dasaSleli SeerTebebi

1. xraxnkuTxviluri SeerTeba

xraxnkuTxvilebiani SeerTeba dasaSleli SeerTebis erT-erTi uZvelesi

da yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxea. xraxnkuTxvili SeiZleba moiWras, rogorc
cilindrul, aseve konusur zedapirze garkveuli profilis (samkuTxa,
trapeciuli da sxva) ganivkveTis Raris warmoSobiT xraxnul xazze
ganlagebiT. Rarebs Soris ganTavsebul Sverilebs ewodeba xraxnkuTxvilis
xviebi. xraxnuli xazi miiReba cilindris zedapirze iseTi marTkuTxa
samkuTxedis daxveviT, romlis erTi kaTeti cilindris fuZis wrexazis
sigrZis toilia (d2), xolo meore kaTeti _ xraxnuli xazis svlis Ph.
hipitenuza daikavebs xraxnuli xazis mdebareobas (nax. 1).

xraxnkuTxviliT SeerTebul or detals, mag. WanWiks da qanCs, ewodeba

xraxnuli wyvili.
xraxnuli SeerTebis dadebiTi mxareebia: aqvs mcire gabaritebi,
dasamzadeblad martivia, iZleva SesaerTebeli detalebis zusti dayenebis
SesaZleblobas, moxerxebulia daSla-awyobisTvis, SesaZlebelia maRali
xarisxis moWeris Zalis ganviTareba da a.S.
 uaryofiTi mxareebia: xraxnian detalebSi Zabvebis koncentrirebis
arseboba.
xraxnkuTxviluri SeerTeba warmatebiT gamoiyeneba manqanaTmSeneb-
lobaSi, amwe-satransporto manqanebSi, mSeneblobaSi da a.S.
im zedapirebis formis mixedviT, romelzec xraxnkuTxvilia moWrili,
asxvaveben cilindrul da konusur xraxnkuTxvilebs. xraxnuli xazis
mimarTulebis mixedviT _ marjvena da marcxena xraxnkuTxvilebs, svlaTa
ricxvis mixedviT _ erT da mravalsvlian xraxnkuTxvilebs.

daniSnulebis mixedviT xraxnkuTxvilebi iyofa: samagr, samagr-

gamamkvrivebel (roca saWiroa hermetulobis miReba _ samkuTxa profili) da
Zalisa da moZraobis gadamcem (domkratebi, giragebi, wnexebi –
trapecoiduli formis kuTxvilebi) xraxnkuTxvilebad.
profilis formis mixedviT xraxnkuTxvilebi iyofa xuT ZiriTad
tipad: samkuTxa, trapecoiduli, kvadratuli, sayrdeni anu xerxis kbilebis
magvari da wriuli (nax. 2).

Nnax. 2. xraxnkuTxvilebis profilis formebi

xraxnkuTxvilis ZiriTadi parametrebia: Sesabamisad WanWikisTvis da

qanCisTvis: xraxnkuTxvilis gare, igive nominaluri diametri d (D); Siga
diametri d1 (D1); da saSualo diametri d2 (D2);. amasTan d2=(d+d1):2.
kuTxvilis biji p _ manZili ori mezobeli xviis erTsaxela
wertilebs Soris.
 xraxnkuTxvilis svla ph _ gazomili RerZuli xazis gaswvriv*.
(*erTsvliani xraxnkuTxvilisTvis ph=p, mravalsvlianisTvis _ ph=np), manZili,
romelzec gadaadgildeba xraxni erTi sruli Semobrunebis dros (nax.1.)

Ph=d2tg  tg= Ph/d2.

sadac  aris xraxnkuTxvilis awevis kuTxe;

 _ xraxnkuTxvilis profilis kuTxe.

xraxnuli detalebis masalad miiReba mcire da saSualonaxSirbadiani

foladebi: fl.3; fl5; foladi 10; A12, foladi 20, foladi 30, foladi 35, foladi
45 da sxva (civi dawnexviT). Sapasuxismgeblo SeerTebebSi gamoiyeneba legirebuli
foladebi: foladi 35X; 40X; 30XГСА.

xraxnkuTxvilebis ZiriTadi tipebia:

metruli kuTxvili _ yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli saxe. Mis profils aqvs

tolgverda samkuTxedis saxe, ris gamoc profilis kuTxe =600. radialuri
RreCos arsebobis gamo aseTi xraxnkuTxvilebi arahermetulia. ganasxvaveben did
da mcirebijian kuTxvilebs. Samagr xraxnebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba didbijiani
kuTxvilebi.

duimuri kuTxvili _ profils aqvs tolferda samkuTxedis forma da profilis

kuTxe =550. diametri izomeba duimobiT (1”=25,4 mm).

samile kuTxvili _ wvrili duimuri kuTxvili momrgvalebuli TavebiT da

RrmulebiT, radialuri RreCos gareSe, amis gamo iZleva hermetul SeerTebas.
trapecoiduli xraxnkuTxvili _ gamoiyeneba gadacemebisTvis “xraxni-qanCi”.
profilSi _ tolferda trapecia, profilis kuTxe =300.

samkuTxa

sworkuTxa

trapeceidaluri

trapeceiduli misabjeni

wriuli

sayrdeni xraxnkuTxvili, anu xerxis kbilebis magvari _ ara tolferda trapecia,

profilis kuTxe =270. aqvs maRali mqk trapecoidulTan SedarebiT. Gamoiyeneba
gadacemaSi “xraxni-qanCi” maRali RerZuli datvirTvebis gadasacemad.

marTkuTxa xraxnkuTxvili _ aseTi kuTxvilis profili kvadratia =00. misi mqk

yvela xraxnkuTxvilis mqk-ze maRalia, Tumca iSviaTad gamoiyenebba mcired
datvirTul “xraxni-qanCi” gadacemebSi.

wriuli xraxnkuTxvili. Pprofilis kuTxe =300.

 Tu xraxnkuTxviliT SeuRlebul detalebze moqmedebs RerZuli Zala Fa,
maSin xraxnkuTxvilis xviebi muSaobs Wraze, Telvasa da Runvaze.

xraxnkuTxviluri SeuRlebidan Semosawvdom detals angariSoben Wrisa da Telvis

Fa
simtkiceze:  Wr   [ Wr ] ;
 d1 z K pt

4 Fa
 Tel   [ Tel ] ,
 (d  d12 ) z
2

sadac z aris datvirTuli xraxnkuTxvilebis xviaTa ricxvi;

K _ xraxnkuTxvilis sisrulis koeficientia. K=0,75 WanWikebis,

xraxnebisa da sarWebisTvis; metruli kuTxvilebisTvis K=0,88;

trapecoidaluri xraxnkuTxvilebisTvis K=0,65;

pt _ x/k-is bijia.

TviTdamuxruWebis piroba da xraxnuli wyvilis mqk

marTkuTxaprofiliani xraxnkuTxvilis wyvilSi moqmedi Zalebis Tanafardoba:

xraxnis erTi xvia gacasworoT d2 saSualo diametrze. miviRebT daxril sibrtyes

romlis  kuTxiT daxra _ xraxnuli xazis awevis kuTxis tolia. qanCi

SevcvaloT cociaTi.

F Zala _ Ft wriuli Zalis da Fa

Zalis tolqmedi n normalis mi-
marT daxrilia  xaxunis kuTxiT.

 naxazidan cxadia

Ft=Fa tg( + ),


 sadac  xraxnkuTxvilis awevis
kuTxea.

Ft wriuli Zala qanCs abrunebs xraxnze misi daxraxvnis dros.

qanCis daxraxnis dros xraxnkuTxvilSi aRZruli mgrexi momenti tolia

 Ft d 2 Fa d 2 tg (   )
T   ;
2 2

cocias qvemoT gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi F1 Zala – sibrtyisa da cocias

urTierTqmedebisas

Ft1  Fa tg (    ) .

roca Ft1  0 , maSin tg( -)> 0 da xraxnkuTxvili iqneba TviTmuxruWi.

e.i. TviTdamuxruWebis piroba yofila  < .

b) samkuTxa da trapecoiduli profilis xraxnkuTxvili.

marTkuTxaprofilian xraxnSi Fxax=f Fa

samkuTxa da trapecoidalur xr/k-

Fa
1
Fxax  f Fn  f  f 1 Fa ,

cos
2

sadac  _ xr/k-is profilis kuTxea;

f1 _ xaxunis dayvanili koeficientia.

f1
f e.i. f1 f

cos
2
e.i samkuTxa da trapecoidalur xr/k-Si xaxuni metia, vidre marTkuTxa xr/k-Si.
wriuli Zala samkuTxa xr/k-Si

Ft  Fa tg (   1 ) .

d 2 Fa tg (   1 )
mgrexi momenti T .
2
TviTdamuxruWebis pirobaa  <1 .
marTkuTxa xraxnkuTxviliani xraxnuli wyvilis margi qmedebis koeficienti (mqk)
1 1
W W  F  d2  F tg (   ) 
  w.Z. ;   amZ   t   a 
Fa  d 2tg  Fa tg 
e.i.
WamZ  Ww.Z. 
tg
 .
tg (   )
 WanWikebis, xraxnebis gaangariSeba statikur datvirTvaze

manqanaTa nawilebis SeerTeba SesaZlebelia rogorc erTeuli, aseve

WanWikebis jgufiT. orive SemTxvevaSi SeerTeba SeiZleba iyos dauZabavi da
daZabuli. SeerTeba dauZabavia, Tu igi datvirTulia mxolod gamWimi, mkumSavi an
gadamWreli ZalebiT. Tu WanWikis Rero ganicdis grexasac, maSin SeerTeba
daZabulia.

WanWikis, xraxnis da sarWis nominaluri diametri ganisazRvreba Reros

simtkiceze gaangariSebiT.

a) erTeuli WanWikebiT SeerTebis gaangariSeba

I SemTxveva: WanWiki datvirTulia statikuri RerZuli gamWimi F ZaliT

(SeerTeba dauZabavia). WanWikis yvelaze metad Sesustebuli ganivkveTi
Seesabameba WanWikis d1 Siga diametrs. gaWimvaze simtkiicis pirobas aqvs saxe

4F
F  Wm   [ Wm ] .
 d12

statikurad datvirTuli WanWikebisTvis

 den
[ Wm ]  ,
[S ]

[S] _ simtkicis maragis dasaSvebi koef-tia. [S]=2…5.

den _ WanWikis masalis denadobis zRvaria.

WanWikis Siga diametri gamoiTvleba formuliT

4F F
d1  an d1  1,13 .
 [ Wm ] [ Wm ]

Sesabamisad, standartidan SevirCevT Siga diametriT nominalur dimetrs d.

WanWikis Wraze dasaSvebi Zabva rekomendebulia

[Wr]=(0,2…0,3) den.

Telvaze dasaSvebi Zabva [Tel] = 0,8 den.

 [Tel] = (0,4…0,5) den. _ Tujis detalebis WanWikebiT
SeerTebis denadobis zRvaria.
Tu WanWikis diametri winaswaraa SerCeuli, misi simtkice unda Semowmdes
4F
formuliT:  Wm   [ Wm ]
 d12

II SemTxveva: WanWiki datvirTulia statikuri RerZuli gamWimi F Zala da mgrexi

momenti (SeerTeba daZabulia).

WanWikebis saproeqto gaangariSeba rekomendebulia formuliT

4 (1,25...1,35) F F
d1  an d1  1,3 .
 [ Wm ] [ Wm ]

III SemTxveva: WanWikze moqmedebs misi RerZis marTobuli F Zala.

Aam dros ganixileba ori SemTxveva: a) WanWiki RreCos gareSea Casmuli;

b) WanWiki Casmulia RreCoTi.

a) roca WanWiki RreCos gareSea Casmuli, igi iangariSeba Wraze simtkicis
pirobidan. WanWikis simtkicis pirobaa
F 4F
 Wr    [ Wr ] .
S  d 02
d0 _ saxifaTo kveTSi WanWikis Reros diametria

4F F
d0  an d 0  1,13 .
 [ Wr ] [ Wr ]

b) roca WanWiki SeerTebaSi Casmulia RreCoTi

F
Fxax  f FmoW  F  FmoW  .
f
f _ xaxunis koeficientia.

F
d1  1,4 .
f [ gaW ]
 b. jgufuri WanWikebiT SeerTebis gaangariSeba

I SemTxveva: WanWikebis jgufi datvirTulia SeerTebis RerZis marTobuli ZaliT.

aseTi SeerTebis magaliTia gorvis sakisris saxuravis mimagreba korpusze.

TiToeul WanWikze moqmedi F Zalis sididis gasagebad, jer unda ganisazRvros D
diametris saxuravze moqmedi jamuri datvirTva

 D12 p
F1  ,
4

sadac p aris wneva, mpa.

Tu WanWikebis damagrebis wrexazis diametri

D2 cnobilia da agreTve biji t, maSin
saxuravis damamagrebeli WanWikebis raodenoba
D1
 D2
z iqneba z
D2 t

F1
maSin erT WanWikze moqmedi Zala iqneba F , xolo WanWikebis diametri
z

Fsaang
d1  1,13 .
[ gaW ]

II SemTxveva. WanWikebis jgufi datvirTulia mgrexi momentiT.

Tu sibrtye wriulia da WanWikebi RreCoTia Casmuli, daculi unda iyos piroba

T  Txax
1
 f z FmoW
D  D 
3 3

3D  D 
2 1
2 2
2 1

FmoW 

3T D22  D12

 3T
D0 
D1  D2
qanCis moWeris Zala

fz D2  D1
3 3
z f D0
;
2
.

roca WanWikebi zustadaa morgebuli naxvretze, maSinWanWikis d0 diametri

2T
iangariSeba Wraze simtkicis pirobidan. wriuli Zala Ft  .
D0 z

2T
Sedegi mowmdeba Telvaze  Tel   [ Tel ] .
d K
 satvirTo xraxnebis (gadacema “xraxni-qanCi”) gaangariSeba

xraxnuli kinematikuri wyvilis “xraxni-qanCi” daniSnulebaa brunviTi

moZraobis gardaqmna winsvliT-ukusvliT moZraobad, zogjer ZalaSi mogeba.
Aam gadacemis dadebiTi mxareebia: gadacemis simartive da siiafe, uxmauro
da mdore muSaoba, gadaadgilebis gadacemis sizuste, TviTdamuxruWebis unari.
uaryofiTi mxarea _ dabali mqk.
konstruqciulad: trapecoiduli profilis xraxnkuTxvili moZraobs
brinjaosgan დამზადებული მილტუჩურ ქანჩში, რომელიც ჩამაგრებულია სადგარში.
xraxnis Tavze damagrebulia TefSi. xraxnis brunva xorcieldeba saxeluriT.
xraxnis masalad gamoiyeneba maRali cveTamedegobis da kargad damuSavebuli
masalebi: foladi 45; foladi 50; foladi 65Г, 40Х, 40ХГ da sxva.
qanCi _ xaxunis Semcirebis mizniT mzaddeba brinjaosgan, SeiZleba Tujic. tvirTis
wonis gavleniT xraxni ikumSebba, saxeluris triialiT ki – igrixeba. Xraxnuli
wyvilis xraxnkuTxvilis cveTamedegobis kriteriumad miiReba urTierTdawolis q
Zala, romlis sidide ar unda aRematebodes dasaSvebs [q]. (damokidebulia
masalaze).
“xraxni- qanCis” gadacemis ricxvi tolia ( u=Ssax/Sxr)
 Dsax
u
Ph

Dsax _ saxeluris brunvis wrexazis

diametric;

Ssax _ saxeluris svla;

Ph=np _ xraxnis svla.

Faxr  Fsax
t
u ;

Faxr
saidanac gadacemis ricxvi u t
Fsax

tg
mqk _ tvirTis awevisas  ;
tg (   )

tg (   )
tvirTis CamoSvebisas mqk   .
tg

 _ xaxunis kuTxe;  _ xraxnuli xazis asvlis kuTxe.

xraxnze moqmedi mgrexi momenti

d saS
T  Fa tg (   ) .
2

xraxnis TviTdamuxruWebis pirobaa  < .

xraxnis kuTxvilis Siga diametric, roca igi ganicdis kumSvas

4  1,25 F
d1  ;
 [ kum ]

Fa RerZuli Zala; [kum] _ kumSvaze dasaSvebi Zabvaa, mpa;

 den
[ gaW ]  [ kum ]  [ n]  3 .
[ n]

roca cnobilia xraxnis zomebi, misi xviebi mowmdeba kuTr wnevaze

Fa
q  [q] ;
 d 2 h zqanC

[q]= 10…13 mpa _ nawrTobi foladi _ brinjao;

[q]= 8…10 mpa _ aranawrTobi foladi _ brinjao;

[q]= 5…6 mpa _ aranawrTobi foladi _ Tujze.

d2 kuTxvilis saSualo diametria.

h _ kuTxvilis muSa simaRle; zqanC _ xviaTa ricxvi qanCis H simaRle.

z=H/p ; p _ kuTxvilis biji;

qanCis simaRle H=Kd2. K=1,2…2,5 - mTliani qanCebisTvis.

kvadratuli profilis xraxnkuTxvilisTvis zomebi aseTia:

 D 2  d 2 [ gaW ]
qanCis gaWimvaze simtkicis pirobaa Fa  ;
4
Fa
xraxnkuTxvilis saSualo diametri d2  .
  H p [q]

 p _ profilis muSa simaRlis koef-ia. trapeciuli kuTxvilisTvis  p =0,5;

 H  1,2...2,5 _ qanCis simaRlis koeficientia.

 sogmanuri SeerTeba

sogmanis daniSnulebaa mgrexi momentis gadacema lilvidan detalis morgvze

an piriqiT. sogmanuri SeerTebis dadebiTi mxareebia: konstruqciis simartive da
saimedooba, dabali Rirebuleba da daSla-awyobis moxerxebuloba. uaryofiTia:
lilvisa da masze wamogebuli morgvis Sesusteba sasogmane Raris gamo.

Pprizmuli sogmani segmenturi sogmani solisebri sogmani

sogmanuri SeerTeba SeiZleba iyos dauZabavi da daZabuli. dauZabavi sogmanuri

SeerTebis dros iyeneben prizmul da segmentur sogmanebs, daZabuli SeerTebis ki
– solisebur sogmanebs (ix. nax).

daniSnulebis mixedviT prizmuli sogmanebi SeiZleba iyos: 1) Cveulebrivi;

2) mimmarTveli (roca saWiroa detalis gadaadgileba lilvis geometriuli RerZis
gaswvriv); 3) mosriale (romlebsac SeuZliaT morgvTan erTad did manZilze RerZis
gaswvriv gaadgileba).

mimmarTveli sogmanebi lilvze magrdeba xraxniT. segmenturi sogmanebi lilvSi

moiTxovs Rrma sasogmane Raris amoRebas, rac amcirebs lilvis simtkices, amitom
manqanaTmSeneblobaSi meti gavrceleba hpova Cveulebrivma prizmulma sogmanebma.

sogmanebi mzaddeba naxSirbadovani foladebisgan, romelTa simtkicis zRvari

aranakleb 600 mpa-ia.
 sogmanebis da sogmanuri SeerTebis zomebi aiReba standartidan lilvis dl
diametris mixedviT, xolo sogmanis sigrZe l _ morgvis sigrZis mixedviT:

l=(1,2…2)d-(5…10) mm.

SerCeuli sogmani saWiroebs simtkiceze Semowmebas.

sogmanis amoSverili nawilis wveroze moqmedi datvirTva F0 gamoiTvleba

gadasacemi mgrexi momentis T mixedviT

F0=2T/d

T mgrexi momenti Tu cnobili ar aris, gamoviTvliT formuliT

T=0,2 d3[Wr ].

Tu cnobilia gadasacemi simZlavre da lilvis brunTa ricxvi, maSin

N
T  9740
n

სოგმანური შეერთების Semowmeba წარმოებს sogmanis amoSverili nawilis Telvaze

F0 F0
 Tel    [ Tel ] ; K=0,46h
K  0,46h

ზოგჯერ სოგმანის ლილვიდან

ამოშვერილ ნაწილს ამოწმებენ ჭრაზეც

2T 2T
 Wr   [ Wr ] . da Telvazec  Tel   [ Tel ] .
d b d K
 Rarobuli SeerTeba

Rarobuli (Slicuri) SeerTeba iqmneba lilvis zedapirze garkveuli kbilebis

moWriT, romlebic Sedian lilvze wamosacmeli detalis morgvSi amoRebul
Sesabamis RarebSi. Rarobuli SeerTebis dadebiTi mxareebia: 1) sogmanur Seer-
TebasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT didi mgrexi momentebis gadacemis SesaZlebloba;
2) lilvis didi simtkice; 3) lilvze morgvis dacentrebis meti sizuste.

Kbilebis profilis mixedviT ganasxvaveben: 1. Sworgverda; 2. Evolventur da 3.

samkuTxa profilis Rarobul SeerTebas.

Rarobuli SeerTebis zomebi standartizebulia. sworgverda Rarobul SeerTebaSi

morgvis dacentreba lilvze SeiZleba Sesruldes gare diametrze D, Siga
diamtrze d da kbilis b gverdiT zedapirze. teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT
upiratesoba eniWeba gare D diametrze dacentrebas.

Eevolventur Rarobul SeerTebaSi dacentreba warmoebs: 1. kbilis b sisqeze;

2. gare D diametrze. meti gavrceleba hpova kbilis b sisqezedacentrebam.

samkuTxaprofilian Rarobul SeerTebas iyeneben mcire sididis mgrexi momentebis

gadasacemad Txelkedlian uZrav SeerTebebSi. dacentreba warmoebs mxolod
kbilis gverdiT zedapirze.

Rarobuli SeerTeba imyofeba Telvis Zabvebis gavlenis qveS, ris gamoc maTi
Semowmeba warmoebs Telvaze simtkicis pirobidan

2T
 Tel   [ Tel ] ;
dsaS z h 

 =0,7…0,8 koeficienti iTvaliswinebs kbilebs Soris datvirTvis ganawilebis

uTanabrobas. z – kbilTa ricxvi; h – kbilis simaRle; l _ kbilis sigrZe.
 wkirebiT SeerTeba
wkirebiT SeerTeba gamoiyeneba rogorc dasayenebeli, SemaerTebeli an damcveli
saSualeba. Wkiri aris cilindruli, konusuri an fasonuri formis foladis
Rero, romelTac TavianT budeSi svamen CaquCis CartymiT an CawnexviT. Wkirebi
mzaddeba fl.5, foladi 35, 40 da 45 markisgan.

wkirebi standartizebulia diametrisa da sigrZis mixedviT.

dasayenebel wkirs iReben konstruqciuli mosazrebiT, xolo samagri wkiris

SerCeva wamoebs Wraze simtkicis pirobidan gamomdinare

Ft 4Ft
 Wr    [ Wr ]
Swk  dwk
2
z

saidanac wkiris diametri

Ft
dwk  1,13 .
z [ Wr ]

cilindruli wkiri SeiZleba muSaobdes,

rogorc sogmani, aseT SemTxvevaSi igi mowmdeba rogorc Wraze, aseve Telvaze

Ft 2 Ft
 Tel    [ Tel ] ,
Swk l dwk

sadac wkirze moqmedi wriuli Zala

2T
Ft 
d