Seminar Report

On
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
IN
POWER STATION

Submitted by

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
 ABSTRACT
Recently, due to concerns about the liberalization of electricity supply,
deregulation, and global impact on the environment, securing a reliable power
supply has become an important social need worldwide. To ensure this need is
fulfilled, detailed investigations and developments are in progress on power
distribution systems and the monitoring of apparatus. These are on (1) “digital
technology” based on the application of semiconductor high-speed elements, (2)
intelligent substations applying IT (information technology), and (3) system
configurations aimed at high-speed communication. Incorporated in these are
demands for the future intelligent control of substations, protection, monitoring,
and communication systems that have advantages in terms of high performance,
functional distribution, information-sharing and integrated power distribution
management. Today’s conventional apparatus also requires streamlining of
functions, improvements in sensor technology, and standardized interfaces. By
promoting these developments, the following savings for the whole system can
be expected: (1) reduced costs in remote surveillance in the field of apparatus
monitoring, operation, and maintenance, (2) reduced maintenance costs based on
the integrated management of equipment, and (3) reduced costs due to space
saving as a result of miniaturizing equipment.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………

…………………… 6

2. SUBSTATION…………………………………………………

………………………. 7

2.1. TRANSMISSION

SUBSTATION…………………………………………… 8

2.2. DISTRIBUTION

SUBSTATION……………………………………………. 8

3. INTELLIGENT

SUBSTATION……………………………………………….

10

3.1. CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENT

SUBSTATIONS…………………… 10

3.2. APPARATUS MONITORING

SYSTEM……………………………….. 10

3.3. POWER SYSTEM

CONTROLS……………………………………………. 12
4. DEVICES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE

TO AN INTELLIGENT

SUBSTATION………………………….… 14

4.1. SWITCHGEAR AND

TRANSFORMER……………………………..… 14

4.2. PROTECTION AND

CONTROL………………………………………... 15
5. LATEST PROTECTION AND CONTROL

SYSTEM……………..… 16

5.1. UNIFIED PROTECTION AND CONTROL

UNIT……………….. 17
5.2. REMOTE CONTROL FUNCTIONS
BY WEB
CORRESPONDENCE………………………………………….. 19
5.3. CONNECTION BETWEEN PROTECTION/
CONTROL EQUIPMENT AND
APPARATUS……………………. 21
6. TASK FORCE SCOPE AND GENERAL
GUIDELINES…………… 24
6.1. TASK FORCE REPORT
OUTLINE……………………………………... 26
6.2. SUMMARY OF PANEL
PRESENTATIONS……………………….. 29
7. CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………

……………………. 31

8. REFERENCE……………………………………………………

……………………. 32

1. INTRODUCTION

The upgradation of our 500-kV trunk transmission system has almost been
completed, and the electricity system has been considerably improved. Yet, cost
reductions are required to cope with the entry of IPP (Independent Power
Producer) and the introduction of power source distributors caused by the
deregulation of electric utilities. To achieve this, each electricity supply company
is decreasing expenditure by efficiently using equipment, improving operations,
and effectively controlling plant-and-equipment investment. In addition, power
systems will become more complex, requiring operation in an uncertain and less
structured environment. Consequently, secure and economic operation of power
systems requires improved and innovative methods of control. The power
distribution system also requires reductions in initial investments, such as the unit
price of apparatus and miniaturization, and reduced costs for the whole life cycle,
including the operation/maintenance costs of the substation system. The
construction of a new power distribution system has been considered to meet
these requirements. It will adopt “digital technology” and “IT-related
technology,” which has made rapid advances in recent years.

This system aims at minimizing the total cost, not only reducing of the
unit price but also the cost of installation, construction, operation, and
maintenance. This article discusses the construction of intelligent substations in
the power distribution system, as well as protection/control-unified equipment as
examples of the new technology.

2. SUBSTATION

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and

distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Electric power may
flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and its
voltage may change in several steps.
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while
decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage
while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution. The word
substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. The
first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators
were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment,

and transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any
short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller
distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of
distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators,
although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as
capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.

Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or

located in special-purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor
substations. Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the
noise from the transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear
from extreme climate or pollution conditions.
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded
(UK: earthed) to protect people from high voltages that may occur during a fault

in the network. Earth faults at a substation can cause a ground potential rise.
Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a fault can cause metal objects to
have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a person's feet; this
touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution.

2.1. TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The
simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such
cases, the substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be
connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station
may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage
control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAr
compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control
power flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission substations can
range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be little more
than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can
cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many
circuit breakers and a large amount of protection and control equipment (voltage
and current transformers, relays and SCADA systems). Modern substations may
be implemented using International Standards such as IEC61850.

2.2. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to
the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect
electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use large
amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a value suitable
for local distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission
or subtransmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever

is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages

are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 and 33 kV depending on the size of
the area served and the practices of the local utility.
The feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases)
and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises.
In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate
faults in either the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations
are typically the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution
circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may also be
installed along the line.
The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution
substations, with high-voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on
the low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one
transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side.

3. INTELLIGENT SUBSTATION

3.1. CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENT

SUBSTATIONS
In conventional substations, substation apparatus, such as switchgear and
transformer, control, protection and monitoring equipment is independent of
every other device, and connection is based on the signals coming through the
cable. On the other hand, an intelligent substation shares all information on
apparatus, control, protection, measurement and apparatus monitoring equipment
through one bus by applying both “digital technology” and “IT-related
technology.”

Moreover, high efficiency and miniaturization can be achieved because

the local cubicle contains unified control/protection and measurement equipment
that is one integrated system (see Fig. 1). Since an optical bus shares the
information between the apparatus and equipment, the amount of cable is sharply
reduced. Moreover, as international standards (IEC 61850 and 61375 etc.) are
adopted and the system conforms to the telecommunications standard, equipment
specifications can be standardized for different vendors.

3.2. APPARATUS MONITORING SYSTEM

All the data from each monitoring and measuring device is transmitted and
used for a higher-level monitoring system via an optical bus. The required data is
accessed through the Intranet or the Internet at the maintenance site of an
electricity supply company or a manufacturer and the apparatus can be monitored
from a remote location. The construction, analysis and diagnosis of the database
including trend management and history management also become possible. As a
result, signs of abnormalities can be checked out well in advance, and prompt
action can be taken in times of emergency.

Maintenance plans can also be drafted to ensure reliability, by inspecting

revision description and parts management, efficient maintenance planning and
reliability maintenance are also realized simultaneously.
 Fig. 1—Intelligent Substation System Configuration (Image). The whole
substation system is combined by optical LAN, and apparatus composition is
simplified.

3.3. POWER SYSTEM CONTROLS

 Power system controls can be broadly classified into two categories: local
and area (regional/system-wide). The boundary between these two categories is
not precise as area controls are often implemented by optimally adjusting local
control parameters and set points. Area controls main characteristic is the need to
process information gathered at various points of the network and to model the
behavior of large parts of the power system. This type of control is usually not
limited to the automatic feedback type but often includes strategies based on
empirical knowledge and human intervention. Local control, on the other hand, is
typically implemented using conventional automatic control rules, such as, PID
control, which are believed to offer adequate performance in most applications.
Still, this is not to discount the usefulness of new intelligent methodologies, such
as, fuzzy logic controllers, for local controls.

For convenience, power system higher level controls are classified here as:

 Generation scheduling and automatic control: includes unit commitment,

economic dispatch, and automatic generation control; in the past, well
established control methods were used but this situation has been changing to
deal with the new scenario created by the power industry restructuring;
 Voltage control: is mostly of the local type but some systems have already
gone to a higher coordinated secondary control to allow a more effective use
of reactive power sources and increase stability margins;
 Preventive security control: has the objective to detect insecure operating
points and to suggest corrective actions; the grand challenges in this area are
on-line Dynamic and Voltage Security Assessment (DSA and VSA);
 Emergency control: manages the problem of controlling the system after a
large disturbance; it is an event driven type of control and includes special
protection schemes;

 Restorative control: its main function is to re-energize the system after a

major disturbance followed by a partial or total blackout.
 Intelligent system techniques may be of great help in the implementation
of area power system controls. Most of these applications require large quantities
of system information, which can be provided by modern telecommunications
and computing technology, but require new processing techniques able to extract
salient information from these large sets of raw data. Importantly, such large data
sets are never error free and often contain various types of uncertainty. Finally,
control actions may be based on operating strategies specified in qualitative form,
which need to be translated into quantitative decisions.

An important aspect to be considered in the implementation of power

systems controls is that, in the restructured power system environment, several of
these activities will fall under the category of ancillary services. Therefore,
besides the technical issues, economic and financial infrastructure should be
taken into account in the design and implementation of control schemes.
Information regarding the state-of-the-art in the application of intelligent systems
to power system problems can be found on the bibliography listed in section VII.
 4. DEVICES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO
AN INTELLIGENT SUBSTATION

4.1. SWITCHGEAR AND TRANSFORMER

The burden can be drastically decreased because the sensor signal from
the PCT is digitized at the sensor output edge and the load on the PCT only
reaches that of an A-D (analog-to-digital) converter. Rogowski coils are used as
the current sensors and capacitive potential dividers are used as the voltage
sensors. These sensors drastically reduce the size of the switchgear (see Fig. 2).

Fig. 2—Gas Combined Switchgear Miniaturization by Digital Correspondence

Sensor. 550-kV GCS (gas combined switchgear) is shown as an example.
GCB: gas circuit breaker
CT: current transformer
PT: potential transformer
 Present studies on miniaturizing conventional equipment have so far been
aimed at standardizing series. Advanced miniaturization will be attempted by
digitizing this system, corresponding to its need.

4.2. PROTECTION AND CONTROL

Intelligent substations require protection and control equipment to be
installed outdoors and this needs to be compact so that the local cubicle is able to
contain them. Outdoor installation requires improvements in insulation against
heat and airtightness besides parts reliability. Compact protection and control
equipment will generate demand for unified fabrication of protection/control and
high-density components. The current protection/control system that uses
compact equipment is described below.
 5. LATEST PROTECTION AND CONTROL
SYSTEM

Trends in Protection and Control Systems :

Due to the rapid progress in today’s information field, applying digital
technology and adding IT function to the protection/control system are possible,
to support stable power supply, and improve maintenance. In Japanese
protection/control systems, digitization has made advances since the last half of
the 1980s. Digital technology has unique advantages, namely minimizing
maintenance and improving reliability, and it has speeded up the conversion from
individual analog-type to digital-type relays.

Now, however, digitization is not only required for independent single-

function equipment, but for the “systematic operation and employment” of the
whole substation. Such systems have greatly improved efficiency in employment
and maintenance using IT. The key phrases to fulfill these needs are as follows:
(1) Slimming of total system as a protection control equipment
→ Unification of equipment
(2) High efficiency of employment/maintenance support using IT
technology
→ Extended employment/maintenance by remote control
(3) System directly linked to the equipment for protection/control
→ Distributed installation near the apparatus
Thus, there has been a need for constructing a high efficiency system
through system-wide miniaturization and integration of IT.
 5.1. UNIFIED PROTECTION AND CONTROL
UNIT
The protection and control units of the substation are designed and
allocated with respect to individual functions and uses.
Units are made according to their respective protection and control object.
A cable or an exclusive-use LAN transfers the information between the
protection/control equipment (see Fig. 3).

Fig. 3—Example of Combination of Optical LAN Application and

Protection/Control Equipment, and Problems of Large-scale System.
The present substation system consists of exclusive use of LAN (local-area
network) for every information unit.

In detail, the information from the protective unit is transmitted to DAU

(data acquisition unit) by optical transmission, and is then forwarded to the
control room terminal, which has superior control. Such method is generally and
commonly used.
 This system’s digital equipment, protection, control, and information
object equipment have a common basis. Therefore, combining the control/
protection equipment of every circuit unit can slim the total system.
This equipment is compact, and configures the protection and the control
units in one cubicle. Thus, hardware is reduced and there are considerable
savings in power consumption.

The functions of the operation unit, which is the central component of the
equipment, can be improved and shared, reducing the number of sections. As the
dimensions of the whole unit are reduced by 50%, both the protection and control
units can be configured into a single unit. The characteristics of this single unit
are discussed below:
(1) Operation unit
The protection and control units need to be separated in the operation unit,
which is equivalent to the center of the unit.
Therefore, the CPU (central processing unit) was separate and the use of a
high-performance 32-bit RISC (reduced instruction set computer) processor
enabled us to reduce the total number of boards to 70%.

(2) Input Transducer

The input transducer, providing input current and voltage to the system,
was until now, individually mounted away from the operation unit. However
adopting a toroidal coil reduced the space by half, but doubled the number of
mountings. The input section was improved to the extent that it is only a card
mounted in the operation unit.

(3) Power unit

 The power unit supplies power to the operation unit. As the number of
CPU boards applied to the operation unit has been reduced and the application
circuit for the protection/control unit has been standardized, the power supply
capacity is halved as is the mounting space. Consequently, the power unit has
become so compact that it can be mounted in the operation unit.

(4) Interface
By mounting the Ethernet* LAN port in the operation unit, it can now
respond to a flexible network configuration. Ethernet LAN is based on the TCP
(transmission control protocol)/IP (Internet protocol), which is a general-purpose
standard network interface. This is a high performance all-in-one operation unit.
We slimmed down the system by mounting the protection and control equipment,
which until now had been independent, into a single 350-mm width panel (see
Fig. 4). The advantages of this equipment are as follows:
(a) Perfect isolation between protection and control unit from input to
output
(b) Large reduction in installation space (Half the conventional space)
(c) Direct coupling between protection and control unit by an isolated
interface

5.2. REMOTE CONTROL FUNCTIONS BY

WEB CORRESPONDENCE
The amount of operation and maintenance needs to be reduced and
detailed information in real time is required on the digital protection and control
unit, during disturbances, or when the operations manager is notified of changes
in the status of local equipment to ensure system stability. Also, there have been
demands for remote operation, and manned-control-station operation to remote
unmanned substations. A conventional digital panel saves and analyzes system
information (the current/voltage data) when faults occur, and the CPU has highly
automated observation functions.
 However, our system collects the voltage and current data that is saved
inside the panel, in the remote maintenance section, and the results of automatic
observation are analyzed and applied immediately. The system has an interface,
which directly acquires the data via the network from the protection and control
units in the substation.
It is normally situated in the processing unit and the various kinds of
information and operations supplied from the remote end, enable us to view
progress in the network (see Fig. 5).

Fig. 4: Compact Type Operation Unit and Single Protection/ Control Equipment.

The protection and control part are separated by independent structure,

and CPU, input transducer and power supply unit are mounted in equipment. A
protection unit is shown in the right of this figure.
The interface characteristics are as follows:
(1) The TCP/IP which is widely used as the standard network interface has
been adopted, improving operability enabling easy access to exclusively
used networks. By using an ordinary browser, most personal computers
can access the network easily.
(2) The server is in the panel, and individual and detailed information is
disclosed to the operator as web-site information. Also, the information is
accessible by many clients at the same time via an exclusive-use network,
and the data is the same even when faults occur.
(3) By using an ordinary browser, connection using a general public circuit is
possible without limiting the communication medium or use of the
exclusive network.

The cost of the communication and network equipment is reduced, and as

the system is highly efficient, it further reduces costs.

5.3. CONNECTION BETWEEN

PROTECTION/CONTROL EQUIPMENT
AND APPARATUS
In this system, the substation and the maintenance site are connected with
the exclusive-use network in random time. The system can be constructed with
shared and same-time data. Furthermore, the control and protection units are
dispersed on the outside of the cubicle, with the units and the equipment
communicating directly to one another. As a result, a large-scale substation
system can be constructed at low a cost (see Fig. 6).
The system has the following advantages because the protection and
control units are placed near the equipment:
(1) Reduced mounting space for the protection and control units
 (2) Reduced construction costs by shortening the cable route from the
equipment to the units, and the construction period
(3) Higher reliability of information because the e information from the
equipment is directly transmitted to the network.

Fig. 5— The Example of Construction of a Network and Simultaneous

Employment of Data.
By mounting general-purpose network interfaces as standard, it is possible
to carry out operation and check the data simultaneously with the equipment of
the other site by the ordinary browser. From now on, the system configuration
increasing operation efficiency is also expected.

Increased reliability is expected, as a higher class network is multiplexed

with one for waiting and the f other for regular use. Here, the regular diagnosis
for t each unit is possible, by establishing an exclusive-use a server in both the
maintenance site and the substation.
Utilizing the system for future diagnoses is possible.

Fig. 6—Direct Combination of Apparatus, and an Example of Network

Application.
Intensive management of equipment and protection/control information is
attained by arranging cubicle type protection/ control equipment near the
apparatus, and carrying out network combination of this equipment.
 6. TASK FORCE SCOPE AND GENERAL
GUIDELINES
The established scope for TF 38.02.20 is as follows :

 To review the current implementation of power system controls, including the

role of human operators;
 To review changes in the operation and control requirements of future power
systems and identify the limitations of existing methods of control in meeting
these requirements;
 To review advances in intelligent system techniques and identify how they
may be applied to meet the expanded control requirements of future power
systems by complementing conventional controls and replacing some of the
functions performed by human operators;
 To develop guidelines for implementation of advanced controls using
intelligent systems to assist in the secure and economic operation of power
systems in the new electric utility environment.

In order to narrow the broad range of topics that may be included under
the topics in the TF scope, some general guidelines were established with the
intention of helping the TF members on focusing their work on aspects of the
problem considered more relevant. These guidelines are:

 Emphasis will be on operator decision aids as opposed to feedback control

methods or design. Operators are seen by many to have taken a great amount
of new responsibilities in the deregulated environment without appropriate
advances in decision aids and so there is a clear need of improvement in
operator tools.
 Further, there is less consensus surrounding the use of intelligent closed loop
control in reliability critical systems, such as the power system, although
intelligent controls are generally accepted as useful in consumer product
applications.

 All intelligent system methods will be considered, which includes as a

minimum symbolic processing (e.g., rule-based systems, logic programming,
model-based reasoning), computational approaches (e.g., fuzzy sets, artificial
neural nets), evolutionary programming, and genetic algorithms. The lines of
separation among the various categories of intelligent approaches have
blurred in recent years. In addition, these methodologies are more easily
linked in the types of complex problems to which they are applied and thus
for completeness in the applications, all methods should be considered.

 Consideration should be given to fundamental understanding of operator

needs and operational requirements, including interpretation of output and
presentation of analysis. There has been some concern that operator needs
have not been given the proper emphasis in prototype control center
applications, which has limited the usefulness of the developed tools. There
may be a need to initiate a survey of operator needs and experience.

 Intelligent systems as an assistant for training operators should be included in

the report. This may also be the natural link for including operator experience
in developed systems. Training is seen by many as one of the most useful and
important applications of intelligent system techniques.

 Management of uncertainties should be carefully considered, including

probabilistic techniques and risk analysis. There appears to be greater need
within the control center for understanding of risk and uncertainties that will
arise in a competitive environment. This is particularly true as it relates to
 financial risks. There appears to be some role for intelligent systems in
assisting the operators in the management of risk.

 The scope of the report should be limited to operations with minor

consideration of operational planning but specifically does not include
planning. In the interest of time and focus, the report will serve a better
purpose by avoiding the broader issues that develop under planning.

6.1. TASK FORCE REPORT OUTLINE

The authors believe that an efficient way for the TF to perform its duties is to
agree upon a report outline and to assign writing responsibilities to chapter lead
editors and contributors. Later, the work performed by the members responsible
for each chapter will be reviewed and re-oriented, if necessary, at the TF
meetings. Most of the cooperative writing work is expected to be performed by e-
mail. In the following, a first draft of the report outline is presented to be used as
a starting point for the definition of its final version.

BACKGROUND
Scope of applications :
 Limiting to power system operations
 Power system planning outside scope
Scope considered for intelligent system methods :
 Rule-based methods/Logic programming
 Model-based reasoning
 Artificial neural nets
 Evolutionary programming
 Approximate reasoning (fuzzy sets, certainty factors, etc.)
Sumary of report conclusions
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
Control functions and time frames :
 Open and closed loop
 Time frames of interest
Decision requirements in operations :
 Operator responsibilities
 Centralized vs. decentralized
Limitations of existing tools :
 Response to changing and unforeseen conditions
 Usefulness of infrequently used applications
 Complexity of system prevents possibility of all situations being fully
analyzed
 Inability to improve with experience or easily incorporate experience
Trends in operations :
 State of the art
 Recent computational advancements
 Developments in static and dynamic security methodologies
 Survey (or discussion) of operator needs
 Movement towards real-time controls
Challenges arising from the new utility environment :
 New operator responsibilities
 Increasingly stressed systems
 Possibility of broader fluctuations in system operating conditions arising
from power sales and contracts
 Data limitations; concerns of proprietary data
 Regulatory requirements/restrictions on centralized decisions
 Variations in regulations from region to region
APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT CONTROL METHODS FOR
OPERATIONS

Review of previous CIGRÉ and other historical efforts :

 Preventive/security control: Static and Dynamic
 Emergency controls
 Restoration control
 Operational planning
 System design aids vs. decision aids
State of the art and applicability :
 Review of methods
 Rule-base/logic approaches
 Artificial neural nets
 Approximate reasoning
 Evolutionary programming and genetic algorithms
Limitation of methods :
 Limits of formal performance measures
 Concerns with reliability of adaptive/learning methods
 Computational concerns for faster controls
 Implementation concerns
New application areas identified by report :
 Economic controls – interaction with trading and contracts
 Controls as ancilary services

IMPLEMENTATION
Guidelines/requirements :
 Hardware
 Software
 Control center integration
Operator training/user interface
Evaluation/testing methodologies :
 Logical verification methods
 Simulation approaches
Software maintenance and updates :
 Regular improvements in knowledge base

6.2. SUMMARY OF PANEL PRESENTATIONS

This panel presents five papers. The papers concern topics related to
security assessment, emergency control and control center operations under
deregulation. These provide a sampling of problems appropriate for application
of Intelligent Systems techniques. The papers are summarized in the following:

On-line Dynamic Security Assessment :

This paper describes experiences in developing an efficient and effective
tool for online DSA and points out problems that can be solved with artificial
intelligence. Traditionally, the primary difficulty for on-line dynamic security lay
in the required computational speed. Recently, technological advances have
greatly increased processor power and some former barriers have been removed.
Still, there are areas tasks that cannot be managed effectively on computations
alone but require engineering judgement, experience and analysis. These tasks
may be best addressed by Artificial Intelligence programming techniques.
Using a Neural Network to Predict the Dynamic Frequency Response
of a Power System to an Under-Frequency Load Shedding Scenario :
This paper proposes a method to quickly and accurately predict the dynamic
response of a power system during an underfrequency load-shedding scenario.
Emergency actions in a power system, due to loss of generation, typically, calls
for underfrequency load shedding measures. Due to the slow and repetitious use
of dynamic simulators, the need for a fast and accurate procedure is evident when
calculating optimal loadshedding strategies. A neural network (NN) seems to be
an ideal solution for a quick and accurate way to replace standard dynamic
simulations. The steps taken to produce a viable NN and corresponding results
will be discussed.

Intelligent systems applications to emergency control :

This paper discusses the needs for more effective emergency control
systems and the possibilities of using intelligent systems to reach this goal. The
paper provides also pointers to already published work on using intelligent
systems in this context.

Control Centre Operations and Training under Deregulation A New

Zealand Example :
This paper presents an overview of the control centre operation
environment after deregulation in New Zealand. New Zealand is one of leading
countries that has deregulated the power industry. As a result, the transmission
network operation has become more market driven. The control centre operation
environment has subsequently changed from low cost based to market based
optimization. The roles of the control centre personnel have changed. There is
more focus on risk analysis, real time operational planning and real-time power
system security. A brief review of the changes followed by some valid opinion of
the control centre personnel are also discussed in this paper.
 7. CONCLUSIONS

We described the emerging new technology in the electricity supply

system. With the progress in communication technology and expansion of IT-
related technology, research and development have also been progressing based
on the concept of an intelligent system, not only on units or equipment, but also
the constitution of the system itself. It is entirely conceivable that the needs of
future clients will become even more diversified in this field. We will have to
speed up the development and release of products that have compatibility and are
low in cost, in accordance with the demands of these future clients.
 8. REFERENCE

1. F. Iwatani et al., “Protective Relaying System Technologies Contributed

to Optimum Equipment Configuration in Electric Power Network
Systems,” Protective Relaying System Study Group, Asian Conf. on
Power System Protection (Oct. 2001)
2. www.ieee.org