Nursing Medical

Causes Signs and Symptoms Intervention Intervention

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS “DEPRESS”

(Carbonic Acid EXCESS)

D – rugs (opiods) Sudden HYPERCAPNEA 1. Administer O2
- Building of CO2 in the blood morphine,fentanyl ↑PaCO2 2. Treat respiratory
due to BRADYPNEA (SEDATIVES) retain disease.
- pH less than ≤7.35 CO2 - ↑PR 3. Encourage
- PaCO2 is greater than >45 D – iseases - ↑RR coughing and deep
- KIDNEYS try to compensate - ↑BP breathing
(neuromuscular
by elevating ↑HCO3 level to - Mental cloudiness 4. Administer
system)
↓pH or confusion antibiotics
Mysthenia gravis - Feeling fullness of 5. Watch for
Gulliane – Barre head HYPERKALEMIA
- ↑ HYPOVENTILATION
- Cerebrovascular > 5.1
E – dema – extra vasodilation 6. Hold respiratory
Emergency Situation ↑↑
fluid in the lungs - Ventricular depression drugs
o Acute pulmonary edema fibrillation 7. May need
o Aspiration of foreign objects P – neumonia – ( anesthesized endotracheal
excessive mucus patient) intubation if CO2 is
o Atelectasis
around sacs - HYPERKALEMIA greater than 50
o Pneumothorax
o Severe pneumonia
o ARDS R - espiratory
center – medullary
& pons (brain
injury)

E – mboli – can
block pulmonary
artery

S – pasms of
bronchial tubes –
asthma

S – ac elasticity of
alveolar sac –
COPD &
EMPHYSEMA
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
(Carbonic Acid DEFICIT) “ TACHYPNEA”
- ↑ RR > 20 1. Teach breathing
- Expelling too much CO2 - Lightheadedness techniques;
T – emperature -
due to slowdown
due to TACHYPNEA (FEVER) vasoconstriction & breathing in a
↓cerebral blood paperbag
- ↑pH > 7.45 A –spirin toxicity flow 2. Watch for
- ↓PaCO2 less than <35 - Inability to Potassium and
– cause
- KIDNEYS try to concentrate Calcium level
hyperventilation
compensate by ↓HCO3 - Confusion 3. Watch for
levels to ↓pH level - Fast HEART RATE hyperventilation
C – ontrolled (tachycardia) for patients in a
- HYPERVENTILATION – mechanical - Numbness and mechanical
excessive blowing off of ventilation tingling from ↓Ca ventilator
CO2 can ↓carbonic acid - Ventricular & atrial 4. Administer anti
H – yperventilation dysrhytmnias -anxiety agent.
concentration
– excessive - Muscle cramps 5. Treat underlying
respiration - Chovstek’s sign problem.
- HYPOCAPNEA – extreme due to ↓Ca ↓h+ 6. Watch for
anxiety, hypoxemia, levels HYPOKALEMIA
inappropriate ventilator hY – steria -
setting anxiety leads to
rapid breathing
Predisposing factors P – ain
o Chronic hepatic /Pregnancy/Pneu
insufficiency monia
o Cerebral tumors
N – eurological
injuries

E – mbolism &
Edema

A – sthma – due to
hyperventilation