8.

1 Short Notes: Alloy

8.1.1     Definition:

To understand alloy, we must understand metal. What is pure metal?

Pure metal is only made up of 1 type of metal element. Let say the following is of pure
metal, all of its elements will have the same size and composition.

What will happen if we take a hammer and hit the first layer?
The first layer will move. This atom is arranged in a orderly and neat manner (causing
them to slide over each other when force is exerted upon them). This kind of metal is
unsafe to use in our daily lives such as build building/bridges, as it is simply not strong
enough.

In order to prevent the sliding, scientist use alloy to create important

structures. An alloy is a mix of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition,
with the major component being a metal.

To understand this subject clearly, let’s look at an example.

1) Melt the metal and we will see that it will change form (liquid form).
2) Insert foreign atom into the metal (non metal elements, such as carbon).  Different
foreign atoms with a different form of composition from the original can also be added.

3) Once it is cooled down, it will show a new arrangement. The arrangement will be
together with the pure metal. Refer to image 8.4 for a visualization of the new
arrangement. This is known as alloy.
The difference between pure metal and alloy.
8.2 Short Notes: The Haber Process

8.2.1     Introduction

A process that produces ammonia, which is a type of alkali that changes moist red litmus
paper to blue.Ammonia is colourless and has a pungent smell. Uses of ammonia:
8.2.2      Haber Process

The ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen atoms in ammonia is 1:3.

Nitrogen can be found in the air. There is 78% of nitrogen in liquid air (compressed).

Production of ammonia is a reversible process.

According to scientists, if we use low temperature/increase pressure, we will get more

ammonia. If however the temperature is too low, it will lower the rate of reaction.
If pressure is constant, it will increase cost of production for the factory to adjust the
pressure.

In order to get a high amount of ammonia, the following is the favourable condition:
Catalyst: Increases rate of reaction.