c^º·
º>ƒD”101. √>flºƒV≈VÔ ∂]oÚÕm ŒÚ Á«¬Ì \‚|D º>V‚¶› ÿ>VaÈV·Ï
÷Õ>› º>ƒD
∑\Õm ÿƒ_KD ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒ›Á>ºB #¬˛ Ák›m s|˛[≈VÏ x´π>´[ 1991 ÷_
∑¤V>Vs[ Á«¬Ì ŒÚ A]B ∂§xÔD ÿkπBVluÆ ìÔsÁ>l[
˝DÿÈ[¸Á«¬Ì ®[√VÏ. ÂBD√¶ ∑¤V>V ÷Õ]BV|º¶ l_ ®m Á«¬Ì ®[≈
ºÔ^s¬z ∑¤V>Vs[ √]_ ì “J[Æ kˆ / ÷´ı| ÔV‚E / ŒÚ sB©A”î ∂|›ÿ>VÚ
ºÔ^s ì ‘Á«¬Ì k·Ú\V’?î®™ ∂>uz k·´Vm J[≈Ω >V[ ∂·° k·ÏÕ>V_
Á«¬Ì gÔVm ®[√º> ∂k´π›> √]_ g™V_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÷>Á™ ºkÆ
s>\VÔ ∂b˛ ÷›>ÁÔB ÷[ÿ™VÚ ºÔ^s¬z sÁ¶Bπ¬˛[≈VÏ
ì “{‚∑˜
{‚∑˜ ÂD cÏÁk ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ÿkπ©√|›> xBKD º√Vm ∂>uz
®›>Á™ ∂ÁƒÔ^ º>Ák©√|D ®[√Á> x[ Ì‚ΩºB ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^· xΩBVm
®[ÆD ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsQ–¬zD ŒÀÿkVÚ kÁÔ ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈ ÷Ú¬zD,
√ıA ÷Ú¬zD, ®™ºk kˆÔÁ·© √z©√m ∂k™m sÚ©√›]uz s¶©√¶
ºkı|D ®[ÆD ÌÆkVÏ. √Vº≠ˆ°D ̶ ÔsQ[ sÚDAD ÔsÁ>›>V¬ÔD
56
∂ÁƒÔπ[ ®ıˬÁÔl_ ÷_ÁÈ ®[√V[ Á«¬Ìs_ Amfl ÿƒF ÿ§
( New Trend School) N˛ ºÔVº¶V >ÁÈÁ\l_ ¤©√VMB ÿ\Val_ xÔD
ÔV‚ΩB º√Vm 3,7,5 ®[˛≈ ∂Áƒ ∂Á\©A J[Æ kˆÔπ_ ∂]Ï°Ô^
∞u√‚¶™. Á«¬Ìs_ kˆ ®_ÁÈ•D \V§Bm 5,5,3,5 ®[Æ ∂Áƒ
∂Á\©A¬ÿÔVı¶ ÂV[zkˆ Á«¬Ì ∂ÚD∏Bm. ÷ÀkΩk \VÆ>o_
Á«¬Ìs_ c‚ ÿ√V]° Á\B∫ÔπKD \Vu≈D WÔμÕ>m ®™›
ÿ>π°Æ›mkVÏ
ÿ>π°Æ›mkVÏ” 102 .
57
ÔÁ´ >‚ΩBm ŒÚ ÔÁ>l_ kÚD s|ÔÁ> º√VÈ / º\uz¬ ÔÁ´l_ ´›>\VF
ÂV–D ∂m
∂m” 103. Á«¬Ì¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›][ c^·ÏÕ> >›mkD ÿƒ[ ÿ√·›>D
∂mºk n©√VMB Á«¬Ì¬Ôπ[ JÈ>V´ ªuƬÔıÔ^ gzD. ÿ¤[ √u§B EÈ
√]°ÔÁ·¬ ÔVıº√VD.
“®™¬z
®™¬z ÂVº™, >MÁ\l_, ]≈ÕmÿÔV^k>uÔV™ ŒÚ ∑B›Á>fl ÿƒm¬Ô,
®™¬ÔV™ÿ>VÚ kVμÁk, ∏≈Ú¬zfl ÿƒVÕ>\_ÈV> Œ[Á≈, º>Ω¬ÿÔV^·
®ø›º> ®™¬ÔV™ kaBVlÚÕ>m. ®[Á™© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ ÿÈ·ˇÔ
÷Ú©∏oÚÕm ∂B_kVμ >[Á\ÿÔV^”D WÁȺB ®[Á™ ÿ¤[ \uÆD
ÔsÁ>ºÂV¬˛ ÿÔVı|fl ÿƒ[≈m. ÔsÁ> ®[Á™ ÿ¤[M¶D ∂Áw›mfl
58
ÿƒ[≈m. ÿ¤[ ®[Á™¬ ÔsÁ>l¶D ]Ú©∏› >Õ>m. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÿƒB_
kÁÔ•D á ÔsÁ> ÿ¤[ á ®[Á™ ®©º√VmD ∏§]_ ]Ú©∏› >Õ>kVÆ
÷ÚÕm^·m. ÷mkÁ´ ∂Ák ®[ kVμs[ kÈm ÷¶m ÔV_Ô·VÔ ÷ÚÕm
kÕm^·™” 105 .
kÕm^·™
“∂m
∂m ∂mkV˛ ÷Ú¬zD WÁÈl_, cÏ›mkmD cÏkmD Œ[≈V˛,
g[*ÔD ®[º≈V ´ƒÁ™ ®[º≈V kÁ´BÆ›m¬Ì≈ ÷BÈV> ∂–√kº\ Á«¬Ì
®[≈ ÔsÁ>. ÷Á> Zen WÁÈ ®[Æ ÌÆkVÏÔ^. y¬z^ s´ÁÈ Ák›>V_
cı¶VzD yı|D ÷[√D ÷m. ÷m cÚkÔD ÷_ÁÈ, ckÁ\•D ÷_ÁÈ.
÷m ºkÆ ®>–¶–D ÷ÁÕ>§•D ÔÚ›m ÷_ÁÈ. ÷m c^”Ïs[ JÈD
∞u√|D sa©A› >ÚD. Ê™ÿ\Val_ ‘ Satori’ ®[√VÏÔ^. ‘÷©ÿ√Vøm
÷©ÿ√Vøm ÷∫ºÔ
÷mºk
÷mºk’ ®[≈ \™©√V∫z ∂Ω\™›]_ A≈©√‚| ∂¬Ô™º\ kΩkD ÿÔV^”D
Á«¬Ì” 106.
c¶[ WÔμ°á5;7;5 ®[≈ kÁÔl_ 17 ÊÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m Á«¬Ì
“Á«¬Ìs[
Á«¬Ìs[ ÷ȬÔD tÔ ®πm Á«¬Ì ®[√m 17 ( Syllables )
Œo¬z§©AÔ^ cÁ¶B E§B ÔsÁ> √[M´ı¶Vkm Œo¬ z§©∏uz© ∏≈z
÷Ú¬zD ÔÚ›]_ ŒÚ ]Ú©√D ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬zD. ÷Á>flƒ‚ÿ¶[Æ AˆÕm
ÿÔV^k>uÔVÔ ÷Õ> Œo¬ z§©AÔÁ· J[Æ kˆÔ·VÔ ∂Á\›m¬
ÿÔV^kmı|, ∂>Vkm ÔÚ›m› ]Ú©√D ºÂÚD 13 km Œo¬z§©∏oÚÕm
J[≈Vkm kˆ x>_ ÷´ı| kˆÔ”¬zD ƒD√Õ>D ÷_ÈV> ŒÚ A]Ï º√V_
∂Á\¬Ô©√|D. A]ÏÔÁ· s|s¬Ô xBÈVº> ®[≈ ÿ¤[ E›>VÕ>›][
>V¬Ô›]™V_ ºÂÏÕ> ∂Á\©A ÷m. ÷mºk Á«¬Ìs[ ∂Á¶BV·\VÔ°D
59
, ∂º> ƒ\B›]_ x´ı√V|Ô”¬z¬ ÔV´\V•D gluÆ. ÿ¤[ ÿ√·›>D
∏uÔVÈ›]_ Z[¤VF, º¤V‚º¶V ®™ ÷Ú ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆÕ>m ÷]_ º¤V‚º¶,
]BV™D JÈD sa©AÏ° ÿ√≈ c>°km ˆ[¤VF ºÔ^sÔ^, A]ÏÔ^
JÈD sa©AÏ° ÿ√≈ kaÔV‚|km ˆ[¤VF ∏ˆ° k·ÏflE ∂Á¶Õ> º√Vm
®|›mÁ´©√VÏ” 107
Á«¬Ì √´kÈVÔ© AÔμ ÿ√u≈m ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ
60
xΩ°Ô^
61
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
3. T.H. Dak, ‘Social Frame work of Social Justice and Equalitarian idealogy’
Social Justice and Equality in India, Ess Ess Publications, New Delhi,
1987, pp.41-43
5. º\Èm., √. 4.
8. º\Èm., √.46.
62
15. ƒVt E>D√´D, >twÏ >ÁÈkÏ ÿ√ˆBVÏ, ~.ÿk.´V. kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ,
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ∏´flƒV´ WÆk™ ÿkπX|, g≈VD √]©A, ÿƒ[Á™,
1971, √.14.
63
29. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ, AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™›mkxD, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, √.84.
30. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, \VuÆ ÷>BD, ®ø›m© ∏´∑´D, ÿƒ[Á™, 1974, √.49.
38. E∏fl ÿƒ_k[, ºÂÏÔV_ E.\Ë, clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, º\ 2009,
√.84.
42. ÿk∫Ô‚ ƒVtÂV>[, ÷©√Ω ŒÚ√BD, clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ, ]ÚflE, º\,
2009, √¬.25á26.
64
46. Ô.ÁƒÈVƒ√], ÷Ȭ˛BxD ]≈™VF°D, WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬ «°¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
1981, √.147.
67. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 124, 125, 126.
66
√.282.
92. ÷´V. º\VÔ[, t[tM¬ÔsÁ>Ô^, ÷MB Á«¬Ì ÷>μ á17, …[, …ÁÈ
2004, √. 23.
67
√VÏk] A¬≠V©, ºƒÈD, 2001, √.57.
68
÷B_á2
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
ÿƒ_È©√V
“ÿƒ_È©√V x>oBkÏÔ·V_ ÷™D ÔVxΩBV> >tμ\´A
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ”¬z© √È A]B g¬Ô∫ÔÁ· sÁ·s›>m. \´A
®[√m ®mÁÔ, º\VÁ™, BV©A x>oB ŒÚ EÆ ÌÆÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ
÷Ú¬ÔxΩBVm. k^”kϬz^”D ÷·∫ºÔV°¬z^”D ÷B∫˛B
>ta[ ∂≈ c≈ cÏ° \´Á√› >DÔVÈfl Ûwo_ \VϬEB ÿ§l[
JÈD kV™D√VΩÔ^ >\¬z^ sˆ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï
ÿÔVı¶™Ï” 10 ®[√Ï.
>tμ √V´D√ˆB \´√§Õm ÿkπkÕ> kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ z§›mD x©ÿ√ÚD
>tμ\ıË[ ƒV´xD, √V´D√ˆB \´∏[
ÔsQÏÔ^ z§›mD ÿÔ·EÔ[, “>tμ\ıË[
ºkÏÔ”\u≈ ÔÚ›mÈÔfl EÕ>Á™ÁB kΩk Z]BVÔ ∞uƬÿÔVı¶ >tμ
÷Ȭ˛B cÈÔD c^·¶¬Ô Z]BVÔ ¿ı¶ #´ s›]BVƒ›]_ >^πºB
Ák›]ÚÕ>m. ∂>™V_>V[ 17 ÷>μÔ^ \‚|º\ ÿkπkÕ> kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬ÔD ÿ√u≈ \¬Ô^ ÿƒ_kV¬ÁÔ 119 ÷>μÔ^ ÿkπkÕ> ®ø›>V_
ÿ√≈xΩBs_ÁÈ” 11 ®[√Ï.
ÿ√≈xΩBs_ÁÈ
].∑.¶´Vƒ[ ∂kÏÔ^ >tμ ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ[ ÿ√VmÁ\©√u§•D,
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ kΩkWÁÈ©√u§•D ∏[kÚ\VÆ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ. “ƒ∫Ô
ƒ∫Ô
÷Ȭ˛BD, EÈDA, ]Ú¬z≈^, ÔD√´V\VBD ÷ÕÂV[zD
√È>ÁÈxÁ≈l™´VKD √È >´©∏™´VKD ∂]Ô\VÔ¬ ÔÚ›m
ºkÆ√VΩ[§© º√ˆÈ¬˛B∫Ô^ ®[Æ ∞uƬÿÔV^·©√|√Ák
÷ÕÂV[˛uzD ªΩÁwBVÔ ŒÚ ÿ√VmÁ\BV™ ÔÚ›mWÁÈ Á\B∫
ÿÔVı|^·m. ∂>Vkm ƒV] ƒ\Bfl ƒVÏ√u≈ ŒÚ ÿ√Vm \M>zÈ º\[Á\
( Secular and Universal Humanity) ∂>Á™ ∂ΩÿBVu§B >tμ÷™©
ÿ√ÚÁ\ ( Tamil Elkcs ) ®[√m Á\B\VÔ ∂_Èm ÿƒF] s|©√VÔ
( Message) ÷Ú¬˛≈m
÷Ú¬˛≈m” 12 ®[√Ï.
72
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ƒJÔ›]_ Ôıÿ¶|›> ƒ\>Ï\D ®[√Á>
\mÛ>™[ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ >\¬z^ ƒJÔD º>Ω
“kV™D√VΩ¬
÷Æ]l_ ƒ\>Ï\›]_ ÿkπ©√‚¶™Ï. ƒ\>Ï\D >V[ \M>M[ ∂Ω©√Á¶
∂≈\VÔ¬ Ôı¶™Ï. ƒ\›mkD ®[√m g] ∂≈D. ÷m ÷kÏÔ”¬z©
º√Vm\V™>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÷Õ> ∂≈›][ g”ÁÔÁB cÈÔ
∂·sKD >\¬z^”D Ôı¶™Ï
Ôı¶™Ï” 13 ®[√Ï. ÷ÀkV≈V™ >tμ \´∏[ g]
∂≈›Á> >™>V¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ·VÔºk x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ \´A z§›>
AˆÕmÏ°D ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. xÕÁ>B g] ∂≈›]Á™ºB √V´]
√V´]>Vƒ–¬z ª¶VÔ°D c^kV∫˛fl ÿƒˆ›>kÏÔ·VÔ ÿkπ©√|kº> ÷kÏÔπ[
\´√§Õm \´ÿ√]ϬzD √ΩBVÔ ÷kÏÔπ[ √Á¶©A¬Ô^ ªº¶ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m.
\´ÿ√[√m BV©A \´A \‚|\[Æ >ta[ c^·VÏÕ> g] ∂≈ \´ÿ√™¬
Ôıº¶VD. \´ÿ√[√m >tμ\´A \‚|Õ>V™V ®™ ∂|›> ºÔ^s ®ø˛[≈m.
>tø¬ÿÔ[Æ >Mfl E≈©√V™ \´A c^·m. ÷m >s´ ÷Õ]B ∂·s_ ŒÚ
ÿ√Vm\´A c^·m. ∂©A≈D cÈÔ·VsB \´ÿ√V[ÆD c^·m. x©ÿ√ÚD
ÔsQÏÔπ[ E≈©√DƒD ®[™ÿk[≈V_ ÷›>z xD\´AÔ”¬zD ªº¶
ª¶VΩ¬˛¶¬zD ∂kÏÔπ[ k_ÈÁ\ºB ®™ÈVD.
73
x©ÿ√ÚD Ôsfl EÔ´∫Ô^ ÔD√[, k^”k[, ÷·∫ºÔV g˛B JkÚD>V[.
√V´]l[ ÷Õ>› º>ÏsÁ™ ÷[ÆkÁ´ \Vu§•Á´©√VÏ BVÚt_ÁÈ.
75
∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ / ]œÿ´[Æ ®[ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[
÷ÚÕ>m” 17 ®[˛≈VÏ.
Ô\V>V[ ÷ÚÕ>m
77
zÁ≈Õ>m. >V\Á´ º√V[≈ ÷>μÔ^ Am¬ÔsÁ> ∏uº√V¬ÔV™m ®[≈
g´D∏›>™” 20
>∫Ô^ WÁÈ√V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕm \V§ ∂kuÁ≈ ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô g´D∏›>™
®[√Ï.
78
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ √V\´ \¬Ôπ[ ƒJÔ© ∏´flƒÁ™ÔÁ· ~|√V‚|¶[
>\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √Á¶›>™Ï ®™ ÿÔ·EÔ[ √]° ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. “√ıΩ>M[
√ıΩ>M[
ÿ\Val_ ÷ÚÕ> ÔsÁ>ÁB© √V\´M[ ÿ\Va¬z \Vu§™V[ √V´].
√V\´M[ ÿ\Val_ √]° ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÔsÁ>ÁB, √V\´º™ √]°
ÿƒF•D√Ω ƒJÔ›][ ˇμ sπDA kÁ´ ÔsÁ>ÁB ¤™ÂVBÔ©√|›]Bm
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô¬ÔsQÏÔ^ ∞≈¬zÁ≈B ®_ºÈVÚD
kVμs[ A]B kVƒ_Ô^ ]≈¬Ô ÂD∏¬ÁÔºBV| TÆÿÔVı|, g›\VÏ›>
®ø]™VÏÔ^” 22 ®[√Ï.
ƒJÔ ~|√V‚|¶[ ÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏÔ^
79
\≈Õms¶ÈVÔVm. ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô›][ ∂ΩWÁÈ›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔ·VÔ°D ̶ ÷kÏÔ”D >Vμ›>©√‚¶kÏÔ”º\ s·∫˛™Ï.
kV™D√VΩ \uÆD xuº√V¬z ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ[ \¬Ô^ ƒVÏA› >[Á\ÁB•D
Eu§>μÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> \´∏™Ï \¬Ô^ ]´π¶tÚÕm sÈ˛ W[≈ º\‚ΩÁ\›
>[Á\ÁB•D ÷Õ>© ∏[™ËloÚÕmD ÂVD √VϬÔ
ºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m
ºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m” 23 ®[√Ï.
\M>Á™ ∂k[
>M ÂVBÔ ∂ΩÔ·VÏ \V–¶D √u§ z§©∏|ÁÔl_, “\M>Á™
÷B_∏Á™, ∂k[ g¬Ô›]Á™á k´ÈVÆ, ÷Ȭ˛BD, ÔÁÈ g˛Bku§[
Á\B¬ÔÚ›>VÔ¬ ÿÔV^”D ÿ\FlBKD, ÔıºV‚¶xD N•\MƒD
(\V–¶D) ®™©ÿ√ÆD
®™©ÿ√ÆD” 24 ®[√Ï. ∂ΩÔ·Vˆ[ ÔÚ›Á> Œ‚Ω ÔV.Ek›>D∏
\VϬEBfl EÕ>Á™ \´∏_ \V–¶D ®[√m ®[™ ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “\VϬÊBfl
\VϬÊBfl
EÕ>Á™ \´∏_ \V–¶D ®[√m \M>–¬zˆB ÿÔ·´k›Á>, >[
kVμ¬ÁÔfl ÛwÁÈ› >Vº™ \Vu§ ∂Á\¬zD ]≈–Á¶B ∂k™m
gu≈ÁÈ, ∂Õ> gu≈ÁÈ ∂k–¬z kw∫Ô°D, k·Ï¬Ô°D ºkıΩB
∂≈, Â[ÿ™§© ÿ√Æ\V™∫ÔÁ·© √u§B§>KD ∂ku§[ ÿ>Vau√V‚Á¶
s>Õm ÌÆ>K\VzD
ÌÆ>K\VzD” 25 .
80
kV™D√VΩÔπ[
“kV™D√VΩÔπ[ gº´V¬˛B\V™ √V]©AÔ·VÔ©
∏[kÚk™kuÁ≈fl ÿƒV_ÈÈVD (1) Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z© √´kÈV™ Ô·D
∞u√|›]Bm (2) Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· sˆkV¬˛BmD ƒJÔfl
ƒVÏA >Õ>mD (3) >tμ\ıËu cˆB E›>VÕ> \´A ƒVÏÕ> \˛μºÂV¬ÁÔ
÷¶mƒVˆ¬ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”¬ºÔu√ \Vu§› >Õ>m (4) >tμ\´A ƒVÏÕ>
¤™ÂVBÔ› >[Á\, >tμ› º>EB ®øflE ÷ku§uzfl ƒVÏ√VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>l_
W[≈m. ÷ku§uÔVÔºk ÷kÏÔÁ· ŒÚ >M ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ∞uÔxΩ•D.
÷kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿ√Vm ÷B_AÔ·VÔ› >[™D∏¬ÁÔ t¬Ô
ÿkπ©√V|, ƒV]\> \Æ©A, \M>V∏\V™D, ƒ\ÔVÈfl E¬Ô_ÔÁ·•D
ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·•D ÿkπ©√|›m>_, ∂Á™›mÈÔ© √VÏÁk,
k´ÈVuƙϺkV| kVμs_ ÂD∏¬ÁÔR‚¶_ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ∞uƬ
ÿÔVı¶™Ï
ÿÔVı¶™Ï” 26 .
81
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ ºÔV‚√V‚|¶[ >Mflƒ¬]BVÔ cÈÿÔ∫˛KD k·´› ÿ>V¶∫˛
1917á÷_ ´iBVs_ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ g‚EÁB ∞u√|›]Bm. g∫˛ºÈBÏ
kÚÁÔ•¶[ ÷Õ]BV°¬z kÕ> x¬˛B\V™ ƒ¬] ÿ>VaoB x>ÈVπ›mk\VzD.
ÿkπÂV‚|› >BVˆ©AÔ”¬ÔV™ su√Á™fl ƒÕÁ>BVÔ°D, JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^
ÿÔV^··° ÷¶\VÔ°D ÷Õ]BV nº´V©∏B x>ÈVπÔ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV˛Bm.
√ÁwB WÈ\VMB cu√›]xÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> ÿ>Va_Ô^ x¬˛B›mkD ÷wÕm
E>Æı| º√Vl™. ÷>™V_ √ÁwB cu√›]xÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> ƒJÔ c≈°Ô”D (˛´V\fl
ƒJÔD, ƒV], Ì‚|¬z|D√D ƒVÏÕ>Ák) sˆƒ_ ÿ√≈ÈVl™ ®™ ÷Ú√>VD
±u≈VıΩ[ >ÁÈkVƒ_ g™ ƒJÔ© ∏[™ËÁB s·¬˛fl ÿƒ_kVÏ
m.ÊMflƒVt. x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[, ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ z§›m ∂§B›
>ÁÈ©√|xÔ\VÔºk ÷›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ© ∏[™ËlÁ™•D, ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[ ƒJÔ
kΩk∫ÔÁ·•D √u§ s·∫˛¬ÿÔV^· ºkıΩ•^·m. ÷›m¶[ ®]Ï©A¬ z´ÈVÔ
ÿkπ¬˛·D∏B ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬ z´_ \uÆD Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B_Az§›mD
AˆÕmÿÔVı¶VÔ ºkıΩ•^·m.
82
ÌÆÔ^ ÷¶Dÿ√ÆD (1) \Æ©A (2) ®]Ï©A (3) ÊÏ]Ú›>D Am¬ÔsÁ>
®[√]_ A]B ®[√m z§›mD ÂT™D ®[√m z§›mD c^·VÏÕ>
ƒV´VDƒ›Á>© AÈ©√|›mD √]°Ô^ EÈkuÁ≈•D ÷›m¶[ ŒÚºƒ´
\™∫ÿÔV^”ºkVD ®[√Ï
®[√Ï” 29 .
Am¬ÔsÁ>
“Am¬ÔsÁ> z§›> ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ ∂kÏÔπ[ s·¬Ô›Á>¬
ÔVıº√VD. ÷´ı¶Vkm •›>›]uz© ∏[º>V[§B Am¬ÔsÁ>l_
A]B™ >uÔVÈ {ÏÁ\•¶[ ÌΩB cÏkø›>xD
A]B™” 30 ®™ ∂´∫Ô ´V∑°D, “>uÔVÈ
Am¬ÔsÁ>” 31.
gμÁ\•D Œ›]Áƒ©AD ÿ√u≈ ÿ\VaºB Am¬ÔsÁ>
83
¤™´fiƒÔ¬ ÔÈVflƒV´D, ÂÁ¶xÁ≈ ∂´EB_ g˛Bku§oÚÕm ÷[Á≈B
kVμ¬ÁÔ ∏≈©ÿ√|¬˛≈m. ÷ku§[ sÁ·kVÔ°D, ÷[Á≈B
WÔμ˛≈m” 34 ®[√Ï.
÷Ȭ˛B©√Á¶©A WÔμ˛≈m
85
®[≈kÏ ∂¶¬˛ kVE¬˛[≈VÏ. ÁÔ∫ÔÏB\VϬÔD ®™©√|D gk∫Ô¶Õ>
∂[AkaBV™ ÿ>[ÔÁÈ Ákk \´∏_ kÕ>kÏ Eu∏.
86
WÔμ°ÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬zkm ŒÚWÁÈ. √ıÆ ÿ>V‚| ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ_
\´√VÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕmkÚD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ √Ω\∫Ôπ_ AÁ´ºBVΩ©º√V™ √z]Ô”¬z
\V≈VÔ \VuÆ©√]°ÔÁ· x[Ák©√m, \uÿ≈VÚ WÁÈ, Eu∏l[ √Mx›>D
®–D ÔsÁ> ÷´ı¶Vkm kÁÔ©√V‚| ÿ√VÚ”¬zˆB>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m.
87
√Ȉ¶D ÷Õ>© √w\´A¬ ÔÁ>©√V∫z ÔV©√|˛≈m. ∂]KD ∂´EB_
ÿ√VÚÁ·©√V¶ kÚDº√Vm ÷kÏÔπ¶D ÷Õ]B© √w∫ÔÁ>¬ Ô·fiEBD
{ΩkÚ˛≈m. ÷m¬z¬ ÔV´D ƒ\Bfl ƒVÏ√u≈ ÷Õ]B›][ *m^·
~|√V¶VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. \ıË[ \VıÁ√ cÏÕm ®ø˛≈º√Vm
ŒÚsˆÕ> k´ÈVuÆ© √VÏÁk >∫Ô”¬z› º>Ák ®[≈ ®ıxD
÷Ú¬ÔÈVD
÷Ú¬ÔÈVD” 40 ®[√Ï.
88
( Arche type)) ®[≈ ÿƒV_ÁÈ JÈ cÚ ∂_Èm g]cÚ ®[Æ z§¬ÔÈVD.
ÿ>V[\∫Ôπ_ EÈ JÈ cÚ¬Ô·VÔ ∂Á\Õms|˛[≈™. ∂¿]
÷Áw¬Ô©√‚¶k[ ®[≈V_ ∞ÔÁÈk[, ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[≈V_ ÔÏ[, ÔuA
®[≈V_ ÊÁ>, x[ºÔV√D ®[≈V_ mÏkVƒÏ, ¿] ºÔ‚zD ÿ√ıÁ\ ®[≈V_
Ôı˛ ®™fl EÈ ÿ>V[\∫Ô^ ÔVÈ©√w¬Ô›>V_ JÈ cÚ¬Ô·VÔ
cBÏÕms|˛[≈™. ÷Õ] ÿ\Val_ Á\]o ƒ´ız©>V, ÿ¤Fƒ∫ÔÏ,
∏´ƒV› x>oB ÔsQÏÔ^ ∞´V·\V™ ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·¬ z§X¶VÔ°D
ÁÔBVı|^·™Ï” 42 .
√Ω\\VÔ°D ÁÔBVı|^·™Ï
89
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶ \mÁ´T´[ √Ω\\V¬Ô© √‚ΩÚ©√m ÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ E≈©A
E≈©A” 43
®[˛≈VÏ. Eu∏l[ \mÁ´T´[ ÔsÁ> QVM \uÆD \.\mÛ>™[ kVE©AÔπ_
ÿkÀºkÆ Aˆ>K¶[ ÿkπ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m. ∂Á> ∏[kÚD QVMl[
s·¬Ô›]oÚÕm c´ÈVD.
QV™A´›][
“QV™A´›][ ÔıÔ^ ]≈¬z\V, ¸º´¬
‘¸º´¬ È>V
È>V’ Eˆ›m¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V^, ‘\mÁ´
\mÁ´ T´[
T´[’ g˛B ÔsÁ>Ô^ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô
∂´EBÁÈ s\σ™D ÿƒF•D ÔsÁ>Ô^. \VϬEBD >™¬z^ ÷¶D
ÿ√u≈>[ sÁ·ºk ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^” ®|›mÁ´›>_ ∂_Èm
skˆ›>ÁȺB ÿ√Ú\·s_ ÿƒFm ÂÁ¶º√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
EÈ, ]œÏ ®™ ŒÚ √VFflƒ_ JÈD ∂ÔD A≈›Á> clÏkV∫˛B ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ
\V§ s|˛[≈™. EKÁk›>kºBV˛ (Œπ©√≈Ák) ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ÷>uz
Â_È ƒV[Æ. ∂ÔoÁÔ √u§B >™m ÷´ı¶Vkm ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>l_
(∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^) ∂ÔoÁÔÁB© √VÁ≈BVF©
√Ω\©√|›m˛≈VÏ. Eu∏l[ ºƒV>Á™¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷m°D Œ[Æ A≈D
∂Ô›]™Ï ÔÁ´•D ÔsÁ>, EÈ ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ º\KD gμÕm ÿƒ[Æ
÷ÁƒBVF© ÿ√V∫zD. ∂Ô›][ c^ gw∫ÔÁ·› ÿ>V‚|, yıΩ
√´kƒD” 44 ®[≈ cÏÁk ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ˛·Æ˛[≈™.
\M>–¬z^ √´kƒD
90
\mÛ>™[ √VÏÁklºÈV \mÁ´ T´[ ∂Ô Œπ›º>‚¶\VÔ©
kVμsB_ ∂–√k∫Ô^ \M>–¬z› º>Ák. ÿkuÆ
AÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m. “kVμsB_
∂–√k∫Ô·V_ g´kV´∫Ô·V_ √BM_ÁÈ. ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı| ÿÂfiE_ Ô™_ ®wºkı|D. Ôu√Á™l_ kVw
xΩBVm. ∂–√k∫Ô^ ®[≈ Û| \M>–¬z› º>Ák. ∂–√k∫Ô^
ÔÚ›m” 45.
kaºB >V[ ∂Ô Œπ ]´”D ®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m
92
÷·∫ zwÕÁ>l[ ÷[ÿ™Vo› >VÁ´l_ ®∫Ô^ º>k˛ \VÏA
>πϬzº\ mÚDA˛[≈ ÷Ú‚√> \ΩlKD ∑´Õm ÿ√V∫˛|Dº>[ ∑Ák© √VÿÈVπ
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √á108)
√ÁwB
“√ÁwB ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·© A]B ºÂV¬˛_ z§X|Ô·VÔ°D
cÚkÔ∫Ô·VÔ°D AÁ™˛≈ º√V¬zD, s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶¬ÔVȬ
ÔsQÏÔπ¶D k·ÏÕ>m. √VfiƒVo¬z^ √V´>›>VÁB ÷™DÔı¶
√V´]BVˆ[ √VfiƒVoƒ√>D, ÔVπl[ *m ÔV_Ák›m gΩ ∂kÁ™
\Ï›>™D ÿƒF> ÔıM[ ∏fi∑¬ÔVo_ ÔVÕ] >ˆƒ™D Ôı¶
k^·›º>Vπ[ ÔV\Øt•Á¶ ∏fi∑¬ÔV_ á ÔDƒÁ™© A≈DÔı¶ º\VÔ™¬
ÔıÁ™, º\VÔ[>V¸ Ô´DƒÕ› ÔVÕ]BVÔ°D, EÁ≈l_ ∏≈Õ>
ÔıÁ™fl EÁ≈l_ ∏≈Õ> º>ƒ√¬]BVÔ°D \¬Ô[ÈV_ ƒmϺk]
cÚkV¬˛B z§X| g˛BkuÁ≈© √ÁwB ÿ>V[\DáA]B z§X| g¬ÔD
®[≈ ºÔV‚√V‚|¬z ®|›m¬ÔV‚|Ô·VÔ¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD
z§©∏¶ÈVD” 48 ®[√Ï. ÷›>ÁÔB
Aˆ>_ kVF¬Ô©ÿ√u≈ Eu∏BV_ ÷ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
E≈©A≈¬ ÁÔBV·©√‚ΩÚ©√ÿ>[√m c^·VÏÕ> ÷B_º√BVzD?
93
∂§sB_ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· Eu∏ >\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ®ÀkVÆ
ÁÔBVı|^·VÏ ®[≈ QVMl[ √]Ák¬ ÔVıº√VD. sB¬Ô›>¬Ô
“sB¬Ô›>¬Ô
xÁ≈l_ ∂§sB_ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ·› >ta_ ÿÔVı|kÕ>kÏ Eu∏.
WÈVs_ \M>[ ÔV_Ák›> ÿƒF]ÁB ∂uA> cϺkV| √V|˛≈VÏ.
\M>[ kÁ´lÈV™ clÏÔπ[ √ˆV\›Á>•D ∂>uz xu√‚¶
ÛˆBMoÚÕm cÈÔD cÚkV˛B √ˆV\›Á>•D ÿÔVı¶ gu≈_ tz
ÔsÁ>ÁBfl Eu∏ √Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ. ÛˆBMoÚÕm E>§ ÿÂÚ©A¬ºÔV·D,
cÈÔD ®™›]´”˛≈ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ›]_ ®›>Á™ ÿ√ˆB ®ˆ\ÁÈÔ^,
®Àk·° ÿ√ˆB \Áw ÷Ω xw¬Ô∫Ô^, gu≈_ tzÕ> ŒÚ ÔsQ´V_
\‚|º\ ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ√ÚD ÔV‚EÔÁ·¬ ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÿÔVı|k´xΩ•D
ÿÔVı|k´xΩ•D” 49
®[√Ï.
95
‘{Á¶l[ Ô™°’ ®a_tz \M>M[ g]¬ÔÚ©Á√BVF ÷BuÁÔ
kÁ™Õ> ÔV| á √_ÔÁÈ ∂k–¬z© √lu§¬ÿÔV|›> √V¶ƒVÁÈ á ∂k[ ¿flƒKD
√VFflƒKD √l[≈§Õ>m k™A›ˆÂ]Ôπ[ º>Vπ_>V[. J∫˛_ kÁ·›m›
>V°D kV™´∫Ôπ¶tÚÕm s_s›Á>ÁB•D, \ÁÈflEÈÕ]Ôπ¶tÚÕm
ÿƒ°› ÿ>VaÁÈ•D ÔuƬÿÔVı¶ ÔÁ>ÔÁ·fl E›>ˆ¬˛≈VÏ.
96
2.3. Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^
97
gaBVÆ>V[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ®M_ ∂>[ Â]JÈD ®[√m \uº≈mt_ÁÈ
\V–¶D √VΩWuzD Eu∏l[ \™©√|ÁÔ>VMMÕ> Â]JȺ\.
98
ÔıbÈ AÁÔ s|>ÁȬ ÔuƬ ÿÔV|¬˛≈ \ÁÈB©√ ƒVt. º\a©√V_ AÔ‚Ωs|D
ŒuÁ≈ ∞Ï; \V≈[, ÈV¶∫Ô‚|D >∫Ô©√ gƒVˆ ÷kÏÔ^ kˆÁƒl_ ÷Æ]BVÔ Eu∏
∂§xÔ©√|›mkm guÆ© ÿ√V^·VflEl[ ƒoD ∂oBV™ ƒ©Á√kVF©
√wMB©√Á™ ∂k–¬z› ÿ>Va_ ®[™ºkV ∂Dt, g‚|¬Ô_ ÿÔV›mkm>V[.
g™V_ ∂k™m \uÿ≈VÚ xÔD >V[ A^πB_ (Ornithalogy) ∂§°. (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m
Â], √.29, 30).
¨Ω©AÁÔ
“¨Ω©AÁÔ ªmD \ÁÈB©√ ƒVt, º\a©√V_ \V≈[,
ƒVtBVÏ©√VÏ©√V[, ÿk^Á·flƒVtBVÏ, ÈV¶DÔ‚|D >∫Ô©√ gƒVˆ,
ƒˆ›]´ AÚ≠[ ƒ©Á√kVF© √wMB©√[, √›mkB]ºÈºB ÿ√ˆB
´V∫˛¬ÔVˆBVlÚÕ> E[™¬ ÔıV^, \VÆÔı ]ÚJÏ›]
EkÁÈ©√∑kVlÚÕ> k^πBV›>V^, Á\™Ï ´VEB©√[, Â|¬ÔV‚|©
ÿ√ˆBƒVt, W›B Ô_BVËBVF WÁ™°› yu≈ÈV˛© º√V™ ∂∫ÔD\V,
÷›>Á™ º√ÚD t[™_ ˇuƬԷVF kÕm º√V˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ A´V
\M>ÏÔ·_È ƒ´Vƒˆ ... ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD ˇºw. ÷kÏÔ”¬z¬ ÔsÁ> \z¶D
Û‚Ω, WÁ™°fl ED\Vƒ™›]_ ∞u§ Ák›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏
Eu∏” 55 ®[√Ï.
100
ƒJÔ›>·›]uz
“ƒJÔ›>·›]uz xu≈VÔºk A]B sƒBD Am\Vu≈D
kÕms‚¶VKD ÿ\Va ∂©√ΩB_È. ∂>–Á¶B ˝k[ ÷[–D \¬Ôπ[
c≈°Ôπ_ º√fl∑ ÿ\Val_ >∫˛•^·m. A]B clÏ ∞u§ cÈkflÿƒFm
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m \¬Ô^ ƒJÔ›>·›m¬z© A]>VÔ kÕ]Ú¬˛≈ sƒB∫ÔÁ·
∂Ï›>© √V]©AÔÁ·© √Á¶©√V¬Ô\VÔ kw∫z˛≈º√Vm, \¬Ô”Á¶B
ÿ\ValoÚÕm, kVFÿ\Va \´∏oÚÕm ®|›m© Az›mkm
∂kEB\V˛≈m. √Á¶©√VπÔπ[ EÕ>Á™¬z^πoÚÕm \‚|D
∏≈©√>_È ÿƒV_ÈV¬ÔD. ∞uÔ™ºk kVμÕm EÕ]›m ºƒÔˆ›m
Ák›m^· ∂§°fl ºƒt©∏oÚÕm ®|›>V^km. \¬Ôπ[ kVFÿ\Val_
k·\V™ ÿƒVuÔ·fiEB∫Ô^ c^·™. ÷Õ> kÁÔ g¬Ô∫ÔÁ·fl
∑TÔˆ›m, A]B √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·› ÿ>V¶ÈVD. A]Bÿ>VÚ \´Á√¬
ÿÔVı|k´ÈVD. ÔsQÏ Eu∏l[ ˛´V\›m Â] ÷ku§¬zfl ÿƒøÁ\BV™
c>V´D
c>V´D” 58.
101
ÔsÁ>l_ ∞u√‚¶ \Vu≈∫Ôπ_ x¬˛B\V™m. ÌΩBkÁ´ º√∑km
º√VȺk ®ømkm>V[ c›>\D ®[√m ®[–Á¶B Ô‚E ®[≈
Am©º√V¬˛Á™› >ta_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ Ák›>VÏ √V´]BVÏ
√V´]BVÏ” 59 ®[√Ï.
102
Eu∏l[ ÷Õ>kˆÔÁ· kVE¬ÁÔl_ º\›>V, ÷[zÈV© ÷Úkˆ[
ÔsÁ>Ô”D ̶ WÁ™suz kÚ˛[≈™. ÷∫z>V[ ∂k^ √D kV∫ÔV\_
√^π ÿÔV^˛[≈V^ ®[˛≈ Z]l_ x.º\›>Vs[ √]°D gV]¬Ô \º™V
√Vk›m¶º™ ÿkπ©√‚|^·m. ∞ÿ™M_ s√flƒVˆl[ Ô_ÈÁ≈ÁB¬ ̶
gË[ √VÏÁklºÈºB ÔV xB_km ÷m. ÷>uz \V≈VÔ Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>ÁB© º√VȺk ÷[zÈV© ÔsÁ>•D ÔıËB\VÔ
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m. \´D Œ[Æ >V[ ÷kÁ·¬ Ô√[ mËl™V_
ÿÔ·´k©√|›]Bm ®™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ> zK∫Ô¬ zK∫Ôfl Eˆ¬zD
ŒÚsÁÈ\Ôπ[ Eˆ©∏Á™ºB √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛Bm.
103
ªˆ_ ]ÚswV kÚ˛≈m / \Vˆ غkV|Ô^ ®ˆ˛≈m / mÁ¶©√D ÿ√V∫z
®ø˛≈m / { / EÈÕ]Ô^ ±_kÁÈ ˛a˛≈m / ÿƒV©√™Aˆl_ / ÿkπflƒ∫Ô·V?/
(´V‚ƒ> EÈÕ], √á68). \VϬEB √VÏÁkÁB c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| EÔ´∫Ô^
ÿ√VΩBVzD ÔsÁ>ÁB Eu∏ √Á¶›>VÏ ®[≈ QVMl[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›Á>fl Eu∏ s\σ™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.
Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “]´Vs¶
\VϬEB© √VÏÁkÁB, ÿ\_È ÿ\_È c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. EÔ´∫Ô^
ÿ√VΩBVzD, ƒÏ©√BVÔD, ´V‚ƒ>EÈÕ] º√V[≈ s|ÔÁ>Ô^, Eu∏l[
\VϬEBD ƒVÏÕ> gºkƒ¬ z´ÁÈ tÔfl ƒˆBVÔ ÿkπ©√|›]™. ¬ƒÁÈ‚
÷B¬Ô›][ ]ÁƒkaÁB EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ÔsÁ> ∑‚|˛≈m
∑‚|˛≈m” 61 ®[√Ï.
104
∂ıV, ÿ√ˆBVÏ, ˝kV, ∂©m_ ÔÈVD, √V´] ®™ ∂´EB_, ∂§sB_
>ÁÈkÏÔ^ ®_ºÈVÚD Eu∏l[ √V‚|Á¶› >ÁÈkÏÔ·V˛[≈™Ï. ÿ√ˆBVÏ ŒÚ
ƒÔV©>D ∂_È ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ∂kÏ ƒVÔ©>D ∂_È ƒVÔ©>∫Ôπ[ ƒV>Á™›
ÿ>Vz©A ®[Æ ÿ√ˆBVÁ´ º\[Á\√|›m˛≈VÏ. ~º´V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕm ®øÕ>© AB_
Œ[Æ ÔVÈVÔVÈ\VÔ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB \ıΩ¬ ˛¶Õ> J¶ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔÁ·•D, ƒV],
\>D ®[≈ ƒÚzÔÁ·•D ƒVD√o‚¶VÏ.
105
2.4 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^
106
“®ıu≈
®ıu≈ ÷Áƒ©√V¶_ÔÁ·› ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E, kVÿ™Vo
g˛BkuƬz ÂV[ ®ø]•^º·[. ÷Áƒº\Á> ®D.∏.ÊMkVƒ[
÷ÁƒBÁ\›> ÷Ú√m¬z º\u√‚¶ ®[–Á¶B √V¶_Ô^ ®™¬z tzÕ>
\™WÁ≈Ák› >Úk™. ÔV´D, ®[√V¶o_ \V›]´\_ÈV\_ ∂kÚÁ¶B
÷Áƒ ∂Á\©∏KD ŒÚ ƒJÔ ∂¬ÔÁ≈ cı|. ÷[–D ̶ kVÿ™Vol_
√V¶Ô´VÔ ∂§xÔ\VÔ sÚDA˛≈kÏÔ^ ÷[M[ ™VÚÁ¶B √V¶_ÔÁ·›
º>Ï°¬ÔVÔ© √V¶ÈVD ®[Æ ÿ>ˆs›]Ú¬zD √‚ΩBo_ √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[
cı|” 64 . ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô^ √u§B
ÿ√BÏÔº·V| ®[ ÿ√BÚD cı|
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ >tw[√[ √VÏÁkÔ^ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁk. √V´>›
>Vl¶D ∂kÏ s™°˛≈ √V∫˛_ ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ÷m.
®ømºÔV_
“®ømºÔV_ ÿ>FkD / ®ø›mD ÿ>FkD ®[≈kº· /
kV´©√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ Œ[Á≈ kV∫˛©√VÏ / √¬Ô© √|¬ÁÔÔπ_ \_ÈVÕm
˛¶Õm / s≠ x›>∫ÔÁ· sBV√V´D ÿƒF•D ÷Õ> ®ø›m¬ÔÁ·BV ¿
ÿ>FkD ®[˛≈VF?
®[˛≈VF?” (kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºÔ‚¶k´D, √.116). √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§
÷ÀkVÆ ºÔ^s ®ø©AD >tw[√[ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈ˛[ *>V™ >\m
Ô|fiE™›Á> ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>lKD ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ.
108
“ÔD√º™ / ÷[Æ kÕ>V_ / ÂD∏™V_ ÂDA∫Ô^ .... / ÷ÁƒBÁ\©√V·Ú¬z
ºk‚Ω mÁk›m© º√V‚|© / √V‚ÿ¶ø> kVF©A¬ ºÔ‚¶V[ ºƒ¬˛wVÚD / ]Ú›>¬Ô›
º>kÚD √V‚| ®KDAÔ^ √¶√¶[– ÿÂVÆ∫Ô / gϺ\VMB© ÿ√‚Ω¬z^
k^”kÏ / ÂΩÔ´VF› º>V[ÆkVÏ. k^”kÏ ´EÔÏ
]Ë©√VÏÔ^”. “k^”kÏ
\[≈∫Ô^ ºƒV¶V©A‚ΩÔ^ cÁ¶¬zD √V¶_
cÁ¶¬zD” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.88, 89).“√V¶_
kˆÔπ[ ÷´‚Á¶ ∂Ï›>›Á>¬ ºÔ‚¶°¶[ {Áƒ¬ºÔ /
∂D\©√‚¶mº√VÈ ∂ÚkÚ©A
∂ÚkÚ©A” (√Mÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.76, 77).
Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ¬
“Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ¬ ÌÆk>V™V_ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E© ÿ√‚ΩÔ^
ÂDT|Ô”¬z^ ÷‚|kÚD \VB cÈ˛[ \B¬Ô›]_ Â\m WR kVμ°
∂Ï›> \uÆ© º√VF s|kÁ> ÿÂfiE_ gË ∂Ω©√mº√VÈ cÁ≈©√VÔ
ÔsÁ>” 68 ÷m ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[.
cÏ›mD ÔsÁ>
>´›>k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^ ®–D ÿÂ|∫ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E›
“>´›>k§B
]Á´©√V¶_ WÔμflE z|D√ Â_K≈Ákfl EÁ>¬zD s>D ÂB\VÔ
skˆ¬Ô©√‚|^·m. Œo•D Œπ•D ®[√m ÿƒ[Á™› ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E
WÁÈBD Œπ√´©AD ]Á´©√V¶_ WÔμflEBVzD. ÷Õ> ∂Á´\Ë ºÂ´›]_
z|D√ c≈ºk z[§©º√VkÁ>fl ÿƒF] √Ω¬zD √‚¶§°^· >tw[√[
ÿƒF] º√V[≈ c›]BV_ cÏ›]•^·VÏ ®™ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_kVÏ
E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD
E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD” 69 .
110
÷¶\π¬zD ®[√]™VºÈºB ‘∂flƒt_ÁÈ ∂flƒt_ÁÈ’ √¶›]uÔVÔ ∂kÏ
®ø]B √V¶_ (ÁÔlºÈ ÔV∑ kVlºÈ º>VÁƒ) ∂´EBÁÈ© º√∑k>VÔ ª¶Ô∫Ôπ_
>Á¶ ÿƒFB©√|˛[≈m. ÷ÀkVº≈ ‘∂¤Ïÿ√F¤V[ ÿÂÚ©A ∂ºƒVÔfl
ƒ¬Ô´›Á>•D sƒVˆ¬zD’ ®™› º>EB ÷™ cˆÁ\ÁB© º√EB ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>
xw¬Ô›>V_ ‘]™\ÈÏ’, ‘m¬·¬ ∞|Ô^’ ÷¬ÔsÁ> kˆÔÁ· ÿkπl‚|
∂kϺ\_ º>ƒ›mº´VÔ¬ zu≈fiƒV‚Ω™. ∂ºƒVÔfl ƒ¬Ô´D ∂kÁ´ sƒVˆ›>>V_
∂kÏ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E ÿƒF]kVE©√V·Ï √ËloÚÕm ¿¬Ô©√¶°D ºÂÏÕ>m. ∂kÏ
ƒJÔ cÏsuÔVÔ ∂kÏ ÿÔV|¬Ô ºÂÏÕ> sÁÈ ®[º≈ ÷>Á™¬ z§©∏¶
ºkı|D.
>D
“>D ÔoºBVÁƒ ªÁ´fl∑u§kÕm EÈ ∂–√k∫ÔÁ·¬
ÌÆD√V∫˛_ >tw[√[ ®ø]B ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ> Œ[§_, {Áƒ
√^π¬z© º√VFkÕm ÁÔÁB c>§Bº√Vm ¶VΩ, \DtÔ^
cÚıº¶VΩB>VÔ°D, c≈∫zDº√Vm Á« Á« ®[Æ ∂´u§B>VÔ°D
g∫˛È, ÷Õ] g]¬Ô›Á>fl ∑‚|˛≈VÏ. g∫˛Èº\VÔD >tμ
\¬ÔπÁ¶ºB √´s \wÁÈBÏ Ô_s•D, g∫˛È \B\V˛ kÚkÁ>¬Ôı|
√V´D ∑\©√kÏÔ^ ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ zxÆ˛≈VÏ. >tμ¬ Ô_sÁB TÁ,
\_oÁÔ ®™°D g∫˛È¬ Ô_sÁB¬ ˛>VÏ, zº´V‚¶M∑ ®™°D
cÚk˛›m, g∫˛È› ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ ˛´V\∫ÔπKD ∂©º√V¬z© √´°km
Ôı| kÚÕm˛≈VÏ
kÚÕm˛≈VÏ” 72.
112
‘ÔÁÈ\Ô^’ √u§B >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>©√]°Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ Ôk™∫Ì≈›
>¬Ô™. ÷´skÏ\V √¶›]_ \‚|D A[™ÁÔ›ms‚| / ®_ºÈVÏ
“÷´skÏ\V
÷>B∫ÔπKD ∂øÁÔÁB W´©A√kº· c™¬z› ÿ>ˆ•\V.. / Ô_s
s√›]_ >DÁ\ ÷wÕ>kϬz© / √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD >ÚD / WkV´º\
√‚¶∫Ô^
√‚¶∫Ô^” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆÕ> ÿÂÚ©∏[ \flƒD, √.33).
113
∂≈flÊu≈t¬Ô >tw[√[ Ô_s›mÁ≈ \‚|t[§ WÚkVÔ xÁ≈Á\fl
ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·¬ z§›m ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈ›m¶[ Ek©AÂV¶V›>™D, Èfiƒ ªw_
√u§•D √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔBVı| ‘Ôı߈_ k·ÚD ÔV˛> WÏkVÔD’
ÔsÁ>l[ JÈD ∂ÚÁ\BVÔ x[Ák›m^·VÏ.
Ek©A ÂV¶Vs[ / xΩfl∑¬z c^º· ∂]ÔVˆÔ^ / g>VB›Á>•D
“Ek©A
\¬Ô^ / yÏÁk•D º>|˛[≈™Ï. ∂Á™›m cÈÔ ÿ\VaÔπKD
gu≈_t¬Ôm / E√Vˆ∑ \´›m©º√V™ / s´_ÔÁ· ÷m\‚|º\ /
÷B¬ÔxΩ•D. ÷m ÿ√V[™VF/ÿ√VÚ·VF ÿ√ıVF© / ∏≈kVF ÿ\Va
ÿ√BϬԩ√|D º√Vm ∂ÔoÁÔ¬ ºÔV©A¬Ô·V_ clˆ›mΩ©A /
g´D√\VzD
g´D√\VzD”.. (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √¬.39, 41)
÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§B ÔÈVW] ∑©∏´\ËB[ √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ
ÔsQÏ >aw[√[ ∂kÏÔ^ ƒJÔ© ÿ√VÆ©A^· ŒÚ
®ı›>¬Ôm. “ÔsQÏ
Ô_sBV·Ï ®[≈ WÁÈlKD ∂≈flEÕ>Á™BV·Ï ®[≈ kÁÔlKD >\m
ƒ\ÔVÈfl ƒJÔ›][ zÁ≈√V|Ô^ √ÈkuÁ≈•D ¿¬zkm ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ©
√ÈÔVÈD EÕ]›m kÕ]Ú©√VÏ ®[√m cF›mÁ´¬Ô¬ ÌΩB>VzD. kV¬zfl
Ê‚|Ô”¬z {Ï ∂Ï›>D k´ºkı|ÿ\[ÆD, Ek©AÂV¶V ®[≈ ÔV˛>¬
ÔøÁ> WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ Ôwu§s¶ ºkı|ÿ\[ÆD ∂kÏs|¬zD ∂Á≈
Ìk_Ô^ º\u√Ω EÕ>Á™l[ ÿkπ©√V|Ôº· ®[√m ÿkπ©√Á¶
ÿkπ©√Á¶” 73 .
÷›>z √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· x[Ák›m ∂kÏ x[Ák¬zD ÷[–D {ˆÚ ÔsÁ>Ô”D
÷›m¶[ ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô™.
ÁÔkƒD / #¬ÔD ÷_ÁÈBV ÔkÁÈÁB s| Â\m / ∂KkÈÔ¬
“ÁÔkƒD
ºÔV©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVfiƒD / ∏aÕm ÿÔV^ ŒÚ / •Ôc≈¬ÔD c™¬zfl
ÿƒVÕ>D ˇμ›>‚|, Â|›>‚| ª]B cBÏ° /
ÿƒVÕ>D” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.86). “ˇμ›>‚|,
ºÔ‚¶V_ . . . ∂´∑¬ / ÔÚ∆Ȭ Ô>s[ ƒÕmÔÁ·¬ ºÔV©AÔ·V_
∂Á¶©√VÏÔ^ á º\_\‚¶ ∂]ÔVˆÔ^ >\¬ÿÔ[≈V_ / ÔÚ∆È›]oÚÕm
>DT‚|¬z¬ ÔV_kVF ∂Á\©√VÏÔ^
∂Á\©√VÏÔ^” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[
tflƒD). ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ Ô_s›mÁ≈ \uÆD g‚E›mÁ≈fl ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·
∂D√È©√|›mkº>V| ∂kuÁ≈fl ÊÏ]Ú›>D kaxÁ≈ÔÁ·•D x[Ák¬Ô›
>k≈s_ÁÈ.
114
2.4 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^
115
∞ÿ™M_ g•>√VËBV™ ®]ˆÔ^ x[º™ √V]¬Ô©√‚¶ \¬ÔÁ·
W´V•>√VËBVÔ WuÔ ∂_ÈkV kuAÆ›m˛[≈m ®[≈ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>.
117
ÔVu§MºÈ ÷>μsˆ¬zD ∂ÚDAÔ^ ÂVD ]¬zÔπ[ A>_kÏÔ^ / º>ƒ
k´D√u≈kÏÔ^
k´D√u≈kÏÔ^” (º>VË kÚ˛≈m, √.34).
\M>V∏\V™›Á>
“\M>V∏\V™›Á> x[MÆ›> ÷Ȭ˛B›Á>¬ ̶©
√oÿÔV|¬˛≈VÏ. >tw[√M[ \M>V∏\V™›][ ºkÔ›Á>©
AˆÕmÿÔV^· xΩ˛≈m. g™V_ ∂kÚÁ¶B \M>V∏\V™D ŒÚ \>
ÿk§º√VÈ \V§ ŒÚ ÿ√VFÁBfl ÿƒV_È Ák›]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂[A^·
>tw[√[ ∂kÏÔº·! ÷Ȭ˛BD ÷_ÈV\_ \M>[ k´ÈVu§_
÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ. ∂©ÿ√Vøm ÷ÚÕ>>uz© ÿ√BÏ sÈ∫z ®[√>VzD
®[√>VzD” 77.
118
®[≈kÏ ÔsÁ> º√Eflÿƒ_kmD ÷m√u§ºB. ÷>Á™ºB ÁÔÈVƒ√]l[
kV™D√VΩÔπ_ ŒÚk´VÔ ∂ıÁ\l_
ÔË©AD ÷∫ºÔ cÏ›>k_Èm. “kV™D√VΩÔπ_
>tw[√[ ®\¬z› º>Vu≈\π›>VKD ∂k´m ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B_Á√›
ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^k>uz© √V´]>VƒM¶D ÂVD º√VÔ ºkı|D.
Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ°D k´ÈVuÆ Z]BVÔ°D √VϬzt¶›m© √V´]>Vƒ–Á¶B
ƒJÔ¬ Ôs\´∏ºÈ Â\m ÔsQÏ Â¶Õm kÕ]Ú¬˛[≈VÏ ®[√Ï
®[√Ï” 78.
\ÁÈÔÁ·©
“\ÁÈÔÁ·© A´‚|D \M> gu≈ÁÈ \VϬ∑¬z^”D
\VºkVo¬z^”D ÔVı˛≈VÏ >tw[√[. ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[ ∂]ƒB∫Ô^
Ôı| >tw[√[ >[Á™ ÷wÕm s¶s_ÁÈ. cÈÁÔ¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m›
>[Á™ ∂wz√|›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk› >tw[√[
ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬z˛[≈VÏ, Aø]Ô”D ∏´·B∫Ô·VzD ®[˛≈VÏ.
EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ƒ\>Ï\D ®[ >ˆƒ™D ®[˛≈VÏ
AsB´∑
AsB´∑. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›]uz^”D ÔÚkVÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛[≈ ƒ\>Ï\D
®[≈ cÏÁk \VϬEB›][ kaºB Am©∏›m¬ÿÔV^”>_
>tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\FlBÈVÔ¬ÔV xΩ˛≈m
xΩ˛≈m” 79 ®™ kV™D√VΩÔ^
kˆ›m¬ÿÔVı¶ ƒ\›mkD ®–D g]∂≈D >tw[√–¬z ª¶VÔ ∂k´m
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\FlBÈVÔ› mÈ∫zkm ®™ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ \.\mÛ>™[.
119
{Ï ∂ΩÁB / x>ÈVπ›mk xΩº\_ Ák›m / {Ï ∂ΩÁB /
“{Ï
WÈ©∏´A›mk ÿÂfiE_ ª[§ {Ï ∂ΩÁB / ∂]ÔV´ kϬԛ][ xÔ›]_
÷‚| ... / JkΩBV_ xÁ≈Á\ ÿƒFB ®ø˛≈m
®ø˛≈m” (y°Ô^ ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™,
√.73) >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^. >tw[√[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ÷[–D √[xÔ\VÔ©
√´Õm√‚¶ÁkBVzD. ÷∫ºÔ ∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ >M›>[Á\ E≈¬Ô ∂k´m
c^·VÏÕ> ºÂV¬ÁÔ© AÈ©√|›mxÔ\VÔ¬ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \‚|º\
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
“ÔsÁ>BV™m,
ÔsÁ>BV™m, ÔsÁ> ÷[√›m¶[ ∂Á>•D Ô¶Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ
\VÆ>ÁÈ•D Â\¬z› >´ºkı|D ®[√Á>©√u§ ÂVD ∂Á™kÚD AˆÕm
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√>VÔ WÁ™¬˛º≈[. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| sÁe°ÔÁe
cı|√ıV> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÔsÁ>Ôºe ÷_ÁÈÿB™ ®π>VÔfl
ÿƒV_os¶ÈVD” 81 . ‘ƒD√kVt •ºÔ •ºÔ’ ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ˇÁ>l[
ÿƒV_os¶ÈVD
\ÔVkV¬˛B›]uz ª¶VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔVbD xÁ≈l_ ÷ÚÕº>
∂k´m ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>l[ ∂≈D AÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m.
“x´ıÔπ[
x´ıÔπ[ ƒ\WÁÈl_ ÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ ∏´√fiƒD ÷B∫zD.
∞º>–D Œ[ÆtzÕ>V_ yÁ\ cı¶VzD. ÷©√Ω ∞º>–D Œ[Æ
tzÕ>V_ tzkÁ> ∂¶¬˛fl ƒ\[ ÿƒF•D xÁ≈ ÷BuÁÔlºÈºB
∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®©ÿ√Vøÿ>_ÈVD >Ï\D zÁÈÕm ∂>Ï\D
∂]Ôˆ¬˛≈º>V, ∂©ÿ√Vøÿ>_ÈVD ÂV[ ®[Á™© ∏≈©∏›m¬
ÿÔV^˛º≈[ ®[Æ ˇÁ> ÌÆD kV¬˛B›][ ÿ√VÚ^ ÷m>V[
÷m>V[” (ÿÂÚ©Á√
∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √.12). x´ıÔπ[ ƒ\WÁÈ ∂›m *ÆÁÔl_
WÔμÕº>ÆD ∂k>V´› º>Vu≈\VÔºk ÔsÁ>ÁB•D x[MÆ›m˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_
´z\V[.
120
÷´V\VB© √w∫ÔÁ>ÁB ªΩÁwBV¬˛ ÷´V\Ï ∂k>V´›][
ºÂV¬Ô›Á>© AÈ©√|›mk>VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB ∂Á\¬˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ ÊÁ>Ô^ / √§º√V™Á>¬ ̶ ∂§Bs_ÁÈBV ¿∫Ô^ /
∂k>V´ ºÂV¬Ôº\ \≈Õm s‚¶>V c∫Ô”¬z? º√V´V¶ ºkıΩB
ÔsflºƒÁ™ºB...... ®©º√Vm ¶¬zD / ÷´Vk ƒD«V´D? ®[Á≈¬z
¶¬zD / ÷È∫ÔV>Ô™D
÷È∫ÔV>Ô™D” (∑‚|s´_, √.86).
121
÷Õ]BÏÔπ[ WÁÈÁB ∂©√‚¶\VÔ √¶D ∏Ω›mÔV‚|˛≈VÏ ‘Be Indian Buy
Indian’ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l[ JÈD. √VÁÈk™›m© ∏´t|Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_
“k´Vº>
k´Vº> ®[Æ / ÁÔBÁƒ¬˛≈m / kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^ جÔ^ ÷_ÁÈ /
÷ÚÕmD / º>[ÂVΩ ÿ\VF¬zD kı|Ô^ / ˛ÁeÔ^ ÷_ÁÈ ÷ÚÕmD /
Ì|Ô‚¶ kÚD √≈ÁkÔ^ ÔD√∫Ô”¬z ∂Á¶ / \M>ÏÔ”¬z WÏkVD
sE›]´\V™ º>ƒD
º>ƒD” (∑‚|s´_, √¬.13, 16) ÿÔVΩ\´D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>
EÈ©√]ÔV´›]_ \mÁ´ ÔVı¶›]_ k´¬ÌΩB kˆÔÁ· Â\¬z
WÁ™°©√|›m˛≈m ÿÔVΩ\´D º√∑k>VÔ ∂Á\¬˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ. “÷Õ]B´VÔ
÷Õ]B´VÔ
÷Ú∫Ô^ / ∞\VπÔeVÔ ÷Ú∫Ô^ ®∫Ô^ ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ / ®ˆÕm
÷Ú∫Ô^”.. (∑‚|s´_, √.60) “ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú∫Ô^ ŒÀÿkVÚ ƒ\V]•D / º\Á¶BV˛
s|˛≈m ŒÀÿkVÚ º\Á¶•D ƒ\V]BV˛s|˛≈m
ƒ\V]BV˛s|˛≈m” . (∑‚|s´_, √.76)
“kaÔV‚Ω
kaÔV‚Ω \´∫Ô^/ Ô™©A¬z s≈ÔV˛s‚¶™ / zwŸ]l[ ∏[º™
zwÕÁ>Ô^”.. (∑‚|s´_, √.84) “c[ÔlÆÔ^
zwÕÁ>Ô^ c[ÔlÆÔ^ / ÿ√VDÁ\Ôπ¶D E¬Ô
ÿ√VDÁ\Ô^ c[Á™ / g‚|˛[≈™ g|˛≈VF ¿ ÿƒF> ÿ√VDÁ\Ô”¬z
/ ¿ºB √B©√|˛≈VF ¿ ÿƒF> ÿ√VDÁ\Ôπ[x[ / ¿ºB søÕm
k∫z˛≈VF”.. (∑‚|s´_, √¬.92, 93) “t‚¶VF
k∫z˛≈VF t‚¶VF ÿÔV|©√kÁ™ÿB_ÈVD /
ÂDAD, º√Á>© ∏^ÁeºB! / c[Á™© ∏Ω›>Á¶¬zD ºÔVË© Á√¬zD /
∞Á¬zD / c™¬z s›]BVƒD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. ¿ ®©º√Vm / kB∑¬z
k´©º√V˛≈VF?
k´©º√V˛≈VF?” (∑‚|s´_, √.138).
“c[
c[ x©√V‚¶[ / ∂ËÕ>m ®[√>uÔVÔ sÈ∫zÔÁe ∂˲≈VF
c[√V‚¶[ zΩ›>m / ®[√>uÔVÔ ÂfiÁƒ¬ zΩ¬˛≈VF
zΩ¬˛≈VF” (∑‚|s´_, √.99).
122
x[º™≈V\_ º>∫˛©∏[™Á¶kVzD ÷›>ÁÔB º√V¬˛Á™ ∂[º≈
ƒVΩ™VÏ √V´] ®™ #´[ z§©∏|km Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “√V‚¶[
√V‚¶[ ÿk‚ΩB
˛Æ ckÏ©A ¿´V˛s‚¶V_, ∂Á> JΩs‚|© A]B ˛uÁ≈
ÿk‚¶ÿkı|D. √V‚¶M[ *>V™ \]©Á√¬ Ì‚¶ c©A¿Á´¬ zΩ¬Ô
xΩBVm” 83 .
xΩBVm
“∂kÏÔÁefl
∂kÏÔÁefl EÁ≈l_ ƒÕ]›º>[ ŒÀÿkVÚk´VÔfl ÿƒV[™VÏÔ^
..... ÂV[ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ gEˆB[ >ÁÈB∫Ô›]_ cıÁ\ÁB ®ø]º™[,
ÂV‚Ω[ ¸]´›>[Á\ÁBÔ zÁÈ›>>VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|kÕm s‚¶VÏÔ^....
ÂV[ ÿkπºB kÕº>[ / ƒ‚¶D Œø∫z© ∏´flEÁ™ ®m°D / ÷_ÈV\_
ÂV| ∂Á\]BVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m
÷ÚÕ>m” (∑‚|s´_, √¬.12, 14). ÷m EÁ≈kVEÔÁe© º√‚Ω
ÔVı√>VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√‚¶m. ŒÚ ÔV¬˛fl ƒ‚Á¶¬ÔV´ˆ¶D ∂kÏ \Á™s
ºÔ‚√>VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√|D ÔV¬˛fl ƒ‚Á¶ ÔsÁ>l_,
123
ÔV¬˛flƒ‚Á¶¬ÔV´ˆ[ \Á™s. zu≈kVπÔ^ ÔsÁ>l_ ƒ‚¶›][ ∂Ô´V]
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^em.
“ƒ‚¶D
ƒ‚¶D ÿƒV[™m : ÔV©√m √B∫Ô´kV>D ........... ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe
∂D√È©√|›mkm ÂV‚Ω[ √VmÔV©A¬z g√›m, ÿÔV‚|km k[xÁ≈
k[xÁ≈”
(∑‚|s´_, √.19). g™V_ B>VÏ›>D ®[™ÿkM_ Ô[™t‚¶ Ô^kÁ´ s‚|s‚|
ÔΩ›m› m´›]B ÂVFÔ^ *mD, ƒ]ÔV´ÏÔÁe s‚|s‚| ƒ]ÔÁe ∂D√È©√|›]B
y√∫Ô^ *mD, Ì‚Á¶¬ zÁÈ¬Ô xBKD z≈kÏÔÁe s‚|s‚| º>Ωfl ºƒÔˆ›>
º>ìÔ^ *mº\ √VF˛[≈™ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ BV°D. “c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶º\ / º√VÁ>l_
\B∫˛fl ƒV¬ÔÁ¶l_ / søÕm ˛¶¬˛≈º> / \msȬz ®[Æ º√ƒ /
ÿk‚Ôt_ÁÈBV c∫Ô”¬z
c∫Ô”¬z” (∑‚|s´_, √¬. 96, 97).
“®∫ºÔ
®∫ºÔ ∂wzD ∑>Õ]´xD cıº¶V ∂∫ºÔ>V[ / \V–¶D
ÿÔVı¶V|˛[≈m” , “k´©∏KD
]ÚswV¬ ÿÔVı¶V|˛[≈m k´©∏KD xÁe¬˛≈m / A_ / ºkolKD
\ÈÏ˛≈m / ÂD ºÔV|Ôπ_ \‚|D / ÔVB∫Ô^
ÔVB∫Ô^” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.54,57).
∑>Õ]´º\ \V–¶› ]ÚswV ®™°D, ÂVD ˛a›> ºÔV|ÔeVKD ÂDÁ\¬ ˛a›>
ºÔV|ÔeVKD ÂVº\ ƒıÁ¶l‚| \Ω˛º≈VD ®™°D ÷È‚∑\¬ºÔV|Ôπ[
÷È‚ƒ∫ÔÁe ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
“÷∫ºÔ
÷∫ºÔ / ¿ ¿BVÔ ÷Ú©√Á> BVÚD sÚDAk]_ÁÈ ¿ BVÏ
\V]ˆBVkm >V[ ÷ÚÕ>VÔ ºkı|D ƒJÔ›]uz› º>Ák / ÿ¤´V¬¸
∏´]Ô^”(gÈV√Á™, √.5) “c[Á™
∏´]Ô^ c[Á™ ¿ºB ®ø]¬ ÿÔV^ ÷_ÁÈÿB[≈V_ /
¿ ∏≈´V_ ®ø>©√‚|s|kVF ......... c[Á™ ¿ºB>V[ / ∏´ƒs¬Ô
ºkı|D” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.137, 138) “¿Á´©º√V_
ºkı|D ¿Á´©º√V_ / >V\Á´ ÷ÁȬz¬
ˇºw•D º\ºÈ•D / ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VF ÷Ú ¿Á´© º√V_ ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
®øm˛≈k™VF ÷Ú / c[ º\_ BVÚD ®ø>xΩBV>√Ω ÷Ú ¿Á´©º√V_ /
®∫ºÔ ∑u§ ∂ÁÈÕ>VKD c[ JÈ ƒx›]´›Á> / ∂Á¶kÁ>ºB
z§¬ºÔVeVF¬ ÿÔV^kVBVÔ
ÿÔV^kVBVÔ” (gÈV√Á™, √.148).
125
“c[
c[ >VÔº\ / c[ ºkÏÔ”¬z kaÔV‚|D / ......... º>¶ºÈ c[
ºkÏÔ^” (gÈV√Á™, √.106) “c[
ºkÏÔ^ c[ xÔkˆ / c[ xÔ›]_ ÷_ÁÈ c[
\™›]_>V[ / ÷Ú¬˛≈m
÷Ú¬˛≈m” (gÈV√Á™, √.124). >™¬zD kV™›m¬z\V™
º√V‚Ωl_ A[™ÁÔÁB•D, ÔıßÁ´•D, sBÏÁkÁB•D, ºÔV√›Á>•D,
ÔV>ÁÈ•D, ®ı∫ÔÁe•D, ®ø›Á>•D, º√flÁƒ•D, ÔsÁ>ÁB•D,
c≈¬Ô›Á>•D, nB›Á>•D, ÿ√ÚJflÁƒ•D ∂kÏ ®|›m Ák›> º√Vÿ>_ÈVD
kV™D xÁ≈ºB ÁkÔÁ≈ÁB•D, \ÁwÁB•D, ‚ƒ›]´∫ÔÁe•D, ÿklÁÈ•D,
º\Ô∫ÔÁe•D, t[™ÁÈ•D, ÷ΩÁB•D, kV™s_ÁÈ•D, ÷ÚÁe•D,
˛´Ô∫ÔÁe•D, ABÁÈD ®|›m Ák›m ®]ÏÿÔVı¶>VD kV™D.
“÷Æ]l_
÷Æ]l_ ÂV[ / Am©Am ÷È‚EB∫ÔÁe ºÂV¬˛ ¶¬zD / ®[
√V>∫ÔÁe ®|›m Ák›º>[. kV™D º>Vu≈m
º>Vu≈m” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.17, 18).
“÷m
÷m º√fl∑¬ ÔsÁ>¬z Â_È ƒV[Æ. ÷Õ> cÁ´BV¶o_ ®_ÈVku§uzD
√]_ÿƒV[™ kV™D, ƒV]¬Ô°D ºƒV]¬Ô°D ÿ>ˆÕ> \M>M[
÷È‚EB∫Ô”¬z x[™V_ º>V_s ∂Á¶km \VM¶›][ \Ô›mk›]uz¬
ÿku§BVzD” 84 .
˛Á¶›> ÿku§BVzD
“c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ / ∑B›Á> ºÂV¬˛© A≈©√|∫Ô^ ... ¿∫Ô^ / ∂∫ºÔ>V[
÷Ú¬˛[SÏÔ^. ÷Á> ∂§km>V[ / √BD .... c∫Ô^ √VÁ> / c∫Ô^
√B›>V_ cı¶VÔ‚|D
cı¶VÔ‚|D”(∏›>[, √¬.44, 45). ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ∂kÏ Â]l[
√VÁ>ÁB© º√VKD √≈Ákl[ √VÁ>ÁB© º√VKD ∑k¶u≈>VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô‚|D
®™°D ∂Á¶k>uÔ_È ∂a©√>uz›>V[ √BD ®™°D ∏›>M[
®]ÏxÔ\VÔ› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. Â]l[ √VÁ> >Vº™ gÆ. Â] √ÁwB ÿ>[≈VKD
126
ÿk^eD A]>_ÈkV. ºÂuÁ≈B Â]•D ÷[Á≈B Â]•D ÷Õ>kÁÔl_
ºkƺkÆ>Vº™. Amÿk^eD xÕÁ>B Â]¿Á´ \VuÆkm>Vº™.
“Œº´
Œº´ gu§_ ¿∫Ô^ / ÷ÚxÁ≈ ÷≈∫Ô xΩBVm / ®_ÈVD {Ω¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™ / ®m°D cÁ≈Õm Wu√]_ÁÈ
Wu√]_ÁÈ” (Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ,
√¬.62, 63). ˛º´¬Ô ÿ\FfiQVM ÿ«´V¬o¶¸L[ A]ϬÔsÁ>ºB ÷m.
÷>Á™ x[Ák›m ∂©m_ ´z\V[ se¬z˛[≈VÏ.
“gÆ
gÆ ®[√m ÷¶\_È; ¿Ï ÂVD ºÂuƬ zπ›> º√Vm ÷ÚÕ> ¿Ï
ºkÆ ÷[Æ zπ›> º√Vm ÷ÚÕ> ¿Ï ºkÆ ºÂuƬ zπ›> ¿Ï
º√VFs‚¶m. ÷[Æ zπ›> ¿Ï A]>VÔ kÕ> ¿Ï. guÆ¿Á´› º>¬˛ ∂]_
ÂVD zπ©√>VÔ Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^ºkVD. ∂©º√VmD ŒÚ \Vu≈D
WÔμÕ]Ú¬ÔÈVD. ¿Ï ∂º> ¿´VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ºÂuƬ zπ›>
ÂV\_È ÷[Æ zπ¬zD ÂVD
ÂVD” (Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, √¬.62, 63).
“∂kÏÔ^
∂kÏÔ^ ∞[ c[*m / Ô_ÿȧ˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[º≈[. ÂV[
∂kÏÔ”Á¶B / ∂Õ>´∫Ô›][ ÔıVΩ ∂>™V_>V[ ®[Á™ /
cÁ¶¬Ô© √VϬ˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[≈V[ / ∞[ ®[º≈[. / ∂kÏÔ^
ÿkπ©√|k>uz© / √B©√|˛≈VÏÔ^. ∂kÏÔ^ / ºk¶∫Ôπ_ /
kE¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ∂m ∂kÏÔ”¬z / kƒ]BVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ºk¶D ÔÁÈÕ>V_ /
º\Á¶ º√VFs|D ÂV[ ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B / ∂D√ÈD ÔkM! / ∂D√ÈD / ®[
º\Á¶B_È / ¶™D. ∂>™V_>V[ ®[Á™© ∏›>[ ®[˛≈VÏÔ^
®[≈V[
®[≈V[” (∏›>[, √¬.10, 11). BVÏ √VÏÁkl_ BVÏ ∏›>[? ®[√m >V[ ÷∫ºÔ
127
sÁ¶ÔV ºkıΩB s™V. ÷>Á™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ºÔV›]KD ÿv[ √VÏÁk¬z
ª¶VÔ© º√Efl ÿƒ_kVÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. “ÂVD
ÂVD BVº´V EÈÁ´ \™ ºÂVBVπÔ^
®[˛º≈VD. g™V_ sÚ©A ÿkÆ©A c^ek[ ŒÀÿkVÚk–D
\™ºÂVBVπ>V[. ∂©√Ω©√VÏ›>V_ ®_ºÈVÚº\ \™ ºÂVBVπÔ^>VD.
s]sȬzÔ^ ∂kÏÔ^ ∂ˆ>VÔºk ÷Ú¬zD. ÷m ∂_Èm ∂m. ∞>Vkm
Œ[Á≈› º>ÏÕÿ>| ®[Æ \™D ÿƒV_KD / ÷m \™›][ sBV] ®[˛≈VÏ
ºvVv[
ºvVv[” (ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √¬.133á134).
128
“ÂD
ÂD zwÕÁ>© √Úk›][ / ÷w°¬ÔVÔ ∂øºkVD Â\¬z^ºe ¶Õ>
/ ∂Õ> \´›]uÔVÔ ∂øºkVD / ∂§°¬ÔM cı¶>V_ ÂVD ÷wÕms‚¶
/ ∂Õ> ÿƒVϬԛ]uÔVÔ ∂øºkVD. / ∏^ÁeÔºe ÿ>FTÔ› y√∫Ôºe
c∫Ôπ¶tÚ¬zD ŒπÁB¬ / ÔuƬ ÿÔV^eV\_ c∫Ô”¬z ®∫Ô^
÷ÚÁe¬ / ÔuƬ ÿÔV|¬˛º≈VD / ®∫ÔÁe \[M›m s|∫Ô^
zwÕÁ>Ôºe / c∫Ô^ s´_ÔÁe / ÂV∫Ô^ ∏Ω›m¬ ÿÔV^˛º≈VD /
®∫ÔÁe c∫Ô^ º>kº>ƒ›]uz ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_K∫Ô^
ÿƒ_K∫Ô^” (gÈV√Á™,
√¬.19, 22) ®[Æ ∏^ÁeÔ^ ]Úx[ ∂øm \[≈V|˛[≈VÏ. zwÕÁ>© √ÚkD
>V[ ÂVD ÷wÕ> ÿƒVϬÔD. ∂m ÷_ÈVÁ\ÔÁe© √VkÁ™BV_ ÷‚| W´©AD
∂§Ák© A≈ÿ\Vm¬˛¬ Ôu√Á™l[ AÁ™Ák ∂´kÁ¬zD zwÕÁ>Ôπ[
s´_ √u≈V\_ sıbÈÁÔ ∂Á¶BV xΩBVÿ>[√m ssoB kV¬z.
zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z ÂVD Ôu∏©√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\]Ú^ÔÁeºB ®™
zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ŒπÁB¬ ÔuÔ xÁ™˛[≈VÏ ÔsQÏ.
“A›>Ô∫Ôºe
A›>Ô∫Ôºe / ƒ\Ï›>VlÚ∫Ô^ zwÕÁ>ÔÁe¬ / ˛a›m
s¶VyÏÔ^....... zwÕÁ>Ôºe / √V¶© A›>Ô∫ÔeVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^ / ∂kÏÔ^
ÁÔl_ ∞[ ÔV˛>¬ z©Á√ÔÁe› / >Ú˛SÏÔ^
>Ú˛SÏÔ^” (∏›>[, √.80) ®™¬
ºÔ‚˛≈V[ ∂©m_´z\VM[ ∏›>[. ÂD √VÏÁkl_ ∏^ÁeÔºe A›>Ô∫ÔÁe¬
˛a©√kÏÔ^. g™V_ ∏›>[ √VÏÁklºÈV A›>Ô∫Ôºe ∏^ÁeÔÁe¬
˛a©√Ák.
“ÂDxÁ¶B
ÂDxÁ¶B ∏´flEÁ™ √^πl_ ÔuzD zwÕÁ>ÔºeV \Vkº™V
∏´flEÁ™” 85
∂_È; \V≈VÔ gEˆBÚD ÿ√uº≈VÚD >V[ x¬˛B\V™ ∏´flEÁ™
®[√VÏ º¤. ˛ÚiJÏ›]. ÂVD ∏^ÁeÔ”¬z¬ Ôu∏¬zD x>_ c√º>ƒº\
º¶V[‚¶V¬ ®[√m>Vº™. ∂m\‚|\V º√EB>uÔVÔºk ∏´D√Ω, ®KDA x§•D
∂esuz. A›>Ô∫Ôºe ∂kÏÔ^ º>VπKD c^e›]KD ∑Á\BVzD ∂esuz.
Ô_s¬Ì¶º\ EÁ≈flƒVÁÈBVÔ, s|xÁ≈ÁBºB ∏^ÁeÔ”¬z s|>ÁÈBVÔ
Â\¬z› >ı¶Á™BVÔ ®[√m>Vº™ ÂV‚| ¶©A. ÷>Á™›>V[ º¤.˛Úi
JÏ›]l[ √VÏÁk•D ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.
“\Áw¬z©
\Áw¬z© / √^π¬Ì¶›]_ Œm∫˛º™[ / ®[ / sÁ>Ô^
ÔÚ˛s‚¶™
ÔÚ˛s‚¶™” (´ÔEBØ, √.130).>VD \Áw¬z© √^π¬Ì¶›]_ Œm∫˛Bº√Vm ̶
129
\ÁwÁB \‚|º\ √VÏ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>>VÔ¬ z§©∏|kVÏ ˛.´V¤ ÂV´VB[.
Ô_s keVÔ›][ ®_ÁȬz ∂©√VÈVÔºk ÷Ú¬˛[≈m cıÁ\BV™ Ô_s.
∑B\V™ √Á¶©√Vu≈ÁÈ \VkM¶D #ıΩ keϬzD ƒV›]BD Ô_s¬
̶›]ºÈ ÷_ÈV\u º√V™>V_ >V[ ®[ sÁ>Ô^ ÔÚ˛s‚¶™ ®[√>[ JÈD
cÏ›m˛[≈VÏ. zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÂVD √lÈ ºkıΩB √¬Ô›Á>•D ÂD
Ô_s xÁ≈l[ *>V™ s\σ™›Á>•D ÷ÀkVÿ≈_ÈVD √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬z˛[≈™
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>Ô^.
“ÿ√ı
√ı ÷È‚EBD ∂_È / kaÔV‚Ω\´D √ÈÏ / ∂>[ ∂ΩlºÈºB
kE¬Ô› ÿ>V¶∫˛ s|˛≈VÏÔ^
s|˛≈VÏÔ^” (´ÔEB©Ø, √.130)
“∂kπ¶D
∂kπ¶D º>Vu√>V_ / ÂVD >©A˛º≈VD
>©A˛º≈VD” (∏›>[, √¬.66, 67)
÷›>ÁÔB º>V_sBV_ >©∏›>_ ®[√m c^e√ΩºB ÿku§ ÿ√Ækm>V[.
÷>Á™› ]Ú¬z≈Áe•D {º≠VÁk•D x[ Ák›m ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï
®|›mÁ´©√>[ kVlÈVÔ› ÿ>πkVÔ c´ÈVD. “A≈kVμs_
A≈kVμs_ º>V_s
mÁÈB[™VÏ ÔıbD ÿÔVeKD ∂ÔkVμs_ ª¶ou º>Vu≈kÏ
ÿk[≈VÏ ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD k^”kD ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D. ƒV_∏≈z¬ Ô‚¶Áe
®[√mD ̶o_ ÿku§ ®[√mD ÷ÁkºB >VD. {º≠V ÿƒV[™Á>
ÂVM∫ºÔ WÁ™∆‚|˛º≈[ ÿ√ıÔ”¶[ skV]¬Ôºk xu√¶VyÏÔ^.
Ô]º\V‚ƒD” 86 .
∂∫ºÔ ƒ´VÔ]>V[ Ô]º\V‚ƒD
“y√fl∑¶Ï
y√fl∑¶Ï / EDMÁB¬ Ìıÿ¶[Æ cÁ¶›ms‚¶V_ / ÔVu§_
∂ÁÕm º√VzD ..... ÔV>o_ EÁ≈©√|km / ∑>Õ]´›Á> s¶fl
∑Ô\V™>_ÈkV? / ∂[A¬z¬ Ô‚|©√|km cˆÁ\ÁB s¶ /
c[™>\V™>_ÈkV? Â]ÔÁe ¿∫Ô^ / √VÏ›>]_ÁÈBV? / ∂Ák
∑>Õ]´\VÔ› >V[ {|˛[≈™ / g™V_ >∫Ô”¬ÿÔ™¬ / ÔÁ´ÔÁe› /
>V∫Ôºe cı¶V¬˛¬ ÿÔV^˛[≈™. √≈Ák¬zfl E≈z xÁe©√º> /
x‚Á¶fl EÁ≈¬z^>V[
EÁ≈¬z^>V[”. (∏›>[, √¬.86, 87)
“∑>Õ]´D
∑>Õ]´D ∂∫ºÔ / ∑kVƒ\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ∏≈Ï>´ kV∫zD /
∏flÁƒBV_ ÷´Vm
÷´Vm” (ºÂBÏ sÚ©√D, √.65) ®[≈kÏ Ô™V¬ÔVbD Œ©∏ÈV>
ƒx>VB›]_ ºkı|\V™V_ ŒÚkÁ´ ŒÚkÏ AˆÕmÿÔV^kmD s‚|¬
ÿÔV|›>K\VÔ ∂[A¬ Ô‚|©√V| c[™>\VÔ kVF¬ÔÈVD. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
g]¬ÔD ¿Ω¬˛[≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD cˆÁ\¬z´_ ®øÕº> yÚD.
132
“ÌÕ>o_
ÌÕ>o_ ÷Ú‚| / xÔ›]_ ÛˆB[ ÿ√ıÔºe / c∫ÔeV_>V[
®\¬z ÷´°D √ÔKD ÷>μÔπ_ ∂x>D / saÔπ_ Âfi∑ ÿ√ıÔºe /
c∫ÔeV_ >V[ ®\¬z kVμ°D \´xD
\´xD” (ºÂBÏ sÚ©√D, √.81).
ÿ√ıÔeV_>V[ ÷´°D √ÔKD kVμ°D \´xD ®™ ÷Ú√¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÿ√ıÁ\ÁB gıÁ\ ∂bzD s>›]ºÈºB ∂Ák ∂Ák
∂ÀkVÆ kVF¬˛[≈™.
xΩ°Ô^
133
Â|∫zD WÈD ÔsÁ>l_ WÈÂ|¬ÔD, Ô¶_ºÔV^, clˆ™© √[Á\©
√_KlˆBk·D g˛BÁk Ì≈©√‚|^·™.
134
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ∂k>V´D ®|¬zD
∂≈flÊu≈D, √V¶Ô–D ∏›>–D, zwÕÁ>•D ÿ√ıÁ\•D ®™ x›>ÁÈ©AÔπ_
kÁÔ©√|›>ÈVD.
135
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
3) kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ
Eu∏, ‘kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ’,, ÿ√V^·VflE, ¤™kˆ 1981.
4) ÿƒD\ÈÏ E≈©∏>μ
∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘ÿƒD\ÈÏ E≈©∏>μ’,, \mÁ´, gÔ¸‚ 95.
6) ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va
].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ‘ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va’,, WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™, 2008, √¬.13á14.
8) √Á¶©AD, √Á¶©√Vπ•D
>twk[, ‘√Á¶©AD, √Á¶©√Vπ•D’,, ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ, 1989,
√.20.
10) º\Èm.,
136
15) √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D
Eu∏, ‘√Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D’, Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸, 2001,
√¬.25á26.
17) ªmk›]©A_
].∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, ‘ªmk›]©A_
ªmk›]©A_’ ¨ÔV¬ √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
1993, √.313.
137
30) >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°
∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, ‘>tμ© ]≈™VF°’,, √.148.
41) ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>
ÿ√.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ‘®m Am¬ÔsÁ>’, ÔV√VoÔV √]©√ÔD, ]ÚflE,
1998, √¬.57á58.
43) º\Èm,.
138
46) E.\Ë, ÂÁ¶ ÷>μ, ÷Á©A, BV©∏B_, ÿƒ[Á™, 1969.
140
78) Ô.ÁÔÈVƒ√], x[–Á´, º>VËkÚ˛≈m, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1993.
141
÷B_á3
“Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ ∂È∫ÔV´› ]≈Á\B_È.
∂m°D ÔsÁ>BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D ®[√m ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ x>[Á\fl
E≈©√VzD. tÁÔ cÚ¬ÔD, tÁÔ ∂È∫ÔV´D, ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ ]≈Á\
g˛B ÌÆÔ^ ÔsÁ> ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ÿ\Va√VkD ÿ√Æ\V™V_ ∂m
Ôs›mk kK°D Ôs›mk ∂wz\u≈>VÔºk ÷Ú¬zD. E≈Õ>
ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷™DÔV ÷›>ÁÔB ÷B_AÔÁe ∂§Õm ÿÔV^”D
143
xÁ≈º>Ák” 2 ®[√Ï m. ÊMflƒVt.
]≈™VF° xÁ≈º>Ák
“c√\V™∫ÔºeV|
c√\V™∫ÔºeV| c√º\BxD ÔsQ[ cÏÁk
ÔsÁ>B_È” 4.
ÿkπ©√|›>s_ÁÈÿB[≈V_ ∂m ÔsÁ>B_È “cıÁ\ºBV|
cıÁ\ºBV|
c≈°Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^eV> ®m°D √Á¶©A gk]_ÁÈ, ÔsQM[ √Á¶©A
cıÁ\ÁB› >s´ ºkÆ ®Á>•D ÿÔVı¶]_ÁÈ” 5
ÿÔVı¶]_ÁÈ ®[√Ï
\V.∂´∫ÔÂV>[. “ ÷ÁƒÁB¬ ÔsÁ>ºBV| ºƒÏ›m¬ ÿÔV^km º√VÈ
√ÈkuÁ≈ ÷Á›m ∂wz√|›>ÈVD. ∂ÁkÔÿe_ÈVD ÔsÁ>¬z
∂_È” 6.
÷[§BÁ\BV>Ák ∂_È
“1.
1. tÁÔfl ÿƒVuÔÁe ¿¬zÔ; √B[ ∞mD >´V> ∂Á¶ ÿ\VaÔÁe›
>sÏ›m s|Ô. 2. Û‚∑\›Á> ÂV¶uÔ. 3.∂È∫ÔV´D ºkı¶VD. Â_È
∂È∫ÔV´D ®[–D 4.{Áƒ¬ÔVÔ ÔsÁ>© ÿ√VÚÁe› mı¶V¶
ºkı¶VD. 5. ÿƒ[Æ {FÕm ŒÀÿkVÚ kˆÁB•D WuÔfl ÿƒFms‚|
ºkı¶VD” 7. ]≈™VFs[ E≈©A©√ıA BVm?
\ÆkˆÁB ®ø©√› ÿ>V¶∫Ô ºkı¶VD
∂>[ kKkV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶ BVm? ®©º√Vm ]≈™VF° g´VFflEl[ ÌÆÔÁe•D
144
∂Ô©√|›]B Œ[≈VÔ \VÆ˛[≈m ®[√Á> m.ÊMflƒVt ∏[kÚ\VÆ
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ.
“]≈™VF°
]≈™VF° ®[√m, E≈Õ>, kKkV™ Ôs›mk›Á> ∂Á¶BVeD
ÔVbD ∂§kVÔ ÷Ú©√m. ∂>[ E≈©A©√ıAÔπ_ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVzD.
÷>[ ∂|›> WÁÈÔπºÈºB ∂>[ ƒJÔ, cesB_, \uÆD ÔÚ›]B_
ÂsuEÔ^ √u§B Aˆ>_Ô^ ºkı|D. ÷Às´ı¶VD WÁÈl_ ]≈™VF°
®[√m g´VFflE ®[√>[ ÌÆÔÁe c^e¶¬˛fl ÿƒ_KD. ®m Â_È
ÔsÁ> ∂_Èm ®m ÔsÁ> ∂_È ®[√Á>¬ Ô¬˛ÿÈ|›m¬
ÿÔV^eV\_ ÿƒFB©√|D ]≈™VFs[ sˆ°Ô^ ∂Ω©√Á¶ º√V¶©√¶V>
º√V[≈Ák” 8 gzD ®[√Ï.
Ô‚|\V™∫Ô^ º√V[≈Ák
“∑ıVDAD
∑ıVDAD \KD cBÏÿk©√WÁÈl_ ÷ÁÕm ÔıVΩ
gkÁ>©º√VÈ √Á¶©√Vu≈o[ mΩ©∏_ ÔÚ›mD ÔÁÈ•D ÷ÁÕm
ÔsÁ> gkÁ> ÷kÏÔ^ sÚDA˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷m ÷kÏÔπ[ ÷È‚EBD.
ÔÚ›]uÔV™ ÔÚs ÔÁÈÿB™ ÷BÕ]´sB_ ÷kÏÔ^ º√∑km ÷_ÁÈ.
ÔÁȺB ®_ÈVD ®[≈ #BkV>xD ÷kÏÔ”Ôz c¶[√VΩ_ÁÈ. ƒˆBV™
>›mk›Á>› º>ÏÕmÿÔVı¶ ÔÁÈQº™, ƒˆBV™ ÔÁÈQ™VÔ°D ÷Ú¬Ô
∂§Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^” 9 ®[√Ï QVM.
xΩ•D ®[Æ ÷kÏÔ^ ∂§Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^
“√Á¶©A
√Á¶©A ®[√m ƒJÔ WÈk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ®]ÏsÁ™BVÔ°D
∂Á\•D. >s´, ÔsÁ>l[ c^e¶¬ÔD (∂_) kΩkD ®[Æ √z©√>[
145
JÈD, √Á¶©∏B¬Ô›Á> se¬ÔxΩBVm. ÷>uz \V≈VÔ, ÔsÁ>l[
A≈¬Ô‚¶Á\©A, ∂Ô¬Ô‚¶Á\©A ®[Æ √VÏ©√>[ JÈD
se¬ÔxΩ•D”10 ®™°D ∂kÏ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ.
÷Ȭ˛B©√Á¶©Á√fl E≈©√VÔ se¬ÔxΩ•D
“ŒÀÿkVÚ
ŒÀÿkVÚ √Á¶©∏KD ƒJÔ kVμ¬ÁÔ› >Ôk_Ô^
÷¶Dÿ√u§Ú¬zD; k´ÈVuÆ› >Ôk_Ô^ ÷Ú¬zD. Ûw_ kÚÁ™
cesB_ >Ôk_Ô”D ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. ÷Ák >M›>MBVÔ ∂_Èm ÔË>¬
Ì‚¶ÈVÔ ÷Ȭ˛B\VÔ ŒÚ √Á¶©Á√ \Vu§s¶Vm. ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD
÷Ȭ˛B›][ ÔflƒV© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^. ÷Ák ÷Ȭ˛B›]≈™VFsuÔV™
ÿ√VÚ‚ÔeVÔ°D gÔVm. º\u√Ω >Ôk_Ô^ ÿƒVuÔ^ ®ÀkVÆ, ®>™V_
÷Ȭ˛B› >[Á\ÁB© ÿ√Æ˛[≈™ ®[√Á>© √lKkº> ÷Ȭ˛B›
]≈™VFs[√Ë. ®™ºk ÷Ȭ˛B›mkº\ ]≈™VFs[ √l_ ÿ√VÚ^.
gzD” 11 ®[√VÏ Â.x›m
÷Ȭ˛B›mkD ®[√m ÷Ȭ˛B xøÁ\•D gzD
º\VÔ[.
“Ôs›mk›][
Ôs›mk›][ kVE©∏_ Œø∫˛[Á\ Œø∫ÔVzD. Œø∫z
Œø∫˛[Á\BVzD. zwÕÁ>Ô^ sÁeBV‚Ω_ ÷Õ> ∂w˛B_ O‚√D
Ôs›mkD ÿ√uÆ› ]Ôμ˛≈m. ÔÁÈ©√>[ JÈD A]B cÚk›Á>
cÚkV¬zkm, ÔÁÈÕm ÔÈÕm ˛¶¬zD ∂Úk›]oÚÕm cÚk›Á>
cı¶V¬zkm ÷Às´ıΩKº\ Ôs›mkD >mDA˛≈m. \Á≈Õm^e
cÚk›Á> ÿkπ¬ÿÔVÚD √Á¶©Afl ÿƒBo_ zwÕÁ>Ô^ Ôs›mk
÷[√D ÔVı˛[≈™Ï. cÁ´BV¶oBD ®[≈ ÷Ȭ˛B g¬ÔxÁ≈ z§›mfl
EÈ ∂§QÏÔ^ ÌÆ˛[≈™Ï. ÷ÁkÿkÆD AÁ™°Ô^ ∂_È;
B>VÏ›>›]KD ÷Ák WÔμ˛[≈™. sÁeBV‚|© ÿ√VÚ^ÔºeV|
cÁ´BV|˛[≈™” 12 ®[√Ï QVM.
zwÕÁ>Ô^ cÁ´BV|˛[≈™
“zwÕÁ>
zwÕÁ> sÁeBV‚|¬ÔÁe Ák›m ÿ√ˆB kˆÔ^ Ák›m^e
146
ºÔV‚√V|” 13 ®[√Ï
E›]´∫ÔÁe¬ ºÔoÿƒFB ºkı|D. ÷m ȬÔVM¬ ºÔV‚√V|
x›mº\VÔ[. “®_ÈVs>
®_ÈVs> WB]ÔÁe•D >ÔÏ›mWuzD ƒ¬] \M>M¶›]_
cı|. º>EB, ÷™, \> kVμ°Ô”¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶ zwÕÁ>Á\•¶[ \™D
sa©A© ÿ√ÆD Ôº\ ∂m. ÷[ÿ™Vv[¸ ®[˛º≈Vº\ \™©√]°Ôπ[
c>sÁB c>§s‚| sa¬zD zwÕÁ>Á\ ∂Á>¬ z§©∏|˛º≈[.
ÔsQ[ ∂©º√Vm ∂§Õº>V ∂§BV\ºÈV ÷ÕWÁÈÁB ∂Á¶Õm
s|˛≈V[. ∂ÀkÁÔ¬ Ô∫ÔπºÈºB kVμs[ ®_ÁÈl[Á\,
AÈ©√|˛[≈m” 14 ®™ ∏º´t^ ªÆkÁ>
ÿƒV_K¬z ÷∫ÔV> Ø´D AÈ©√|˛[≈m
ÿ√V]ÿku√[ >™m ±o_ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
147
#ı|km. ∞uÔ™ºk c^e cÈÔD √u§B √VÏÁkl_ ∂]Ú©] ÿÔVı|
ºkÿ≈VÚ s>\VÔ cÈÁÔ \™›]_ Ô‚¶Á\©√m A]B cÈÔ ºÂV¬˛uÔV™
º>¶_ ÷m. A]>VÔ cÚkÁ\›>_ ®[√]_ √ÁwBÁ> cÚ¬zÁÈ›>_
∂¶∫zD” 16 .
®[√mD ∂¶∫zD
148
®ø›mÔVÈ›]_ c^e¶∫˛B ∂Á\]¬ z´ÈVÔ ÿ\e™ kVE©∏uzˆ›>VluÆ.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÔVÈ›]_ Ìk_ √ıAD ∂È∫ÔV´©√ıAD ÌΩ k´ÈVluÆ.
sB©AWÁȺB kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂ΩÂV>\VluÆ. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›][
º√fl∑›º>V´Á•D, kƒ™ ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD Am¬ÔsÁ>©º√V¬˛_
ÔÈÕm≈kV¶ÈVl™. ∂fl∑ª¶Ô k´kV_ ÔVm¬zˆB>VÔ ÷ÚÕm kÕ> ÔsÁ>
ÔıË[ ÔV‚E¬zˆB Ô‚AÈ©√Ω\∫ÔÁe ∂´kÁ¬ÔÈVluÆ. cesBo[
>V¬ÔxD ÔsÁ>¬z^ ª¶VΩ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ A›mlÏ©∏uz kakz›>m.
“x[ÿ√_ÈVD
x[ÿ√_ÈVD \™D ®[≈V_ WÁ™°Ô”D cÏ°Ô”D Ì|D
º\u√´©√VÔºk ÔÚ>©√‚¶m. ∂>[*m √Ω•D kıD ÔÚ›Á>
ÿkπl‚¶V_ ∂m º√VmD ®[§ÚÕ>m. ÷©º√V> \™›][ ÷Ú ÌÆÔ^
º\_\™D, ∂Ω\™D ®[Æ g´VFÕm º√ƒ©√|˛[≈™. ∂Ω\™
WÁ™°Ô”D cÏ°Ô”D, º\_\™ \‚¶›]uzD, º\_ \™›]oÚÕm
∂Ω\™›]uzD ÿƒ[Æ √Ω˛[≈™. ÷ÀkVÆ kÕm º>V[Æk>uz
ŒÚkaºB ∑ºBflÁƒ©√ˆ\Vu≈D ( Free Association ) ®[Æ \™sB_
ƒV›]´›]_ Ì≈©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> kal_>V[ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿkπX‚|xÁ≈
÷B∫z˛≈m. Œ[Á≈¬ ÿÔVı| ÷[ÿ™V[Á≈ ∂§B Ák¬zD ÷Õ>
kaºB>V[ z§©√Vu≈_ ( Suggestion ) cı¶V¬˛fl ÿƒB_√|˛≈m.
÷¬z§©√Vu≈o_>V[ Am¬ÔsÁ> >™m koÁ\ÔÁe ª[≈
Ák¬ÔxΩ˛≈m”20 ®[√Ï E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√].
Ák¬ÔxΩ˛≈m
149
ºkƺk≈VzD ®[√º>. ∂>Á™› yÏ\VM¬Ô k_È ∂ÚÔÁ> ∂Àk›>e›]_
÷B∫z√kÏÔ”¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™>VÔ ∂Á\B¬ÌΩBº> gzD.
“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛B_ √u§© º√∑kÿ>[√m ∞≈›>Vw¬ ÔsÁ>l[
ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁe© √u§© º√∑k>uz ÷ÁBV™m>V[. (1) ÔsÁ>
AˆB©√|D s>D (2) ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\Va (3) ÔsÁ> kVƒÔ \™›]uz^
÷B∫zD s>D (4) ∂Ï›>fl ƒV›]B©√V|Ô^ g˛BkuÁ≈fl ºƒÏ›m¬
ÿÔVı¶V_>V[ ∂¬ÔÚ›m› ÿ>Vz]Ô^ ÂT™ ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛BÈVÔ
ƒV›]BD” 21 ®[√Ï ∏´D\´V¤[.
gzD. >z] kVFÕ>ÁkBVkm ƒV›]BD
“clÏ›>[Á\>V[
clÏ›>[Á\>V[ ∂wz. clÏ›>[Á\ Am \ÈÏflE ®[˛≈
cıÁ\BVÔ ŒÚ ÿkπX‚Ω_ WÈ°D WÁȺB ∂wz. ÷>Á™ c´V>kÏ
√lKD ∂w˛B_ ŒÚ k≈ı¶ ÷B_ ( Craft ) >Vº™ ∂[§ ∂wz¶[
ƒD√Õ>D c^e Œ[≈[Æ. ÷Õ> clÏ›>[Á\>V[ ®[™ ®[Æ √VÏ›>V_
ÔVÈVD” 22
∂m ¿]•ÏsoÚÕm ∏ƒÔV> ŒÚ \º™V >Ï\D ®[Æ ÔVÈVD
®[√Ï ÿ√V]B ÿku√[.
“kVμ¬ÁÔl[
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ∏ˆ¬ÔxΩBV> √z]BVÔ √Á¶©Afl ÿƒB_√V|D
∂wzÏflE•D ŒÚÔVÈ›]_ ÷ÚÕ>™. cÁw©A ÷kuÁ≈¬ ÔekVΩfl
ÿƒ[Æ >M›]≈[, cBÏ´ƒÁ™ cÁ¶ºBVÚ¬ÔV™>VÔ \Vu§BÁ\›m
s‚¶m”23 ®[√Ï ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>[. ∂wÿÔ[√m √VϬԩ√|D ÿ√VÚπ_ ÷_ÁÈ.
s‚¶m
ÔVk_È ÔıÔÁe© ÿ√VÆ›º> ∂m >ÔkÁ\•D ®[√Ï. kVƒÔ[ √∫ºÔuÁ√
ko•Æ›mD ∂Á\©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ ÷m >M›>ÿ>VÚ mÁ≈BVÔºk
keÏÕm^em.
“{Ï
{Ï ÷Ȭ˛B© ∏´]l[ ∂Ï›>D ∂m º>V[§B ÿ√Vø]ºÈºB
yÏ\VM¬Ô©√‚| ®fiƒV xøÁ\ ÿ√uÆ s|k]_ÁÈ. ∏[kÚD
ƒÕ>]l™´V_ A]B ∂Ï›>∫Ô^ >´©√‚| A]B √B[√V|Ô”¬z ∂m
ÿÔV^e©√|˛≈m. ÷©º√Vm ÷Ȭ˛B kVE©ÿ√[√m >M›>ÿ>VÚ
mÁ≈BVÔºk keÏÕm^em. ∞uA ∂w˛B_ ( Reception Aesthetics )
ÿ√u≈m” 24 ®[√Ï Ø´flƒÕ]´[.
®[Æ ÷›mÁ≈ ÿ√BÏ ÿ√u≈m
150
3.2 Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[√Á¶©A ÿ§
“ÂƬ˛B
ÂƬ˛B \VD√w / Â|s_ {Ï Aø EƬ˛l[ c>B\VFfl / E§º>
ÿÂπÕ>m ÿÔV‚Á¶© Aøs[ / WtÏÕ> √VÏÁkl_ ®‚¶Ω© √VD∏[ / ÷´V¤
ÔD¨´D Aø›> \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ / Aø]l_ ®§Õº>[ ÂøsB AøºkV /
ÂÔÏÕ>m ºƒu§_ \Áw ÿ√VaÕm {FÕ>º>VÏ / ÁkÔVE ÂVπ_ >Áwfl
E≈ÿÔV[Æ / >ÁÈ¿‚¶ÈVluÆ! >πÏ©√‚¶VÁ¶ / >∫Ô© Øflƒ´D zπˆÁÈ
Â|s_ / ÿÔVø \fiƒ^ÔM Ø∫˛Áe¬ Ì‚Ω_ / Am¬zl_ ÂV>D
>V∫zºk[ ®[Æ >ÁÈkÁƒ¬ ˛[≈º>V? ∂øÔo[ ÷>BxD / >πˆ[
>VBÔD ®økmD cBÏkmD / clˆ[ cˆÁ\ÿB[Æ √VÏ›m©
√VÏ›ÿ>Á™© / √ˆÔE¬ ˛[≈º>V?
˛[≈º>V?” (Œπ©√≈Ák, √¬. 35á3).
“zwDA
zwDA \V¬ÿÔV‚Á¶ zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√EBm ®[Æ ].ºƒV.
ºkbºÔV√VÈ[ ®ø]™VÏ. ÷™©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√∑D \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ∂ø˛
∂a˛≈m ®[√m ∂kÏ ÔÚ›m. ®ø›m ÷>a_ ÿkπkÕ> ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>¬z ®]ϬÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏ Eu∏. \Vs[ ÷™D ∂ak]_ÁÈ.
clˆ[ ÷B¬ÔD ∂¶∫zk]_ÁÈ. >[Á™› >Vº™ Am©∏›m¬
ÿÔV^˛≈m. \M>–D ∂ak]_ÁÈ. ÷m clˆ[ >›mkD ®[√m ÔsQÏ
ÔÚ›m. clˆ[ >›mkD Â\¬z xøÁ\BVÔ› ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. \Áw›mπ,
A_o[ k´ÈVÆ ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ sˆkV™m. ÷>[
gwxD, ∂Ï›>xD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. g[\Vs[ z´KD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ.
ƒÚzfl EÕ>Á™ÔÁe¬ ÔsÁ>BV¬z˛º≈VD ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_KD
ÿ>ˆ˛≈m” 27 ®[√Ï
ÔsQÚ¬z^ kVμs[ g>V´D º>|D º>‚¶D ÿ>ˆ˛≈m
\mÛ>™[. ÷>[ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBVÔ clÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ ŒoBVÔ°D,
clˆB¬Ôº\ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ŒπBVÔ ÿkπ©√|k>VÔ°D ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›]Á™ ÷™D
ÔVbD \.\mÛ>™[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>ÁB•D ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ.
“ºƒu§MºÈ
ºƒu§MºÈ ÂVuÆ Â|D / ÿƒD√mD s´_kÁes_ ÿƒÕ>Vw©
غkV| / ÿƒÚ˛Ák›> zw_ ÿÂπs_ ÔVuÁ≈fl ∑Ú‚ΩÿBVÚ / ÔÔ™ÿkπ©
√Õ>V¬˛ ÁÔflE≈˛_ ÿƒı¶VΩ¬ / ÔV‚Ωs‚|© º√V˛≈m ABÁÈ©
√´sÿB™© / Ø‚ΩkÕ> ŒÚkÈk[ º√VÏ ∂´∫˛_ \È´s‚¶ /
ÿ√V[ÿ\VaÔ^ √VΩBº>V? xBK∫ÔV_ ®[≈V| / xBo[ÔV_
ÿ√ÆÔÿk™ ÿ\V›> clÏ›mΩ©∏[ / JÈŒπ sDtBº>V?
sDtBº>V?” (Œπ©√≈Ák,
√¬. 6á7). “÷Á>
÷Á> xøÁ\BVÔ› ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^e ÷B_k]_ÁÈ. ®M–D
÷m g[\Vs[ z´_. kVμsB¬Ô›][ z´_. ÷Õ>¬ z´_ {Fk]_ÁÈ.
\M>Á™© √≈ÁkBVÔ, ∑>Õ]´D º>Ω ∂ÁÈ√k™VÔfl ÿƒFkm ÷Õ>¬ z´_
ÔÚ›m” 28 ®[√Ï \.\mÛ>™[.
®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m
152
>k§s|˛[≈™Ï. ][≈∏[ ®§B©√‚¶ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ \ıË_ TμÕ>V_
xÁes|D. g™V_ zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ∂ø˛›>Vº™ \‚zD? ÷]_
zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√∑D zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®[–D z§X| J>VÁ>BÏ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB©
º√E >[™VÈVÔV\_ ∂sÕm TˆBD ÷wÕ> ÿƒBÈu≈ >[Á\¬z g˛kÕ>m.
÷mºk ].ºƒV.ºk. ÔsÁ>l[ ƒV´VDƒ\VzD.
“Ô>°¬z
Ô>°¬z ∂Ú˛_ / ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔBV˛ s‚¶m.
ÿ>V‚¶V_ ]≈¬zÿ\™› / º>V[Æ˛≈m Á>ˆBD k´s_ÁÈ. \ÁÈÁB
∂ø›]© √VÏ›>V_ ∂w˛B xÔD ∞mD / ®‚Ω© √VϬzº\V? WflƒBt_ÁÈ.
cÆxD ÂVF kÕm / >ÁÈÁB ¿‚|º\V? √BD >mDA˛≈m. ÔVÈD
ÔÁ´˛≈m / ÷Õ> kVƒo_ ÷›mÁ© ÿ√Vøm / ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√Á>
®kº´–D / ÷·¬ÔV´\VF WÁ™©√VÏÔºeV? ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂´kxD / ]|¬˛¶
Ák¬˛≈m ŒÀÿkVÚ ƒÈ™xD / ∂]´ Ák¬˛≈m. \™∑ ∂ø˛≈m / ÔıßÏ
ka sπD∏_ º>∫˛ Â|∫z˛≈m
Â|∫z˛≈m” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.
276á277).
“∂Á¶√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m
∂Á¶√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m Ô>°. Ô>Ák› >‚¶ÈV\V? ̶V>V ®[≈ >B¬ÔD
>‚Ω™V_ ®Õ> xÔD ®Õ> cϺkV| ÿkπ©√|D. >‚¶›>B∫˛ ÿkπl_
c^e ÿ>[Á™ \´›][ ∂eÁk, ∂eÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V[ ÷Õ>
\M>[. Ô>° ®[˛≈ ÷Õ>¬ÔsÁ> ®Õ> \Ï\›Á> c^e¶¬˛ ÷Ú¬˛≈m?
Â\¬z^ ÂVD ÷[–D >‚Ω› ]≈¬Ôs_ÁÈ. ÂD c^ gw∫ÔÁe ÂVº\
>ˆE¬Ôs_ÁÈ. Â\¬z ÿkπlKD ®›>Á™ºBV Ô>kÁ¶©AÔ^ ÂVD
\›]B>´kϬÔD. >B∫˛›>V[ Wu˛º≈VD. >‚|ºkVD; ®]ÏÿÔV^ºkVD.
Eu∏ ®Õ>¬ Ô>s[ x[ >B∫˛ Wu˛≈VÏ? ÿk_k>uz {Ï cÈÔD
ÌϺkVD”30 ®[√VÏ QVM.
÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[≈ \VϬE[ ÌuÁ≈ ÷∫z WÁ™° ÌϺkVD
154
“>™m
>™m Ûw_, >™m ƒJÔ© ∏ˆ° ®[≈ k‚¶∫Ô”¬z^ ∂_Èm
√z]Ô”¬z^ W[Æ, ∂>Á™ xøÁ\ÿB[ÆD ∑B\V™ AM>D ®[ÆD
Ôu∏>D √ıˬ ÿÔV^km ŒÚWÁÈ. ∂>Á™fl E§>e°D Ôı|
ÿÔV^eV\_, ÿ√V›>VD ÿ√VmkV™ º\ÿÈøÕ> kVˆBV™ sƒB∫ÔÁe
®ømkm ÷[ÿ™VÚWÁÈ. \V≈VÔ, ÷Ú¬˛≈ Ûw_ÔÁe•D >´©√‚¶
∂_Èm >V™VÔ kˆ›m¬ÿÔV^˛≈ Ûw_ÔÁe•D, √´Õ>ÿ>VÚ
ƒJÔÿkπl_ c^eVÏÕ> ƒJÔ cϺkV|, ∂kuÁ≈ c≈°Á¶B
cı|” 31 ®™
√z]ÔeVÔ¬ ÔV´ ÔVˆB∫ÔºeV| √VϬ˛[≈ WÁÈ Œ[Æ cı|
s·¬z˛≈VÏ ].∑.¶´Vƒ[.
“\V–¶
\V–¶ kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ∂–√k›>´VE_ √VÏ©√m ®[ ÔsÁ>©
√VÏÁk. \M>–¬z^”D, ÷BuÁÔ ÿkπlKD ∂[Á√ sÁ>©√m ®[
®ø›m¬Ôπ[ ºÂV¬ÔD. \M>º™ ÷BuÁÔl[ ŒÚ√z] ®[√>V_
÷BuÁÔ¬z ºÂÚD ∂a°Ôπ_ ÿÂVÕm º√VkmD ®_ÈVkÁÔ
∂¶¬zxÁ≈ÔπoÚÕmD Ê´a°ÔπoÚÕmD \M>Á™¬ ÔV¬Ô
ÿƒB_√V|” 32 ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
xB_kmD ®[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ∂Ω›>efl ÿƒB_√V|
÷Õ> º√V>xD ∂k´m zÚÂV>Ï √V´] JÈD ∂kÚ¬z kVF›>º> kVM_ √≈¬zD
A^ÿeÈVD ÂV[ ®[˛[≈ k_È ∂Õ> QV™º\ Eu∏¬zD ÁÔÿÔV|¬˛[≈m.
“s∑kÿkπ©√Va[
s∑kÿkπ©√Va[ / \Ï\¬ ÔÚ©Á√l_ / ÂV–D ÔVÈxD /
ŒπÕ]ÚÕº>VD / ‚ƒ›]´© Aø] ∂b¬ÔeVF / ∂b¬Ôπ[ ∏^Áe
ÂV[ / g™>V_ Asl[ / ®Õ>fl ºƒ>xD / ®[Á™ ∂wÁk¬˛[≈™ /
®Õ> ckÁÔ•D / ®[Á™› m^π ®wÁk¬˛[≈™ / ÷M ®™¬z / \´D
ŒÚº√Vmt_È / ÂV[.... ÂV[ / ÔVÈ\V˛s‚¶>V_
ÔVÈ\V˛s‚¶>V_” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©
√B∫Ô^, √¬. 141á144).
“√ˆV\
√ˆV\ ÷B¬Ô›Á>fl ÿƒV_okÚD ÔsQÏ ∏´√fiƒ›][
155
JȬÌÆÔπ[ \M>Á™¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏ. ÔVÈxD ÂV–D Œ[Æ ®™fl
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ. ÷©√Ω ∏´√fiƒ›]_ WÔøD ®Õ> WÔμ°D >[Á™fl ƒÈ™©√¶
Ák¬˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. ‚ƒ›]´xD ÂV–D ºkÆ ∂_È.
∂ıÁ\•Dáÿ>VÁÈ°D, √ÔKDá÷´°D, √VÁÈ•Dáƒx›]´xD,
∂øÁÔ•DáEˆ©AD, xøÁ\•DáJπ•D, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^ ∂_È. Œ[Á≈
\u≈m ª|Ús›>V[ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ®∫zD WÁ≈Õ]Ú¬˛≈m √ˆØ´D
®[˛≈VÏ” 33 \.\mÛ>™[.
®[˛≈VÏ
“÷Ú‚|
÷Ú‚| / ÿkπflƒD ÷[Á\ ∂_È ŒπÁB / kΩÔ‚|D ƒ_ÈÁ¶
√Ô_ / ÷Ú‚|¬z ®]Ï©√>D ∂_È ÷Úπ[ / ÿ\_oB ÔÁ´ƒ_.
\ΩÕmº√Vkm / xΩÕm º√Vk>[Æ {Ï ®_ÁÈÁB¬ / Ô¶Õm º√Vkº>
®]KD ®m°D / ÷_ÁÈÿB[§_ÁÈ ®_ÈVku§KD / ®_ÈVD cı|
√ˆØ´›]KD /Jπ›>™D JπlKD cı| / √ˆØ´›mkD
√ˆØ´›mkD”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬. 243á244).
156
º√VFs|\V ®[™? ÷Ák ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ∂Ô©√|›]ºB Eu∏ >[ ÔsÁ>
ÿ\ValÁ™ tÔfl ÿƒ§kV™ ÷Æ¬Ô kVÏ©A¶[ √ˆØ´›]KD Jπ›>D /
JπlKD c™¬z √ˆØ´›mkD ®™¬Ô‚¶Á\¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[
>ÁÈ©A ®∫ÿÔ∫z ÔVË–D... ®[≈ √V´]>VƒM[ √V¶_ kˆloÚÕº>
®|›>Ve©√‚|^em. (®∫ÿÔ∫z ÔVË–D ƒ¬]B¶V, >D∏ ∞øÔ¶_ ∂k^
kı\¶V) ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> z§›mD ÷[ÿ™VÚ¬ÔsÁ> z§›mD cˆB
√]°ÔÁe ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“÷Õ>¬
÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ \VϬEB ÷B∫˛BÁȬ ÔVÈVD.
÷Õ]B›>›mk›º>V|D ÔsQÏ √VÏÁk ÷ÁÕm ÿƒ_˛≈m. ®[T|D
\´AD ®™¬z^ Œ[≈V˛[≈™. \´›]–^ ÂV[ Œ[§s|˛º≈[.
÷©ÿ√Vøm ÂV[ ®[™ g˛º≈[ ®[≈ xÁ≈l_ ÔsQˆ[ cÏ°Ô^
sˆ˛[≈™. ºkÏÔ^ √V>VeD kÁ´ ÿƒ_˛[≈™. sˆÕm ÿƒ_KD
˛ÁeÔ^ ˛ÁeÔπ_ kÕm >∫˛fl ÿƒ_KD √≈ÁkÔ^ √≈ÁkÔπ[
x™Ô_Ô^ . . .. . ÿkΩ›> ∂Ω\´›]_ ÔÁ´BV[ zΩlÚ¬zD ∂ÚkÚ©√V™
ÿ√VÕm c^ºe ÂVÔº\V ´Ժ\V ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. ÷ku§_ ºƒVÔ© √∑Á\
÷ÚÕ>VKD ÔVuÆ kÕ>V_ >ÁÈsˆ›m© º√V‚| ∂øÁÔ. ÷›>Á™¬zD
~|Ô‚¶ ~ƒV™ JÁÈl_ ÔflE>\VÔ© Ø›> ŒÚ Ø ÷ÀkVÆ >V–D >[ T|D
\´xD Œ[§lÚ©√Á> ®[\´D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ. ºk>Á™
t¬Ô>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z^πÚÕm>V[ ∂Õ>©Ø \ÈÏ˛≈m.
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ºk>Á™Ô”¬z ~|Ô‚|˛≈m ÷Õ>©Ø. ÔsQˆ[ ÿ\FlB_
WÁ≈˛≈m” 35 ®[√Ï \.\mÛ>™[.
∂[∏_ WÁ≈˛≈m
“ÛˆBWw_
ÛˆBWw_ ÿ>Vz©∏_ \´D ®[ÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁe
∂º>ÿ√Bˆ_ ®Àke° ÔVÈ›]uz ∂Áw©√m ®[Æ ÔsQÏ ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈VÏ.
®™m T‚Á¶ ÷M \´D ®[Æ ÿƒV_ºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ. \´D ]ÚÔ_, xÆÔÈVÔ
keÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ÿkl_ ÿÔV|Á\, º√V]B ¿ˆ_ÁÈ. c´D ÷_ÁÈ.
kVΩkuÆD ∂Õ> \´›][ cflE¬˛Áel_ ~ƒVMB JÁÈl_ {Ï ∂w˛B
\ÈÏ Ø›]Ú¬˛≈m ®[Æ ÔsÁ>ÁB xΩ¬˛≈VÏ. Â\¬z^ ˛eÆ˛≈m
÷Õ>¬ÔsÁ>. z|D√fl Ûwo_ c≈° ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ^, kVμ¬ÁÔ ku§¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. \´›Á>© º√VÈ. ®M–D, \´D ŒÚ ØÁk \ÈÏ›mk>[
157
JÈD clÏ ÷B¬Ô›Á> ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈m. \M>–¬z^ ÷[–D ∂[A
∂w˛B>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ~´D ÷[–D ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> \´D ƒVÔVm. ÷Õ>
\M>[ ∂aÕm s¶ \V‚¶V[. ∂Ô®øflE º\ºÈV∫˛•^e, Eu∏l[
÷m°ÿ\V[Æ” 36 ®[Æ s·¬zkVÏ QVM.
∂uA>\V™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷m°ÿ\V[Æ
kVÁÔ•DáÔÚ∫ÔVo•D, ÿkıÔ¶DADá~‚Ω•D, ∂¶ÏÕ> kV™›]_ / ŒuÁ≈›
º>¬z\´D / kV™›m¬z› / >VÛ™ #ı ®[≈ / WÁ™©A / º\Ô∫Ôπ[ EºÂ˛>[
®[≈ º\‚ΩÁ\ / >V[ ÿƒV[™V_ >V[ / \Áw kÚ\VD / ∂©√Ω ŒÚ ÷Ú\V©A /
∂[Æ / \´Dÿk‚ΩÔ^ ∑u§fl ∑u§ kÕ>VÏÔ^ / ∞≈ ÷≈∫Ô© √VÏ›m›
>ÁÈBÁƒ¬Ô°D / ºkˆ_ søÕ>m ÿk‚| / º>¬z \´›m¬z. (J|√M, √¬.71á72).
º\‚ΩÁ\ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ º>¬z\´D \u≈ \´∫ÔÁ· s¶ E≈Õ>m ®[≈ ®ıD
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√Á> s·¬z˛≈VÏ. ∂Õ> ®ı›]™V_ ∂m ÿk‚|©√‚|
∂akÁ>•D ̧ \™>M[ ®ı›Á> \Á≈xÔ\VÔ ÷Ω›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
“®[
®[ \Á™s¬z / ∂m>V[ ∏≈Õ>T| ®[ ∑Ô m¬Ô∫Ô”¬z /
ÿkÀºkÆ ∂ÁÈ¿e∫Ôπ_ / gÆ>_ xÈVD Ø∑D / √V‚|¬zΩlÚ©A.
√flÁƒfl ƒx›]´D / sDt¬˛¶Õ> ÷¶›]_ / ÿk‚¶ÿkπ ÿkÆD√´©A ®[
Ww_, ®[ clϬÔVuÆ ®[ g[\ ƒ∫ˇ>D. ∑^πÔ^ .... cÈÏÕ>
÷ÁÈÔ^ \´›mb¬zÔ^ / ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´D / Øtl[ ÔVB\VF
sˆƒ_s‚|¬ ˛¶Õ>m. xÕÁ>B \´\Vkm ∂kÏ T‚| \´D. g™V_
÷Õ> \´º\V ®[ T‚Ω[ º\uz©A≈›]_ ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ WÈ›]_ / ŒÚ
√flÁƒ© ∏´eBD º√V_ / WuzD ºk©√\´D
ºk©√\´D”.. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^,
√.286).
158
>[T‚| \´›Á>© √V¶ kÕ> Eu∏ >\m T‚Á¶ ÷M \´ÿ\[º√[ ®[≈VÏ.
∂|›> T‚| \´›Á> \Á™sl[ ∏≈Õ> Tÿ¶™°D >D Ww_, clϬÔVuÆ, g[\
ƒ∫ˇ>D ®[ÿ≈_ÈVxD ÿÔVı¶VΩ W[≈VÏ. ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´›Á>© Øtl[
ÔVB\VF sˆƒ_ s‚|¬ ˛¶Õ> ÿ>[˛[≈VÏ. gÔ ÷©√Ω T‚|\´›Á>•D √¬Ô›m
T‚| \´›Á>•D ÿƒVÕ>∫ ÿÔVı¶VΩBkÏ ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´›Á>© Øtl[
ÔVB\VÔ c´k_ÈkÏ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ \´›][ ∂Ω\´k|¬ÔÁe•D √V|˛[≈VÏ.
“√|Ôe›]_
√|Ôe›]_ / ºkÿÈ|›m WuzD / ∂ı[\VÏ ∑kVtÔ^ º√V_ /
∂Õ> ∂›]\´xD / ∂¶ÏÕm ∑u§B ÂV_A>ÚD / ÿÔ›m¬ÿÔ›ÿ>[Æ /
gu≈∫ÔÁ´¬ÿÔVÚ / W´Õ>´¬ ÔVkÈ™VÔ. A_KD ÿkmÿkm¬zD /
√VÁ≈Ô”D ∂™_√ø¬zD / ∂©º√VmD ∂D\Vs[ x›>Dº√V_ / zπÏflE
swV¬ ÿÔVı¶V|D / ∂›]\´ Ww_ ÔsÕ> gu≈∫ÔÁ´ºBV´D . ÷eD
s>Ák ÷[M¬zD / ÂV_ ÔV‚|¬zD / ∞º>V ∞º>V ÷Ú©√>VF¬ /
ÔVmÔ^ zÆzÆ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶mı| / g™V_ ∂›]\´D / ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A©
∏´\VD ®|›]ÚÕ>m
®|›]ÚÕ>m” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬. 218, 220).
159
\Õ]´\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVek_Èm \‚|t_ÁÈ Eu∏l[ Ôs›mkD. ∂›]\´D
®|›]Ú¬zD ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A© √ˆ\V›Á>› >VxD ®|›>k´VF ∂k´m
ÿ\e™›>VKD ÔsÁ> g˛ \ÈÚD Ôs›mkº\ Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ˝k ªuƬ
ÔıÔeVzD. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷∫z ®|›>Ve©√‚¶ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z
ª¶VÔ°D clÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ ŒoBVÔ°D, clˆB¬Ô›][ ˝k ŒπBVÔ°D
ÿkπ©√|kº> Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ Ôs›mk\VzD.
“>[JÈD
>[JÈD ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ®∫˛ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m ®[Æ sB¬zD
ÔsQÏ cBÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ Œo ÔsÁ> ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷BuÁÔ \uÆD \M>
cÁw©∏oÚÕmD º√VÏ x>oB kVμ¬ÁÔ x´ı√V|Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD
ÔsÁ> kÚ˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. clˆB¬ÔD >V[ ÔsÁ>BVÔ, ŒπBVÔ
ÿkπ©√|˛≈m ®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m. ÷Á> xøÁ\BVÔ›
ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^e ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ®M–D ÷m g[\Vs[ z´_.
{Fk]_ÁÈ” 38 ®[√VÏ \mÛ>™[.
kVμsB¬Ô›][ z´_. ÷Õ>¬ z´_ {Fk]_ÁÈ
160
“÷[–D
÷[–D ®›>Á™ºBV xΩBVmÔ^ cı| ÔV_A^π º√V‚|
WÆ›>È[Æ / xuÆ©A^πBV_ ÔsÁ>¬z / ∂Á º√V¶ xΩBVm /
®[√m ∂kuÆ^ Œ[ÿ≈™
Œ[ÿ≈™” (J|√M, √¬. 108á109).
“√z›>§°fl
√z›>§°fl ƒÕÁ>l_ / ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD ÁÔl_ xuÆ©A^πÔÁe
/ JϬÔ\VF Ák›m¬ ÿÔVı| \™›]_ √‚¶ mÁ≈l_ / xÁeBΩ›m¬
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏ / EÈÏ ∑Ú]•¶[/ EÈÏ ƒ∫Ô ÷Ȭ˛B›m¶[ / EÈÏ
kÚVE´\›m¶[ / EÈÏ ÔD√Ú¶[ / EÈÏ sfiQV™›m¶[ / EÈÏ \VϬ¸
®∫Ô_∑¶[ ºkÆ EÈÏ ®m–¶º™V / Œm∫˛ W[≈ EÈÏ / \™
÷BK¬Ô©√VÁÈ ∂ΩflƒVÏÕ> \VϬԛ>Vº´V| / Eˆ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï.
∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ / ]œÿ´[Æ ®[ ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[ /
‘Ô\V ÷ÚÕ>m” 39 ®[√VÏ Â.∏flƒJÏ›].
Ô\V’ ›>V[ ÷ÚÕ>m
Ô\V
“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿƒ°©∏[™o_, ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B ÔÚ›m WÁÈÔ^,
√Vs¬˛¶¬˛[≈™” 40
ÿ\VaWÁÈ ÿ√uÆ, c^ ÷ÁwÔeV˛© √´kÈVÔ© √Vs¬˛¶¬˛[≈™
®[√Ï ].∑.¶´Vƒ[. “ŒÚ
ŒÚ A›>Ô›Á> kVE©√m ®[√º>, ®›>Á™ºBV
>[Á\ÔÁe \™›]u ÿÔVı| ∂Á>©∏≈ A›>Ô∫ÔºeV| Œ›mD
161
c≈μÕmD √VÏ©√>V˛≈m. ÷Á>›>V[ ÂT™ s\σÔÏÔ^ √_ ∏´]›mkD
( Inter-texuality ) ®[˛≈VÏÔ^. kVμ¬ÁÔ ÔÁÈÁB©√VÏ›m ∂Á\˛≈m
®[º≈ ŒÚ kV>›]uz Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^”ºkVD. ∂©√ΩBV™V_, x>o_
ÔÁÈ ®∫˛ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m? ÷>uz©√]_ ÔÁÈ, ÔÁÈloÚÕº>
º>V[Æ˛≈m ®[√m>V[. ÔsÁ> kVμ¬ÁÔ ∂–√k›]oÚÕm
®ø>©√|km ∂_È. \V≈VÔ¬ ÔsÁ> ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕº>
®ø>©√|˛≈m” 41 ®[√Ï Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[. Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ kVμ¬ÁÔ
®ø>©√|˛≈m
∂–√k›]oÚÕmD, ∂k´m c^eVÏÕ> º>¶ooÚÕmD, xÕÁ>B
x[º™VΩÔπ[ √Á¶©AÔπoÚÕmD ∏≈Õ> kı\VF ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ÷m
√u§ ∂kº´ Ì≈¬ ºÔ‚º√Vº\.
“gl´D
gl´D Ôu√Á™Ô^ ∂ÁȺ\V] kÕ>VKD ®Á>•D ®[ ∂ƒÈVÔ¬
ÔÚmD √w¬ÔD ®™¬z ÷_ÁÈ. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[Æ
ÔÚmD zÚzÈ kVEÂV[. ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z© √V´]l[ ÿƒV_o_, ®ø›]_
ÂV[”42 ®[√Ï Eu∏. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[ÿ≈VÚ
xø˛© º√V™k[ ÂV[
zÚzÈkVEBVF Eu∏ºB ÿÔVı¶VΩ WuÁÔl_ ÷Á>©√u§ ÂVD ÿƒV_È ®[™
÷Ú¬˛≈m. g™V_ ÷]KD gw\VÔ¬ ÔkM¬Ô ºkıΩB ÿƒF] Œ[Æ
÷Ú¬˛[≈m. ÿƒF]Ô^ ®[™ºkV ∂k´m zÚÂV>ˆ¶tÚÕmD J>VÁ>B´V™
x[º™VΩÔπ¶tÚÕmD ÿ√u≈ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ∂Á>¬Ì¶ Eu∏
®ÀkVÆ ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ ®[˛≈ s>›][ s›]BVƒ›]ºÈºB Eu∏l[
Ôs›mkD E≈Õ]Ú¬Ô¬ ÔVÈVD.
“ÔsÁ>¬zˆB
ÔsÁ>¬zˆB ÿ√VÚeVÔ©Am s≠B∫ÔÁe© √V´] ÿÔVı¶kÏ.
√wDÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬ ÌÆt¶›mD, A]B xÁ≈l_ ÔÁÈÂBD º>V[≈,
√VΩ•^eVÏ” 43 ®[√Ï
Ôs›mk gu≈ºÈV| cÏflE ºkÔ›º>V|D √VΩ•^eVÏ
®¸.ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·. A]B √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬ Ôı|ÚD √V∫z, √ÁwB
s≠B∫ÔÁe¬ ̶ A]B xÁ≈l_ ÔÁÈÂBD º>V[≈¬ Ôs›mk gu≈ºÈV|D
cÏflE ºkÔ›º>V|D ÿkπ©√|›mD s>D ÷[º™V´[™∏≈kuÁ≈› >D
zÚÂV>ˆ¶tÚÕm ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ© ÿ√uƬ ÁÔBV”D xÁ≈l™VºÈºB Eu∏•D
Ôs›mk O‚√∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛[≈VÏ. ÔsÁ>l[ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_
J[Æ WÁÈÔ^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.
162
“ÔsÁ>
ÔsÁ> ∞º>V Œ[Á≈fl ÿƒV_È WÁ™¬˛≈ º√Vº> ∂>–Á¶B
√ıÁ√fl ƒVÏÕ> º>Ák, ∂>uzˆB kΩkwÁÔ› yÏ\VM›m s|˛≈m.
º\KD, ÿƒV_K˛≈ ºƒ]•D ∂>[ Tfl∑D, ®_ÈV ºÂ´xD
Ô‚|¬Ô¶∫zk]_ÁÈ; ®™ºk ∂>[ ∂eÁkÔ”D Ô‚|¬z^
÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ®™ºk, ÔsÁ>l[ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_, J[Æ
WÁÈÔÁe ÂVD √VÏ¬Ô xΩ˛≈m.
“√El_
√El_ ÔÁe›> √Ô_Ô^ / \_oÁÔ ÿÂΩl_ \B∫˛B / ∂Õ]©
ÿ√VømÔ^ ÷Á\l[ ÔıßÚD / ÷>B›]_ ´›>xD cÁ≈Õmº√V™ /
ÿÂΩB ÷´°Ô^ Ák´V¬B∫Ô^ / √M©ÿ√VΩBVF c]ÚD ÁkÔÁ≈Ô^.
xΩÕ>™ ..... ®_ÈVD / ÷©º√Vm xΩÕm º√VFs‚¶™ / ÷Mº\ÈVkm
∂kÁe¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD #∫Ô s|∫Ô^
s|∫Ô^” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.127)
163
{ÚÏsÁ™› ]‚√O‚√\VÔfl ÿƒm¬˛B x>_WÁÈ ∂eÁk¬ ÔsÁ>.
sÁÈ\Ô^ Ô_ÈÁ≈ ®–D ÷º> √V|ÿ√VÚÁe x.º\›>VkV_ ÷∫z>V[ ∂k^
√D kV∫ÔV\_ √^πÿÔV^˛≈VÏ ®[Æ>V[ ®ø> xΩ˛≈m. ∂>uÔV™ √]ÈVÔ
®]Ϭ ÔsÁ>BVÔ¬ ̶ ÷>Á™ ∂Ï›>©√|›]¬ÿÔV^eÈVD. Œ›>
∂ÁÈkˆÁƒl_ Eu∏l[ cÏÁk© º√VȺk ÷[zÈV©∏¶xD
ÿkπ©√‚|^em. \´D Œ[Æ>V[ ∂kÁe¬ Ôk[ mËBV_
ÿÔe´k©√|›]Bm ®[√VÏ ÷[zÈV© ÔıËB∫ÔMB (Ôk[ mË á ∏›m¬z
J|]Á´) ÷MB|›m {ÚÏÁk© √È ºÔV∫Ôπ_ kÚˬzD ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ
∂eÁk¬ ÔsÁ>¬z {Ï c>V´D ̧ s·¬ÔÈVD.
“ÔV‚|¬z´∫z
ÔV‚|¬z´∫z º\È]ÔVˆ¬z ŒÚ√ÈT™\VÔ N...N...N
ÔıÁfl Et‚Ω / Â\‚|fl Eˆ©A¶[ / ∂Ï›>AiΩºBV| / ‘Good Day Sir’
ÿƒV_KD / t¸ ‘∏¬z© ∏E[ xÔ›º>V| / ŒÚ Â[§•Á´ /
‘º>∫¬R...t¸;
º>∫¬R...t¸; / \a¬Ô°D k¬˛_ÈV ÿk^πswV xÔ›>kM¶D /
ƒ∫ÔÂV¶Ô Ω¬Ô‚ / ±Æ ‘√VF¬z suÆ›>´ ºkı|D / ÿƒBÈÚ¬z ŒÚ
ÁÔÈVz / ‘∂m¬ÿÔ[™... ƒVÏ;’ / \]B c° ºkÁel_ ÷[Á™¬zD
∂m¬ÿÔ[™... ƒVÏ;
>lσV>D ¸ÿ√≠ÈV? / ®–D ŒÚ ƒ\Vπ©A / ®™¬z ∂_ƒÏ... ∂>™VºÈ
º>¿Ï ºkÁel_ √V´VxÔ\VÔ© º√VzD g¨¸ ºƒkÔM¶D / œ ºkıΩ¬
ÿÔfiE¶ / √ÁwB √V¬˛ÁB WÁ™∆‚|D / ∂k[ xbxb©A¬z / ŒÚ
ºÔ¶BD / ŒÚ z|D√ ÂÈ sƒVˆ©A / ¶°[√¸ ÿˆƒo_ / º√ˆeD
ÿ√ıË[ º>Vπ_ ÁÔ√¶ / ∂k^ / ]´VÔ©√VÏÁk¬z / ∏^Áe©
ØflEBVF© ÿ√V∑∫˛ / ŒÚ´ÔEB¬ ÿÔfiƒ_ / ‘®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D
®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D
®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D’ / \VÁÈ
nÕm \ˬz / T| *ı¶mD / ®‚|kBm Ôs>V¬z‚Ω / ∂©º√VÀ
\VϬ’ / ®[Æ ÿÔV‚Ω ∂eÕ> /
Ô¬˛ºÈ / ®™¬z› ÿ>VıIÆ \VϬ
ÿÔV^Áefl Eˆ©A¬z / xmz √ø¬Ô ŒÚ √]_ / ‘√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ
√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ’ /
√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ
ÂD\ ÿ´∫ÔƒVt º´V≠¬ÔV´[>V[
º´V≠¬ÔV´[>V[” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.
120á123).
164
ºkıΩB ∏^Áefl ÿƒ_k›]¶D xm˛_ ∂Á≈k>VF ÿkπ©√|D √ıÁ√©
√ȺÔV∫Ôπ_, √È kı∫Ôπ_ ÿ>V|›m tÁ¶˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ®^e_
ÔsÁ>. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ kVÏ©∏uz ª¶VÔ°D ÔV¬˛¶¬zD
÷[º™V´DƒD ÷´ı¶VKº\ ŒÚÂVπ[ √Èÿ√VømÔÁe kˆÁƒBVÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm,
~u≈ΩÔπ_ ŒÚ ]Ú©A xÁ™ºBV| ŒΩ›m› ]Ú©AD {.ÿ«[§l[ ÔÁ>
c›]ÁB¬ ÁÔBVıΩÚ¬zD √V∫˛_ >V[ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ E≈¬zD
Ôs›mk›][ Û‚∑\D. ÷´ı¶VDWÁÈ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_ {ÚÏ°
®[√>uz© √]ÈVÔ Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe© √Èkı∫Ôπ_ cÚ‚Ω sÁeBV|D
‘ÔÁȶV¸ºÔV©’ º√VȬ ÁÔBV”D √V∫zD Eu∏¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁȺB ÷>uz
‘x^’ ‘ºÔV|’, ‘∑kÏÔ^’ x>oB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D (ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^) W≈D
ÔsÁ>ÁB•D (J|√M) ®|›m¬ ÔV‚¶VÔ¬ ÿÔV^eÈVD.
“zƬ˛™V_
zƬ˛™V_ A^π / ¿‚Ω™V_ ÿÂ|fiƒVÁÈ ÿÂπÕm ÿÂπÕ>V_
√VDA / kÁeÕm cÚı¶V_ ƒ¬Ô´D. ]´ı¶V_ \´D / ÿ\oÕ>V_ ÿÔVΩ
∂¶ÏÕ>V_ ˛Áe / √¶ÏÕ>V_ A>Ï ƒVkÔVƒ\VÔ© / ¿‚Ω© √|›>V_ \ÁÈ
∂∫zD ÷∫zD / ∂e°Ô^ Ák›m¬ Ô‚Ω™V_ T|. ÁÔº√V_ zs›m /
ŒÚ kV•D Ák›>V_ ÿƒDA, >ÔkÁÈ >‚Ω kÁe›m / {‚Ω™V_ kVÔ™D
*‚Ω™V_ TÁ. ÿƒV_È©º√V™V_ / ®_ÈVD ŒÚ ºÔV|
ºÔV|” . (Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.280).
165
÷´›>D, ƒ∫ˇ>D º\Vº™VoƒV, ]Á´flÊÁÈ kV™D, ∞\Vu≈D √VÁÈk™D,
gflƒˆBD ÔV‚|©Ø, ]ÚswV ÔVfiE©√‚|, Ww_ ÷Ú‚|, ÔÈk´D ¿È˛ˆ©
√^e›>V¬z, ÿ√Út>D º>EB¬ÿÔVΩ, Œø∫z z§fiE©Ø, ÿÔVı¶V‚¶D ˛´V\›mfl
ƒÕÁ> ®[≈|¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ º√VF “W≈∫Ôπ[
W≈∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD / ÷Õ]BV W≈∫Ôπ[
ºk>Á™ / ÷Õ]BV W≈∫Ôπ[ y´V> º√VÏ / ÷Õ]BV
÷Õ]BV” (J|√M, √¬. 75á77)
®™ x›>VF©√VÔ Â¶©AWÁÈÁB s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. W≈∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD, ºk>Á™,
y´V> º√VÏ ÷Õ]BV ®[ÁÔl_ ®›>ÁÔB ∂ˆ>V™ sB©√V™ x›>VF©A
∂m?xÕÁ>B kˆÔπ_ kÚ \Vu≈∫ÔÁe kV™s_ ºÔVÈ\V¬˛ kÕ>kº´
÷Æ] kˆÔπ_ kÚº√>∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD, ºk>Á™ y´V> º√VÏ ®™ ÂDÁ\
sB©∏_ gμ›] s|˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVº≈ ∑kÏÔ^ ®–D ÔsÁ>lKD
∑kÿ´ø›mÔÁe•D ∑kÿ´V‚ΩÔÁe•D s>s>\VÔfl E›]´Õy‚Ω¬ ÿÔVıº¶
kÕ>kÏ. “EÁ≈fl
EÁ≈fl ∑kÏÔÁe•D s¶ / koÁ\BV™Ák \M>[ Ô‚Ω /
\M>Á™© ∏ˆ¬zD \V™ÊÔfl ∑kÏÔ^.. ∞º>V Œ[Á≈¬ / ÔV¬Ô ®øÕ>Ák
ÔV¬Ô©√|km / ®m ®[Æ Ôı| Ô¶©√VÁ´ ®|¬ÔbD / ∑kÏÔÁe ÷Ω¬Ô
÷Ω¬Ô”
(J|√M, √¬. 112á115).
“AB_ÔÁe
AB_ÔÁe ÿk[≈ / A[™ÁÔºB º√V]Ô^ ÷Áw›> / \V>kº\ ¿
ƒ›]BD ®|›> / ∂k>V´D ∂˛DÁƒ kΩ›> / ÷]ÔVƒD ∞°ÔÁÔ^ /
•Ô›]MKD ÷[–D clϬzD / >›mkD ¿ ÷™ÿk§ \>ÿk§ / W≈
ÿk§Ô^ ∂Á™›m ÿk§Ô^ / \›]lKD g>´kuº≈VÏ / ƒVFÕm ÿÔV^e
∂FBV c[≈[ / ]Ú›º>V^Ô^ ƒÕ]´ ÛˆB[ / c^ekÁ´ >ÕÁ> ¿
÷Ú©√m / ÿ\F ∂_ȺkV? ÷Õ]BÏ ®\¬z/ ÿ\F©ÿ√VÚ·VF ®[ÆD
÷Ú©√m / ¿ ∂_ȺkV?
∂_ȺkV?” (\ÔV›\V, √.21).
“keˆeD
keˆeD √Úk›]ºÈºB ®[Á™ g‚ÿÔVı¶ >ÁÈkÏ \ÔV›\V
‘kVμs¬Ô
kVμs¬Ô kÕ> ÔVÕ] \ÔV›\V
\ÔV›\V’ ®[Æ √V´]•D ka©√|›]™VÏ. \™ÿ\Va
ÿ\FÔπ_ ƒ›]BD ÔV›> \ÔV›\Vs[ ∂´EBÁÈs¶ ∂kˆ¶D
ÔkÏÕ>m” 45 .
zΩÿÔVıΩÚÕ> \M>D ®[Á™¬ ÔkÏÕ>m
“ÔsÁ>
ÔsÁ> ®[≈V_ ®[™? ®›>Á™ºBV se¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷>uz cı|.
®[Á™© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ á ÔsÁ> ®[√m \Á≈Õm ˛¶¬zD \M>ºÂB
ªuƬ ÔıÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛≈ xBuE>V[. ÷Á>›>V[ ŒÀÿkVÚ
kÚ˛º≈[” 46 .
ÔsÁ>lKD ÂV[ ÿƒFm kÚ˛º≈[
167
÷>uz º\_ ÂV[ ºkÆ ®>Á™•D ÿƒV_È ºkı|\V ®[™? ÷mºk >V[
∂Õ>fl E>D√´ ´ÔEBD. ºkı|\V™V_ ÷>Á™ºB ÂVD ÷[–D ÿÔVfiƒD
sˆ›ÿ>|¬ÔÈVD. \M> ºÂB ªu≈¬ÔıÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛≈ xBuE ®[√m
kVμkV∫z kVøD kVμxÁ≈ÁB¬ Ôı¶Á¶B°D ka kz¬zD xBuEºB.
\ı√B–≈ ºkı|D ‘®[√V‚|› ]≈›>VºÈ ÷Õ> ÁkB›Á>© √Vo›]¶
ºkı|D’ ®[˛≈ zÚÂV>ˆ[ √V¶_Ô^ \M>ºÂB ªuƬ ÔıÔÁe¬
Ôı¶Á¶B k_È xBuEBVÔfl Eu∏¬z^ √È \Vu≈∫ÔÁ· cı¶V¬z˛[≈™.
“>›mkD
>›mkD ÷_ÈV> ÔÁÈ √B[>´Vm / Â[Á\ ÿƒFBV> ÔÁÈ
\VıA≈Vm
\VıA≈Vm” (\ÔV›\V, √.19) ®™ \ÔV›\VÁk© √V|D kˆÔπ[ ƒV´VDƒxD
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>¬ÔÁÈÁB cÏ›> k_Ⱥ>. ÷m>V[ ÔsÁ>ÁB
OıÔÁÈBVÔ°D √B[ÔÁÈBVÔ°D ÁÔBV”D Eu∏l[ ÿÔVÁ¶BV˛[≈m.
“∂b•›>¬ ÔÚsÔπ[º\_ / s´_ √]›]Ú¬zD / JϬÔÏÔeV_ Øt / xø©
Aø]¬ ÔV¶V˛....¬ ˛¶¬zD”. (E.Ô.√. √.26).
“ÂÁ¶\≈Õ>
ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â] ®[√mD, ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶ ®[√mD ÔsÁ>l_
÷¶Dÿ√ÆD √Ω\∫Ô^. Â] ÂÁ¶ÁB \≈©√ÿ>[√m \M>M[ cÏ°
Â]¬ºÔV {Á¶¬ºÔV >[–Ï° ÷_ÁÈ. Â]ÁB•D {Á¶ÁB•D \M>[
/ ÔsQ[ >™¬z^ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ∂ku§[ kaºB ÔsQ[
º√∑˛≈V[. ŒÚ kÁÔl_ ÷m ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B¬Ô›]_ cBˆB>eD.
÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ> kˆÔÁe› >tw[√M[ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ÂVD
ÔVxΩ•D. kVμsB_ z§›m, ÔsQÏ {Ï cıÁ\ÁB ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>π°√|›m˛≈VÏ. >kÆÔ^ ÿƒFkm z§›m› >B∫Ô
ºkıΩB]_ÁÈ. º>V_sÔ^ ÷_ÈV\_ ÿku§Ô^ ÷_ÁÈ. √BD/
∂–√kD tÔ x¬˛BD. ∂–√k›Á>© AˆÕmÿÔV^˛≈ ∂e° x¬˛BD.
º>¶ºÈ / ÷B¬Ôº\ Â\¬z x¬˛BD. ÂVD ®©º√VmD Â]BVÔ
÷Ú¬ÔxΩBVm. {Á¶BVÔºk–D ÷B∫Ô xΩ•D. ]Áƒ >k§™VKD
÷B¬Ô›]_ ÂVtÚ¬Ô ºkı|D. ÷>Á™fl ÿƒV_KD ÿ√Vøm ÔVsBxD
{sB∫Ô”D ®©√Ω ®_ÈVD cu√›]BV˛[≈™ ®[≈ cıÁ\ÁB•D
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ”47 ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ QVM.
ºƒÏ›mfl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ
“∂–√s©√m
∂–√s©√m Â_Èm / ®©º√VmD ®Á>BVkm kVμ¬ÁÔ / ÿkÆD
g•^ ∂_È ∂–√kD ∂–√kD ÿÔ‚¶m / ®[Æ \u≈kÏ ÿƒV_KD
Œ[Á≈¬Ì¶ / ∂§xÔD ÿƒFm ÿÔV^km / ÿÔ‚¶]_ÁÈ
ÿÔ‚¶]_ÁÈ” . ÿkuƬ
Ì|ÔeVF / TE ®§BV\_ ÂVuÔÁe / ∞>Vkm ∂–√k›>V_ W´©∏
Ák©√m Â_Èm. “ Â]¬z /{‚¶D ∂–√k\V˛≈m. {‚¶›]uz / Â]
∂–√k\V˛≈m”.. “®©º√VmD/
∂–√k\V˛≈m ®©º√VmD/ ®Á>BVkm ∂–√s›>V_ ÿkÆÁ\¬z /
∂–√k\VF / ÂVD Tw\V‚º¶VD
Tw\V‚º¶VD” (˛w¬z ƒV·´D, √¬.43á44). gÔ
÷©√Ω›>V[ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂Ï›>©√|›> xBKD º√Vÿ>_ÈVD ∂m
kVμsB_ cıÁ\BVÔ°D ÔsÁ>l[ xÁ≈lBÈVÔ°D ÂDÁ\
kÕ>Á¶BÈV˛[≈m. ∂kº´ ÷m√u§•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
“ÔsÁ>>V[
ÔsÁ>>V[ ÔsÁ>BVk>uz, kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD,
∂Ï›>∫ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD kVμ¬ÁÔÁBºB ÂD∏lÚ¬˛[≈m.
kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z ∂Ï›>Dá ∂–√k∫Ôπ_ ÿ>ˆÕmD ÿ>ˆBV\KD, AˆÕmD
AˆBV\KD E>§¬˛¶¬˛≈m.... ∂Õ> ∂–√k∫Ô”¬ÔV™ s\σ™D
ÔsÁ>¬z© √¬Ô›]ºÈV #´›]ºÈV ÷Ú©√Á> ®ø]Bk[ ∂¬ÔÁ≈ºBV|
ÿƒF>V[” 49 ®[√VÏ >tw[√[. ®m ∂wz? ∂w˛[ xÔkˆ
∂–\]¬Ôºk ÿƒF>V[
®∫˛Ú¬˛≈m? ®›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ> Â\¬ÔV™ º>Ák. ÷Õ>¬ ºÔ^sÔπ[
sƒV´\VÔ°D sƒV´ÁBVÔ°D ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈™ >tw[√M[ EÈ ÔsÁ>Ô^.
“ŒÚ
ŒÚ / QVMl[ / ÿ\e™›][ x[ ∂wz / ∂w˛[ x[ ∂a˛≈m
∂a•D ∂wÔV cıÁ\ ∂wz? ∂aBV> / ƒ›]B›][ ÿÂu§l_ ®m /
∂ÁBV> ]ÈÔ\VFfl ∑¶Ï˛≈º>V / ∂mºk... g[\Vs[ / xu≈›]_
W›]B›][ / ŒÚ ÿ>§©A¬z ®m / Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]¬˛≈º>V ∂mºk
∂wz
∂wz” (˛w¬z ƒV·´D, √¬.51á52). ƒ›]B ÿÂu§› ]ÈÔ\VÔ› ]ÔμkmD,
W›]B›][ ŒÚ ÿ>§©A¬z© Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]©√mD QVMl[
170
ÿ\e™\VzD. g[\Vs[ xu≈›]_ Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]¬Ôk_È
QVMl[ ÿ\e™ ∂wz √u§B º\È]Ô© Aˆ>_Ô”¬z ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
se¬Ô∫Ô^ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈™. QVMÁB x[MÆ›] ∂w˛[ sƒV´›Á>
WÔμ›]BkÏ ∏ÔVƒVºkVs[ x[MÁÈlKD ∂>Á™ºB ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
∂wz! ∂wz! ∂wz! / ∂w˛º™V| √wz! / √wÔ© √wÔ c™m / \™]_ \ÈÚD
∂wz / cÁÈl_ ∞Áwº√V|D c©A¬Ô_o_ ∂wz / EÁÈÁB kΩ¬zD E§B cπ
/ ÿƒF•D ÁÔÔ^ ∂wz! / ºÂV°D ∂wz ∏≈ˆ[ / ºÂVÁk ¿¬zD º√Vm / ƒV°D
Â_È ∂wz / AÔμfl ƒˆ>D √Á¶¬zDº√Vm (>tºwVsBD, √¬.24,25,26).
Œ©√Á™Ôπ[§ ÂVD ÂV\VÔºk ÷Ú©√º> á ÷B_√VÔ ÷Ú©√º> >[MB_√VF
\ÈÏkº> ∂wz ®™ ∏ÔVºƒV kVlÈVÔ Â\¬z cÏ›m˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.
∂wÔVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V? ¿BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V ®–D ∏ÔVºƒVs[
ºÔ^s¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ ÷mºk. ÂVD ÂV\VÔ ÷Ú©√º> Â\¬ÔV™ ÂD ∂wz ÷∫ºÔ
∂w˛B_ z§›> ºÔ^sÔÁe ®]ÏÿÔV^”xÔ\V™ ÷[–D EÈ √]°Ô”D
÷›m¶[ ®ı› >¬Ô™ºk.
“∂w˛BÁÈ
∂w˛BÁÈ kÁ´BÆ›mfl ÿƒV_k>V™V_ ®m Œ[Æ ∂>–Á¶B
÷B_∏_ ÷Ú¬˛≈º>V ∂m ∂wÔV™m ®™ÈVD. ŒÚ ØÁk BVÚD ÿƒm¬Ô
xΩBVm. ÷©√Ω›>V[ Ø¬Ô ºkı|D ®[Æ BVÚD ÿƒV_os¶ xΩBVm.
171
®[–Á¶B WÁÈ, ®[–Á¶B søtBD, ®[–Á¶B √VÏÁk g˛BkuÁ≈
ÂV[ ÿÔVfiƒD \≈Õm ∂_Èm >sÏ›m© √VÏ›>V_ ÷B_A^e ∂wz
xΩ•D” 51 ®[√VÏ ÷[zÈV©.
®[√m ®[™ ®[√Á> ®[™V_ Ôı¶§B xΩ•D
º\KD ÷[zÈV© ÷m√u§ ÿ>V¶ÏÁÔl_,
“ÂV[
ÂV[ ®[ W≈›]_ ج˛º≈[. ÂV[ ®[ \›]_ ج˛º≈[. ®™m
÷B_∏_ ®™m cÏs_ ÷M ÂV[ ∂]Ϻk[. >Vl[ ´›>D √VÈV˛≈m
®™m ´›>D √V¶ÈV˛[≈m. c[Á™fl ƒÕ]¬Ô Œ©√Á™Ô^ ∞[?
®>uz?” 52
c[M¶D º√ƒ ∂È∫ÔV´D ®>uz?
“kV[ºÔVs[
kV[ºÔVs[ ∂¶ÏÕ> \fiƒ^ \ÈÏ {sBD B>VÏ›>\VÔ ÷_ÁȺB
®[≈ º√Vm ∂k´m √]_ I paint my reality ” 53 . “>[
>[ º√V¬˛_
√VF˛[≈m Â]. >V[ º>V[§BVF \ÈÏ˛[≈m جÔ^. ¿•D c™m
®[√m” 54 ŒÚ
Bº>flÁƒl[ \™›Á> x[º™V¬˛B ÔVÈ›]_ ÿƒK›m ®[√m
ÿƒ[ (Zen) ÿ√V[ÿ\Va. ÷Ák BV°D ÷B_Á√ºB ∂wÿÔ™© º√Efl ÿƒ_k™ºk.
÷m°D ŒÚs> ÿƒ[\º™V √Vkº\ ÷>Á™ºB ºkÆs>›]_
ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈m. c√ºBVÔ©√|›>V> x›>∫Ô^, √ÁwB>VF©º√V™ A[™ÁÔ
Ôıb¬z k´V> ÔıßÏ›mπÔ^, ~BD º√V™ Ô™°Ô^, √B[√|›>V> √Ô_Ô^,
#¬ÔD º√VÔ© √V¬˛•^e ÷´°Ô^, ÔV©√Vu≈ xΩBV> Ák´V¬˛B∫Ô^,
ÔÁ¶©∏Ω¬Ô xΩBV> s´>∫Ô^, ∂[MB\V™ xÔ∫Ô^, ∂Ω¬ÔΩ \VÆD \™∫Ô^
÷Ák ®_ÈVku§u§¬zD √ı¶\Vu≈VF ŒÚÔsÁ> >Úk>VF c›]´kV]¬zD
>tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ôº™
“÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÂV[ / ÷´k_ √V¶_ ®[M¶D ÷_ÁÈ / ÷´k_
JflE_ ®k[ ∑kVE©√V[? g™V_ / c∫Ô”¬ÿÔ[Æ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>
÷ÚÕ>V_ ÿÔV|∫Ô^ / ®[Á™ºB >Ú˛º≈[
>Ú˛º≈[” (÷´°©√V¶Ô[, √¬.81á83)
®™› >[ º√´›Á> xΩ¬˛[≈V[. ÷´k_ JflE_ ∑kVE¬Ô ÷BK\V? ∂k´kÏ
ÔsÁ>•D ∂k´kÏ ∑kVƒº\. ∂Á>¬ ÔV‚ΩKD ÂV[ ÂV™VÔ°D, ¿ ¿BVÔ°D
÷ÚÕm ∂k´kÏ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂k´kÏ √Á¶©º√VD ®[˛≈VÏ. ÿkÀºkÆ
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ© √È kı∫Ôπ_ √È ºÔV∫Ôπ_
÷>Á™ºB ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ®[≈ º√V]KD ÷ÁkBV°D >M› >M©
√ˆ\V∫Ôºe.
172
“c[T‚Ω_
c[T‚Ω_ / ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm ¿ ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√V_
/ ÷Ú c™¬ºÔ / ŒÚ ÂVÔˆÔD kÕms|D Ô|Á\ÁB¬ Ôwu§s‚| xÔ›]_
\ÈÏflEÁB \V‚ΩÁk¬zD \™D kVÏ›Á>Ô”D ¿•D / kVF]≈Õm Ô›>
\V‚œÏÔ^”.. “ ∏^ÁeÔ^ ÿƒF•D EÆEÆ / ∏ÁwÔ”¬zD / ÔıÔπ_
\V‚œÏÔ^
√u≈Vm ÿÂÚ©A¬ / Ô∫z ƒV©√V‚Ω_ c©A¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD zÁ≈Õ>>uÔVÔ
c[ / z´K¬z^ {ΩkÕm zÁ´¬ÔVm ÂVF
ÂVF” . “ ÿ√uº≈VÏÔ^ ̶© /
∏ˆB›]uzˆB ∂ÕWB´V˛© ÿ√ÆkÏ \ˆBVÁ>
\ˆBVÁ>” (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï
®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.66á68). z|D√D ®[√m ÿ´e›´D √wÔ ∞u≈ ÷¶t_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ
kı>Vƒ[. ŒÚkÏ ÿ√VÁ≈ ÷ÚkÏ Â‚A ®™ s‚|¬ ÿÔV|›m kVw© √w˛™V_
>V[ T| T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬zD. ∂BÈkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ÂVD √wzD ÂVÔˆÔD
ÿƒVÕ> T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ®™ºk ÂD T‚Ω_ ÂVtÚ¬zD º√Vm ∂BÈkÏ T‚Ω_
÷Ú©√m º√V[≈ ÂVÔˆÔ›Á> ∂–ƒˆ›m© √w˛™V_ ®©√Ω ÷Ú¬zD
®[√>Á™ºB >tw[√[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
173
skV>›]uzˆBm. ÷©√Ω ÂVÔˆÔD º√bD WÁÈl_ T| T¶VÔ
(s|>ÁÈ•Ï°¶[ kVøD ÷¶\VÔ) ÷Ú¬z\V? ®[˛≈ s™V sÁ™•D
®ø©A˛[≈VÏ. ÷m ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ Â_ÈkÏ ®[≈ s™V Â\¬z^ ®øD. ÷Õ>
s™VÁk¬ ÔsÁ>lºÈºB ®ø©∏ sÁ¶>Õm^eVÿ´™°D ∑‚Ω¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ.
“®Àke°
®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω? / ºÔ‚ÔÈVD ¿ ®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω ®[Æ
∑kVE©√m √u§¬ ºÔ‚√VBV? ®™› >tw[√[ ®ø©AD √]_ s™Vºk
ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[ ÔV›>k§B ∂>uÔV™ sÁ¶BVzD. ÷©√Ω ÷ÚÕ>V_
T|T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬z\V ®[√m ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[ ®ø©AD s™V. ÷©√Ω
÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ T| T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ®[√m >V[ >tw[√M[ c^eVÏÕ>
ce¬˛Á¶BV™ sÁ¶. ‘ÿƒBuÁÔBV™
ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ ÂVÔˆÔ\VÔ
ÂVÔˆÔ\VÔ’
ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB–¬z©√|km ‘÷BuÁÔBV™
÷BuÁÔBV™ ∑kVƒ\VÔºk
∑kVƒ\VÔºk’ >tw[√™V_
x[ Ák¬Ô©√‚|^em. ÷m >[Á™© º√VȺk>[ z|D√›>VÏ
cÏ°ÔÁe•D \]¬Ô©√wÔ ºkı|D ®[≈ \º™V√Vk›][ ÿkπ©√Vº¶.
÷∫z>V[ ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÿku§ÿ√Æ˛[≈m. >tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´k_ JflE_ ®k[ ∑kVE©√V[ ®™¬ ºÔ‚zD ºÔ^s•D, ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_
®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω ®™fl ∑kVE©√m √u§¬ ºÔ‚¶VBV ®™ ®ø©√©√|D
ºÔ^s•D kÕ>Á¶•D Œº´ √]_ ®[√m ‘÷B_º√
÷B_º√ ∑√Vk\V™ ∂wz
∂wz’
®[√m >Vº™? ÷Ák BV°º\ ÷B_√VÔ ÷Ú©√Á> >[MB_∏_ >V™VÔ,
÷Ú©√Á>ºB ]BV™\VÔ¬ ÔVk_È ÿƒ[ \º™V√Vk›][
ÿkπ©√V|Ôºe” 56 .
ÿkπ©√V|Ôºe
“÷›ÿ>Vz©∏K^e
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏K^e (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ) ®_ÈV¬
ÔsÁ>Ô”D √¬ÔD √¬Ô\VÔ sˆ›m© º√∑k>uÔV™ ∂ø›>\V™
EÕ>Á™ÔÁe•D, z§X|ÔÁe•D, ÿ>VMÔÁe•D ÿÔVı|
se∫z˛[≈™. ®™¬z ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©∏_ tÔ°D ∏Ω›>
ÔsÁ>BVÔ©√|km ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√V_ ®[≈
ÔsÁ>BVzD. ÂÔ´kVEBV™ Â|›>´ kÏ¬Ô \M>M[ \™WÁÈÔÁe©
174
√¶D ∏Ω¬zD ∂uA>\V™ ŒÚÔsÁ>BVzD. \M>[ >[ ∂Ô›]uz^
®›>ÁÔB ∂E∫Ô\V™ ŒÚ ∏≈sBVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[√Á>•D, ÿkπºB
®›>ÁÔB ºk¶∫Ô^ ®_ÈVD >[ xÔ›]_ ØE¬ ÿÔV^˛≈V[ ®[√Á>•D
>tw[√–¬ºÔ cˆB √VËl_ ÿƒV_o ÷Ú¬˛≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>. ÿkπºB
ÔΩ›>k[ T‚Ω_ ƒV©√V‚Ω_ c©A¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD zÁ≈Õ>>uÔVÔ c[ /
z´K¬z^ {ΩkÕm zÁ´¬ÔVm ÂVF ®[ÆD ∂\ÏÕ]Ú¬zDº√Vm /
gΩ¬ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬zD ÔV_Ô^ / g¶V>√Ω Ô°´kD ÔV¬zD ®[ÆD
kVÏ›Á>Ô^ kÕmÌ|Dº√Vm >tw[√[ √πflÿƒ™ ÿkπ©√|˛≈VÏ.
º\KD >D \™ \VπÁÔl_ Â_È Â_È ÔV‚EÔÁe ÂÁ™B s¶V\_
∂|¬˛Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^kmD, º>Ák©√‚¶ ∂պ´›]_ ∂ÁkÔÁe¬
ÔV‚EBVÔºk kVÏ›Á>Ôπ_ kΩ›ÿ>|©√mD {Ï cBÏÕ> ÔÁÈQM[
÷BuÁÔBV™ z\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[≈ ]≈™VFkVeÏ ÌuƬzD
>tw[√[” 57.
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ se∫z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[
“c^ºe
c^ºe ]ÚD∏¬ / ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ºÔ‚º¶[; c[Á™© ∏≈z ®ø]¬
ÿÔV^e‚|\V ÔV˛>D / >™¬z ∂kEBt_ÁÈ ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ÿƒV[™m /
®©º√VmD ®[Á™ ®ø> ºkı¶VD
ºkı¶VD” (√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.9á10).
“ÿÔVfiƒ\Vkm
ÿÔVfiƒ\Vkm / ∂§sÚ¬˛≈>V c™¬z / ®m¬z WÈD kV∫Ô
ºkı|D / c¶º™ / ®[Á™•D c[Á™•D AÁ>¬ÔkV? / ∂k^ xÔ›]_
÷ÚÕ> / WÈV / cÁ¶√‚|fl E>§Bm / “\ÚÕm
\ÚÕm / kV∫˛›>Vº™ >Ú˛º≈[ /
\Æ√Ω•D \Æ√Ω•D / Âflƒ ºkı|\V ÷©√Ω? / ∂©√VÁkfl ƒo›m¬
ÿÔVı¶ / ÷Õ> kV¬˛B∫ÔÁe/ c^ºe ÷ø›m©º√V‚| / ÂV[ /
c>|ÔÁefl ƒV›]lÚ¬Ô ºkı|D / \´›][ / ÁÔÔÁe© ∏Ω›m¬
ÿÔVı| / ∂©√V ÿÔfiE™VÏ
ÿÔfiE™VÏ” (√Mÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.49á50).
“÷Às´ı|
÷Às´ı| ÔsÁ>Ô”º\ z|D√¬ Ô‚¶Á\©∏[ √ı√V‚|
WÁÈÁB Á\B©√|›]BÁk. x>ÈVkm ÔsÁ> (÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_)
√ı√V| EÁ>BV\oÚ©√>uÔV™ x[ÿ™flƒˆ¬ÁÔBVÔ© º√ˬ
ÿÔV^e©√¶ºkıΩB \™ keD √u§Bm. \u≈m, º√Vm ÿkπ©√|›]B
kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ ÿÂVÕm º√V™ \™∫Ô^ √u§B Ôas´¬Ô\VzD.
∂–√k©√]°” 59 .
x>ÈVkm ∂§°Á´; \u≈m ∂–√k©√]°
177
‘sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁel_’ ÔsÁ>ºBV| ‘kÆÁ\©√V|’ ®–D ÷[ÿ™VÚ
ÔsÁ>•D Œ©∏‚| ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôº>.
“ÔÏ›>º´
ÔÏ›>º´ / \´›][ x[̶ ŒÚ ÔÁ¶E© º√V¤™D / c\¬z
÷ÚÕ>m x>_ º√V¤™›m¬z / x[™VºÈºB ÂV∫Ô^ xΩÕm
º√V˛º≈VD” 60
º√V˛º≈VD
“kÆÁ\l[
kÆÁ\l[ ÿÔV|Á\ÁB© º√∑D kÆÁ\©√V| ‘(ªÁ\ÿkl_)
(ªÁ\ÿkl_)
(ªÁ\ÿkl_)’
ÔsÁ>•D, √Vƒ© ∏Á©A¬zD ÿ√VÚπB_ƒVÏ√u≈V¬zÁ≈
WÁÈÁ\Ô”¬ztÁ¶l_ E¬˛› >s¬zD z|D√› >ÁÈkÁ´¬
ÔV‚E©√|›mD ‘sÁ¶ ºkÁe’ ÔsÁ>•D (gw\V™ cÏ°›
sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
>´∫ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı¶) ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ∑‚¶›>¬Ô™. ÷´ıΩKD gw\V™
ºƒVÔD ÷ÁwºBV|kÁ> cF›m´ xΩ•D. gl´D kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_
sˆ›m©º√ƒ ºkıΩB m[√ámB´ WÁÈÔÁe tÔ O‚√\VÔ°D ∂–√k
>Ú˛[≈™” 61 ®[√VÏ Â.∑©∏´\ËB[.
xøÁ\•¶–D ÷ÀsÚ ÔsÁ>Ô^ >Ú˛[≈™
“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ ƒx>VB©√VÏÁk á z§©√VÔ kϬԩ √VÏÁkƒVÏ
Ôs›mk›][ E≈©√V™ ÿkπ©√V|Ô”^ Œ[≈VÔ ÷ÀkV¬ÔD
(kÆÁ\©√V|)’ Ôˬԩ√¶›>¬Ôm. ‘sÁ¶˛Á¶¬zD
‘(kÆÁ\©√V|)
(kÆÁ\©√V|) sÁ¶˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
ºkÁe’ ÔsÁ> {Ï
{´∫Ô ÂV¶Ô¬ ÔV‚Eº√V_ sˆkm, ŒÚ W´Õ>´ kϬԬ z|D√› >ÁÈkˆ[
÷B∫zWÁÈÔÁe ºÂÏxÔ¬ ÔV‚EÔeVÔ x[ Ák›m cÏflEÁB keÏ›m
ÂÔÏ›]fl ÿƒ_km ÷¬ÔsÁ>. ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁe ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D º√Vm
cÏflE kƒ©√‚| kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe¬ ÿÔV‚Ω¬ ºÔV√›Á> ÿkπ©√|›mkmD
∏[™Ï ∂kuƬÔVÔ¬ Ôas´¬Ô©√|km\V™ ƒ´Vƒˆ\™D ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_
ÂD ÔV‚E¬z kÚ˛≈m. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÂDÁ\ºB Â\¬z©
A≈WÁÈBVÔ¬ ÔV‚E©√|›m˛≈m ®™ÈVD. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ∂–√kfl ÿƒ§°D
ÿ\FDÁ\•D t¬Ô ÔsÁ> ÷m. kÆÁ\©√V|, sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
g˛B ÔsÁ>Ô^ gw\V™ ƒJÔ cÏs[ ∏aƒV≈VÔ
ÿkπ©√‚¶ÁkBVzD. ÷ku§_ \V–¶D º√∑˛≈m. ƒx>VBD \uÆD
√ı√V| ƒVÏ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ cBÏ>´\V™ Œ[≈VÔ á ÷>Á™
sÁw˛º≈[” 62 .
sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe ÔsÁ>ÁBfl ∑‚¶ sÁw˛º≈[
178
sÁ¶˛Á¶›> ºkÁel[ x›>VF©A ®[™ºkV sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬Ôs_ÁÈ
®[√Á>›>V[ ∑‚Ω Wu˛[≈m. “®[ºÔ^sÔÁe
®[ºÔ^sÔÁe ÷©√Ω / ®™¬z› >BVˆ›m¬
ÿÔV|›> / kVμ¬ÁÔl¶D / ÂV[ ºÔ‚Ô ºkıΩB ºÔ^sÔÁe / ÷´s_
ºÔ‚º¶[. kVμ¬ÁÔ / ®™¬zˆB sÁ¶ÔÁefl ÿƒV_È / sΩBÁÈ ®[M¶D
∂–©∏ Ák›>m / sΩl_ Œ[ÆD ÿƒV_Ⱥk ÷_ÁÈ
÷_ÁÈ” (√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_,
√.51).
“∂kÏ
∂kÏ º√V[≈ ÿ√ÚÕÿ>VÁÔBV™ Â|›>´ kϬÔD z|D√›
>ÁÈkÏÔ^ ∂Õ> sÁ¶•¶[ ÌΩB sΩBÁÈ› º>Ω¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^.
÷m>V[ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>VM©ÿ√VÚ^. ÷Ȭ˛BD ∂–√k›Á>
Á\B©√|›] WuzDº√Vm ∂m clÏ›mΩ©AÁ¶B>V˛≈m. ÷Õ>¬
∂©√ΩºB” 63 ®[≈ º√V]KD ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[ \Æ√¬Ô\VÔ
ÔsÁ>•D ∂©√ΩºB
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^e ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√VÈ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_
÷>uÔV™ √]_ÔÁe ÂD\V_ ÷™D ÔV xΩ•D. ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe
¶©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛B ÂÔÏkVÔ ÷™D ÔVı√m¶[ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô
xÁ≈Á\Ôπ_ Œ[≈VÔ°D ∂Á¶BVe©√|›>ÈVD. ÷m√u§B QVMl[
√]sÁ™ ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ >[ >ÕÁ>ÁB© √u§ºBV, ª›m¬zπ \V\VÁk©
√u§ºBV ÔsÁ>l_ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒV[™VKD ÷›>ÁÔB \M>ÏÔ^ ÂD
ƒJÔ›]_ ÂVD ÔV kVμÕ>, kVμ˛[≈ ®›>Á™ºBV \M>ÏÔπ_
÷kÏÔ”D ŒÚ EÈÏ ®[Æ ÂD\V_ AˆÕm ÿÔV^e ÷BKD. ÷m°D
Œ[Æ” 64 .
ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô xÁ≈Ôπ_ Œ[Æ “÷›ÿ>Vz©∏_
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏_ (√Ëÿ√F•D
√Ô_) c^e √È ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷›>ÁÔB cϺkV| ÂVD kVE¬˛º≈VD.
kVμ¬ÁÔ ÂDÁ\ ÷©√Ωfl ÿƒFms‚¶m. kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ÁÔÔπ_ ∂Ô©√‚|
Â\¬z^ EÆ›ms‚º¶VD. \u≈kÏÔπ[ \˛μflEÁB¬ ÿÔ|¬˛º≈VD
kVμ¬ÁÔ á ÷m ƒJÔ kVμ¬ÁÔ. ƒJÔ›][ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ”¬z ÷Á¶l_
ºkı|D” 65.
ÂVD ÷Ú¬˛º≈VD. ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔÁB›>V[ ÂVD kVμÕ>VÔ ºkı|D
“kVμ¬ÁÔ
kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[Á™ ÷©√Ω Ák›m^em ®[√m ŒÚkÁÔl_
ƒ\V>V™D ÂV[ ®[™ ÿƒFB xΩ•D? ÂV–D >V[ ∂[A ÿƒF˛º≈[.
ŒÚ ƒ\BD ®[ \Á™sÁB, zwÕÁ>ÔÁe¬ ºÔV∏›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VKD
179
÷[ÿ™VÚ ƒ\BD ∂[A ÿƒF˛º≈[” 66
ÿƒF˛º≈[ “®™
®™ ÷Ú>´©A
∂_ÈV‚¶∫ÔÁe•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷ku§uz ª¶VÔ Á\B›]_
zsÕ> {Ï cÏsoÚÕm ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D c^e¶¬˛© √VÏ©√m; ∂Õ>
{Ï cÏs[ Á\B›]oÚÕm cÈÔ›Á>ºB c^e¶¬˛© √VÏ©√m ®[˛≈
kÁÔlÈV™ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô xÁ≈BVÔ ÷>Á™ QVM ÷™DÔı|
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ” 67. “∂w˛[
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ∂w˛[ xÔkˆlÁ™ ÿÔV|Á\¬z ®]´VÔ¬ ÿÔVΩ
∏Ω¬zD xÔD EkÕ> ÿƒVuÔπ_; ∂WBVB∫Ôπ[ \VÏ∏_ √VFÕm
ÿÔV‚|D zÚ]ºBV| ÿkπkÚD Ô‚¶Vˆ¬ ÌÏÁ\l_; º√VoÔπ[
xÔ›]Á´ ˛a¬zD ∂ƒ_Ôπ[ g›]´›]_; ÿ√VFDÁ\ÔÁe
∂D√È©√|›mD ƒ›]B›][ gºkƒ›]_; ]BVÔ ºk^sl_ gz]BVÔ
gsÿƒVˆÕº>VÏ xÔ›]_ Ôı| ∂Á¶˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[
>tw[√[”..
(˛w¬z ƒV´·D, √¬.31á33)
“∂w˛BK¬ÔV™
∂w˛BK¬ÔV™ >M¬ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ ®[Æ kÕ>º> ∂w˛B_ EÁ>Õ>
÷¶›]_ >V[. Â[≈VÔ ºBVE›m© √VÏ›>V_ ÂV[ º√V´V‚¶›Á>
®øm˛º≈[ ®[Æ ÿƒV_km ̶ ∂w˛B_ \Ƭԩ√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ÿkÀºkÆ
s>∫Ôπ_ ∂>Á™ *‚ÿ¶|©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ>V[; ∂w˛B_
\Ƭԩ√|D º√Vm ∂w˛B_ ∂kEBD ®[Æ ºÔVÚ˛≈k™VÔºk ÂV[
º√V´V‚¶D>V[” 68.
÷Ú¬˛º≈[. ∂w˛BK¬ÔV™ ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔºB ŒÚ º√V´V‚¶D>V[
“kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe
kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe / kw∫zD x[ kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ®™¬z kw∫Ô ŒÚ
ÔsÁ> ºkı|D
ºkı|D” . “ sa©Á√ {Ï / gÁ¶ÁB© º√V_ ∂sμ›m
®§Õms‚| c≈¬Ô¬ ze›]_ ÿ>V©ÿ√[Æ z]©º√[ ∂©º√Vm /
gÁ¶ÁB› >V–D ∂sμ›m ®§Õms‚| / ®[º™V| z]¬Ô kÚ\V ŒÚ
ÔsÁ>? kV¬˛B∫ÔÁe / \ΩBV¬˛ ®[Á™¬ ˛¶›]¬ ÿÔVı| / >ÁÈ
ºÔV]s¶¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÁÔl_ / s´_Ô”D √VƒxD ÷ÚÕ>V_ º√VmD
®Õ> s\σÔ[ √u§•D / ÷_ÁÈ ÔkÁÈ ®™¬z / ∂Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>¬z
®[Á™ºB >Õms|ºk[ √ˆƒVÔ
√ˆƒVÔ” (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ,
180
√¬.90á93). kVμ¬ÁÔÁB kw∫zD ÔsÁ> ºkı|D; saJΩ› mlo_ z]¬zD
Ô™s[ ÿ\Val_ WÚkV\VF c¶[ zπ¬zD ÔsÁ> ºkı|D. (sa©Á√
∂sμ›m c≈¬Ô¬ ze›]_ z]›>_ ®[√m saJΩ› mlÈVøD ÔÁÈÿ\Va
z§›> √Ω\D) kV¬˛B \Ω ˛¶›] kVfiÁƒºBV| >ÁȺÔV]s¶ k_È ÔsÁ>
ºkı|D. ∂›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>¬z› >[Á™ºB >Úºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ, x[A
c∫Ô”¬ÿÔ[Æ ŒÚ ÔsÁ> ÷ÚÕ>V_ ÿÔV|∫Ô^ ∂>uz› >[Á™ºB›
>Úºk[ (÷´k_ Jfl∑D ÷´°©√V¶KD) ®[≈kÏ. ÷∫ºÔ Eu∏l[ √]Ák•D
÷›m¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“EȺkÁe
EȺkÁe º>Vw–D gzD á mB´xD mÁ¶¬zD ÷Úı¶
\™›]_ se¬ÁÔ•D ∞uÆD. t[™ÁÈ© º√V_ cÏ°Ô”¬z ÿkπflƒ
Œ›>¶D ÿÔV|¬zD. ÷m>V[ ÔsÁ> ÿƒF•D \VBD. ÷Õ> \º™V>›mkfl
√Á¶¬˛º≈[” 69.
E˛flÁƒ¬ÔVÔºk ÂV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB ºÂE›m© √Á¶¬˛º≈[
“>Vk´¬
>Vk´¬ zu≈kVπBV / ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚| ∂|¬z T|Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB /
®[T‚| ®]ˆ_ ÷Ú¬zD ÷Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ? ÔVk_mÁ≈l[ AÈ[
sƒV´Á º√VÈ ÔVuÆ / ÷>[ z|tÁB© / ∏Ω›m ∂Á≈˛≈m ÷´°
√Ô_Ôπ_ / º√∑k>uz¬ ̶ ®Õ>fl ÿƒΩÿÔVΩ•D / ∂Ú˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.
∂|¬z\Á™¬ zΩlÚ©A¬ / zwÕÁ>Ôπ[ ∂øÁÔ Œo ºÔ‚º¶ /
keÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂|¬z \Á™Ôπ_ / ∂∫Ô∫z ÿ>V‚ΩÔπ_ x¬˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD ÿƒΩÔ^ ®‚Ω© √VÏ›>™. ~w›>twÁ™ / ÷∫z^e
>twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_; / ∞ÿ™[Æ ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ˛≈m ∂Ú˛_ º√VF?
º√VF?”
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.111á114)
“sÁ>¬zD
sÁ>¬zD Ô´xD, keϬzD Ô´xD ∂§BV\_, kVΩ
k>∫˛¬ÔVFÕm TμÕm \Ω•D kÁ´ ®_ÈV ˝k´VEÔπ[ A≈¬ÔË©∏uzD
181
geV˛ WuzD {Ï ∂]ƒB kVμ° ∂>uz ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>V_, gkD ∂uÆ
∂Á\]BVF ÿƒVÕ>¬ÔVo_ ÿƒVÕ> kVμs_ kVøD ∂Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ
®[™ WÁ™¬˛≈m ®[√m ®™¬zD ÿ>ˆBVm; ®kϬzD ÿ>ˆBVm.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫z^e >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_ Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿƒΩ, ÔsxΩ
AÁ™Õm ∂´∫ºÔ§Bm. ÷Õ> g´kV´, gÏ©√V‚¶ cÈ˛_ ∂¶¬Ô\VÔ
∂Á\]BVÔ gw\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>© √ıÁ ¶›] kÚ√kÏ ÔsQÏ
>tw[√[. ∂>™V_>V[, ∂k´V_ {Ï ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩ¬zD Ôs\VÁÈ
AÁ™B xΩÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩÁB© √u§© º√∑D º√VmD, \u≈
Wu˛≈m” 70 .
ÔsÁ>ÔπKD \M> ºÂBº\ º\ºÈV∫˛ Wu˛≈m
182
®™fl E∑¬ ÿÔVÁÈ √u§© º√∑D Á«¬Ì ÔVÈD kÁ´ ®Ú¬ÔDØ°D
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ g˛›>V[ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. √ÁÔB´ƒÏ WÈ∫Ôπ_ ®Ú¬ÁÔ•D
®^Áe•D sÁ>›m¬ ÔøÁ> ∞Ï Ø‚Ω cø>Á> k´ÈVÆ º√Efl ÿƒ_˛[≈m.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫z^e >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_ ∂|¬z \Á™Ôπ_ ∂∫Ô∫z
ÿ>V‚ΩÔπ_ x¬˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD ÿƒΩÔ^ ®‚Ω© √VÏ›>™ ®[˛≈ ckÁ\
®›mÁ ∂ÚÁ\BV™ Œ[Æ. ÷©√Ω x›>VF©∏_ {´]ÏflEÁB ª‚Ω, ∞ÿ™[Æ
ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ˛≈m ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®™¬ ºÔ^s ®ø©A˛[≈m. xΩÕ> ∏[ *ı|D
ÔsÁ>ÁB *e°D kVE›>V_ ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚¶ >Vk´¬zu≈kVπ ®[˛≈º√Vm
ÿƒVÕ> ÂV‚ΩºÈºB ÂV|Ô¶›>©√‚¶ ∂Ô]ÔeVÔ zu≈kVπÔeVÔ©
√a∑\›>©√‚¶kÏÔeVÔ √¶V> √V|√|D ~w›>twÏ ∂kÈ∫Ô^ º\È]Ô Tfl∑¶[
ÂDx^ skˆ¬˛[≈™. ∞ÿ™[Æ º√VF ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ•D ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®[˛≈
º√Vm ∂©√Ω¬ºÔ‚Ô xB[≈V_ xB[≈kÏ √V|D sƒV´Á¬z geVÔ ºÂÚD
®[√Á>fl ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_ofl ÿƒ_˛[≈m. Â_È ∂´EB_ ÔsÁ>¬z
cˆ›>V™ ƒˆBV™ c>V´\VÔ ÷>Á™ ÂVD ÷™D ÔVxΩ˛[≈m. ÂD
√VÏÁk¬z *^ kVE©∏_ ∏Ω√¶ÈVzD cıÁ\Ô^ ~w›m¬ ÔÈVW]l[ √VÏÁk¬z
x>_ kVE©∏ºÈºB ∏Ω√‚|© º√V˛[≈™. \‚|\_ÈV\_ Â\¬z© ∏Ω√¶V>
cıÁ\Ô”D ̶›>V[. ∞ÿ™M_ ∂m ~wfl Ûwo_ kVF›m^e ∂–√k›>V_
∂kÚ¬zfl ƒV›]B©√‚¶>V˛[≈m.
“ka>k§B
ka>k§B / kı›m© ØflE ŒÚÂV^ \B∫˛fl ∑u§Bm
÷>[º\_ / \Ú›mk\Á™l_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ºÂVBVπº√V_ xÔD ÿkπ§B
ª>V©Ø¬Ô^ / c‚ÔVÏÕ]ÚÕ> ÔVDAÔÁe s‚| / {Ωs¶› mΩ›>™ ∂Õ>
183
kı›m© ØflEºBV| ®[√>VÔ ∂Õ>¬ ÔV>uÔ™° WÁÈ ÂD Ôk™›m¬z
x[Ák¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ka>k§B kı›m©ØflE >twÔ›m ÷eÕ>ÁÈ
xÁ≈ÁB•D {Ωs¶› mΩ¬zD ª>V©Ø ∂Ô]› >twˆ[ ÷eÕ>ÁÈ
xÁ≈l™Á´•D ÿ√VÚ›>x≈fl∑‚Ω Wu√™. ÷ÀkVÿ≈_ÈVD sˆ›m©
ÿ√VÚ^ ÿÔV^e©√|D WÁÈl_ ÷Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ÔsÁ> ~w›][
∂Ô]› >twÏ √u§B ∂–>V√›]u ∏≈Õ>m ®™ ª˛›>uzˆB>V˛≈m.
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ ∂§xÔ WÁÈlºÈºB ÷Õ> ªÔ›m¬ÔV™ sÁ>
ª[≈©√‚| s|˛[≈Á\ÁB, ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚¶ zu≈kVπ, ÔVk_mÁ≈l[
AÈ[sƒV´Á x>ÈV™ ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶ÏÔπ[ √l_WÁÈ cÏ›mD ~w›m
∂Ô]› >twÏÔÁe© √ˆ>V√›]uz cˆBkÏÔeVÔ ºÂV¬˛
∂ÕWB©√|›>ÈVÔVm ®™› >twÔ›]™Á´ ºÂV¬˛ s|s¬Ô©√‚¶ ŒÚ
ºkı|ºÔV^ ®™ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB (~w›m› >tw™V˛B) BV[ cÏ˛º≈[.
“kı›m©
kı›m© ØflE \uÆD ª>V©Ø JÈD >VD ∑‚|D z§X‚|©
ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D kK∆‚¶ k_È ∂Ôfl ƒV[ÆÔeVÔ ~w›>VÁB© ÿ√uÿ≈|¬Ô¬
zÚ] EÕmD ºƒFÔ”¬z ®[ k¬ÔD ®™°D, ~w›>twflEÁB \Õm
ÿÔV^ c™¬ºÔ–D Ao©√V¬˛BD kVF¬Ô‚|D ®™› >tw[√[
÷Ú√›º>V´VD ±u≈Vı|› >tw–¬z xΩkVF x[ Ák¬zD ŒÚ ÿƒV_
ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ” 73 . ∞ÿ™[Æ
®™°D z§©∏‚¶ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ
º√VF¬ ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ•D. ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®–D ºÔ^sl_ ÿƒVÕ>fl ƒºÔV>´ÏÔ^
m[√›]_ ƒV>_ Ôı|D ∑D\V ÷Ú¬Ô ºÂÚD ∂kÈD √]kV˛[≈m.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫z^e >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√VÈ ®[˛≈º√Vm cÁ´BV¶_
WÔμ›>V\_ ®‚Ω©√VÏ›>_ ®[˛≈ ∂esºÈºB ÷Ú¬zD ∂kÈD √]kV˛[≈m.
∏[ Œ‚|ÿ\V›>¬ ÔsÁ>•D ~u≈ΩÔ”¬z© ∏[√V™ kVE©∏_ A›mlÏ©AD
Am©√ˆ\V∫Ô”D ÿ√≈ÈV˛[≈™. ÷›>ÁÔB Ôs›mkt¬Ô ∂´EBu
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z º\KD √È c>V´∫ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚¶ÈVD.
“√w¬Ô©√‚¶
√w¬Ô©√‚¶ kVμ¬ÁÔ / *‚¶ xΩBV> √V¶ÈV™º√Vm / ∂k[
\°™›][ ÷ƬԛÁ> cÁ¶›m / \ıÿ∫zD #sBm ÔVuÆ.
\¬Ô”¬ÔVÔ¬ / z´_ ÿÔV|›>V[ >ÔÏÕ> √VÈ∫Ôπ_ / >¶DA´ı¶
cıΩÔπ_ ÷ÚÁe© ∏a›m ∂´ƒV∫ÔD ®ø] Ák›>m ∂k[ ÿ√BÁ´
sƒV´ÁÔπ_ / ∂kπ¶D ∏[ ÔVB∫Ôπ_ Øtl[ ÷´›>D kaÕ>m.
184
÷´ÔEB∫Ôπ_ ∂k[ / ]BV˛BV™k[ ∂Õ> / ÷´ÔEB∫Ô^ cÁ¶√|D
{ÁƒÁB / k´ÈVu§[ ÿƒs‚|fl ÿƒsÔ^ ºÔ‚Ôºk ÷_ÁÈ. ∂k[ /
\´›Á>› >VıΩ {ΩkÕ>V[ / søÕm ®∫ºÔ–D ªÏÕm ®wsÚD∏ /
÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB› >s´¬ / Ô>Ák› ]≈©√VÏ BVÚº\ ÷_ÁÈ
÷_ÁÈ”..
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.29á30)
185
ºkÔ\VF / gÈB kVƒo_ k´ºkuÆ / \VÁÈl‚¶™Ï / ÿÂu§l_ / √·√·¬zD /
√‚| xÔ√¶VD º√V‚|s‚¶™Ï / kaÕ> ÔÚDAflƒVu§[ / ]›]©∏_ / ÷·˛© º√V™m
÷È‚EBD / ÷ƬÔD / ÿ²μÕm º√V™m ÷>B›]_.
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.23á25)
“∏π≈o_
∏π≈o_ ∑] \V§s‚¶m. ÌÏÁ\•D z›>_Ô”D /
>Õ>∫ÔπoÚÕm c]ÏÕ>™ ∂∫zƒ ∂§xÔD, ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÔV_Ôπ_ /
Ô™›> ƒ∫˛oÔ^ \´Ë›> ºÔV√›][ ƒVD√_ √´sBm ∂¬ÔD√¬ÔD /
\°™D ∏π≈ÁÈ© √§›>m ŒÚÂV^ ÔVmÔÁe / sÁ≈©∏_ WÆ›]s‚|
∂Ô[≈™ ∂Áƒ°Ô^. ∏≈ÿÔVÚÂV^ / ÔVÈ›][ s´_ ÿ>V‚|©√VÏ›>m /
BVÁ™ ÿƒ›m© º√VlÚÕ>m
º√VlÚÕ>m” .
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.23á26)
186
“∂´EB_
∂´EB_ \uÆD ƒJÔ WÁÈlÈV™ ÷Ȭ˛B yÏ°ÔÁe› >ÚD ®™
ÂD√©√‚¶ \Vÿ√ÚD ®]Ï√VÏ©ÿ√V[Æ á º√ÿ´øflEÿBV[Æ á >Õ>
∞\Vu≈›Á>© º√∑km. ÔV|Ô”D \ÁÈÔ”D Â|∫zD kÁÔl_
gÏ©√ˆ›m kÕ> ŒÚ ÔπÆ \Vÿ√ÚD ƒV>Á™ÿBV[Á≈© AˆB©º√V˛≈m
®[≈ ®]Ï√VÏ©Á√ ∞u√|›]s‚|, ~u§_ ÿƒBÈuÆ W[Æ clÏs‚¶m
®[√>VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒF] ∂Á\˛≈m. >twÔ WÁÈlKD
∂Á™›]Õ]B WÁÈlKD \‚|t[§ ∂Á™›mÈÔ WÁÈlK∫̶
WÔμÕm^e ƒ\ÔVÈ k´ÈVuÆ WÔμ°ÔÁe Â\m \™¬Ôı x[ WÆ›mD
kÁÔlu ÿ√VÚ^ sˆ°D gwxD ÿÔVı|^e g¬ÔD ÷m. ÷∫ºÔ
BVÁ™•D EÈkÁÔfl ƒJÔ \VÕ>Á´¬ z§©√>VÔÈVD. ƒx>VB›]uz©
ÿ√ÚD ®øflE >ÚºkVD ®™ xw∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ∂´EBKÔz kÕm g‚E
¨¶D ∞§B ∏[™Ï ∂>[ kƒ] kVF©AÔπ_ \™›Á>© √§ÿÔV|›m›
>DºkÔD ∂¶∫˛WuzD ∂´EB_kV]ÔÁe ÷¬ÔsÁ> ∑‚Ω•›mk>VÔ¬
ÿÔV^eÈVD”75 ®[Æ s·¬zkVÏ Â.∑©∏´\ËB[.
ÿÔV^eÈVD
“ÂD
ÂD ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD ÿ>ˆÕ> ÔÁ>>V[ ÷m. ∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^
A´‚EÔ´\V™ xw¬Ô›º>V| ˛eD∏ kÕm ∂ˆBÁ ˛Á¶›> c¶[, ∂>[
ÿƒVzE_ >[Á™ ÷wÕm º√V˛[≈™. ®_ÈV ÷B¬Ô∫Ô”D ÷©√ΩºB.
>twÔ›][ ºƒVÔD ÿƒV_o xΩBVm. º>Ï>_, ∂´EB_ ®_ºÈVÁ´•D
sø∫˛s|˛≈m. >tw[√[ z§X‚|¬ÔsÁ>l_ ∂wÔVÔ›>V[ ÔÁ>
ÿƒV_olÚ¬˛≈VÏ” 76 ®[√VÏ QVM.
ÿƒV_olÚ¬˛≈VÏ
187
∂>Á™ ÿkπ©√|›]B z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>l[ Ô‚¶Á\©∏™V_
∂ÚÁ\BVÔ kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√‚¶m ®[√mD ÷>[ E≈©√Dƒ∫ÔeVzD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>
ko•Æ›] WuzD \Vÿ√ÚD \VϬEB ÿ\FDÁ\ ÷mºk:
“ÿ√VÚ”¬z
ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÷Á´BVz√k[ cıÁ\© ÿ√VÚÁe¬ ÔV\V‚¶V[.
∂mºk ®_ÈV kÁÔBV™ \B¬Ô›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÔV´D. ÷m>V[
x>ÈVπBD keÏ›> ÿ√ÚD \B¬ÔD” 77
\B¬ÔD ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ
®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[.
“ƒJÔfl
ƒJÔfl EÁ>°ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚|>_ ̶ ƒJÔ ¿]l[ ®∫zD √´sB
WÁÈÁB gk©√|›]¬ ÔV‚|km º√V[≈ ŒÚ ÔÁÈO‚√º\ ®™ÈVD.
EÁ>°ÔÁe ®ømkm EÁ>°ÔÁe© √Ω\ O‚√∫ÔºeV| z§©√VÔ
®ømkm ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD, ƒJÔ¿]l[ gμÕ> ºkÏÔÁe O‚√\VÔ
\Á≈xÔ\VÔ cÏ›m˛[≈ ÔsÁ>fl ƒV[ÆÔºe gzD. ƒJÔ
cÏ°Á¶B ]≈™VFkVe[ g´VFflEBVe[ ÷©√Ω›>V[ ∂b˛© √VϬÔ
ºkı|D. ÷kuÁ≈ ÂD∏¬ÁÔBu≈ ∂Ô cÁeflƒ_Ô^ ®™ Œm¬zkm
ÌΩBm” 78 .
ƒJÔ cÏ°Ô^ √u§B gμÕ> AÈ©√]s[Á\ÁB¬ ÔV‚¶¬ ÌΩBm
“ÔVÈ∫ÔVÈ\VÔ
ÔVÈ∫ÔVÈ\VÔ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB Aw∫˛, ∂>™V_ gu≈_ ÿ√u≈
÷Ȭ˛B© √Ω\∫ÔÁe, ∂ku§–^ >uÔVÈ c^e¶¬Ô›Á> ∞u§ ÷kÏÔ^
(kV™D√VΩÔ^) \Æ cÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒF˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷>[ JÈD ÔVÈ›][
188
∞uÆ˛≈VÏÔ^” 79 ®[√Ï
gu≈ÁÈ› >D ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÷Õ> s›>ÔÏÔ^ ∞uÆ˛≈VÏÔ^
QVM. ∞Á™©∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕm x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ”D ®Õ>kÁÔl_
√Ω\∫ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBV^k]_ s›]BVƒ©√|˛[≈™Ï ®[√Á> m.ÊMflƒVt•D,
QVM•D ÿkπ©√|›mD √VÏÁkÔ^ ÿ>πkVÔ cÏ›>k_È™.
“A≈›]Áfl
A≈›]Áfl ∑BDk´ \ı¶√›]_ / º√VoÂe[Ôπ[ Ì‚¶D /
ÁÔl_ \VÁÈ•¶[ / zÚ‚|› >\BÕ]
>\BÕ]” (√V_T], √.72).“ ®©º√VmD /
Û>V‚¶D” (º>Ï>_) “ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ
\¬Ôºe º>VuzD/ Û>V‚¶D ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ ÂVD ∞u§Ák›>
se¬zÔ^ ÷Ú‚Á¶© ∏´flƒV´D ÿƒF˛[≈™
ÿƒF˛[≈™”.. (x‚Á¶kVEÔ^)
“ÿƒVuÔeVÔ
ÿƒVuÔeVÔ ÿkπ©√|›>_, √Ω\sBÈVÔ ÿkπ©√|›>_ ®[≈
÷ÚWÁÈÔπKD ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ gu≈K¶[ ∂Á\B xΩ•D. ÷∫ºÔ
÷Õ> ÷ÚWÁÈÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿkπX‚|›]≈[ ÔV´\VÔ›
>´ºkÆ√V| ∂Á\BÈVD. ÷ku§_ ÿƒVuÔeVÔ ÿkπ©√|>_ ®[√]_
®^e_ x¬˛B\V™m. ®^e_ z§©A¶[ ´z\V–D ®ø]•^eVÏ.
√VuԶȴ∫ÔD, nÕm gı|Ô”¬z ŒÚxÁ≈ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷>Á™¬
ÔVÈVD” 81.
ÔVÈVD
“√Ω\D
√Ω\D ®[√m ŒÚ ÿÂVΩl_ cÏflE¬ÌÆD ∂§° WÁÈ•D
ÿƒVuE›]´D” 82 E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√]. “√Ω\D
Ì|k>V_ º>V[Æ˛≈ ÿƒVuE›]´D √Ω\D \™›m^
ÔV‚EÔeVÔfl E›]ˆ¬zD >[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m. √Ω\D, cÏ°, cÏflE
∂§°›>e∫Ôπ_ sÁeÁk ∞u√|›] ∂§kVÏÕ> >e›]uz kVƒÔÁ™
ÿÔVı¶m” 83 . \Áw ÿ√F•Dº√Vm ∞u√|D
∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_KD ÷B_A ÿÔVı¶m
t[™_, ÷Ω, kV™s_ ®[≈ º\Ô›]_ ∞u√|D ÷BuÁÔ WÔμ°ÔÁ· ºkΩ¬ÁÔ
cÏflE ∂§°WÁÈ ®[≈ J[Æ ÔV‚E©ÿ√VÚ·VÔ √Ω\©√|›]•^·VÏ ∂©m_
´z\V[ ®[√VÏ ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑.
“AÈ™–√k
AÈ™–√k cÚ¬ÔÁe ( images) ÿ\Val_ ÔV‚|D xÁ≈Á\ºB
√Ω\sB_ ( imagery) ∂Á\©√VzD ÷À°Ú¬Ô^ ÔV‚E, Œo, \D, ∑Ák,
190
ÿ>V¶_ g˛B nDAÈ[ WÁÈÔπKD, ÷Ák ÷ÁÕ> √ÈWÁÈÔπKD
ÔsQ™V_ cÏ°¬z ∞u√°D ÿ√VÚıÁ\¬z ∞u√°D
√Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√Æk™. ckÁ\, cÚkÔD g˛B WÁÈÔπoÚÕm tÔ ®πB
WÁÈl_, Œ[§uz Œ[Æ ®[≈ Œ©AÁ\ WÁÈloÚÕm xuÆÚkÔ
WÁÈkÁ´ ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶ÈVD
∂Á\¬Ô©√¶ÈVD”.. “√Ω\º\
√Ω\º\ ÿ√VÚıÁ\BVÔ Wu√mı|.
√_ºkÆ ˛Áeflÿƒ§° ( Complex ) cϺkV‚¶∫Ô^ √Ω\\VÔºk
ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ÿ\VaBVÔ x>[Á\ WÁÈ ÿ√Ækmı|; mÁ c›]
WÁÈloÚÕm ƒuƬ ÌΩB x>[Á\ WÁȬzfl ÿƒ_KD keÏflE ÷m.
÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe √Ω\ x>[Á\ ( imagist ) ¬ÔsÁ> ®[˛º≈VD
®[˛º≈VD” 85.
“∂©m_
∂©m_ ´z\VM¶D ∂È∫ÔV´› >[Á\ ƒuÆ #¬ÔÈVÔºk
÷ÚÕ>VKD ∂kˆ¶xD cÚkÔ© √V∫˛ÈV™ √Ω\sB_ tz]BVÔ¬
ÔV©√|D. ¿] º>kÁ> ®[≈ ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷>uz Â_È ƒV[≈VÔ¬
ÿÔV^eÈVD. ®∫Ô^ º>V‚¶›m© / جÔπÿÈ_ÈVD c[ ºÔVl_
ÿkekV_Ôπ[ / ®flƒD c^∏´ÔV´ÿ\∫zD / ƒÚz x‚Á¶Ô^
x‚Á¶Ô^”
cÚkÔsBK¶[ ÌΩB ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ƒV]B›]uÿÔ]´V™ ƒJÔ¿] ÂsuEÔ^
÷ÁÕm kÚD “ c[ ºÔVlK¬z / ÿkπºB ÿÂ|∫ÔVÈ\VÔ WuzD /
ÂÕ>™VÏÔπ_ gıÔπ[ / ÿÂÚ©A¬ zı¶D >BV´V˛≈m / º√V / ∂]_
º√VF zπ›m¬ ÿÔV^
ÿÔV^”.. ÷ÀkVÆ E≈©√VÔ ∂Á\Õm^e ÔsÁ> ¿ı|
º√VzDº√Vm tÁÔBV™ z§©AÔ^ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ÿƒBuÁÔ› >[Á\
ÿ√uÆs|kmı|. “ ÿÔVÁÈkV^ / c[ÁÔ¬z \‚|D ®©√Ω
g√´\V˛≈m? ´›>D / c[ÂÔ_Ôπ_ \‚|D ®©√Ω / \Ú>VË g˛≈m
∞... ¿] º>kÁ>ºB / c[ kV^x>o_ / c[ÔıÔ‚Á¶ ∂ƬԂ|D
÷©√z]l_, kVƒÔˆ[ \™›Á> c¶[ ˛eflE•≈fl ÿƒFkm º√V[≈ {Ï
ÔVÈVD” 86 . >Dx¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_
∂È∫ÔV´›]≈[ AzÕ]Ú©√Á>¬ ÔVÈVD
Œ[§_ ÌÆ˛[≈ √]KD ÷∫ºÔ m.ÊMflƒVt¬zD cˆB √]ÈVÔ ∂Á\Õm
˛¶¬˛[≈m.
191
“ÔsÁ>BV™m
ÔsÁ>BV™m ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>BVÔ ∂Á\k>uz ÷´ı|
ÔV´∫Ô^ c^e™. (1) √V|ÿ√VÚ^ s>Õ]Ú©√m (2) √V| ÿ√VÚπ[
*>V™ ÔsQˆ[ ∂y> cÏ° ®øflE. ÂV[ ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ®ø>
ºkı|D ®™› yÏ\VM›ms‚| ®ø> ∂\Ïkm ˛Á¶BVm. ®™m ÔsÁ>
¿ıΩÚÕ>V_ ∂]_ ∂Àke° ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[Æ ∂Ï›>D
∂_Èm s›]BVƒ\VÔfl ÿƒV_È ºkıΩB ∂kEBº\V ÂV[ sÚDAD
cÏ°k´ ÷ÿ>_ÈVD ÿƒV[™V_>V[ ƒˆBVÔ kÚD ®[≈ WÁȺBV
ºkı|D” 87 .
∞u√‚ΩÚ¬Ô ºkı|D
“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ÷Ƭԛ]uÔVÔ ªÁwfl ƒÁ> ®[Æ ÂV[ WÁ™©√Á>
®[˛≈VÏ” 88. √Ω\xD z§X|D ºkÆ√|D
®_ÈVD ÿk‚Ω ®§Õm s|ºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ
÷¶∫ÔÁe•D √Ω\º\ z§X¶VÔ cÚ\VÆkÁ>•D gFkV·ÏÔ^ s·¬˛•^·™Ï.
“z§X‚Ω_
z§X‚Ω_ kVƒÔÏÔ”¬Ô ŒÚ m_oB\V™ ÿ√VÚ^ ÿkπ©√V| ÷Ú¬zD.
g™V_ √Ω\›]_ kVƒÔ ∂–√k∫Ô”¬z ∞u√© ÿ√VÚÁe¬z§©√|›m
keÏ›m¬ ÿÔV^k]_ s›]BVƒ\V™ sÁeÁk› >Ú˛[≈m
>Ú˛[≈m”..
“÷´°D
÷´°D √ÔKD º√V_ ÷Ák >M›º> ÷Ú©√>VF¬ ÔÚ]™VKD
∂Õ] \B¬Ô∫ÔÁe ∂Ôu≈ xΩBs_ÁÈ
xΩBs_ÁÈ” . “ √Ω\∫Ô^ ÿkÆD
kÏÁ™BVÔ ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ºÂÏ ÿ√VÚºe º√VmD ®[≈ WÁÈl_
÷ÚÕ>V_ ∂Ák √Ω\∫Ôºe. z§X|Ô^ ∂_È. \uÿ≈VÚ c‚ÿ√VÚÁe
cÏ›mD WÁÈl_ >V[ √Ω\D z§X¶V˛≈m. cÚkÔ WÁÈl_
cÚkV¬Ô©√|D ŒÚ √Ω\D cÏ›]© ∏§ÿ>V[Á≈•D cÏ›mD
z§X¶V˛s|kmı|” 89 .
kÁÔl_ kÕ>V_ ∂m z§X¶V˛s|kmı|
“Œ©A≈kVKD
Œ©A≈kVKD Œ‚|≈kVKD \uÿ≈V[Á≈¬ z§©√VÔ cÏ›mD
ÿ√VÚ^ ( object ) z§X| ®™©√|˛≈m. z§X| \uÿ≈V[Á≈
cÏ›mk>uz J[Æ kÁÔl_ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m. z§X| \uÿ≈V[§uÔVÔ
WuÔÈVD. ∂_Èm \uÿ≈V[§[ ∏´]W]BVÔfl ÿƒBu√¶ÈVD, ∂_Èm
\uÿ≈V[Á≈fl ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kº>V| ∂Á\BÈVD. EÈ z§X|Ô^
\uÿ≈V[Á≈ ( Something else) cÏ›>V\_, >D ÿ√VÚºeV| ÷[–D
Ì|>ÈV™ ÿ√VÚÁe ( Something more) cÏ›mD
cÏ›mD”90.
“y√
y√ \´›]_ / y¬ÔM cı s‚Ω_ kÕ>m / ÔMºBV s‚ΩÁÈ
cı¶m
cı¶m” (√V_T], √.16). ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ y√\´D ®[√m z›mse¬ÁÔ•D y¬ÔM
®[√m yfl∑¶Á´•D √Ω\©√|›m˛[≈™. ÷m s‚ΩÁÈ© √V|ÿ√VÚeVÔ¬ ÿÔVı|
ºÂV¬Ô©√|ÁÔl_ √Ω\¬ÔsÁ>. g™V_ s‚Ω_ ®[√º> \uÿ≈V[§[
z§X¶VÔ¬ ÿÔV^e©√|Dº√Vm ÷mºk z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>BV˛ s|˛[≈m. s‚Ω_
®[√>Á™ \¬Ô”¬ÔV™ z§X¶VÔ°D, y√¬ÔÁÈ ®[√>Á™ \VB¬ ÔkÏflE¬ÔV™
z§X¶VÔ°D, y√ \´›Á> ∂´EB_ kV]¬ÔV™ z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD. ∂_Èm
s‚Ω_ ®[√>Á™¬ ÔV>o_ TμºkVϬzD y√¬ÔM ®[√>Á™¬ ÔV>_
kÁȬzD, y√\´›Á> kÁÈ T∑ºkVϬzD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD ∂_Èm
s‚Ω_ ®[√>Á™© √¬>ϬzD y√¬ÔM ®[√>Á™ ∂Ú”Á´¬zD y√\´›Á>©
º√VoƒVtBVϬzD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD. ∑‚¶√wD ®–D >ÁÈ©AD ÷›>ÁÔB
J[ÆkÁÔ© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿÔV^”>K¬zD ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. ®™ºk,
÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ y√\´D y¬ÔM g˛B √Ω\∫Ô^ >DÁ\•D
cÏ›]© ∏§ÿ>V[Á≈•D cÏ›mD kÁÔl_ kÕ>>V_ ÷m z§X‚|¬
ÔsÁ> g˛s|˛[≈m.
“ŒuÁ≈
ŒuÁ≈ ÿÂÚ©A / c>‚Ω[ kVE©∏_ / A_ÈV∫zwºÈ cÚz˛≈m
cÚz˛≈m”..
(√V_T], √.53). A_ÈV∫zwo[ kVE©∏_ ÂVD cÚzºkVD. g™V_ >[Á™
kVE¬ÁÔl_ >Vº™ cÚzD A_ÈV∫zwÈVÔ ÿ\øzk›]ÁB©
√Ω\©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. kÚÁ™BVÔ ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm ºÂÏ ÿ√VÚºe º√Vm\V™
WÁÈl_ ∂Á\Õm^e>VKD, ∏§ÿ>VÚ ÿ√VÚÁefl∑‚Ω WuÔV>>VKD ÷m
√Ω\¬ÔsÁ>BV˛[≈m.
“k´∫Ôºe
k´∫Ôºe / ƒV√∫Ô^ / gzÿ\[≈V_ ÷∫ºÔ/>k∫Ô^ ®>uÔVÔ?
®>uÔVÔ?”
(√V_T], √.79). ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ k´∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™¬ ÔÁ¶¬Ôı √VÏÁk¬zD
ƒV√∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™© √V´VxÔ›]uzD >k∫Ô^ ®[√Á>¬ ÔV>K¬zD TμÕ>
º>kÁ> ®[√Á>¬ ÔV>o¬zD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD, k´∫Ô^ ®[√Á> ∂´∑›
]‚¶∫Ô”¬zD, ƒV√∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™ cˆB √B™VπÔ”¬z kVF¬ÔVºÈ
194
ª¶Æ¬zD ÷Á¶› >´ÔÏÔ”¬zD, >k∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™© √È[ ºkıΩ WuzD
ÔV›]Ú©A¬zD, TμÕ> º>kÁ> ®[√Á> g‚EBVeÏÔ”¬zD z§X¶VÔ°D
kVE¬ÔÈVD. ®™ºk ÷m z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ> g˛[≈m.
“∂Ω\™¬Ô¶[
∂Ω\™¬Ô¶[ >[ ∂]B gw∫Ô”¬z ®[Á™ ∂Áw›>m. ÂV[
ÿk§ºBV| √VFÕº>[. ∂ÁÈÔºeV| sÁeBVΩº™[. Jμ˛º™[.
x›m¬ zπ›º>[. ∂Õ> x›m¬zπB_>V[ √V_T]
√V_T]. >VMB∫˛ ®ø›m,
sº™V>fl ÿƒVuºƒÏ¬ÁÔ ]BV™ WÁÈl_ >Vº\ c]¬zD √Ω\∫Ô^
z§X|Ô^ ®[Æ *ÿ\FÁ\l[ √_ºkÆ ƒV›]B¬ ÌÆÔÁe•D ÷]_
√ˆºƒV]›m© √VÏ›]Ú¬˛º≈[. ÿ>V[\ c›]l[ ƒ¬]ÁB cÏ›>°D
÷Õ]B› ÿ>V[\ ke›Á>¬ ÔV‚¶°D ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D ∂]Ô\VÔ©
√ˆºƒV]›]Ú¬˛º≈[” 91 .
√B[√|›]© √ˆºƒV]›]Ú¬˛º≈[
“ÿ\e™©
ÿ\e™© √VÁÈÿkπl_ / •ÔD•Ô\VÔ ∂ÁÈÕm ]ˆÕ> /
ÿ√ÚJfl∑¬Ô^ c[ go∫Ô™ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ›]_ sDx˛[≈™
sDx˛[≈™” (√V_T],
√.23). ÿkD√VÁÈBVF›>˛¬zD s´Ô›yl_ •ÔVÕ]´∫ÔeVÔ ∂ÁÈÕm ]ˆÕ>
¿|lÏ©A¬Ô^ g´›>ø°D go∫Ô™›]_ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ\V˛ √VÁÈk™fl
ºƒVÁÈÁB¬ (Casis in dosert) Ôı¶Á¶Õ> xøWÁ≈s_ sDt¶ÈV˛[≈™.
√V>∑´∫Ôºe ÂV>¸k´∫ÔeVÔ ∂kem kÚÁÔ ÿƒsl[ ∑kVƒ\V˛[≈m.
“¿ÏÿÂF
¿ÏÿÂF ∂Ôo_ / WtÏÕ> ∑¶º´ {¶ kı|Ô^ / ÿ\VF¬zD
∑Á>ÿ\V‚º¶ c™¬z^ ÂV[ / \Ô´Õ>\V™mı| ÿÂÚ©A› mı|ÔÁe /
sø∫zD ÂV[ c[ ÿ\e™ \o_/>ÁÈAÁ>¬Ô kÕ>mı| ®[
÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√l[ ∂Ú˛_ xÁe›> ŒuÁ≈ xÁȺB
xÁȺB” (√V_T],
√¬.42á43) ®™› >VD √l[≈ ]BVƒ´VƒÏ ÔÁȬÔ_Ÿˆl[ ∂Ú˛_ ÷Ú¬zD
\VˆBD\[ ÿ>©√¬ze \ı¶√ QV√Ô∫ÔÁe *‚ÿ¶|¬˛[≈VÏ. ¿ÏÿÂF ∂Ôo_
WtÏÕ> ∑¶Ï, {¶kı|Ô^ ÿ\VF¬zD ∂Á> ÿ\V‚| ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD >Á™›
>VÈV‚ΩB >VFÁ\ÁB©√V|˛[≈VÏ. ÿÂÚ©A¬ ºÔVa ÿÂÚ©Á√ sø∫˛ \o_
>ÁÈAÁ>©√Á> mB´∫ÔÁe sø∫˛B >V[ ÿ\e™ \o_ >ÁÈAÁ>¬Ô
kÕ>>VÔ x[Ák¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷∫ºÔ ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√ ®[√m ∂kÏ √l[≈
]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_ŸˆÁB•D ŒuÁ≈xÁÈ ®[√m \VˆBD\[ ÿ>©√¬ze
\ı¶√›Á>•D z§X¶V¬z˛[≈™.
“®[
®[ g≈Vkm s´_ kaºB EKÁkloÚÕm / kΩ˛≈m ´›>D gD
/ ®[ \VDƒD / kVÏ›Á> g˛≈m
g˛≈m”(√V_T], √.5) kVƒÔÏÔ”¬z› >D
ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂§xÔD ÿƒFm Ák©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ xÔkˆfl Ê‚¶VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
ҼêV
º√™V ®™¬z© ∏§][ ˛wÁ\ ∂_È >u˛wÁ\ ®[s´_Ôπ_
Œ[Æ g≈Vkm s´_ kVμ¬ÁÔ ŒÚ EKÁk ; ∂]_ ÂV[
∂Á≈B©√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈[. gıÔ^ ]≈Õ> ÔVB∫Ôπ[ ´›>D>V[ ®[
196
g≈Vkm s´_kaBVÔ ka˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD á ®[ c¶_ ÔÁ´Õm ÔÁ´Õm
kVÏ›Á>BV˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD ®[ c¶_ ÔÁ´Õm ÔÁ´Õm
kVÏ›Á>BV˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD kVÏ›Á>BVkm á ŒÚ
∑>Õ]´D; ∑ÔV–√kD; T| ]ÚD√_! ®™ºk ®[ º>kº™! ®™¬z¬ ÁÔ
T|]ÚD√_!
ÿÔV|›yÏ
ÿÔV|›yÏ” (\´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È, √¬.11á13)
“Ôs¬ºÔVs[
Ôs¬ºÔVs[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷Õ> \V–¶ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬ÔVÔ ƒx>VB
º\D√V‚|¬ÔVÔ ∂Ï©√ˬԩ√‚¶ ®ı¬ zÚ] ®[ÆD ∂k´m º√™V
z§©∏‚|^eVÏ” 93 . ssoB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe
g≈Vkm s´_ ®[ÆD z§©∏‚|^eVÏ
\‚|\_È ∏≈ ƒ\B› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬z˛[≈VÏ.
“EKÁk
EKÁk \´∫Ô^ / ÷Õ>©√EÿÔVı¶ \´∫Ô^ \Vtƒ
√‚EËÔeV˛s‚¶™. ŒÚ ÛˆBÁ™© ∏´ƒs›m / º√V]l[ Ww_ /
ÿkπflƒ›Á> ∂ˆ¬zD sBV]BV˛s‚¶m. ŒÚ E[x›]Á´l_/QV™
Û‚∑\›Á>ºB ∂∏Âl›> s´_Ôπ[ / ƒÈ∫ÁÔl_ÈV> ¶™›Á> /
∂≈∫ºÔu§B ∂º> Ô_ÈV‹™ ˇμ / WtÏÕm W[≈ ]ˆÛÈ s´_Ô^ /
®ıVl´D ®KtflƒD √w∫ÔÁefl ÿƒÚzD Ôø\´∫ÔeVl™
Ôø\´∫ÔeVl™” (√V_T],
√¬.89á90).
197
WÔμÕ>m ®™°D (÷∫ºÔ Ô_ÈVÈD á Áƒk ƒ\B›]uzD, ®ıVl´D
®KtflƒD√w∫Ô^ á ƒ\Ï ®ıVl´kϬzD z§X|ÔeVl™). \>ÿk§ÁB
∂ÀkD\>¬ ÿ>V[\∫Ô”¬ ̶VÔºk º>VKˆ›m s|˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ
ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe g”D c›] º√VÏxÔ›]_ ®]ˆl[ g•>∫ÔÁeºB ÁÔ©√u§
∂kÏÔ”¬z ®]´VÔ© √B[√|›> k_È gu≈_ ∂kÚ¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈBV˛
s|˛[≈m.
“ml_∑kVƒD
ml_∑kVƒD ∂¶∫Ô / ®[ ∂™VÁ>¬ Ô™° /
∂ÔVÈ\´\Á¶Õms‚¶m √VÁkfl ƒ\V]l_ / ∂>[ ƒk ∂¶¬ÔD
ÿ√ÚJfl∑ cπ / Ô_ÈÁ≈ kVƒÔ› º>Ïs[ / ÷[–D / >|\V§¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ô / ÷Á\©¨o c›]Ôπ_ ]´kfl∑¶ÏÔÁe› / ]™xD ∞u§
Ák¬˛º≈[ ÂV[
ÂV[” (√V_T], √.17)
198
ºÔVΩfl ÛˆBÏÔÁe© ∏aÕm ‚ƒ›]´∫Ô^ ÿƒFº>[ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ ÿƒ§°
®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD ŒÚ ƒ∫ÔV´›>V_ ÷Õ>© Øt √ı√|›>©√‚¶ ∏[, ‚ƒ›]´
sÁ>ÔÁe› #°ºkVD ÷∫ºÔ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ cBÏÕ>m ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
‚ƒ›]´ ºk≠\ËÕ> ®ø›m¬Ô^ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ se¬ÔD ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
÷eºkM_ ÷´° ‚ƒ›]´ x^π_ s´Ô WÈ° ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ Ø ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
ÂV‚Á¶©∏ˆÕ> ∂Ô]ÔeVF ¶¬˛[≈™ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ g[\V ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD
®[ ED\Vƒ™D gÔVB›]_ ®[≈VKD, ®[√VÏÁk Øtl[*º> ŒÚ
‚ƒ›]´Dº√V_ ®[–D ÷¶›]_ cBÏÕ>kÏÔπ[ ÔÚÁ© √VÏÁk ®[≈
ÿ√VÚπKD ‚ƒ›]´D √V_T]l_ √_ºkÆ ÿ√VÚπ_ ÁÔBVe©√|˛≈m..
“gÈB\Ë
gÈB\Ë {Áƒ•D / \Û]l[ ∂Áw©ÿ√Vo•D / ÔVu§_
ÔÁ´Õm ƒ∫Ôt¬zD ∂Ï›>D/ ÷kÏÔ”¬z ®©º√Vm se∫zD?
ÔÁ¶EBVÔ¬ ºÔ‚˛º≈[ ¿ NÕmkV? x¸‹\V ´V∫ÂD√Ï ®[≈ √]ºÈV|
÷Á©A mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m
mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m”(gÈV√Á™, √¬.28á29). ®[ \>\V™
º√F∏Ω›>k–¬z ®]´V™ Ôı¶™¬ z´ÁÈ ∂≈flÊu≈›m¶[ ∂w˛BºÈV|D
÷MBˇÁ> /
º√∑˛[≈VÏ, Ô¶°eVºÈºB >k≈V™ ®ı ®™›mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶>VÔ“÷MBˇÁ>
÷Õm¬ÔÁe•D / ˇÏ›]tz Á√∏^ / ˛§›mkÏÔÁe•D x]ÏÕ> zÏg[/
cÚkV¬zD” 95 ®[√m
x¸‹DÔÁe•D cu√›] ÿƒFBV\_ / \M>ÏÔÁe cÚkV¬zD
ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>l[ Ô™kVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ∂m >ÔÏÕm º√V™Á> >k≈V™
199
®ı W‘∏¬˛[≈m ÷Õ> ÷¶›]_ ŒÚ ÿ√ı QVM >twÔ x>_kÏ *m
÷´V\Ï√VÈfl E¬Ôo_ >ÁÈÁB¬ ÿÔVF•D √›kV s]›> >Ú›]_ z§©∏‚¶m
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
“ÿÔVfiƒÔVÈ›]uz
ÿÔVfiƒÔVÈ›]uz ÷Õ> √Ôk›ˇÁ>, Á√∏^, zÏg[ J[ƬzD
>Á¶ s]¬Ôºkı|D. ∂ku§_ Ì≈©√‚|^eku§_ ®Õ>ÿkVÚ >kƺ\
÷_ÁÈ. g™V_ ∂ku§uÔV™ >k≈V™ sBV¬˛BV™∫ÔeV_ >V[
®_ÈVD”96 ®[√Ï ~≠V ¤¬˛ kV∑º>À.
÷›>ÁÔB ∏´flƒÁ™Ô^ ®_ÈVD
“>[
>[ \Ô[ ∂´ƒV·› / >Õ]´∫Ô^ ÿƒF>V^ ÿ√V[\ÔÁ™¬
ÔV‚|¬z© / º√V¬˛™V^. ÁÔºÔlÁB› >V[/ Ôs√V¶ kÕm^ºe[ Ôı¶
ÿ√VÚÿe_ÈVD ÔVVyÏ ®[≈ ∂Õ>¬ÔVȬ Ô‚¶ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈl[
∂´EBÁÈ© º√EB ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>l_ ÁÔºÔlÁB ÷Õ]´V ÔVÕ]¬zD
>[\Ô[ ®[√Á> ´V˝ÀÔVÕ]¬zD ÿ√V[\Ô[ ®[√Á>©
A≈¬Ôˬԩ√‚¶ ÔV\´VƒÚ¬zD ÿ√VÚÕmD kıD º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>lKD
ÁÔBVı¶VÏ” 97 .
z§X‚Á¶fl E≈©√VÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶VÏ
“ÔV>ÁÈ
ÔV>ÁÈ \‚|\_È / Ô¶°Áe k∫zk>uzD / ÂV[ ®[√m>V[
sÁÈ se¬˛_ >[Á™ ÷w¬zD / ®ıÿBVF ÷Ú / ∏´ÔVƒD ∂Á¶
kVF gD / >uÿÔVÁÈ ÿƒFm ÿÔV^ ¿ ∂\´™VkVF
∂\´™VkVF” (gÈV√Á™, √.135)
ÔV>_ x>_ √¬]kÁ´ ÂVÁ™› m≈Õ>V_>V[ ÔVˆB ƒV›]B\VzD.
“÷Ȭ˛B©
÷Ȭ˛B© ∏´]¬zD ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÷Ȭ˛B© ∏´]¬z\V™ c≈ºk
Ô¬˛_ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^e©√¶ ºkıΩBm √–koÁ¶ c≈° ®[≈ >e›]_
Ák›º> ÷Ȭ˛B k´ÈVÆD ÷Ȭ˛B kÁÔÁ\Ô”¬z ÷Á¶lÈV™
se¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D” 98 ®[√Ï Â.x›mº\VÔ[.
ºkÆ√V|Ô”D se¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D
“ÿ√ÚD√VKD
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÂV[ ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>Ô”Á¶B ®]ˆ. ®Àke°
∑Ú¬Ô\VÔfl ÿƒV_È xΩ•º\V ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z ÔÁ¶E √‚ƒ\VÔ ÷>uzº\_
kˆÔÁe ∂Ω¬ÔxΩBVm ®[≈ WÁÈ kÚD kÁ´lKD ÔsÁ>ÁBfl
∑Ú¬˛s|ºk[” 99 ®[Æ >Dx¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_ Œ[§_ z§©∏‚|^eVÏ.
∑Ú¬˛s|ºk[
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÷∫ºÔ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒ§°¬z c>V´\VÔ {ˆÚ ÔsÁ>
kˆÔÁe \‚|D ÔVıº√VD.
“®[Á™¬
®[Á™¬ Ôı¶mD / ÔsøD c[ ÷Á\Ô^ ÿÔV∑kÁÈBV? /
*[kÁÈBV? c[ √VÏÁkÔ^ / √≈Õm kÚkm ®[ ˛ÁeÔπ_ /
÷Á´º>¶ºkV? Ì| Ô‚¶ºkV?
Ô‚¶ºkV?” (√V_T], √.33) ÿkπl_ ÷Ú¬zD ÿÔV∑¬ÔÁe
c^k´V\_ >|¬Ôk_Èm ÿÔV∑kÁÈ. c^ºe E¬˛B *[ÔÁe ÿkπºB≈
s¶V\_ >|¬Ô k_Èm *[kÁÈ. Ôı¶mD ÔsøD ÷Á\Ô^ c‚AÔ xBKD
>[Á™› >|¬zD kÁÈBV? ∂Ô©√|›] ÿkπºB≈ s¶V\_ ÔV¬zD kÁÈBV
®™°D, √≈Õm kÚD ∂k^ √VÏÁkÔ^ >[ ˛ÁeÔπ_ ÷Á´ º>Ω©
√≈Õº>VΩs¶kV ∂_Èm >∫˛lÚÕm Ì|Ô‚Ω¬ zΩlÚ¬ÔkV ®™°D
ÿ√VÚ‚ÿƒ§°¶–D, ÷ƬÔ\V™ ÿƒ§°¶–D Ô‚¶Á\›m^eVÏ. ∂|›>m
∂ıV √u§Bm.
201
“∂ø˛[≈
∂ø˛[≈ º√VmD / º\ÔD º√VÈ ∂ø>k[ ¿ sø˛[≈ º√VmD /
sÁ>ÁB© º√VÈ søÕ>k[ ¿
¿” (sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[, √.15) º\Ô›][
∂øÁÔ>Vº™ \Áw. º\Ô\ø> \Áw ¿ÚD \u≈kϬz© √B™V>_ º√VÈ ®™°D;
>™¬ÔVÔ ∂_ÈV\_ \u≈kϬÔVÔ, ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ ∂ø˛≈k[ ®™°D
÷m ÿ√VÚ^√|D.
“sÁ>ÁB©
sÁ>ÁB© º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®[≈ ®[ EÕ>Á™ ÔÁÈQÁ´ tÔ°D
ÔkÏÕms‚¶m ÷Á> ∂kÚÁ¶B º√flEKD, ®ø›]KD √ÈxÁ≈
√V´V‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ. ÷Õ>fl EÕ>Á™ JÈ\VÔºk ÔÁÈQÚÁ¶B ÷>B›]_
søÕms‚º¶[” 101.
ÂV[ sÁ>ÁB© º√V_ søÕms‚º¶[
“sÁ>
sÁ> º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®[≈ ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶Á´© √B[√|›] ®[Á™
\B¬Ô›]_ gμ›]™VÏ ´z\V[. ∂ıV \Á≈Õ> m¬Ô›Á>ºB ŒÚ
t[™ÈΩ¬zD ºÂ´D Œm¬˛Ák›ms‚| sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®–D
ÂV[” 102
Ôs¬ºÔVs[ ÿƒVuÔπºÈ ÿƒV¬˛© º√VlÚ¬˛º≈[ ÂV[
“ÿku§√È
ÿku§√È Ôı| ÂV[ / sÚmÿ√≈ kÚDº√Vm / ÿkz\V™D ®[™
®[º√[” 103 .
ºkı|D ®™¬ ºÔ‚¶V_ ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™› >ÚÔ ®[º√[
“x[™VºÈ
x[™VºÈ kVlÚÕmD / ∏[™VºÈ >V[ ∑‚¶m / xΩflƒsμ¬zD
º√Ïka∫Ô / JfiElºÈ √‚¶m. √VmÔV©A© √Á¶lºÈ•D ∂fiƒVD√Á¶
ºkÁÈBV? √V´>›>VF \V™D ÔV¬Ô ±ÈVD√Á¶ ºƒÁÈBV?
ºƒÁÈBV?” (∑‚|s´_,
√¬.112á113)
“√ÈxÁ≈Ô^
√ÈxÁ≈Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ \M> cÏ°ÔÁe
ÿkπ©√|›>¬ÌΩB, ÿ>V¶¬ÌΩB ÔÚÁk Á\B\VÔ Ák›m ®ø]™V_ ∂m
√V|ÿ√VÚπ™VºÈºB WÁÈ›m WuzD. g™V_ √V|ÿ√VÚπ™VºÈºB
®_ÈVD ÔsÁ>BV˛s¶Vm. ∂m ®ømD ÔsQˆ[ ]≈Á\ÁB•D
ÿ√VÆ›]Ú¬˛≈m. {Ï ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ \M> cÏ° ®[≈VKD ̶ ∂Á>
®øm˛≈ ÔsQÏ ŒÚ s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔV›]_ ∂Á> skˆ¬Ô ºkı|D.
∂_Èm ∂>[ ŒÚ A]B ∂Dƒ›Á> ÿkπ©√|›> ºkı|D. >[Á™©
√V]¬Ô¬ÌΩB ∏´flEÁ™Ô”D cÏflEÔ”D ÔsÁ>BVÔÈVD. g™V_
∂m ®©√Ω ÿkπ©√|›>©√|˛≈m ®[√Á>© ÿ√VÆ›m›>V[ ∂m
÷Ȭ˛B\VzD” 104.
÷Ȭ˛B\VzD
203
“÷´ÿk_ÈVD
÷´ÿk_ÈVD / c[ WÁ™°Ô^ / ÿÔV∑¬Ô^
ÿÔV∑¬Ô^” (√V_T], √.27)
xΩ°Ô^
204
{ÚÏsuz sÁÈ\Ô^ Ô_ÈÁ≈, √ȺÔVfl E›]ˆ©∏uz º´V≠D,
x^ºÔV|, W≈D g˛B ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>¬z √ÁwB˚Ï ¿o, \mÁ´
T´[, ÿ>uz k·° √V‚Á¶BV g˛B ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D ÷™D Ôı|
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
205
ssoB ÿ>V\∫ÔÁ· \Á¶\Vu§ ÁÔBV”D k_ÈÁ\ ∂©m_
´z\V–¬zˆBm ®[√m g´VB©√‚|^·m. \>ÿk§ÁB ∂ÀkÀ \>›
ÿ>V[\∫Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ º>VKˆ©√m ÷kˆ[ E≈©∏B_√VÔ ÔV©√‚|^·m.
206
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
1. \.Â.÷´V\ƒVt, ÷B_√V™ ∏´¬ÁQl[ √]°Ô^ \‚|º\ ÔsÁ>BV˛
s|\V? (ºÔ^s á √]_ kΩs_) ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™, gÔ¸‚á2001.
2. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬. 83á84.
3. º\VÔ™ ´sflƒÕ]´[ (ÿ\V.ÿ√.), ®m ÔsÁ> ∂_È, c^”Á≈ ÷>μ : 2,
ºÔVÁk, ÿƒ©. ∂¬. 2009.
4. \V.∂´∫ÔÂV>[, ÿ√VÚπ[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔsÁ>, ÂÏ\>V √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1989, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
5. º\Èm, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
6. º\Èm, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
7. >tw[√[, ÔsÁ>fl EÕ>Á™Ô^, √B[ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1990,
√¬.50á51.
8. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|, √.84.
9. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 378, 390,
391.
10. º\Èm.,
11. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ,
1998, √.70.
12. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 373á374,
667á668.
13. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √¬. 79á80.
14. ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, kDE A¬¸, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ, 2009, √.145.
15. ÷Ȭzt z\V´[ QV™]´sBD, gEˆBÏ cÁ´, T‚Ωuz ˇºw•D Ô∫z,
∂Ô´D, >fiÁƒ, 1982.
16. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √¬. 70á73.
17. º\VÔ™ ´sflƒÕ]´[ (ÿ\V.ÿ√.), c^”Á≈ ÷>μ, ºÔVÁk, ÿƒ©. ∂¬.
207
2009.
18. \V.∂´∫ÔÂV>[, ÿ√VÚπ[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔsÁ>, √.124.
19. √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[ ºÂÏÔV_, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©¶D√Ïá2009.
20. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √¬. 319á320.
21. ∏´D\´V¤[, ÂT™ >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛B_, ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™,
ΩƒD√Ï. 2003.
22. ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √.66.
23. ÿ√V]ÁÔfl E›>Ï, kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ, \º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™, 2005, √.120.
24. Ô.Ø´ƒÕ]´[, ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va ∂Á\©AD >ÔÏ©AD, √¬. 104á105.
25. ].ºƒV.ºkbºÔV√VÈ[, ºÔVÁ¶kB_, √wDÿ√ÚÁ\, ®ø›m ∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1965, √.18.
26. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.430.
27. \.\mÛ>™[, >tw© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.134.
28. º\Èm, √¬. 134á135.
29. º\Èm, √¬. 139á140
30. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.464.
31. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.121.
32. Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈ xÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.5á6.
33. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.140.
34. AsB´∑, ∏[™›]_ xøÁ\, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆá2000,
√.13.
208
35. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.140.
36. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 363á364.
37. Ô_BVıh, º>ÏÕÿ>|›> ÔsÁ>Ô^, ga ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, √.61.
38. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√¬. 134á135.
39. E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, ªmk›]© A_, √.313.
40. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.125.
41. Ô.Ø´ƒÕ]´[, ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD, ∂Á\©AD, √¬. 96á100.
42. Eu∏, c∫Ô^ √˛Ï>K¬z, J|√M, Ôs>V ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003,
√.6.
43. ®¸.ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·, >ta[ \Æ\ÈÏflE, >tμ© A›>ÔVÈBD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1980, √.36.
44. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.98.
45. Eu∏, \ÔV›\V, x[–Á´, Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2006, √.9.
46. Eu∏, J|√M, c∫Ô^ √˛Ï>K¬z, √.8.
47. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.504á571,
48. º\Èm, √¬.504á571.
49. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ˛w¬zflƒV·´D, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,
2005.
50. E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √¬.218á219.
51. √M¬z¶D ÷>μá2, ºÂÏÔV_ ÷[zÈV©, ∑BDA ∂w˛BK¬ÔV™
º√V´V‚¶D >V[, ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©., ∂¬., 2003.
52. ºk.x.ÿ√V]B ÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √¬.69á151.
53. º\Èm,.
54. º\Èm.,
209
55. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√¬.136á137.
56. º\Èm,
57. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, ®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, >M›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶
ÔsÁ>Ô^, √¬. 13á14.
58. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.578.
59. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√.135.
60. º\Èm., √.312.
61. º\Èm., √.314.
62. º\Èm.,
63. º\Èm., √.139.
64. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 575á579.
65. º\Èm.,
66. º\Èm., √¬. 576á581.
67. º\Èm.,
68. √M¬z¶D ÷>μá2, ºÂÏÔV_ ÷[zÈV©, ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©. ∂¬., 2003.
69. Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.5.
70. AsB´∑, ®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬. 6á12.
71. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 559á561.
72. ∂.zºƒÔ´[, ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B ÿkπ•D ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™ EÈ
z´_Ô”D, √VÁk √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2008, √.108.
73. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√¬. 192á194.
74. E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √.186.
75. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√¬.187á190.
210
76. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.557.
77. ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[, ˇÁw \VϬEBD, √.454.
78. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|,
√¬.103á104., 84á85.
79. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.390.
80. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √.40.
81. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬.103á104.
82. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.288.
83. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √.63.
84. º\Èm, √.39.
85. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬. 82á83.
86. º\Èm.,
87. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ºÔVÁk, ƒ™, ∏©´, 1993.
88. ∂©m_´z\V[, x[–Á´, \´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È, ºÂ≠™_
√©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √.6.
89. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™, ∏©., 1993, ºÔVÁk.
90. ∂©m_´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √.19.
91. ∂©m_´z\V[, √V_ T], x[–Á´, ºÂ≠™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
2003.
92. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>?
Am¬ÔsÁ>?. √.65.
93. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D, √.65.
94. ∂©m_´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬.128á129.
95. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D, √.14.
96. ¤¬˛ kV∑º>À, ÔV‚|©Ø \V>÷>μ
\V>÷>μ, ~≠V ∂≈¬Ô‚¶Á·, ºÔVBDA›#Ï,
∂¬º¶V√Ïá2007.
211
97. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D, √.97.
98. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √.78.
99. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_, ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™. ∏©´. 1993, ºÔVÁk.
100. ]Ú¬z≈^, 1073.
101. ∂©m_´z\V[, sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[, x[–Á´, ºÂ≠™_
√©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004.
102. ÔÁÈQÏ.ÔÚVW], ∂ËÕmÁ´, sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[
103. ∂©m_´z\V[, kz›>_, Ô¬z¬ ÔsB´∫ÔD, ºƒÈD >tμflƒ∫ÔD,
02.08.1970.
104. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™. ∏©. 1993.
212
÷B_á4
213
÷B_á4
214
∂w˛B_ ®[√m ∂§B©√¶xΩBV> {ÚÏ° ∂_Èm cu√›]
“∂w˛B_
xÁ≈ ∂_È. z§©∏‚¶ ƒJÔ á ÿ√VÚeV>V´ á ∂´EB_ √ı√V‚Ω[ ŒÏ
sÁe° ∂_Èm ∂Á¶BVeD >V[ ÷m. ∂º> ƒ\B›]_ ∂Õ> ∂w˛B_,
®_ºÈVˆ¶xD Œº´ \V]ˆBVÔ cÚ¬ÿÔV^”k]_ÁÈ; ®_ºÈVÚD Œº´
\V]ˆBVÔ ÷Õ> ∂w˛BÁÈ© AÈ©√|›]¬ ÿÔV^kmt_ÁÈ.
∂w˛BK¬z© ÿ√VmkV™ \´AD >exD ÷Ú¬˛≈ ∂º>º√Vm,
÷Ú¬˛[≈m” 3 ®[√Ï.
√Á¶©√Vπl[ >M©√‚¶ g”Á\•D, ∂>uz ÷Ú¬˛[≈m
216
3. √Ω\D, z§X|, ÷ÚıÁ\, ∂∫Ô>D, x´ı, ÿ>V[\ *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD,
®|›mÁ´©A, ÔÁ>ÿƒV_o©√V∫z, ÔV‚E©√|›>_, sº™V>fl ÿƒV_ÈV‚E,
ÂV‚¶VσVÏÕ> *‚ÿ¶|©A x>ÈV™ c›]xÁ≈Ô^ ∂kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô¬
Ô‚¶Á\©A xÁ≈Á\ÔeVÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.
ÔsÁ>
“ÔsÁ> ®[√m >MÿBVÚkM[ \™flƒÈ™›][ ( Phychic
Disturbance ) O‚√\V™ >e›]_ cÚkVkm. ƒJÔ kVμs[ ƒV´∫Ô^
217
>M\M> kVμ°©º√V¬ºÔV| OÁwÕm, >M\M>M[ ∂–√k\V˛,
cÏ°¬ ÌÆÔeV˛, ÿ\VaBV˛ ÿkπkÚk™. ÷]_>V[ >M\M>[
ÔsQ™VzD ÿƒB_ WÔμ˛≈m. g™V_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒB_√V‚Ω_ ÔsQ[
®[≈ >M\M>M[ g”Á\•D kVμ¬ÁÔfl ÿƒBu√V|Ô”D
>sϬÔsBÈVm √∫z ÿ√Æk™. ®™ºk>V[, ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsQ–D
ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈V[” 6 .
ŒÀÿkVÚ xÁ≈l_ ƒJÔkVμ°fl ƒV´∫ÔÁe ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈V[
218
º\KD, ÷m cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ Tfl∑ tzÕmkÕ> ÔVÈ\_ÈkV. ÔsÁ>
ÿ\Val[ >·›]_, cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ sƒVÈ\V˛B zD ®|›mfl
ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛≈m” 7
ÿƒV_K>_ ( to express) ®[≈ ºÂV¬˛_ ÿƒB_√‚|¬ ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛≈m
®[√VÏ ].∑.¶´Vƒ[..
219
Ôı|ÿÔV^· ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ∂[§•D k·\V™ >tμfl ÿƒVuÔ^ √Á¶
¶›] kÚkmº√V_ ∂kˆ¶D >∫z >Á¶l[§ ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™. \´∏[
®Õ> BV©Á√•D tÔ ®π>VÔ¬ ÁÔBV·¬ ÌΩBk´VÔ°D Eu∏
ÿ>[√|˛≈VÏ. ÷mkÁ´ ∂kÏ √Á¶›m^· ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕm ∂kÏ
√B[√|›]•^· ckÁ\Ô^, cÚkÔ∫Ô^ ÿ>Vz¬Ô ÷BK\V™V_
º\_º>ÆD” 11 ®[˛≈VÏ QVM.
gl´›m¬z º\_º>ÆD
220
]ÚkVƒÔ›]_ ∂ÚD∏© º√V>V˛ \ÈÏÕ> ÿ>FTÔ¬ ÔV>o[ cflEBVÔ›
ºÔVÁkBVÏ” 12 ®[˛≈VÏ. √¬] ÷Ȭ˛BD \‚|D
]Ôμkm ]ÚflEu≈D√Ȭ ºÔVÁkBVÏ
®[§_ÈV\_ á >ta[ ¿ı¶ ÿÂΩB ÷Ȭ˛B© √V´D√ˆB›]KD º>VFÕm
ÿ>V¶ÚD √l_°D Eu∏¬z kVF›]Ú©√>[ sÁ·kVÔ°D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>
gwxD ∂ÔÈxD cÁ¶›>V˛[≈m ®™ s·¬zkVÏ QVM.
221
÷>uÔV™ c>V´∫Ô^ ŒÚ˛´V\›m Â]l_ WÁ≈B cı|
\V©∏^Á·¬ Ô°ı¶Ï, ÷·D √Úk›m› º>Vw[, ÿ√_˜BD ÔıVΩ,
∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√¶V> ÔV>_ g˛B ®_ÈVº\ ®|›mÁ´©AÔ^>V[.
“ÿ\·™›Á>©
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kVÏ›Á>ÔÁ· ∂‚ƒ´D ∏ƒÔV\_ kV∫˛¬ ÿÔV^”D Œo©√]° ÔÚs
º√VKD ÷¶ÏÔ·V_ ∂kÁ´ \Ôˆ¥l[ ÿ\Val[ c^·VÏÕ>
ÿ√VÚıÁ\ÔÁ· cÏÕm ÿÔV^· ÷BK\V
÷BK\V”.
ÔVsB
“ÔVsB g¬ÔD \[™Ï ÔVÈ›m¬z cˆBm. ÷Õ>¬
zÆ∫ÔVsB›]KD ∂´El[ gkD c¬˛´\V™ xÁ≈l_
E›]ˆ¬Ô©√|˛≈m. \[™Á™ ∂k^ g‚Ω Ák¬˛≈V^. zΩ\¬Ôπ[
ƒV°¬z ∂k^ ÔV´\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈V^. Ao›mÁ≈l[ x›m¬Ô^ >™¬z
ºkı|D ®[√>V_ ®πB\¬Ôπ[ cÁw©√VπÔπ[ ÔV>_ kVμ¬ÁÔ
∂a¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÔsÁ>ÂÁ¶, ÿƒD\V©A¶[ ÷B∫z˛≈m. ÿƒÀsB_
z\V˛≈m” 17 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ
÷Ȭ˛B© º√V¬z ÷¬zÆ∫ÔVsB›][ z\V˛≈m
QVM.
225
∂Ô›][ c^ gw∫ÔÁe› ÿ>V‚|, yıΩ \M>–¬z^ √´kƒD
“∂Ô›][
®[≈ cÏÁk ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ˛eÆ˛[≈™
˛eÆ˛[≈™”..
A≈©ÿ√VÚ^
“A≈©ÿ√VÚ^ kÏÁ™l_ ÿ>V¶∫zD ÔsÁ> ÷B¬ÔD,
ÿ\[º\KD √VFflƒ_ ÿ√uÆ ÷Áƒ¬z^, g[\ ÷BK¬z^
÷ÁÕms¶ºkı|D. ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›][ k´ÈVÆ ÷mÿk[≈V_, Eu∏
÷ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ” 20 .
÷Õ> k´ÈVu§_ ÷ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ
226
\Æ∏≈©ÿ√|¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ ÔË›>kÏÔ^ ÷Ú‚Ω_ ]ÁƒÔºe \Á≈B
ÿ\e™\Vl™Ï.
227
ŒÚ JÁÈl_ Œo ∂e¬zD ÔÚsl_ ∂k[ ∂øÁÔ Œπ¬ºÔV|ÔeVF
º´ÁÔÔ^ º√V‚¶m. Ôı߈_ Ôƒ∫˛B xÔ›º>V| m¬Ô› >s©∏_ ∂k[
T§|ÁÔl_ ∂|›>Ô‚¶Áe ∂|›> Ô‚¶Áe ®™ ÷BÕ]´\M>[ z´_
zƬ˛|˛[≈m. sfiQVM ∂ȧ™V[.
“D..
D.. º√V ∏ƒVºƒ / ∂ø ... ∂ø ∂ø... º√V ... / {FÕm º√VF /
Œ[ÆD se∫ÔV\_ W[≈m. ∂w›ÿ>ˆBV> ÷BÕ]´ \M>[
\M>[”.. (Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.171)
“sˆ˛≈m
sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D / sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D ´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ / ÔVeV[
ÛMB¬ ÔV´º´ / sfiQV™ y√›]_ \Vˬԛ >VoÁB / ®ˆ¬zD J¶º´/
g›]´D ®∫ÔÁe© / Á√›]BD g¬zx[ ®∫Ô^ √V©√V¬Ô^ / ¿È\VF©
∏≈¬zx[ A_o>a_ sƒx›m¬Ô^ / sBϬz x[ ÿƒ_k© √∑\Ωl_ /
\´D ∑´¬zx[ ∂ÚDA c>|∏ˆ¬zD / √flÁƒ\ı xu≈›]_
Ôˆ¬ºÔVÈt|D / ∂b¬ zı¶ÏÔºe sˆkm WuÔ‚|D / sˆkm WuÔ‚|D
´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔVeV[
ÔVeV[”.. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^, √.157)
228
sπ¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÁkBV°D ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ Eu∏ Ô‚¶Á\›m^e Ôs›mk¬ÌÆÔ^
gzD. ÷º> √V|ÿ√VÚÁe›>V[ >D AÁ™°¬ ºÔVÈ›]_ ∂§sB_ AÁ™°¬
ÔsÁ>BVÔ \M>ÿ\™ kΩkÁ\›m^eVÏ. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÔÁ>Á\ ´V‚ƒ>
ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔVeV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ÔV‚ΩKD cˆB√V|ÿ√VÚÁe kVƒÔ[ \™›]u
ÿÔVı| ÿƒK›>¬ÌΩB>V˛[≈m. ∂m >V[ ÔÁ>Ô”¬z cˆB E≈©∏B_A. ÷m
z§›> sˆkV™ Aˆ>K¬z ÷[–D EÈ √]°ÔÁe•D ÷›m¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“∂§°
∂§° ƒVÏÕ> ®_ÈV ÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D ÔËM, kƒ©√|›]B
Ûwo_, ŒÚ sfiQVM >[ zwÕÁ>ÁB sfiQV™fl ƒV>™›]uz©
√oÿÔV|¬Ô ºÂÏÕ> ºƒVÔ›Á> \M>D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ.
sfiQV™›Á>› >MºB Ák›m© √VΩ™V_, ∂m ÔsÁ> gÔVm.
kVμsBºÈV| sfiQV™D ®Õ> ÷¶›]_ ÷Á˛≈m ∂_Èm
x´ı√|˛≈m ®[≈ Á\BD >V[ kVμsBK¬z \‚|\_ÈV\_,
ÔsÁ>¬z\V™ ªuÆ ÷Õ> ºÂV¬˛_>V[ ÔsÁ>¬z^πÚ¬zD
QV™›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| kÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ sˆÕmD
cı|” 22 .
gμÕmD ÿƒ_k>uÔV™ ÷B¬ÔD cı|
“\M>ÏÔ”¬ÔV™
\M>ÏÔ”¬ÔV™ \ıÁ, tÔ© √B∫Ô´\V™ ŒÏ
ÿÔVÁȬÔe\VÔ \Vu§s¶¬ÌΩB ∂b•Ô ∂√VB›Á>fl Eu∏l[
ÂVF¬zÁ¶ ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛≈m. ÔVeV[ ƒV>V´ ÷BuÁÔ©
ÿ√VÚ^. ÂVF¬zÁ¶ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|km. Eu∏ ∂Á>
∂ı¶›Á>©√BxÆ›>D g]¬Ôfl ƒ¬]Ôπ[ zÁ¶BVÔ¬ ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ
ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ” .
“\VM¶
\VM¶ ´›>¬ Ô¶_Ôπ[ º\ºÈ ƒVs[ >ÁÈsˆ ºÔVÈ \z¶D ®[√™
º√V[≈ m[√xÁ´¬zD √Ω\∫ÔÁe tz]•D √B[√|›] ∂b g•>
g√›Á> sˆ›mÁ´¬˛≈VÏ. sB©At¬Ô sfiQV™ cÈ˛_ \M> ÷™D
TVÔ ∂akÁ> s|s¬Ô sÚDA˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ∂>™V_, sfiQV™›Á>
®flƒˆ¬˛≈VÏ” 23 ®[√VÏ ÷´V.
∂a°© √VÁ>¬z ÷‚|fl ÿƒ_KD J¶ÏÔÁe ®flƒˆ¬˛≈VÏ
ÂV´VB[.
229
“∂]ÔV´D
∂]ÔV´D Øt©√ÕÁ> WwÈΩ›mfl ƒVÔfl ÿƒFms|D g√›Á>
∂>[ ∂fl∑Æ›>_ ÿ>VMºBV| WÔμÔVÈ sÁ™fl ÿƒVuÔπ_ Eu∏
kÏˬ˛≈VÏ” 24 .
kÏˬ˛≈VÏ
“جÔÁe
جÔÁe ºÂE›>kÏ>V[ ÿ√V[™V›>V^. ÷Æ]l_ ÷Õ> ºÂƒº\
∂k^ Ôu√a©A¬z¬ ÔV´\VluÆ. Ôu√a›>kÏÔÁe› >[ ºÔV¶VˆBV_
∏eÕ>VÏ ÿ√V[™V›>Vπ[ ∂©√V. ∂kÏ EÁ≈¬zfl ÿƒ[≈VÏ. ∏›]
ÿ√V[™V›>V غk Ø √V¶ÁÈ© √VΩ¬ÿÔVı|, ˛´V\›]_ ∂ÁÈ˛≈V^
∂ÁÈ˛≈V^”
“ƒJÔ
ƒJÔ kVμsoÚÕm, ƒJÔ›]uÔV™ g¬Ô∫ÔπoÚÕm ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚|,
ÿkÆD c¶ÈVÔ \‚|D ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚¶ \M>ÏÔπ¶D ®fiE ÷Ú©√m, √E•D
ÔV\xD \‚|º\. z§©∏‚¶ k´ÈVuÆfl Ûwo_>V[, ÷Õ>fl ∑Ú¬ÔD
∂_Èm c¶K¬z^ EÁ≈©√¶_ ºÂÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ÿ√ı >[ kluÆ›
yÁB› >M›m¬ ÿÔV^k>uz g˶D ∂Á¶¬ÔÈD AÔºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m.
÷Õ>¬ Ûwo_ \Á™s ®[√k”D ŒÚkÁÔl_ ºkE>V[. ƒJÔ›][
√È √ˆ\V∫ÔπoÚÕm mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ WÁÈl_>V[ √^π gEˆBÏ
ÿÂπ•D” 25 .
ÔVxÔ´V˛≈VÏ. º>∫˛B ƒJÔ›]_, ÷©√Ω›>V[ Aø¬Ô^ ÿÂπ•D
230
®[§>uÔV™ º>VuÆkVFÔÁe› º>VıΩBÔμ˛[≈VÏ QVM. E[™VÁ™
\¬Ô ÷ÚÕ> ∂ÚÕ>]B© ÿ√ı ∂Ú¬ÔVË T´M[ \Ô^. ÿƒ[M\ÁȬ
Ô°ı¶´V_ Ôu√a¬Ô©√|˛[≈V^. ºƒˆ\¬Ô^ EÈÏ √ıÁBVˆ¶D
∂Ú¬ÔVˬz© Ôk™V˛s‚¶>™V_ ∂kÏÔ”¬z ∂kÏ c≈kV˛s‚¶Vÿ´™
√ıÁ \Ô^ ÔV\V‚EÁBfl E[™V–¬z© ÿ√ı ºÔ‚˛[≈™Ï. √ıÁBVˆ[
∂ΩBV‚Ô^ ºƒˆÁB› y¬˛Á´BV¬˛ ∂Ú¬ÔVËÁB© ∏\V¬˛fl ºƒˆ\¬ÔÁefl
ÛÁ≈BV|˛[≈™Ï.
“kV™D
kV™D / ÔVBD√‚|¬ ˛¶Õ> sΩBuÿ√Vøm ∂Ú¬ÔVËl[ ~‚Ω\´fl
Eu√ º\M kVF¬ÔVo_ Jμ˛¬ ˛¶Õ>m / ºƒˆ¬ zΩ_Ôπ_ ÌÁ´Ô^ *m /
ÿÂÚ©A›º>s WÏkV¬Ì›m / WÔμ›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V^
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V^”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.87)
“∂Ú¬ÔVË
∂Ú¬ÔVË ÔVBD√‚|¬˛¶Õ>Á> Eu∏ ®ømDº√Vm
kV™DÔVBD√‚|¬ ˛¶Õ>Á>fl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ ÷›>ÁÔB O‚√∫Ô^
kV™D√VΩÔπ¶D ÌΩ¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™. kV™D√VΩÔ^ ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD
>\¬z^πoÚÕm ÷›>ÁÔB O‚√∫ÔÁe› >D ÔsÁ>l_
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï” 26
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï
231
“#´›]_
#´›]_ / Ø™VflE \ÁÈl[ ∂ΩkV´›]_ ∑ÚπBVu≈∫ÔÁ´l_ /
cflEfl ÛˆBÁ™ c^kV∫˛ sø∫zD / ÔV™Ô›][ ÷>B›]_ AÁ>B /
ŒÚEÆ zD√_ E[™V[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ {Ω¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m. ∂Õ>¬ÔV| /
º>¬zÔ^ º>V^ clÏ›mD kVÁÔÔ^ kV^WtÏ›mD / ÔV| / ∂∫z
Ww_Ô^ ̶ W¤∫Ô^ gzD AB_Ô^ cÚkVzD. z[ÆÔ^ ∂Õ>©ABo_
>\m EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD
ÿ√VΩBVzD” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.9á93)
“cÈÁÔ¬
cÈÁÔ¬ ÿÔV^ÁeBΩ›m› >[Á™ ∂wz√|›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈
∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk› >tw[√[ ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬z˛≈VÏ. Aø]Ô”D
∏´eB∫ÔeVzD ®[˛≈VÏ. EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ƒ\>Ï\D
AsB´∑”27 ƒJÔ cÏs[ ÿkπ©√V‚Ω_ ÷DJkÚD
®[ >ˆƒ™D ®[˛≈VÏ AsB´∑
Œº´ A^πl_ Œ[Æ Ì|˛[≈™Ï.
“Â_ÈÔsÁ>
Â_ÈÔsÁ> EoÏ¬Ô Ák¬zD. √∑Ák© º√V_ ∂Áƒº√V¶
Ák¬zD. ƒ›]B∫ÔÁe› ÿ>V¶ c[™>∫ÔÁe ∂Á¶B, kVμs[
∂Áƒ°ÔºeV| ÷Áƒ° ºƒÏ¬Ô¬ ÁÔ©√u§ ∂Áw›mflÿƒ_KD.EÈ ºkÁe
º>Vw–D gzD. mB´xD mÁ¶¬zD. ÷Úı¶\™›]_ se¬ÁÔ•D
∞uÆD. t[™ÁÈ© º√V_ cÏ°Ô”¬ ÿkπflƒ Œ›>¶D ÿÔV|¬zD.
÷m>V[ ÔsÁ> ÿƒF•D \VBD. ÷Õ> \º™V>›mkfl E˛flÁƒ¬ÔVÔºk
√Á¶¬˛º≈[” 28 .
ÂV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB ºÂE›m© √Á¶¬˛º≈[
233
ƒÔÔsQÏÔÁe•D, ÷ÁeB >ÁÈxÁ≈¬ ÔsQÏÔÁe•D Eu∏ ÷Ȭ˛B
sÚm kw∫˛© º√VuÆD ∂Ú∫zD, ∂>uz ª¶VÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> kVE©º√V|
ÿ>V¶ÚD ÔsÁ>©√BD ÷kÏ>D √VÏÁk•D A]B √Á¶©A¬ÔÁ· ºÂV¬˛B
∂kÏ>D º>¶ÁÈ•D Â\¬z cÏ›] Wu˛[≈™. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶
®™› >D zÚÂV>´VÔ© √V´]BVÁ´•D kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ© √V´]>VƒÁ™•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ
WuzD Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V´]l[ >V¬ÔD z§›m ÷ÀkVFs[
JsB_ÔπKº\ ®|›mÁ´¬Ô©√‚|^e™.
“EÈÏ
EÈÏ ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ((written poetry)) \‚|D ~|√‚ΩÚ©√Ï.
EÈÏ º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ((spoken poetry)) \‚|º\ ®©º√VmD
~|√‚ΩÚ©√Ï. ÷Á¶B≈V\_ ÷Às´ıΩKD ŒÀÿkV[§uzxˆB
>M›>[Á\ÔÁe ∂ø›>\VÔ ÿkπ©√|›mD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ®ø]¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[. EÈÏ ºÔV‚√V|Ôπ[ ∂©√‚¶\V™ xw¬Ô›Á>¬
ÔsÁ>BV¬z˛[≈™Ï. ÔÁÈBDƒ›Á> ÷wÕms¶V>, ∂º> ƒ\B›]_
238
ÔÁÈBDƒ›][ ∂]ÔV´D >ÁÈ#¬˛ gΩ¬ÔÚ›m clÏ©AÔÁe
x¶¬˛s¶V> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®[–Á¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®™ WÁ™¬˛º≈[.
∂Ô\™¬ ÔV‚EÔÁe© √Ω\©√|›mk]KD, ∂Ô›]KD A≈›]KD O‚√›
º>¬Ô∫ÔeVÔ c^e ÿƒVuÔÁe© √B[√|›mk]KD √ȈoÚÕmD
®[˛≈VÏ” 38 .
ºkÆ√|˛[º≈[ ®[˛≈VÏ
:“º√´VEˆBÏ
º√´VEˆBÏ Ek›>D∏BkÏÔπ[ ÷ÀkV≈V™ √VÏÁkÔ”¶[
ºÂV¬zD º√Vm >tw[√[ ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B ∂´EB_ ®[√m ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ôfl
ƒVÏA, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\fl EÕ>Á™fl ƒVÏA ®[≈ kwÁ\BV™ ÿ√VmWÁÈBV™
ÿƒV_ÈV¶_Ôπ[ kÁ´BÁ≈Ô”¬z^ \‚|©√|›>©√‚| W[Æ
ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB Œ[≈[Æ ®[√mD ∂m ∂›>e∫Ôπ_ W[Æ ÷B∫˛B_
WÁÈl_ keÏflE•D \Vu≈∫Ô”D ®F]kÕ> {Ï ∂´EB_ ®[√mD
239
ÿ>πkVÔºk ÿ>ˆ˛≈m. ∂>Vkm ∂flƒVÏAÔ^ ∂kÚ¬z© ∏[AÈ∫Ô^
\‚|º\ ®[√Á>•D ∂kÏ ∂kuƬz x´ı√¶V> kÁÔl_
∑Bº>Ï°Ô”¶[ >[ kVμsBu ÛwÁÈ ºÂV¬Ô xu√‚¶kÏ ®[√mD
cıÁ\ÔeVzD” 39 .
÷>[JÈD c´¬ÌΩB cıÁ\ÔeVzD
“®[
®[ ƒJÔ ºÂV¬zD Œ[≈VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ®™m ÔsÁ>Ô^
Œ[ƺ√VȺk ÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ∂©√ΩlÚ¬zÿ\M_ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz©º√ º√VmD, ∏≈z ∞[ ®ø>ºkı|D? ŒÚ ÿÔ|∏ΩBV™ >›mk
kVÏ©∏_ á ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ®ø]s¶ xÁ™Õ>V_ ∂Õ> ÷Ƭԛ]_
ÔsÁ> WflƒBD Jfl∑s¶ xΩBV\_ \ˆ›m© º√VzD. ®™¬zD ®[
ÔsÁ>¬zD ∑>Õ]´D ºkı|D. ÷Õ>fl ∑>Õ]´›Á> ®™m ®_ÈV
xΩ•D” 42 .
±_ÔπKD √VÏ¬Ô xΩ•D
241
ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> z§›> √VÏÁkÔ^ \V§fl
ÿƒ_k>Á™•D ÷›m¶[ ∂.\VϬ¸ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ >e›]ÈV™
>tw[√M[ zÆ∫ÔsÁ> Œ[Á≈•D ∂>uÔV™ sˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶ ŒÚ
√]sÁ™•D ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“¿
¿ WÁÈBVÔ {ˆ¶›]_, ŒÚ A^πl_, ŒÚ Ô‚E¬z^, ŒÚ
EÕ>Á™¬z^, ŒÚ ÿÔV^ÁÔ¬z^ W[Æs‚¶k[. c™¬z ¿ º√VmD.
÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ c™¬z› º>Ákl_ÁÈ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ >›mkD, ÷[ÿ™VÚ
ÔÁÈ, ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÿ\Va c™¬z› º>Ák ÷_ÁÈ. c™¬z ®_ºÈVÚD
∂BÈkÏ, \VuƬ ÔÚ›]™Ï, ºkı¶V>kÏ. ®]ˆÔ^ c[Á™ s¶›
>VμÕ>kÏ. c[ ∂e°¬z ∂§° ÷_ÈV>kÏ. c™¬z ¿ºB cÈÔD.
c™¬z kV™D ºkı¶VD, k´ÈVÆ ºkı¶VD. ¿ ŒÚ zu≈flÿƒΩ.
˛uÆ›>kÁe. ∂¬ÔD√¬Ôÿ\[Æ c™¬z c≈° º>Ákl_ÁÈ.
÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ ÔsÁ> c™¬z ºkı¶VD; c™¬z ¿ºB ®_ÈVxD; c™¬z
¿ºB ÔsQ[; c[Á™ ¿ºB \VÁÈ ÷‚|© ØÁ¤ ÿƒFm ÿÔVıΩÚ ¿ ∞[
÷©√Ωfl ∑Ú∫˛© º√VFs‚¶VF? c[ Ô‚E>V[ ÿ√ˆ>V? cÈÔD c™¬z^
÷¶t_ÁÈBV?” 45 .
∑Ú∫˛s‚¶>V? ÷[ÿ™VÚkÚ¬z c[ c^e›]_ ÷¶t_ÁÈBV?
242
xuÆ©A^π ®–D \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ>•D ÷›m¶[ ®ı›>¬Ôm (®[T‚| ®]º´
{Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ÿ>Vz©∏_ ºkÿ≈VÚ >e›]_) >tw[√M[ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz]Ô”D ŒÚEÈ ÿ√Vm› >[Á\ÔÁe c^e¶¬˛ W[≈º√V]KD ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÿ>Vz]•D ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√>Á™•D ÿkÀºkÆ s\σÔÏ
√VÏÁkl_ >tw[√M[ ÿkÀºkÆ ÿ>Vz©AÔ^ ∂ku§uz cˆB E≈©A
c‚˛Á¶Ôπ™V_ º√Vu≈©ÿ√Æ˛[≈™ ®[√mD >tw[√–¬ºÔ kVF›]Ú¬zD
>M›> g”Á\l[ E≈©∏B_º√BVzD.
“÷›ÿ>Vz]lK^e
÷›ÿ>Vz]lK^e (˛w¬zflƒVe´D) ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √È ∂k´m ƒJÔ
s\σ™© √ıAÔπ[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ ∂Á\Õ> º√V]KD (®.|: ÔV›]ÚÕ>
ÔsÁ>Ô^) ∂k´m kw¬Ô\V™ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ© Ø√Ve∫Ô^ {FÕm^e™.
ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈Ôπ_ \Vu≈D ºkı|D ®[˛≈ ®ı›][ sÁe°
÷¶D\V§ kVμÕm √VÏ›>>V_ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
E≈©√VÔ kΩkD ÿ√Æ˛[≈™. √Mÿ√F•D √Ô_ (1998), ÷´°©√V¶Ô[
(2003) x>oB ÿ>Vz©AÔ”D ÷›>[Á\¬zfl ƒV[≈VÔ c^e™.
∏]´©√≈Ák, ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÿ>uz© √V|˛≈V[ x>oB ÔsÁ>Ô^
z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁk. ®M–D ÂV¶Ô›>[Á\ºBV| ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va>μ,
AÁ™°› >[Á\•¶[ ÔsÁ> ÿkπ©√|›>_ x>ÈV™ >tw[√–¬ºÔ
cˆ›>V™ ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈Ô”¶[ ÌΩBÁkBVÔºk ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™Ák
\.\VϬ¸” 46
∂Á\˛[≈™ ®[√VÏ \.\VϬ¸
“kVw
kVw ∞u≈>VF ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷_ÁÈ >M cÁ¶Á\ÁB•D
∂]ÔV´›Á>•D kƒ©√|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ ∑´ı¶_ \uÆD Œ|¬zxÁ≈
JÈD \¬ÔÁe ∂ΩÁ\©√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^ \¬Ôπ[ ∑>Õ]´›Á>
∂√Ôˆ›]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ∏´√fiƒD ÂVÆ˛≈m. ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z
®_ÈVkuÁ≈•º\ √\VÔ, ∂´EBÈVÔ \Vu§lÚ¬˛[≈™Ï. ®™m
244
kVμ¬ÁÔ ÔsÁ> ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ∏≈º´ yÏ\VM¬˛[≈™Ï ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷m
®™Ôz c¶[√VΩ_ÁÈ. ®™¬z^ ÷[–D E§m ÷¶D *>tÚ¬˛≈m.
∂>uz^πoÚÕm ®[Á™ ÂVº™ clÏ©∏›m¬ ÿÔVı| ∏´√fiƒ›Á>
kƒ©√|›mD º√Vm ÷ÁƒBVB© ∏≈©ÿ√|©º√[ ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷©√Ω
÷›>ÁÔB cÏ°ÔÁe› >M ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈VÏ
>tw[√[. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›m¬z^”D ÔÚkVÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛[≈
ƒ\>Ï\[ ®[≈ cÏÁk \VÏ˛flEB›][ kaºB Am©∏›m¬
ÔVxΩ˛≈m” 49 .
ÿÔV^”>ÁÈ› >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\FlBÈVÔ¬ ÔVxΩ˛≈m
“>[™V
>[™V ™›>™ >VeÈB›]_
ƒVF›m¬ Ôø›Á> ÿk‚Ω á ∂k^
245
÷[™V vVt ¿‚|© º√flE_
÷Ȭ˛B ÂBD ÿƒV‚|D / ∂k^
xbxb›]|D ÿ>D\V∫ ˛Áƒ¬z
x›>tμ xÕ] sˆ¬zD
sˆ¬zD”..
(ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.41á42)
“g|D
g|D ∂kπ[ g‚¶ ∂Áƒs_
su√Á™BVÔV> ∂wz
√V|D √V‚Ω_ / ÷´›> kVÁ¶
E§mD ∂u≈ / kVμ¬ÁÔ ˛eÆD / kVƒD
kVƒD”
(˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √.99)
“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ sƒVÈ TflEuzD, ÔÁ> ÿƒV_o©√V∫˛uzD,
÷BuÁÔl[ ŒÚ Ì≈VF >[Á™ c´k_È ÿ\FlBK¬zD gÔflE≈Õ>
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VF ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√º> ®∫Ô^ ºk©√\´›][ WÁ™kVÔ T‚Ω[
x[ ÿkÆÁ\. T]xπBV˛s‚¶m ®–D ÿ>V¶¬Ôº\∂k´m ∂ÈV]BV™
x›]Á´>V[. T‚| x[™VoÚÕ> ºk©√\´D ÿk‚¶©√‚| s‚¶m ∂>™V_
T‚Ω[ x[A≈D ÿkÆÁ\BV˛s‚¶m ®[˛≈º√Vm ºk©√\´D ®[™ºkV
T‚Ω_ >V[ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ >[ Wwo[ ∂´kÁ©A T] xømD
÷ÚÕ>ÿ>[√m ®™ sˆBÈV˛[≈m ÔsÁ>. ∂Õ> \´tÚÕ> ~∫ÌÏ T]
√VϬÔV> ƒVkV, ∏≈©√V ®™ºk ∂>[ ƒVs_ ~∫ÌÏ T] JπBVÔ›>Vº™
ÿƒF•D. ∂©A≈D ÿƒÔyƒ[ >tw[√™VÔ© ∏≈Õ>]oÚÕº> >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂Õ> ºkDA ®©√Ω ®_ÈVD >VÈV‚Ω© √VŸ‚Ω Ê´V‚Ω© √V´V‚Ω
∂´kÁ›>m? ∂>[ ˛ÁeÔÁe cK¬˛™V_ QV√Ô∫ÔeVF¬ ÿÔV‚|D
ƒıÁ¶Ô^, ƒ\V>V™∫Ô^ ∂>[ WwºÈ ºkzD√Ω \M>Ï WÔμ›]B
ÿ√VFÔ^ ®[Æ gl´D ƒD√k∫Ô”¬z ∂m >Vº™ ÿ\e™ƒV‚E?
ÿk∫Ô¶VƒÈD gƒVˆ {F° ºÂ´›]_ ∂Ω›> ÔfiE´VkV_ ÷>[ ÔMÔ^
®©√Ω¬ ÔMÕ>™? ze›m©√VÁeBD gƒVˆl[ z]Á´¬z‚ΩÁB
ºkD∏[ ˛ÁeÔ^ ®©√Ω› yıΩ™? ÷ÈV¶D ∂Ω¬Ô¬ Ôsμ¬Ô©√‚¶
246
\V|Ôπ[ kVºBV´ OÁ´>^e©√|D√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô xΩBV\_ ºkDA\™D
ÿkD∏Bm ®©√Ω? O∫z sBV√Vˆ c>§s‚¶ AÚÁ¶Ôπ_ kıΩÔ‚Ω
cÚ‚|D ∞Áwfl E≈VÏÔ”¬z ∂m √wDº√V‚¶m ®©√Ω? gΩ¬˛Ú›]ÁÔ,
Á> ∂\VkVÁƒÔπ_ \ÁȺBÆD √¬>ÏÔπ[ ∂º´VÔ´VÁk ∂Õ> xÚÔ[
ºÔ‚¶Vº™V ÷_ÁȺB ∂>uz ºkDA ÿƒsƒVF›>m ®©√Ω?
>VÁ´>©√‚Á¶ºBV| Á>©Øƒ¬ ÔVkΩ ®|¬zD √¬>Ï √V>∫Ôπ_
ÿÔV©√π¬ÁÔl_ z¶D z¶\VF ∂kuÁ≈¬ zπ©√V‚|D ÿ√ıÔ”¬z
ºkDA sE§ TEBm ®©√Ω?
®©√Ω?” ÷©√Ω ÷©√ΩBVÔºk ºkD∏[ ÔÁ>ÔÁe
®_ÈVD WÔμ›]fl ÿƒ_˛≈m >tw[√[ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>.
(˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √¬.102á112)
“®©º√Vº>V
®©º√Vº>V / ºk©√D √wD Œ[Á≈› ][Æ / ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB /
sø∫˛s‚¶ º√Vm ®[ / √wM x›mfl E›>©√V ÿƒV[™VÏ / klu§oÚÕm
\´D keÚD ®[Æ. ∂©º√Vm ÔÈk´©√‚¶k[ / ÷©º√Vm WÁ™¬˛º≈[ /
÷MºB–D ŒÚºkÁe / ∂Õ>¬ ÿÔV‚Á¶ / xÁe¬z\V? ®kÚD ÿk‚¶
xΩBV>√Ω ∂Õ> / ºkDA keÚ\V?
keÚ\V?” (˛w¬zflƒV´·D, √¬.102á103).
247
ºkDÁ√ ÷wÕ> ºƒVÔ›][ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁe ®_ÈVD ÂV¶Ô› >[Á\•¶™V™
®|›mÁ´©AÔ^ JÈD ÿ>V|›m›>Õ> >tw[√[ ÔsÁ> zwÕÁ>ÁBl[
√VkÁ™l_ ÷Æ]BVFfl ƒ´Á¶Õm s|˛[≈m. ∂m>Vº™ gl´D gl´D
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ ªuƬÔı \Á¶ ]≈¬zD kVƒ_. ∂>™V_ >V[ ∂kÏ T‚Ω[
x[ ÿkÆÁ\BVÔ°D ∂k´m ~∫ÌÏ T]l_ JπBVÔ°D ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∏[™VKD
∂Õ> ºkDA ÷©√Ω Ô©A∫ÔkÆ\VÔ¬ ˛Áe √´©∏ ÿ√ÚsÚ‚ƒ\V¬ ˛w¬zfl
ƒVe´›]_ Tu§Ú¬˛[≈m. ÷m√u§B QVMl[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.
ҼkDA
ºkDA ÂD\´º√V| ÿ√u≈ ÷¬Ô›Á>fl ÿƒV_o xΩBVm. ∂Õ>
∂e°¬z ºkDA Â\¬z c´D >Õ]Ú¬˛≈m; ck©√VF Ôƒ©√VF
÷M›]Ú¬˛≈m; ÂD zwÕÁ>ÔÁe› >VÈV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈m. EÆkÏÔπ[
keÏflE¬z¬ ÁÔ ÿÔV|›]Ú¬˛≈m. swV¬Ôπ_ ÂDº\V| c≈°
ÿÔVı¶VΩlÚ¬˛≈m ºkDA; ÂD T‚| c›]´\VF ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÂDT‚|©
√lÏÔÁe¬ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈m; ÂD c¶_ ºÂVF yÏ›]Ú¬˛≈m. c^e›Á>¬
zπÏs›]Ú¬˛≈m; ºkDA ÷_ÈV\_ Â\¬z kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ ;
ºkDA Â\¬z clÏ >Õ]Ú¬˛≈m. \´Á√ Â\¬z^ keÏ›]Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ>
ºkD∏oÚÕm ÷©ÿ√Vøm ÂVD ∏ˆÕ>VÔ ºkı|D. ºkDÁ√¬ ÔV©√Vu≈
÷BÈV> ÂD ÷™D kVμÕ>VÿÈ[™? ÿƒ›>VÿÈ[™? ®[Æ Â\¬z^
ºk˛º≈VD. ºkDA Â\¬z ŒÚ \´√_È. ºkDA Â\¬z ŒÚ Âı√[;
ƒºÔV>´[; >ÕÁ>; ÿ>FkxD >V[. ºkD∏[*m sø˛≈ ºÔV¶ˆ,
÷™›][ *mD >V[sø˛≈ ºÔV¶ˆ, >tw[√–¬z^ ºkDA
ÿkΩ›]Ú¬˛≈m” 50 .
sÁeÕ]Ú¬˛[≈m. ∂[§•D ÿkΩ›]Ú¬˛≈m
248
“{Ï
{Ï ∂]ÏflEºBV|, ∂]ƒB\VF, ∂wÔVF kÕ]Ú¬˛≈m ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz]. ÂÆ\fl ÿƒVuÔeV_ >ÁÈ©AÔ^ ÿ√ÆD √Èz©Á√¬
ÌÁ¶Ô”¬z Â|ºk, ÿÂΩT∑D >ÁÈ©A¶[ ÿÂfiE_ >ÁÈ\¬zD
Øflÿƒı¶VF Â\¬z kw∫Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz].
∑¶Ïÿ>§¬zD t[tMÔeVF› º>V[§ \Á≈Õm º√VÔV\_, W[Æ
W>VM›m ÷>B›Á> ÿkπflƒ©√|›mD ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷Õ> ÿ>Vz]l[
Ô™º\ ƒ›]B›][ Ô™D>V[.... ®Á>©√u§•D ®kuÁ≈© √u§•D
ÔkÁÈ©√¶V\_ ŒÚ ƒ›]B >ˆƒ™\VÔ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz] kÕ]Ú©√m
ºƒÏ¬˛≈m” 51 .
>tø¬z¬ Ô™D ºƒÏ¬˛≈m
“÷›ÿ>Vz©∏K^e
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏K^e ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D √¬ÔD √¬Ô\VÔ sˆ›m©
º√∑k>uÔV™ ∂ø›>\V™ EÕ>Á™ÔÁe•D, z§X|ÔÁe•D,
ÿ>VMÔÁe•D ÿÔVı| se∫z˛[≈™. >tw[√M[
ÔsÁ>Ô^>M›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶Ák. kVÏ›Á>fl ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^
s›]BVƒ\V™Ák ®[√>uzfl ƒV[≈VÔ© √È ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶
xΩ•D. cÈÔ›][ E≈Õ> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®_ÈVD >™¬z^ ¬ÔÁÈ•D,
ºÔoÁB•D, ˛ı¶ÁÈ•D ̶ºk \M> ºƒVÔ›Á>•D ÿ√V]Õm
Ák›m^e™. ∂©√Ωÿ\VÚ ÔsÁ>BVÔ¬ >V[ >tw[√M[ √È
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™
ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™” ®[˛≈VÏ Ô. √fiƒV∫ÔD.
“(1)
(1) ®]Ï√V´V> x´ı√‚¶ x›>VF©A ∂Á\›>_ (2) s™V¬ÔÁe
∂|¬˛ sÁ¶ Ì≈_ (3) se¬ÔD >Õms‚| ÔV´∫ÔÁe ∂|¬˛fl
ÿƒV_K>_. (4) ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁe¬ ̧s‚| ÂD∏¬ÁÔR‚|D kÁÔl_
xΩ°ÔÁe ∂Á\›>_ (5) ŒÚ ÔÚ›Á>¬ ̧s‚| ∂>Á™ ko•Æ›>
ckÁ\ÔÁe© √B[√|›>_ ” 53 ®[√VÏ ºk∫Ô¶´V\[.
250
“>tμ¬ÔsÁ>¬z^
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>¬z^ √Ω\ gu≈_ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>¬z^
÷Ú¬˛≈m. >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> xÔ›][ ƒVBÿÈ™¬ ÌÆ\e° ÷kˆ¶D
√Ω\D ÷¶D ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> ~|√V|D ÷Á¶B≈V>
®™ÈVD” 54 ®™
´ƒÁ™•D ÿÔVı¶ ÷kÏ ÷>B›][ ƒV>Á™ ÷m ®™ÈVD
s·¬zkVÏ x.∑>Õ]´x›m.
“ÔsQÏ
ÔsQÏ >tw[√[, \u≈ ÔsQÏÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD x´ËKD
√Ω\›]KD >\¬ÿÔ[Æ >M›> {Ï ∂Á¶BVe›Á> gw\VÔ©√]›>kÏ....
ÔsÁ>l[ ∏≈ ÿkπ©√V‚| c›]ÔÁes¶°D x´Á© √B[√|›mk]_
ÿ>ˆ˛≈m”55 ®[√VÏ ÷´V\zÚÂV>[. >tw[√M[
ÿ√ÚsÚ©AÁ¶BkÏ ®™› ÿ>ˆ˛≈m
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂w˛B_ z§›m s·¬z˛≈VÏ ÷Õ]´[.
“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ ®[˛≈ ÔsQÏ >™m ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ JÈ©ÿ√VÚeVÔ
÷Ú¬˛≈ ÿ\Va¬z ÿkπºB ÿƒ[Æ ÿ>Vau√|k]_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ
ÿ\Va¬z^ Ô‚¶©√‚|^e √ı√V‚| Z]BV™ ∂w˛B_ søtB∫Ôπ[√Ω
>™m ÔsÁ>ÔÁe© √Á¶¬˛≈VÏ. ÷>™V_ ÷k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÂT™
EÕ>Á™ºBV| º√∑˛≈ ∂º> ºÂ´›]_ c[™>\V™ >tμ ∂w˛BÁȺB
ƒ>V ∑kVE›m clÏ©√Á¶˛[≈™ ” 56 .
“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ Ì§Á™•D ÷B¬Ô›]ºÈºB ÿÔVı|
ÿƒK›mk>uz ∂kÏ ÁÔBV”D ÿ√ˆB c›]BVÔ se∫zkm x´ı.
º>V[Æ˛≈m” 57 ®[˛≈VÏ
∂>[ *m ∂kÚ¬z ŒÚ º\VÔº\ ÷Ú©√m º√V_ º>V[Æ˛≈m
Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD.
“÷Ú^á÷´°á÷´°©√V¶Ô[áÔsQÏ
÷Ú^á÷´°á÷´°©√V¶Ô[áÔsQÏ >tw[√M[ >M›mkD
÷m>V[. >[–Á¶B ƒ\ÔVÈ›m¬ ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕm (∞[, ∂>uz
xÕ]B ÔVÈ›Á>•D ºƒÏ›m>V[) s›]BVƒ©√‚|› >™m >M›mk›Á>
÷∫ºÔ ∂kÏ WÁÈ WÆ›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. ŒÚ E≈Õ> ÔsQ–¬z, {Ï
∂Á¶BVeD ºkı|D, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>•È˛_ >¶D √]›m >™¬ÿÔ™ {Ï
÷ÈflEÁ™ÁB kˆ›m¬ ÿÔVı| ÷ÚÁeá÷´Ák› >[–Á¶B>VÔ
251
ÔsQÏ” 58 ®™ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÔsÁ> z§›m
∂Á¶BVe©√|›m˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ
].∑.¶´Vƒ[ z§©∏‚|^·VÏ.
“ÔsQÏ
ÔsQÏ >tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ∂kÚÁ¶B
®_ÈV©√Á¶©AÔπ_ ÷ÚÕmD ÿ√ˆmD ºkÆ√|˛≈ ŒÚ ÿ>Vz©A...
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m” 59
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> >™¬z^ Ô™›m kÚkÁ> ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz] ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m
®[√VÏ QVM.
“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ cÏ›m xÁ≈Ôπ_ √Ω\D ®[√m x¬˛B\V™
Œ[Æ. ÷›ÿ>Vz©∏KD √Ω\©√luE tz]BVÔ c^em. ƒV[≈VÔ Œ[Á≈fl
∑‚¶ÈVD. m¬ÔD sƒVˆ¬Ô kÕ> #¬ÔD ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏ÈV™ ÔsÁ>l[
ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ ∂Á\•D ÷ÀkΩÔ^ √Ôo[ ƒ¶È\VÔ ÷´Ák¬ ÔV‚|km √Ô_
∞[ y¬zπ›>m ®[√m √u§B ÔV´ËÔπ[ sk´\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>
ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m” 62 ®[˛≈VÏ ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[.
ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m
“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ >MÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ]ÚD√› ]ÚD√fl ÿƒV_K˛≈ {Ï
cıÁ\ √u§ ÷∫z¬ z§©∏¶ ºkı|D. >™¬z^ ÷Áƒ ÷_ÈV>k[
TÁl[ ´D∏_ ÷Áƒ ®ø©√ xΩBVm. >™¬z^ kı∫Ô^
÷_ÈV>k[ {sBD kÁ´B xΩBVm. \M>M[ ∂Ô›]–^ ∂wz
÷ÚÕ>V_ ŒaB©A≈›]_ ∂wÁÔ¬ ÔVxΩBVm. ÷Á>© º√VÈ›>V[
∂≈cÏ° x>oB™°D, ÷©√Ω¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkıΩB \M>[
>™¬z^ ®©√Ωfl ÿƒ›m© º√V˛≈V[. ∂º™Ô\VÔ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD
÷Á>© √u§¬ ÔsQÏ º√∑˛≈VÏ. ÷´° ºÂ´›m ‚ƒ›]´∫ÔÁe ÷k[
ÔkM©√]_ÁÈ. \VÁÈ ºÂ´›mfl ÛˆB[ ÿƒV_K˛≈ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ÷k[
ÿƒs¬z^ OÁwk]_ÁÈ. ÷k[ ∂´EB_kV]; t>kV]; Aº´V˛>[
ºÈkVº>s¬ÔV´[; kËÔ[; ÔVxÔ[; ºkÁÈBu≈k[; zÚ¶[; x¶k[;
ºÂVBVπ; ºk‚Á¶¬ÔV´[, kfiƒÔ[ ÷k–¬z¬ ÔsÁ> º>Ákl_ÁÈ.
∂wzÏ° º>Ákl_ÁÈ. ∂ƒÈV™Ô_s ®[™ÿk[Æ ÷k–¬z›
ÿ>ˆBVm. ∂ÁÈÕm ∂ÁÈÕm >™¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe¬
ÿÔV[≈k[ ÷k[. ÷©√Ω›>V[ ÷k[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷wÕ>V[. gÔºk
253
÷k[ \M>™VÔ°D ÷_ÁÈ. ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÷kM¶D ®ÀkeºkV
\[≈VΩ™V[. ÷´°©√V¶Ô–¬z›>´ ÷kM¶D ÔsÁ> ÷_ÁÈ. ÷Õ>
cıÁ\ÁB›>V[ ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©∏_ >tw[√[ √]° ÿƒF]Ú¬˛≈VÏ.
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> >™¬z^ Ô™›m kÚkÁ> ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©A
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m”63 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ QVM.
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m
“c[
c[ / QV™ºkÏ / √VFÕm √´°D ÷¶›]_ ®›>Á™ W≈∫Ô^
ÿÔV‚Ω¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™? ∂§s_ Aˆ˛≈VF EÈÚ¬z / ∂–√k›]_ Aˆ˛≈VF
EÈÚ¬z / ÷´ıΩKD AˆBV\_ º√V˛≈VF √ÈÚ¬z kVÏ›Á>ÔeVF cÁ´
kÁ´•D º√Vm kƒ©√¶V\_ º√V˛≈VF kVμ¬ÁÔl_ / BVº´–D cÁ´
®ø]¬ ÔV‚Ω™V_ / ¿ / kƒ©√¶V\_ º√VÔ xΩ•\V?
xΩ•\V?” (k¬ÔD k^”k,
√¬.94á96) ®[˛≈º√Vm kVμkV∫z kVøDÔÁȺB k^”kD ®[√m
>tw[√–¬z kƒ©√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈ÿ>[√mD Â\¬zD ∏Ω√¶ÈV˛[≈m.
cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔπ[ zƬzfl ƒV_ÔÁe ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>lKD
ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬˛•^eVÏ. Ø°¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒV_È kÕ>kÏÔ^, Ø ®[™ ®[√m
>™¬z© AˆÕ>º√VmD Ø°¬z ÿÂ|Õÿ>VÁÈs_ >[Á™¬ ÿÔVı| WÆ›]™Ï
254
®™°D ∂D\VÁk kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ ∂Ï›>©√|›]¬ Ìƺ√V‚|¬ ÿÔV|›>VÏÔ^.
mı| mb¬zÔeVF› ÿ>§›m søÕ>kÁe› ]´‚Ωfl ºƒÏ¬Ô xΩBV\_
]§B>VÔ°D ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈VÏ.
“÷©√Ω›>V[
÷©√Ω›>V[ / k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒV_È kÕ>kÏÔ^ /
k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®[≈VÏÔ^ / k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ /
\¬z¶kÏ ®[≈VÏÔ^... k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ / \u≈ \uÁ≈BkÏÔ^
®[≈VÏÔ^. k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ / k^”kÏ ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈V™∏[ /
k^”kÁ´ / ∞[ ÂV[ √Ω¬Ô ºkı|D? / >ı߈[ ÿ√VÚ^ >ıß´VÔ
÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ / ∂m / ®[ >VÔ›Á>› >ˬz\V?
>ˬz\V?”
(k¬ÔD k^”k, √.68)
“®∫Ô^
®∫Ô^ / √V_ ∂∫Ô∫Ô^ / √Á¶›> / z≈^ ÿkı√V Œ[Æ
ÿƒV_ÈkV? ÔV\ ÿk§Bˆ[ / Ô^e xB¬Ôº\ ÔV‚| sÈ∫z / ÔÁ›
>uÆ √>°Á´ ÿ√Va©AÁ´ / √ˆº\ÈwÔÁ´¬ ºÔ‚¶V_ ÿƒV_kVÏ / nB ¿∫Ô^
255
ÿƒV[™m º√V_ / ®_ÈVD su˛º≈VD á ®M–D / ÷>B›Á> su√]_ÁÈ
/ ∂>™V_>V[ ®∫Ô^ xB¬ÔD / ÿ√VFDÁ\ xB¬Ôº\V g¶kÏ / ®DÁ\
∂Á©√m \‚|D ∂[A xB¬Ôº\V?
xB¬Ôº\V?” (k¬ÔD k^”k, √¬.126á127)
“g∫˛È
g∫˛È ÿ\Va Á«Ì J[Æ ÿ√VÚıÁ\ kÁÔ©√V|ÔÁe¬
ÿÔVı¶Ák. (1) ÷BuÁÔ Á«Ì (2) \V–¶ Á«Ì (ÿƒ[ˆ•) (3) \V–¶xD
Á«Ì)” 65 ®™ >tw[√[
÷BuÁÔ•D ÷ÁÕ> Á«Ì (Œ‚| \V∫ÔM Á«Ì)
ŒÚkıΩ ÿƒ[ˆR ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz]l[ x[–Á´l_ Á«¬ÌÁk©√u§
s·¬z˛≈VÏ.
256
Á«ÌkV? ÿƒ[ˆRkV? ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ ®©√Ωfl ÿƒV_km (ÿƒ[ˆ•...)
(1) gw\u≈m (2) ºkΩ¬ÁÔBV™m (3) s|ÔÁ> º√V[≈m (4)
º√V[≈m” 66 .
ÂÁÔfl∑ÁkBV™m (5) ÿ√V[ÿ\Va º√V[≈m
258
BV›m¬
“BV›m¬ ˛Á¶©√]_ÁÈ BVÿ>V[ÆD Ø›m¬ ˛¶¬zD ∂m
Á«¬Ì” 72 .
As*ÿ>∫zD ÿÔVF>ÈV_ ®F>ÈVD Á«¬Ì
ÿ√VmWÁȬ
“ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ z§X|Ôπ[ g[*Ô© ÿ√VÚÁe
x>[Á\©√|›m˛[≈™Ï; ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ cÈ˛B_ ÿ√VÚÁe
x>[Á\©√|›m˛[≈™Ï. ÿ√VmWÁÈl™ˆ[ ÿ√VmkV™ ∂ÔWÁÈ
ºÂV¬zD, ºÔV‚√V‚|fl ƒVÏ√VÔ sÁeÕ> ƒVÏA WÁÈl™ˆ[
A≈WÁȺÂV¬zD ÷>uz¬ ÔV´∫ÔeVÔ ∂Á\˛[≈™. ÿ√VmWÁÈl™Ï
ÿ√ÚD√VKD >D ÿƒVÕ> ∂–√k∫ÔπoÚÕº> z§X|ÔÁe©
√Á¶¬˛[≈™Ï; ƒVÏA WÁÈl™Ï ÿ√ÚD√VKD >D zøs™Ï √B[√|›mD
z§X|ÔÁeºB ®|›>V^˛[≈™Ï. ƒVÏAWÁÈl™ˆ[ ºÔV‚√V|
ƒ\B\Æ©AÁ¶Bm. ®M–D ƒVÏA WÁÈl™º´ ƒ\B, ÿ>V[\¬
z§X|ÔÁe tz]BVÔ g^˛[≈™Ï. g[*Ô ÂV‚¶xÁ¶B ÿ√VmWÁȬ
ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ÷¬z§X|Ô^ zÁ≈kVÔºk ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ƒVÏA
WÁÈl™Ï \´A c≈Ák•D, ÿ√Vm WÁÈl™ˆ[ ÿ√VmkV™ \´A
ÔV‚¶ÈVD” 80 .
ÿkÆ©Á√•D ÷>uz¬ ÔV´\VÔ¬ ÔV‚¶ÈVD
“t¸Ω¬
t¸Ω¬ (∂–Ø]) >[Á\ºBV| ÿ√e´VMÔ›Á>•D ÔÈÕm
®øm˛≈ xÁ≈Á\ ∂©m_´z\VM¶D cı|. ÷¸ÈVtB›
ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe ∂]Ô\VÔ› ÿ>V‚¶kÏ ÿ«fl.˜.´Û_. ÷Õ]B› ÿ>V[\
\´Á√ t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV| ÔÈÕm ®ø]BkÏÔ^ ∂©m_´z\V–D
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D” 81 .
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D “ssoB›
ssoB› ÿ>V[\›Á>•D Am©ÿ√VÚπ_
∂©m_´z\V[, AsB´∑, ºkKflƒVt º√V[≈ ÔsQÏÔ^ A]B kVμ°›
265
√B[√|›]•^e™Ï” 82 .
º>¶ÈVÔ© √B[√|›]•^e™Ï EKÁk©√V| √È´VKD z§X¶VÔ¬
ÁÔBVe©√|˛≈m. ŒÚ EȺ´ \u≈ ssoB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D
ÁÔBV”˛[≈™Ï. ∂kÏÔ”^ ∂©m_´z\V–D AsB´∑D ssoB›Á>
tz]BVÔ© √B[√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^.
“>[Á™ºB
>[Á™ºB ÿÔVfiƒ∫ ÿÔVfiƒ\VÔ cÚ\Vu§¬ ÔsÁ>ÔeV¬˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√>VÔ¬ Ì≈ sÚDAD ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ®[ \VtƒD kVÏ›Á>
g˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. g]lºÈ º>kM¶›]oÚÕ> kVÏ›Á> \Vtƒ\V˛ ÷ºB∑
kΩs_ kÕ>>VÔ°D ∏[™Ï ÷ºB∑ EKÁkl_ ∂Á≈B©√‚¶>VÔ°D ÌÆD
ssoB›][ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁe ÷Á›m, ÷ÕWÔμflE kˆÁƒÁB \Vu§
∂Á\›>>[ JÈD >D ÔÚ›Á> ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿkπ©√|›]¬
ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. ∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ∂ˆ>VÔ¬ ÔV©√|D sȬԩ√‚¶kÏÔ^
∂´°, º\Vºƒl[ ÁÔ›>Ω º√V[≈ √ÁwB ∞u√V‚|¬ z§X|ÔÁe•D ÷kÏ
ÁÔBV”˛[≈VÏ” 83 .
ÁÔBV”˛[≈VÏ
“ÿ√VmWÁȬ
ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ÷BuÁÔÁB g[*Ô ∂ÔWÁÈ
cÏ°Ôπ[ ((Subjectivity)) z§X¶VÔ¬ ÔVbD º√V¬z tzÕm^em.
ƒVÏWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔºeV, ÷BuÁÔ¬ z§X|Ôπ_ cÈ˛B_, A≈WÁÈ
>Ú˛[≈™Ï” 86 ®[√Ï.
cÏ°Ô”¬ºÔ x>[Á\ >Ú˛[≈™Ï
“÷Õ>
÷Õ> kÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏ \›]l_ \uÁ≈B
ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ Eu∏, >tw[√M¶D ÷ÚÕmD ºkÆ√‚|
se∫zkmD ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬ºÔ•ˆB E≈©√Dƒ\VzD. ∏´√fiƒ©
ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ BV°D ÷BuÁÔ s]©√ΩºB (Law of Nature) ÷B∫z˛[≈™.
÷ÀsB¬Ô›]_ {Ï {ø∫zxÁ≈ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> ÷BuÁÔ s]ÁB
÷Õ]B ºk>∫Ô”D c√W¶>∫Ô”D Ú>D ®[≈Áw¬˛[≈™ ®™ ˆ¬
ºk›]oÚÕº> >\m º>¶ÁÈ› ÿ>V¶∫z˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
ƒD√kVt•ºÔ•ºÔ ®–D √Ôk› ˇÁ>l_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÷BuÁÔl[ ƒ\[
ÿƒF•D xÁ≈ÁB zÏg[ >´V∑ ®–D z§X‚Ω[ JÈD ÿ>ˆs©√m¶–D
vV´>Vi‚Ω ºk>\V˛B ÿv[ ∂ÿkÏ>V°D ÷›>z ƒ\WÁÈ©√|›mD
xÁ≈ÁB› >´V∑ ®[≈ z§X‚Ω™VºÈºB se¬zk>Á™•D
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ”.. (ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √¬.58á66)
“z§X|
z§X| ºkÆ√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe•D ÷Á©√m. ∂m √ڰȺÔV|
OıbÈÁÔ•D, ÔÚsºBV| ÔV´›Á>•D, ÷BuÁÔºBV|
\M>Á™•D, ∂ı¶›º>V| ∏ı¶›Á>•D ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m.
Œø∫Ôu≈ WÔμ°Ôπ_ Œø∫ÁÔ¬ ÔVı√m. ÿ√Vm, ∂˛È›mkD ®[≈
ÿƒVuÔ”¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ >Úkm. ÷>™V_ z§X‚ΩB© √VÏÁk ∂Á™›]KD
ŒÚÁ\© √V‚Á¶¬ ÔV›mÁAˆ•D; ÿ√V≈VÁ\¬zD ؃K¬zD
∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ ºkuÆÁ\ cÏ°ÔÁe Œa¬zD. ÷>™V_ g[\ºÂB
ŒÚÁD√V| keÏk>uz kVF©Aı|. ∂˛È›mk¬ z§X|Ô^ JÈD
÷BKD” 87
√ı√V‚ÿ¶VÚÁ\ÁB, \M>zÈ cÏ° ŒÚÁ\ÁB ∞u√|›> ÷BKD
®™ s·¬zkVÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“x´ıÔ^
x´ıÔ^ / >Vl[ ÷Ú xÁÈÔ^ ÂV[ ÷´ıΩKD / √V_
zΩ¬˛º≈[ ÔkM / x´ı / ÿkÆD c›]B_È; ∂m ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEBD
´ÔEBD”
(∏›>[, √.99) ®™ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. “®™¬z^
®™¬z^ ÷ÚkÏ / ÷Ú¬˛[≈™Ï ŒÚk[
268
√V¶Ô[ / \uÿ≈VÚk[ ∏›>[ √V¶Ô[ ºÂBÏÔπ[ ´EÔ[ ∏›>[
®]ˆÔπ[ c√VvÔ[
c√VvÔ[” (∏›>[, √.99). x´ıÔπ[ ÷ÁkVF cÈÔD
÷Ú©√Á> s·¬˛¬ ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD √V¶ÔM[
gÈV√Á™ ∏›>M[ ®]Ï¿flƒ_ z§›mD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ z§›> ÷BoºÈºB
s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷∫ºÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿÂ|˛KD ª¶VΩ¬ ˛¶¬zD
ºÂÏ x ®]Ï x´ıÿ>VÁ¶Ôπ[ x´ËB¬Ô›]ÈV™ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe
s·¬z˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“ºÔ^sÔ^
ºÔ^sÔ^ ÷´ı|kÁÔ. Œ[Æ cÈÔ s≠B∫Ô^ √u§BÁk.
\uÿ≈V[Æ QV™D √u§BÁk. cÈÔ s≠B∫Ôπ_ ºÔ^s ºÔ‚√m
√B–Á¶Bm. ÷>™V_ ∂§° keÚD. ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^e ºkıΩB]_ tÔ
x¬˛B\V™m ®Á>›ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^e ºkı|D ®[√Á>› ÿ>ˆÕm
ÿÔV^km >V[. ºÔ^sÔ^ sÁ¶ÔeV_ ƒVk]_ÁÈ. sÁ¶ÔπoÚÕº>
A]B ºÔ^sÔ^ ®wÈVD. sÁ¶ ÂDt¶D ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ∏≈ˆ¶D º√VF¬
ºÔ^s ºÔ‚√Vº™[?
ºÔ‚√Vº™[?” (√E ®Õ> ƒV], √¬.82á83). gÔ cÈÔ WÔμ°ÔÁe©
√u§B ∂§ÿk[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ºÔ^sÔ^ x¬˛B\V™Ák g˛[≈™. QV™D
√u§B ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ \‚|D ÂDt¶º\ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m ®™ ∂m√u§B
ºÔ^sÔÁe ∂|›>kˆ¶D ºÔ‚√Vº™[ ®[˛≈VÏ.
“s™V¬Ôºe
s™V¬Ôºe / ÂDÁ\ ®ø©A˛[≈™ sÁ¶ÔºeV / c≈¬Ô\VF
÷Ú¬˛[≈™ s™V¬Ô^ / ÂDÁ\› ]≈¬˛[≈™, sÁ¶ÔºeV ÂDÁ\
J|˛[≈™. ∏´√fiƒ \Ï\›][ / Ô>°Ô”¬zfl ƒVsÔeVÔ ÷Ú©√Ák /
s™V¬Ôºe sÁ¶Ô^ ∂_È. kVμ¬ÁÔ› º>Ïs_ / ÿku§ ÿ√Æ˛≈kÏÔ^
/ sÁ¶ÔÁe ∂§Õ>kÏÔ^ ÷_ÁÈ; / s™V¬ÔÁe ∂§Õ>kÏÔºe
∂§Õ>kÏÔºe” (∏›>[,
√¬.26á28). ∂§suÔV™ ºÔ^sÔÁe x¬˛B\V™ÁkBVÔ¬ ÔÚmD
∂©m_´z\V[ QV™›]uÔV™ ºÔ^sÔÁe \‚|D \Æ>o©√º>[. ∂§°¬zD
QV™›]uzD ®[™>V[ ºkÆ√V|? ∞[ QV™›]uÔV™ sÁ¶ ÂDt¶º\
÷Ú¬˛[≈ÿ>[˛≈VÏ? ÷¬ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ÔÁe ÷M¬ÔVıº√VD.
269
>[Á™ ∂§km ∂§kVD ∂‡>[§ ∏[Á™ ∂§km º√B§kVzD
®[√VÏ ]ÚJÈÏ. >[Á™ ∂§Bºkı|D á ∂Ô©º√F ƒV´V\_ ƒV´ ºkı|D
∏[Á™ ∂§kÿ>_ÈVD º√B§° gz\Ω. ®™© ÿ√VÚ^√|D ®[Æ ∂Ô©º√BVÏ
s·¬zkVÏ. “>[Á™B§>_
>[Á™B§>_ ®[√>Á™ºB ÿ\FlB_ ( Philosophy )
\uÆD ÷Á≈lB_ ( Theology ) ºÂV¬zxÁÈÔπ[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô©A^π
®™ÈVD”88 ®[√Ï ÿ√V]ÁÔE›>Ï.
®™ÈVD
“ÿ«´V¬o¶¸
ÿ«´V¬o¶¸ x´ı\[≈ \ÔV ƒx›]´›][ Jfl∑›]ÆD
gw›]uz ÂDÁ\ ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. cıÁ\l_ x´ıÔ^ ®[√Ák
x´ıÔ^ ∂_È. ∂Ák Œº´ ÿ√VÚπ[ ÷ÚWÁÈÔ^ ®[˛≈VÏ.
º>V[Ækm>V[ \Á≈•D. kVμkm>V[ ÷≈¬zD / ÷≈©A ®[√m
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ WÁ≈° ÷Á>©º√VÈ›>V[ sa©AD á c≈¬ÔxD ÷eÁ\•D
á xmÁ\•D ÷m>V[ ∂mkV˛≈m. ∂m>V[ ÷mkV˛≈m. ÷BuÁÔl_
>^”>_ á ~Ï›>_ ®[≈ x´ı√‚¶ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷Á¶s¶V\_ ÿƒB_√‚|¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™ ŒÀºkVÏ ∂bsKD ÷Õ> ÷´ı|D WÔμÕm
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™. ÷Õ>©∏´√fiƒxD ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÷B¬Ô∫ÔeVºÈºB
√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÷B¬Ô∫ÔeVºÈºB ÷B∫˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB ÿ\FfiQV™xD ÿƒV[™m.
sfiQV™xD ÿƒV_˛≈m ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB ∂§Õ>k[ QVM g˛≈V[
g˛≈V[”
(Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, √¬.66á67).
271
“cı|
cı| ®[√k–D / cıÁ\ºB ÿƒV_K˛≈V[ / ÷_ÁÈ
®[√k–D cıÁ\ÁBºB ÿƒV_˛≈V[ / ÷´ı|D cıÁ\l[ ÿkÀºkÆ
>ˆƒ™∫Ôºe ÿ>ˆkm \‚|\_È cıÁ\ / √VÏÁk¬z ∂©√VKD
÷Ú¬˛≈m cıÁ\. cı|D ÷_ÁÈ•D ºƒÏÕ>º> xø cıÁ\
cıÁ\”
(gÈV√Á™, √.95)
“ÔıßÏ
ÔıßÏ ÔıÔπ[ A[™ÁÔ A[™ÁÔ ÷>μÔπ[ ÔıßÏ
ÔıßÏ”
(gÈV√Á™, √.131). “c>B›Á>ºB
c>B›Á>ºB EÈV˛©√kº™ ∂¸>\™›]KD
÷Ú¬˛≈m. kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ∂Ï›>D ØÁkºB AÔμÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ©√kº™
x^πKD ÷Ú¬˛≈m / √Á¶©∏[ WBVBD. se¬zÔ^ ÿkÀºk≈V™VKD
ÿkπflƒD Œ[Æ>V[. ¿ √V|km \‚|D>V[ / √V¶_ ®[Æ ÿƒV_ÈVº> /
ºkÆ√V¶_Ô”D ÷Ú¬˛[≈™
÷Ú¬˛[≈™” (gÈV√Á™, √.142))
“Œ[º≈
Œ[º≈ √È g™mD / √È *ı|D Œ[§_ Œ|∫zkmD ∂§.
∂m>V[ ƒ›]B›][ ´ÔEBD
´ÔEBD” (gÈV√Á™, √.100). ÿ>Vz›m ºÂV¬ÁÔl_
x´ı√‚¶ ÷Úƒ¬]ÔeV_ g™ ∏´√fiƒD ∂ÀsÚƒ¬]ÔeV_ ÷B∫z˛[≈™
®[√m ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEBD z§›>mD; Œ[º≈√È g™mD √È *ı|D Œ[§_
Œ|∫zkmD ®–D ƒ›]B›][ ´ÔEBxº\ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ \V–¶›]uz kw∫˛B
\ÔVkV¬˛B∫Ô^ ®™ÈVD.
“Œ[≈VÔ¬
Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVı√º> ÔV‚E ®[Æ >tμ©√V¶_ ÌÆ˛≈m. ŒÚ
√VÏÁkl_ ∂Á™›Á>•D c^πø›m ∂_Èm ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m
®[Æ ÷>Á™© AˆÕmÿÔV^eÈVD. >M›>MºB √z›m©√VÏ©√m ®[√m
ŒÚ ÿƒB_√V|. √ÈkuÁ≈•D ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÿƒB_√V|.
÷ÀsÚ ÿƒB_√V|Ô”¬zD º>Ák ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÿ√VmÁ\©√|›m>_
®[√m ∂Úk©√|›>ÈVÔ°D EÈ ƒ\BD √VFÕm ÿƒ_KD. √z›m©√VÏ›>_
®[√mD Eȃ\BD O‚√∫Ô”¬z^ >[Á™ ÷wÕms|D. ÷ÀsÚ
º√V¬zÔ”D, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^, Œ[º≈Vÿ¶V[Æ Œ[Ƭz^
ÿƒ[Æ ÔÈÕ]Ú¬zD. Œ[§_ÈV\_ \u≈>uz clÏ©∏_ÁÈ.
ŒÀÿkV[ÆD ∂>[ ®_ÁȬzfl ÿƒ_KD ÿ√Vøm ∂>uz ∂m
®]Ï\Á≈BV˛s|D” 89 .
®]Ï\Á≈BV˛s|D
“>ta_
>ta_ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]B ÔsQÏÔπ_ ŒÚ √z]l™Á´fl
º¤.˛ÚiJÏ›] EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿkzkVÔ© √V]›m^e™. ÂzÈ[,
√∑kFBV, ∏´t^, ÂV´ºV ÿ¤B´VD, g›\VÂVD, g™Õ›, ∂∏,
º>kº>k[ ®[Æ ÷kÏÔÁe© √‚ΩBo¶ÈVD. ÷Õ> kˆÁƒl_ Eu∏ÁB•D
273
ºƒÏ›m¬ÿÔV^eÈVD. \™›]oÚÕm s|>ÁÈÁB ÷kÏÔ^
ºkı|˛≈VÏÔ^. ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ŒÚA^πl_ Ák›m¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏÔ^.
Œ[≈VÔ¬ÔVbD ÷Õ>© ÿ√Ú∫ÔV‚El[ º√Vm ÂV[ ÷_ÁÈ. ÂV[ sÈ˛
Wu˛≈m”90. ÂV[ ∂u≈ Ô∫Ô^ ∂uA>\V™Ák, ∂wÔV™Ák.
Wu˛≈m
“x´ı
x´ı kVμ¬ÁÔl[ √È ºkÆkÁÔÔÁe•D WÁÈÔÁe•D
∑Ák√¶¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈m. ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈQ[ ÁÔl_ x´ı ŒÚ\Õ]´¬
AˆBk_Èm” 34. ÂVD Aw∫zD ÿ\ValoÚÕm ºkÆ√‚¶
ºÔVÈVF sÕÁ>Ô^ AˆBk_Èm
Œ[º≈ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\Va >M›mk\V™m. “Â\m
Â\m ∂[≈V¶
ÿ\ValoÚÕm ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va ºkÆ√|˛≈m. ∂[≈V¶ ÿ\Va Aw∫zD
>e›Á>ºB >™m ÿƒVuÔeVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| \™ ®øflEÁB› >Ú˛[≈
ÔsÁ>” 91 ®[√Ï º>kº>k[.
\Ï\\V™ ∏§ÿ>V[§[ ÿ\VaBV˛≈m ÔsÁ>
“∂Õ>
∂Õ> ÿ\Va ∂Ï›> WÏB∫Ô”¬z xÕ]B g]ÿ\Va
(∂ΩºBV‚¶›]oÚÕm ∂Àk©º√Vm ®øD∏kÚD g]ÿ\Va)
\™∑¬z^πÚÕm \™∑¬z^ ÿkπ¬ÔVuÆ©√¶V\_ √V¶› ÿ>ˆÕ> ÿ\Va.
ÿƒV_ ÷∫ºÔ ÿƒV_k>uzD ÿƒV_ÈV]Ú©√>uzD √B[√|k>V˛≈m. gÔ
∂Ï›> \]©∏™V_ ∂_ÈV\_ ∂–√k \]©∏™V_ clÏ›]Ú©√Ák>VD
ÿƒVuÔ^” 92 ®[˛≈VÏ ∂∏. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒVuÔ^
∞Á™©∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Val_ ÷ÚÕmD ®∫z ºkÆ√|˛[≈ÿ>™
∂>[ E≈©Á√ √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ ∏[kÚ\VÆ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
274
“®ø›m
®ø›m kV™D√VΩ ®[–D ÷Ú\VÆ√‚¶ ÷Ȭ˛BxÔVD ƒVÏÕm
ÔsQÏÔ^ ÿƒB_√‚| kÕ> ÔVȬԂ¶›]_, ÷ÀsB¬Ô∫ÔÁefl ƒV´V>
√ÈÏ>MBVÔ¬ ÔsÁ> ®ø]kÕ>™Ï. ∂∏, ∂©m_´z\V[, º\›>V ®[˛≈
∂Õ> kˆÁƒl_ Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–¬zD ÷¶xı|. t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV|
ÿ√e´VËÔ›Á>•D ÔÈÕm ®øm˛≈ xÁ≈Á\ ∂©m_ ´z\VM¶D cı|.
÷¸ÈVtB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe ∂]ÔD ÿ>V‚¶kÏ ÿ«fl.˜.´Û_. ÷Õ]B›
ÿ>V[\\´Á√ t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV| ÔÈÕm ®ø]BkÏÔ^ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D. ÷Õ]B A´V›Á> >›mk cϺkV| gw\VÔ›
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[” 93 ®[√Ï.
ÿ>V‚¶kÏ Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[
“The best part of our religion in, its unconcious poetry ®[Æ \V‚R
∂Ï™V_| ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ ∏´fiÁQ ØÏk\V™ ÷[§›>V™VÔ kÕm ºƒÏ˛≈
Ôs›mkD ƒ\B ÷Ȭ˛B›]_ cı|. √¬] ÷Ȭ˛B›Á> \>√´\VÔ©
√VϬÔV\_ ÔsÁ>BVÔ© √VÏ¬Ô ºkı|D ..... √VkÁ™ºBV| √¬]
÷Ȭ˛B›Á> ∂bÔ Ákk›]_ √VkÁ™ ̶Vs‚¶V_ ∂›>Á™•D
∂√›>D. ƒ\, A›> \>∫ÔÁe© √u§ ÿ>.ÿ√V.*™V‚E ∑Õ>´™VÏ,
\lÁÈ ÊM ºk∫Ô¶ƒVt ±_ÔÁe kVE›>º√Vm ∂§Õº>[. ÷>[
275
∏[™Ï ®_ÈV \>∫Ô”D ∏[M© ∏ÁÕ]Ú¬˛[≈™. ŒÚ \>D, ŒÚ
ÿÂl_ÁÈ ®_ÈVD ÔÈÕm ∏[M© ∏ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈ WÁÈ>V[
ÿ>[√|˛≈m ®[√Á> cÏÕº>[. \mÁ´ ∂wÔÏ \ÁÈl_
ÿ√e›>©√^π ÷ÚÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®™ºk Ô^ewÔˆ[ WwoKD
ÿƒFº>[” 96 .
ÿ√e›>›Á>©√VϬÔÈVD ®[√Á> ®[ ÔsÁ>l_ √]° ÿƒFº>[
“gı¶Vπ[
gı¶Vπ[ Ô¶°‚ ÔV>ÁȬ ÔsÂÁ¶l_ ÿƒV_KD Ô‚|Á´ÁB
®ømDº√Vm ÔsQÏ º√™Vs_ Á\¬z© √]_ √flÁƒ¬ ÔuØ´D \¬zD
ÿ√Ú\V^ºÔVs_ meE› yÏ›>›Á> W´©∏¬ ÿÔVı¶Vº´V ®[Æ WÁ™¬Ô
ºkıΩ•^em. √VÁk ®[√>uzfl ÿƒV_KD ÔV´∫Ôπ_ \VÏÔa¬
zπˆ[ ÷MÁ\ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ>¬Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe© º√´VEˆBÏ
∂.ƒV.QV.√Ω›]ÚÕ>V_ ÔsQÁ´ ∂©m_ gμkVÏ ®[º≈ ∂Áw›m
\˛μkVÏ” 97
\˛μkVÏ
276
2. z§X| ®[√>Á™ ÷Ȭ˛B c›] ®–D ®_ÁȬzD ∂©√VÈVÔ¬ Ôı|
∂>Á™ g[\ ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚|¬ÔV™ g>V´∑Ú]BVÔ¬ ÁÔBVek_È
]≈Á\ ÷kÏ>D ]≈Á\BVzD.
278
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
1. z.Ák›]BÂV>[, Áƒk E›>VÕ> >Á¶Ô”D sÁ¶Ô”D, z§X‚|fl
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V], ]ÚkVk|mÁ≈ gy™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ºÂÏxÔ© luE
Á\BD, ]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï, 1995, √¬.5á6.
3. º\Èm., √¬.137á144.
4. º\Èm., √¬.144á145.
5. º\Èm., √.144á145.
10. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ºÔVÁk, ƒ™, ∏©´. 1983.
279
20. º\Èm.,
41. º\Èm.,
281
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ¬
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.211.
80. º\Èm.,
283
83. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬.72á73.
284
WÁ≈°Á´
1. >twÔ›]_ º>EB, ]´Vs¶ ÿ√Vm°¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD ÷Ák J[ÆD ƒJÔ
cÏ°t¬Ô x©ÿ√ÚD √Á¶©√VπÔ”¬ÔV™ ÔsÁ>© ∏[™ËBVÔ
se∫˛B™.
286
15. ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_ \VϬEB›Á>•D, \M>ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_ ÔVÕ]ÁB•D,
g[*Ô ºÂV¬˛_ ÷´V\V–¤Á´•D ÿÔVı¶V|√k´VÔ Eu∏ se∫z˛≈VÏ.
ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_ \VϬEB›Á>•D, ÿ√ˆBVˆ›Á>•D, \M> ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_
k^eÈVÁ´•D º√VuÆ√k´VÔ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.
18. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁe ®]Ï›m© √V|>_, ÷™D, ÿ\Va, ÂV| ®[≈ ®_ÁÈ
Ô¶Õ> \M> ºÂBD, ÿ√ıÔÁe© º√VuÆ>_, \M> ƒJÔ›]uz
÷[§BÁ\BV>>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ∂§sBÁÈ© º√VuÆ>_, ÔVÕyB›>V¬ÔD,
\VϬEB √VÏÁk ®[≈ >e∫Ôπ_ x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
Œ›]ÁƒÕm ÿƒ_˛[≈™.
287
mÁ±u√‚ΩB_
1. gF° JÈ ±_Ô^
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ‘ƒÏ©√BVÔD
ƒÏ©√BVÔD’,,
ƒÏ©√BVÔD
∂[™D ÿkπX|,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ,1983
3ágD √]©A,
” : ‘ÛˆB
ÛˆB Ww_
Ww_’,,
∂[™D ÿkπX|,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ,1990
3ágD √]©A,
” : ‘Œπ©√≈Ák
Œπ©√≈Ák’,,
Œπ©√≈Ák
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√V^eVflE,
2ágD √]©A,1971
” : ‘ÿ\e™
ÿ\e™ \B¬Ô∫Ô^
\B¬Ô∫Ô^’,,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√V^eVflE - 1982.
” : ‘\ÔV›\V
\ÔV›\V’,,
\ÔV›\V
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√V^eVflE - 2009.
” : ‘J|√M
J|√M’,,
J|√M
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2003.
” : ‘ŒÚ
ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]
Â]’,,
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2004.
” : ‘Eu∏
Eu∏ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^
ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^’,,
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2005
” : ‘y°Ô^
y°Ô^ ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™
ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A á 1985.
” : ‘∂Õ>ÂÕ>Á™
∂Õ>ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[
tflƒD
tflƒD’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A-1982
” : ‘ªÏ
ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ
{Áƒ’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A- 1989.
” : ‘˛w¬zfl
˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D
ƒVe´D’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2005.
” : ‘®[T‚|
®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ
®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
2
x>u√]©A á 2004.
” : ‘√M
√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_
√Ô_’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A á 2008.
” : ‘÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´°©√V¶Ô[’,,
÷´°©√V¶Ô[
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.
” : ‘ÂÁ¶\≈Õ>
ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]•D ]Áƒ\V§B
{禥D
{Á¶•D’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
÷´ı¶VD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘k¬ÔD
k¬ÔD k^”k
k^”k’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
÷´ı¶VD √]©A - 2005.
” : ‘kVÏ›Á>Ô^
kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºÔ‚¶k´D
ºÔ‚¶k´D’,,
saÔ^ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2002.
” : ‘Ô™V¬ÔVbD
Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^
s™V¬Ô^’,,
saÔ^ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2004.
” : ‘]Áƒ¬z^
]Áƒ¬z^ ]ÁƒÔ^
]ÁƒÔ^’,,
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2000.
3
” : ‘ŒÚ
ŒÚ kıΩflÿƒ[ˆ•
kıΩflÿƒ[ˆ•’,,
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2001.
” : ‘t[tM¬ÔV|
t[tM¬ÔV|’,,
t[tM¬ÔV|
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1999.
” : ‘ÿƒ[M\ÁȬ˛πºBV
ÿƒ[M\ÁȬ˛πºBV
√V›´V¬Ô^
√V›´V¬Ô^’,,
√V©ºÈV√V´] √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2002.
” : ‘∑‚|s´_
∑‚|s´_’,,
∑‚|s´_
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
3ágD √]©A - 2003.
” : ‘sÁ>º√V_
sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[
søÕ>k[’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
3ágD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘√V_T]
√V_T]’,,
√V_T]
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
9ágD √]©A - 2004.
4
” : ‘gÈV√Á™
gÈV√Á™
gÈV√Á™’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
5ágD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘∏›>[
∏›>[’,,
∏›>[
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
4ágD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘´ÔEB©Ø
´ÔEB©Ø’,,
´ÔEB©Ø
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2005.
” : ‘\´D
\´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È ∂_È’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
2ágD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘√E
√E ®Õ>flƒV]
®Õ>flƒV]’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.
” : ‘Ô¶°π[
Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ
xÔkˆ’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.
” : ‘ÿÂÚ©Á√
ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A
ÿÂÚ©A’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.
5
2.mÁ ±_Ô^
∂©m_ ´z\V[, : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>l_
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|
z§X|’,,
∂[™D,
>fiƒV∆Ï,
x>u√]©A á 2006.
∂≈ºkÕ>[,÷´V.(ÿ>Vz) : ‘√Á¶©√V”Á\
√Á¶©√V”Á\’,,
√Á¶©√V”Á\
>VB≈D,
]ÚflE á 2003.
÷´VºƒÕ]´[.ºƒ, : ‘>tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ]´Vs¶
÷B¬Ô›][ >V¬ÔD
>V¬ÔD’,,
Ø\Ë √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1985.
6
÷´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[.÷´V, : ‘Eu∏l[
Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ
√Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ’,,
QV™ºƒÔ´[ (√]) ¬Rˆ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
\mÁ´ á 1993.
Ô_BVı˜, : ‘º>ÏÕÿ>|›>
º>ÏÕÿ>|›> ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^’,,
ga ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™.
Ô™Ôƒ√V√],E, : ‘ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^ \´AD Am∑D
Am∑D’,,
E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2003.
zºƒÔ´[,∂. : ‘ÔÁÈ
ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B ÿkπ•D ƒJÔ
¿]¬ÔV™ EÈ z´_Ô”D
z´_Ô”D’,,
√VÁk √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2008.
ÁÔÈVƒ√].Ô, : ‘÷Ȭ˛BxD
÷Ȭ˛BxD ]≈™VF°D
]≈™VF°D’,,
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1981.
7
ƒVt E>D√´™VÏ, : ‘>twÏ
>twÏ >ÁÈkÏ ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V.
kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ
k´ÈVÆ’,,
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ∏´flƒV´
WÆk™ ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1971.
ÊMflƒVt,m. : ‘÷Ú√][
÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬
ºÔV‚√V|’ ,
ºÔV‚√V|
cÈÔ› >twV´VFflE WÆk™D,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1994.
” : ‘®]ÏÔVÈ
®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D
Ô_s•D’,,
∂Ô´D,
>fiƒV∆Ï - 2003.
ÿƒ_È©√V,E.∑. : ‘ªmk›]©A_
ªmk›]©A_’,,
ªmk›]©A_
¨ÔV¬ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1993,
8
” : ‘\VuÆ
\VuÆ ÷>BD
÷>BD’,,
®ø›m© ∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1974.
ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.E, : ‘>tw[√[
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD
ƒJÔD’,,
ÔVÕ] √]©√ÔD,
>fiƒV∆Ï - 2000.
” : ‘>tw[√[
>tw[√[ √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D
√VÏÁk•D’,,
\ËkVƒÔÏ,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1998.
” : ‘>tμ¬ÔsÁ>
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>’,,
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>
QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ III,
ÔVsBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2007.
>twk[ : ‘√Á¶©AD
√Á¶©AD √Á¶©√Vπ•D
√Á¶©√Vπ•D’,,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿ√∫ÔjÏ á 1989.
” : ‘ÔDRMƒD
ÔDRMƒD s|>ÁÈl[
÷ȬÔD
÷ȬÔD’,,
√ˆ\VD ÿkπX|,
ºÔVÁk á 1990.
¶´Vƒ[,].∑. : ‘>ta[
>ta[ ∂Á¶BVeD
∂Á¶BVeD’,,
ÿk^πT] ÿkπX|,
\mÁ´ - 1999.
” : ‘ÔsÁ>ÿB–D
ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va
ÿ\Va’,,
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬ «°¸, (∏) o‚.,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2008.
10
√VÈV, : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ Am©√VÏÁk
Am©√VÏÁk’,,
∂Ô´D,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ á 1981.
Ø´flƒÕ]´[,Ô. : ‘ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va
ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD
∂Á\©AD
∂Á\©AD’ ,
EÕ>™V,
]ÚflE - 1998.
ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï : ‘kVμkV∫z
kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ
ÔÁÈ’,,
\º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2005.
” : ‘\™t≈¬zD
\™t≈¬zD ƒVÔV¬ÔÁÈ
ƒVÔV¬ÔÁÈ’,,
\º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2000.
ÿ√V]Bÿku√[,ºk.x. : ‘ƒ\ÔVȬÔsÁ>Ô”D
ƒ\ÔVȬÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D’,,
kDE A¬¸,
]ÚkıV\ÁÈ - 2009.
11
\VϬ¸,∂. : ‘∂]ÔV´›Á>
∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛
cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD
º√∑ºkVD’,,
ÔÚ©A© ∏´]Ô^,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2004.
t›´V, : ‘zÁ¶l_
zÁ¶l_ ºÔ‚¶ º√fl∑
º√fl∑’,,
>tºwVÁƒ ∂flƒÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1993.
x›mº\VÔ[,Â. : ‘∂Á\©∏B_
∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_
∂Á\©∏B_’,,
ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ á 1998.
x´π>´[.∑. : ‘ÌÁ¶¬z^
ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒD
º>ƒD’,,
\ÁÈBÔ ÿkπX|,
ÔıΩ á 1988.
´zÂV>[.ÿ>V.x.E. : ‘∂¬º¶V√Ï
∂¬º¶V√Ï A´‚E•D >tμ
÷Ȭ˛BxD’,,
÷Ȭ˛BxD
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1980.
kV™\V\ÁÈ. : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> xuº√V¬zD
∏uº√V¬zD
∏uº√V¬zD’,,
\¬Ô^ ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1975.
12
Ák›]BÂV>[,z. : ‘ÁƒkE›>VÕ>›
ÁƒkE›>VÕ>› >Á¶Ô”D
sÁ¶Ô”D z§X‚|fl
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V]•D
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V]•D’,,
]ÚkVk|mÁ≈ gy™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ>
ºÂÏxÔ© √luE Á\BD,
]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï á 1995.
ºkbºÔV√VÈ[,].ºƒV. : ‘ºÔVÁ¶kB_
ºÔVÁ¶kB_’,,
ºÔVÁ¶kB_
®ø›m©∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1965.
13
5. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ¤™kˆ 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
5∂. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ΩƒD√Ï 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
6. ‘clÏ ®ø›m’, º\ 2009, ]ÚflE.
7. ‘c^”Á≈’, ÷>μ:2, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2009, ºÔVÁk.
8. ‘®ø›m’, ÷>μ:62, 1964, ÿƒ[Á™.
9. ‘ÔÁBVa’, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 1997, ÿƒ[Á™.
9∂. ‘ÔÁBVa’, gÔ¸‚ 2001, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘ÔÁBVa’, \VÏfl 2004, ÿƒ[Á™.
÷. ‘ÔÁBVa’, ΩƒD√Ï 2003, ÿƒ[Á™.
~. ‘ÔÁBVa’, (Á«¬Ìfl E≈©∏>μ) \VÏfl 1991, ÿƒ[Á™.
10. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, ¤™kˆ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
10∂. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, h[ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, hÁÈ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
÷. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, ∂¬º¶V√Ï, ΩƒD√Ï 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
11. ‘ÔVÕ>^’, ÷>μ:1, ÔVÏÌ]Ï, gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï 1999, \mÁ´.
12. ‘ÔV‚|©Ø’, \V> ÷>μ, ºÔVBDA›#Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2007.
13. ‘ÔVÈfl∑k|’, ÷>μ:119, ÂkD√Ï 2009, ÂVÔϺÔVs_.
14. ‘zΩ∂´∑’, 10.05.1925, ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
14∂. ‘zΩ∂´∑’, 06.11.1948, ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
15. ‘ÿƒD\ÈÏ’, ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ:1, gÔ¸‚ 1995, \mÁ´.
16. ‘>V\Á´’, ∏©´kˆ, 1969, ÿƒ[Á™.
16∂. ‘>V\Á´’, ΩƒD√Ï, 1968, ÿƒ[Á™.
17. ‘]™\Ë’, \VkÏ \ÈÏ, º\ 1996, ÿƒ[Á™.
17∂. ‘]™\Ë’, 17.10.1987 ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
18. ‘y´VÂ]’, ¤™kˆ 2005, ÿƒ[Á™.
18∂. ‘y´VÂ]’, h[ 2005, ÿƒ[Á™.
19. ‘ÂÁ¶’, ∞©´_ 1969, ÷Á©A, BV©∏B_, ÿƒ[Á™.
20. ‘√M¬z¶D’, ÷>μ:2, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2003, ÿƒ[Á™.
14
21. ‘∏´√fiƒD’, ÷>μ:1, hÁÈ 1979, ºƒÈD.
22. ‘A]B ÔVuÆ’, ¤™kˆ 2004, \mÁ´.
22∂. ‘A]B ÔVuÆ’, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2008, \mÁ´.
23. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, ÷>μ:17, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 1979, ÿ√V^eVflE.
23∂. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, ÷>μ:20, ¤™kˆ 1981, ÿ√V^eVflE.
g. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, (~w›m¬ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ) :21, ΩƒD√Ï 1982, ÿ√V^eVflE.
15
∂) Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[
2. >ÕÁ> : E. ÿ√V[–ƒVt¬Ô°ı¶Ï
>VF : ÔıΩ ∂D\V^
2
10. ‘kƒÕ>›]_ ŒÚ kV™s_’ ®–D √¶›]uz (Best Creation Award)
ÿ√u≈m. ∂>uÔVÔ 1996á÷_ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV ÿƒ[≈VÏ.
11. 1963á_ ®ø] 1965á÷_ ÿÂfiE[ Ww_ ®[≈ A]™D ÿkπkÕ>m.
12. 1948á50 cBÏWÁÈ©√^π \Vk´VF ÷ÚÕ>º√Vm ∑BEÕ>Á™
®–D ÿ√Bˆ_ ÁÔÿBø›m ÷>Áw ¶›] kÕ>VÏ.
13. 1960 ~º´V| \>´ƒV ÷∑ÈVtBV cBÏWÁÈ©√^π >twVEˆB´VÔ©
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
14. ÿƒ[Á™ Am¬Ô_Ÿˆl_ 1970á_ >tμ›mÁ≈ sˆ°Á´BVe´VÔ©
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
15. EoÏ©AÔ^ ®–D cÁ´ºBVsB›Á> 1966á_ ®ø] 1970á_
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
16. kV™D√VΩ ÷>a[ x›]Á´¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB 1970á_ kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ
ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶º√Vm ®ø]™VÏ.
17. ÿƒ[Á™› ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E WÁÈBD ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_ ∂>[
ÿƒF] √Ω©√k´VÔ© √z]ºÂ´© √Ëgu§™VÏ. 16 gı|Ô^ ÿƒF]
kVE©√Ve´VÔ© √ËBVu§™VÏ.
18. √VÈflƒÕ>Ï ∂Áw›>>V_ ‘∂flƒt_ÁÈ ∂flƒt_ÁÈ’ ®–D
]Á´©√¶›]uz© √V¶_ ®ø]™VÏ.
19. w, ÔÁVa x>oB ÷Ȭ˛Bfl Eu§>μÔπKD, Ôs>V ƒ´ı,
∑√\∫ÔeV, x>oB ÷Á¶WÁÈ ÷>μÔπKD, xw¬ÔD, EÔ´D,
kV™D√VΩ, º>[\Áw, ÂB™>V´V x>oB xuº√V¬z ÷>μÔπKD,
zx>D, g™Õ> sÔ¶[, ÷>BD º√∑˛≈m, >VF, z∫z\D x>oB
ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπKD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D, Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe•D
®ø]•^eVÏ.
20. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷[≈e°D √È ÔsB´∫Ô∫Ôπ_ √∫ºÔu˛≈VÏ.
21. k¬ÔD k^”k ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ±K¬z ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔVÿ>t sÚm
kw∫Ô©√‚|^em.
22. c[ T‚Ωuz ÂV[ kÕ]ÚÕº>[ ®[≈ ±_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x>_
√B ±ÈVzD.
3
23. ŒÚ kıΩ ÿƒ[ˆR >ta[ x>_ ÿƒ[ˆ• ÔsÁ> ±_ ÷>ø¬z›
]Ú©ØÏ› >tμfl ƒ∫Ô›]_ x>u√ˆ∑ ˛Á¶›>m.
÷) Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[
1. 1937á÷_ ÂkD√Ï ]∫Ô^ 9á_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ.
2. ®‚¶Vkm √Ω¬zD º√Vm 1950á_ x>_ ÔsÁ> Ô_Ÿˆ \Ȉ_
ÿkπkÕ>m.
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ®¸. ÁƒBm ∂Ô\m á Áv™¨.
4. 1964á_ ƒ‹\V º√ÔD ®[√kÁ´ \Õ>VÏ.
5. √^π ÷Æ]© √Ω©Á√ 1954á_ xΩ›>VÏ. ∂>[∏≈z EÈ ÂV‚Ô^
Á>BuÔÁ¶l_ √ËBVu§™VÏ. \mÁ´ ]BVÔ´VBÏ Ô_Ÿˆl_
1955á61 kÁ´ >tÁwfl E≈©A© √V¶\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| √l[≈VÏ. 1959á_
÷e∫ÔÁÈ© √‚¶xD, 1961á_ xmÔÁÈ©√‚¶xD ÿ√u≈VÏ. 1985á÷_
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶D ÿ√u≈VÏ.
6. 1961á_ kVËBD√VΩ ÷∑ÈVtB¬ Ô_Ÿˆl_ sˆ°Á´BVe´VÔ°D,
>tμ› mÁ≈› >ÁÈk´VÔ°D √ËBVu§ ∏[™Ï 1993á_ √ËsÚ©√
{F° ÿ√uÆ >uÿ√Vøm xø ∂es_ ÷Ȭ˛B©√Ë gu§ kÚ˛≈VÏ.
7. g™Õ> sÔ¶M_ 1956á_ ÔV>_ ÿÔVıº¶[ ®[≈› >ÁÈ©∏_
ÿkπkÕ>m.
8. 1974á_ √V_T] ÿ>V¶∫˛ sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[ kÁ´ √]ÿ™‚|
±_ÔÁe cÚkV¬˛•^eVÏ.
9. \´A¬ ÔsQ´V™ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g∫˛È ÷Ȭ˛B ∂§kV_
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÂV‚¶D ÿƒK›]™VÏ.
10. √È ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ±ÈVÔ ÿkπl‚| c>s•^eVÏ.
1975á_ \VkÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ±_ÔeV™ ÿƒÀkÕ]•D,
1976á÷_ ÷Èkƒ›]uz ŒÚ sÁÈ ®[≈ ÿ>Vz©AD, 1977á÷_
¿Ú¬z› >VÔD º√V[≈ ±_ÔÁe ÿkπl‚|^eVÏ.
4
∂Á\©∏[ ÿ√BÏ √‚¶D gı|
1. >tμ keÏflE\[≈D zΩºBu≈D Ôs¬ºÔV 1974
2. >tμ keÏflE\[≈D zΩºBu≈D cÚkÔ©º√ÿ´Vπ 1973
3. ÷Ȭ˛B© º√´Ák, ºkŸÏ Ôs\V\[™Ï 1975
4. ÷Ȭ˛B Âı√ÏÔ^, ºkŸÏ Ôs\V\[™Ï 1977
5. √≈DA \ÁÈ ÔsB´∑ 1986
6. >fiƒV∆Ï >tμ© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD >tw[Á™ 1989
7. ÷Ȭ˛B Âı√ÏÔ^ k‚¶D ºkŸÏ >tμQVlÆ 1989
8. >twÔ ∂´∑ √V´]>Vƒ[ 1990
9. x´ÿƒVo ∂≈¬Ô‚¶Áe ÿ√Vu˛a 1997
ŒÚ È‚ƒD
5
g) ÔsQÏÔπ[ ∏≈ ±_Ô^
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : º>ìԔD \¬Ô”D,
ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A,
\V¸ºÔV √]©√ÔD, 1982.
” : \ÁÈBVe¬ÔsÁ> (Ô‚|Á´Ô^),
cÈÔ› >twV´VFflE WÆk™D,
1990.
” : A Comparative Study of
bharathi and Vallathol,
gF° ±_, ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,1991.
” : g]Á´, ÂV¶ÔD,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|, 1992.
” : ÷_È≈º\ Â_È≈D,
Ô‚|Á´, >MBVÏ ÿkπX|, 1992.
” : Eu∏l[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
\ËkVƒÔÏ √]©√ÔD, 1996.
1
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ∂¬˛M ƒV‚E,
\ÁÈBVe ÂVk_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A
(ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|), 1996.
” : A Noon in Summer,
g∫˛È ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,1996.
” : ƒflE>V™Õ>[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
\ÁÈBVe¬ ÔsÁ> ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A,
ÔVÀBV, 1998.
” : ÷´V\V–¤Ï k´ÈVÆ,
kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ, ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
1999.
” : ]Ú©√VÁk cÁ´,
cÁ´, >MBVÏ ÿkπX|,1999.
” : ŒÚ ƒ∫ˇ>D º√VÈ,
\ÁÈBVe ÂVk_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A,
Ôs>V ÿkπX|,
1999.
” : ∂Ú‚√V ∂x>D,
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|, 2001.
” : √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D,
Ô‚|Á´, Ôs>V ÿkπX|, 2001.
” : √V´]BVÏ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|, 2002.
2
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ÔD√M_ \VM¶D, (gF° ±_),
kV™] √]©√ÔD, 2002.
” : >Vl[ \ˬÿÔVΩ,
Ô‚|Á´Ô^, 1966.
” : ÔsÁ>fl EÕ>Á™Ô
EÕ>Á™Ô^ (Ô‚|Á´Ô^),
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