‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﺻﻮ ﻛﺎﻛﺮ  ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‪ %‬ﺿﺎ ﺧﺴﺮ!ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‪ %‬ﺻﺎﻟﺢ (ﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﻧﮋ‬

 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎ
‪1 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ 
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ ‪3 ......................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﻮ
‪5 ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﺷﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‪8 ........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻻﻧﮕﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ‪9 .........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ‪10 ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪11 ...............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ #‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ  ‪14 ..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ‪20 ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻮ‪23 .......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ'ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪25 ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ( ‪ ' UV‬ﻓﺘﻮﺗﺮﭘﻰ ‪33 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪35 ................................................................................................................................................ ECG‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :#$‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ "!ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ ‪41...................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻴﻮژ‪43 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮ'ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪47 ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ( ‪62 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮ ‪69 ............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ ‪74 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :#‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ‪$‬ﻧﺪ‪$‬ﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ ‪79.................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪81 ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ‪82 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺮ'
‪83 ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ ‪85 ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ‪$‬ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‪87 ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ' ‪$‬ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‪93 ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪102 ................................................................................................................Intra Oral Camera‬‬
‫‪103 .............................................................................................................................................. RVG‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ
‪ :#‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ‪105 ...........................................................................................6
$‬‬

‫ﺻﻮ‪ A‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ( ‪$‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ( ' ‪$‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻰ‪107 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪129 ....................................................................................................................................... CT scan‬‬
‫ﭘﺮ'ﺳﺴﻮ‪133 ........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ‪ ($‬ﺑﻪ '‪ M‬ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ‪136 ...................................................................... MRI‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﻮ‪ ' P‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ
ﺳﻨﺞ ‪$‬ﭘﻠﺮ‪149 ...........................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ  ﺑﻴﻤﺎ
ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ ‪161 ...............................................................................‬‬

‫ﭼﺮ‪ Q‬ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ‪163 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫'ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪165 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻣﺘﺮ ‪170 ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ'ﺷﻮ‪173 ..................................................................................................................................... S‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ'ﻛﻮﺗﺮ‪177 ........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮﻳﻨﮓ ‪181 .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ'ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ‪183 ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﻔﻴﻮژ
‪187 ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪$‬ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ‪191 ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪194 .......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻴﺮ'ﻣﺘﺮ ‪198 ........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﺳﺎ< ﺻﺪ( ﻗﻠﺐ ﻧﻮ<‪202 ......................................................................................................... $‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺰ‪207 ...................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ A‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﺗﺮﭘﻰ ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ'ﺗﺮﭘﻰ‪213 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ
ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪$‬ﻣﺎﻧﻰ‪219 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ ‪224 ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪227 ............................................................................................................................................... EEG‬‬
‫‪231 ............................................................................................................................................. EMG‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪235 ............................................................................................................................................ :‬‬
‫ژ* ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪241 .........................................................................................................................................:‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﻼ
‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮ‪ <' M‬ﻓﺰ'
ﻋﻠﻢ ' ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژ‪ X‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ" ‪ $‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ X‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ <ﻧﺪﮔﻲ < ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮ‪ X‬ﻧﻜﺎ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺪ'
'ﺟﻮ‪ $‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ P‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ' <ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ' ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ
ﻣﺪﻳﻮ
'ﺟﻮ‪$ $‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ' ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪P‬‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ' <ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪$‬ﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻜﺎ‪ X‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎ
ﺑﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎ
ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪' P‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪﻳﺶ 'ﺷﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ‪$‬ﻣﺎ
' ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ A‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ < X‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻮ‪ #$‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻮ‪ m‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ P‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ‪< $‬ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ X‬ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﭼﻮ
<ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ‪،X$‬‬
‫‪$‬ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ‪ n‬ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﺒﺨﺸﻲ‪< ،‬ﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ' ‪ ' ...‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ < #$‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‪$ X‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ‪ $‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ ،P‬ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﺮ‪ X‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ‬
‫'ﺟﻮ‪$ $‬ﺷﺘﻦ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ‪ $‬ﻣﻮ‪ $‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪ p‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪ ' $‬ﻓﻊ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ A‬ﻳﻦ ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ‪ $‬ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژ‪ X‬ﻳﻦ ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺪ‪' e‬ﺟﻮ‪ $‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ‪ $‬ﻣﻮ‪ $‬ﻳﻦ ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ  ﺑﺮ 
‪$‬ﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ‪$‬ﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ' ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ P‬ﺧﻮ‪ $  $‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺘﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ '‪ X‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ‪$‬ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ
ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ X‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
‫‪$ ،‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ‪ ، X‬ﻋﻠﻮ‪< e‬ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮ‪ ، n‬ﺗﻜﻨﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ' ‪$‬ﻧﺶ ﻣﻮ<
ﻛﺎ ' ‪$‬ﻧﺶ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪P‬‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ' ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺮ‪ $‬ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪ ‪ $‬ﻳﻦ <ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻨﺪ < 
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ #$‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪$‬ﺗﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ ﺳﻌﻲ ﮔﺮ‪$‬ﻳﺪ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ P‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ b‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪ P‬ﺳﺎ‪ ' #$‬ﺑﻪ ‪'$‬‬
‫< ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ' 'ﺑﻂ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ‪ ' #‬ﺗﺌﻮﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﺎ
ﺷﺪ‪ ' #‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎ
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪ X$‬ﭘﺮ‪$‬ﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪ .$‬ﻻ<‪ e‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪t‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺑﻮ‪ #$‬ﺗﺎ ‪ $‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪$ ،‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ‪ X‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪ #$$‬ﺷﻮ‪ $ ' $‬ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ‪e'$‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻗﺺ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪ $ $‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﮔﺮ‪.$$‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ‪ X‬ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺘﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ
‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ' #‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪
 $‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪ‪ ' #‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ P‬ﻳﺞ 
‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎ
ﮔﺮ‪$‬ﻳﺪ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪ $ .‬ﻣﻮ‪ $‬ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ‪ ' X$‬ﻟﻴﺰ ' ﺻﻮ‪ P‬ﺑﺘﺪ ﺻﻮ‪ ' A‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫
ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﻴﺎ
ﺷﺪ‪ ' #‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎ‪ P‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪$
 X$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ #‬ﭘﺮ‪$‬ﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ" ‪ $‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ
ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ 'ژ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ‪ X‬ﻳﺞ ‪ $‬ﻓﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ #$‬ﺷﻮ‪ $‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ‪ X‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮ
ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪#$‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻮ‪ A‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﭼﻮ
‪$‬ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪< ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ‪ ،X$‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪P‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ' ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ P‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪$‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ' ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪$ $‬ﻧﺪ ' ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ P‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﻳﺞ‬
‫‪ $‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪$‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺘﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‪ P‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ b‬ﺑﻪ ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ‪ $‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ '‪ #$‬ﺷﺪ‪#‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‪ P‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ b‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ < ‪$‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ $‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎ
ﻣﻴﺪ'ﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ $‬ﭘﻴﺶ '‪ X‬ﺷﻤﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ 'ﻗﻊ ﺷﺪ‪ ' #‬ﻣﻴﺪ'ﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻣﻲ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﻛﻮﭼﻚ ‪< $‬ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ‪$‬ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ
ﻣﺤﺘﺮ‪ e‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ P‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ‪$‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻼ‪ M‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﺎ‪ < X‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ A‬ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪ ،$‬ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‪ X‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ $‬ﺻﻮ‪$ P‬ﺷﺘﻦ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ ' $‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻄﻔﺎ" < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎ‪ X‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ'ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪R.khosrowabadi@gmail. ' Zamani.sa@gma il.com‬‬
‫‪ com‬ﻧﻈﺮ‪ P‬ﺧﻮ‪ $  $‬ﺧﺘﻴﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮ ‪$‬ﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻋﺰﻳﺰ
‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻴﻦ‬
‫<ﻣﺴﺘﺎ
‪84‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ ﺑﺘﺪﻳﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ  ﭘﺮﻛﺎﺑﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ +‬ﻓﺸﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﻮ ‪،‬ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪،‬ﻻﻧﮕﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﺷﺎ‪ +‬ﻧﻤﻮ ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ‪-‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﻮ
‬

‫ﺳﺘﺮﺣﺖ ﺑﺮ' ﻓﺮ ﺑﺰ ﮔﺴﺎ‪ F‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 3/5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 5‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﻮ‪  #‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﻮ‪  #‬ﻋﺮ
‪ I‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪،#‬ﻋﺒﺎ   ﺣﺠﻢ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ  ﻧﻘﻄﻪ '‬
‫ﺑﺪ‪ ،#‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺳﺖ  ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪
#‬ﻣﻘﺎ
ﻣﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ 
ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ
‬
‫ﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ @ ﻋﺒﻮ ?‪ #‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ
ﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻴﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎ' ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻦ
ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ  ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺳﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﻮ‪  #‬ﺳﺮﺧﺮﮔﻬﺎ'‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪  #‬ﻳﻚ ﻫﺎ' ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ
ﻟﺘﺎژ‬ ‫?ﺋﻮ ﺗﻲ
ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ  ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ  ﺗﺮ;‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪   #‬ﺳﺎ‪ F‬ﻣﻲ 
ﻣﻘﺎ
ﻣﺖ ﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ  ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻜﻲ  ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺎ‪ A‬ﺑﺮ
‪ @#‬ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪ F‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ 

‪ #‬ﺷﺮﻳﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮ'  ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮ ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪  ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ?
‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪   #? #‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ  ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎ‪ O‬ﺑﻪ ?‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﻨﺪ@ ﺟﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ' ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮ ﻛﺮ
ﺗﻮﻛﻒ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻮ‪ K‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ@‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ‪ #‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪  .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎ' ﻣﺘﺪ
‪ F‬ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪،‬ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺠﻮ` ﺻﻮ ‪ ، K‬ﺗﺮ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪F‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ
ﺷﻬﺎ' ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ
ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫  ﻧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ?ﻣﺪ‪ #‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﺸﺎ ﻛﺎ‪V‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻔﻴﮕﻤﻮﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ )ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﻮ‪ (#‬ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ'‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﺪ@
ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪ ﻳﺞ ﻣﺤﻮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﻔﻴﮕﻤﻮ‪ '  T‬ﻳﺸﻪ '‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ ' ﻛﻪ  ?‪ #‬ﺻﻮ ‪ K‬ﻣﺤﻮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎ ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ
ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ' ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ' ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ'‬
‫ﻳﺎﺳﺘﻮ‪  F‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ' ﻓﺮ' ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪
#‬ﺷﻬﺎ' ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ
ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ  ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺖ ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫  ﻛﻪ  ﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺎ @ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮﻟﻲ  ﻗﺖ ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﺎﺳﺘﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻ` ﺑﻪ ‪a‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺖ ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ'‬ ‫ﻧﺪﮔﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )
ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ(‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ  ‪ .‬ﻣﺮ
@ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪F‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻫﺎ' ﭘﻴﺰ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ
ﻣﺪ ‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﻮ‪
#‬ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﻮ‪  #‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎ‪ ،V‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ
ﺷﻬﺎ' ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻜﺎ‪#‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﺟﻴﻮ@' ﻳﺎ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ' ﺑﺮ'‬
‫ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻓﺸﺎ ﻛﺎ‪ ،V‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮ?
ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ' ﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻬﻢ " ﻣﻮ" ﻓﺸﺎﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺧﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ‪  V‬ﻳﻚ
ﻛﺶ ﭘﺎ ﭼﻪ '
‬
‫ ?ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻜﻲ  ﻋﻮﻣﻞ 
ﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﻠﻲ  ﺟﻨﺲ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ@‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪  -‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬ﻛﺎ ﻛﺮ ﻧﺎ ﺳﺖ ?‪#‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻮ ﭘﺮ  ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ@
ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ  ﺑﻪ ﺷﺘﺒﺎ@ ﻧﺪﺧﺘﻪ
ﻣﺮﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻞ ?‪  #‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ  ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ
 ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ ﺟﺪ'‬ ‫ﺑﺮ' ﻧﺪ@ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺎ
ﺑﻨﺪ ﻓﺸﺎ ‬
‫
ﺑﺮ
ﺳﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪
#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ
' ﺑﺎ
' ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ@
ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ' ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻧﻪ  ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺳﺎ@ '‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ
' ﺷﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﺎ
ﻳﻲ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪  ،#‬ﻓﺮ?ﻳﻨﺪ  ﻣﺎ‪  ،#‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬ ‫
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ
ﺑﻨﺪ
 ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﻛﺎ‪،V‬ﻓﺸﺎ ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮ  ﺑﻮ@
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻜﺎ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎ@ ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ" ﺗﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ ' ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ' ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ   ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻳﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﺖ‪،‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ @
ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪ ﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ?‪  #‬ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ?ﻣﺪ‪#‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻞ ﺑﺎ
ﺑﻨﺪ
ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﺪ‪  #? #‬ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪#‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮ‪ V‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ'  ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﺨﺘﻪ

‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﻮ  ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺑﺮ' ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ'  ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪ ' ?‪ j‬ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻨﺞ )ﻛﺎ‪ ،V‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ'  ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫
' ?‪ #‬ﺑﺮﻳﺰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮ
ﮔﻴﺞ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ'(‬
‫ ﻣﻮ  ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ' ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ' ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ' ﺟﻴﻮ@'‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻴﻮ@  ‬ ‫•‬
‫
 ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪ ،#‬ﺗﺴﺖ ?‪ #‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ '  ‬
‫ﺟﻴﻮ@' ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪(.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ
ﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ
' ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻴﻮ@ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ  ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫ﻋﺪ ﻛﺎ‪ ja‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ'  ﻧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻫﺪ
‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ' ﻗﺮﺋﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ' ﺻﻔﺮ ﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻴﻮ@‪،‬‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺰ‪  #‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﺪ
ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻧﮓ
‬
‫ﺳﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻘﺪ ﻻ` ﺟﻴﻮ@  ﺑﻪ ?‪ #‬ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ?‪ #‬ﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻴﻮ@‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻮ@ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻮ @ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﺟﻴﻮ@ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺴﻴﺪ  ?ﻣﺪ@‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮ ﺳﻴﺎ@ ﻧﮓ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ  ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻴﻮ@   ﻣﺨﺰ‪ #‬ﺧﺎ ‪ m‬ﻛﺮ@‬
‫
ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ  ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻴﻮ@ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ  ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻧﮓ ﺑﻜﺸﻴﺪ
 ﻃﺮﻳﻖﻋﺒﻮ ?‪#‬‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ' ?‪  #‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ  ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺟﻴﻮ@‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ  ﺣﺪ ﻻ` ﺑﺎ ﺟﻴﻮ@ ﻛﺎ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﮔﺮﻫﺎ' ﻧﺎﺷﻲ  ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﻮ@ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻮ@
‬
‫ﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎ‪ #? I‬ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ; ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ' ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ' ﻣﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ ﻫﻮ' ﻓﺸﺮ@ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ' ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ' ﺟﻴﻮ@ﻫﺎ' ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ )‪:(stethoscope‬‬

‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ  ' ﻳﻚ ﻳﻒ ﺳﻴﻢ

ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ' ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪ #‬ﺻﻮ ﺧﻞ‬
‫ ' ‪ 2‬ﻳﻒ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‪ #‬ﻧﺴﺎ‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪? .‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ' ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪#‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺣﺖ ﺑﻮ@
‬‫‪ 2‬ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫ﺻﺪ' ﻗﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺷﺶ‪
@
،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻓﺸﺎ ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮ‪ a‬ﺻﻮ ﺑﻴﺮ
ﻧﻲ
ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ F‬ﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﺻﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﮓ‪ :‬ﻧﮓ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ #‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ -‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ  ﻧﺘﻬﺎ' ﺳﻴﻢ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@
 ﺳﺖ  ﻃﺮ‪V‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﭘﺎﮔﻲ  ﺧﺮﺑﻲ "ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺔ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻋﺪ` ﺷﻨﻮﺋﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﮓ ﺑﺮ' ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪ #‬ﺻﻮ ﻳﺮ)ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﭘﺎﮔﻲ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﺪ` ﺳﻴﺪ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ F‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫"ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ‪ :‬ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻤﻮ  ﻧﺘﻬﺎ' ﺳﻴﻢ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ  '‬
‫ﻛﺎ
ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ O‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﺑﺮ'‬
‫ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪ #‬ﺻﻮ ﺑَﻢ)ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻧﮓ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺻﻮ  ‬
‫ﻧﮓ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻻﻧﮕﻮﺳﻜﻮپ‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ #‬ﻳﺞ "ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻻ ﻧﮕﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﺮ' ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ‪ u‬ﺣﻨﺠﺮ@

‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻻﻣﭗ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ' ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ
 ﺟﺰء ﻳﺮ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻻﻣﭗ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺷﺎ ژ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺑﺎﻃﺮ' ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺷﺪ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻐﻪ‪  :‬ﻧﻈﺮ  ﮔﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ
‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﺑﺎﻃﺮ'‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ‪
#‬ﺣﻨﺠﺮ‪ u‬ﻧﺴﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻫﺎ'  ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ )ﻛﻮ; – ﺑﺰ ﮔﺴﺎ‪ '  (F‬ﺑﻌﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ
ﺑﺰ گ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﻣﭗ‪ :‬ﻧﻮ ﻻ` ﺑﺮ' ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@ 
‪ #‬ﺣﻨﺠﺮ@‬
‫
ﮔﻠﻮ  ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻃﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﻻﻣﭗ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ 2‬ﺳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻻﻣﭗ  ﻧﺠﺎ` ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮپ‬

‫… ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻧﻮ ' ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻨﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪ ?ﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻠﻤﻬﻠﺘﺰ ﺧﺘﺮ‪ w‬ﮔﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺪ‪ #
 #‬ﮔﻮ
ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﭼﺸﻢ)ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻠﻢ ﻫﻠﺘﺰ  ﺳﺎ‪ 1850 F‬ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮپ  ﺧﺘﺮ‪w‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‪ #‬ﺷﺒﻜﻴﻪ
ﻋﺼﺎ‪ j‬ﻧﻮ '( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻲ
‪ .‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻫﻠﻢ ﻫﻠﺘﺰ ﺗﻮﻧﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ  ' ﻟﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ?ﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ  ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫
ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ' ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ@ ﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ  ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮپ  ﻧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮ ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﻧﮕﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ T‬ﺷﺪ@  ﺣﺒﺎ‪ j‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ  ﻧﺸﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺎ
' ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ ?ﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮ‪ V‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ  ﺷﺒﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮ ﻟﻨﺰ ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ j‬ﺷﺪ@
ﻋﻤﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ?ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫
ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫ﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ?ﻳﻨﻪ ‪ 2‬ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‪? ،‬ﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﻢ ﻧﻘﺮ@ ' ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮپ  ﺑﺴﻴﺎ '  ﻓﻴﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮ
‪#‬‬
‫“‪ ”half silvered mirror‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ
ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻼ  ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻬﺎ' ﻗﻠﺒﻲ_ﻋﺮ
ﻗﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫  ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻳﻚ ?ﻳﻨﻪ ﺣﺪ
 ‪  50%‬ﻧﻮ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮژ'‪ ،‬ژﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﺼﺎ‪
،j‬ﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻢ
‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ‬ ‫ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ  ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎ€ ﻣﺎ
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ?‪ #‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﺎ
  ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ   ﻧﺞ ‪ -40‬ﺗﺎ ‪  +100‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮ
‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻧﺞ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ' ‪ 35‬ﺗﺎ ‪  41‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ@‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺴﺘﻮ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺎ
' ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﻠﺰ' ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ'‬
‫)ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً  ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ‪? ،‬ﻫﻦ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﺎ' ﺑﺪ‪   #‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎ‪، #‬ﻣﻘﻌﺪ‬
‫
'( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻣﻘﺎ
ﻣﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫
ﻳﺮ ﺑﻐﻞ ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺰ ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ
ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ' 
ﻟﻴﻪ
ﻣﻬﻢ  ﻣﺮﻛﺰ  ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎ
ﻣﺖ
ﺧﻮﻧﺶ
ﻟﺘﺎژ 
ﺳﺮ ?‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲ
 ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ  ﺣﺎ‪F‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ  ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺴﺘﻮ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ' ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺟﻴﻮ@ ' ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ' ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﻮ@
ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ  ‪#‬‬ ‫ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﺟﻴﻮ@ ' ﺑﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪ@‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
 ' ﺑﻌﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ
ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮ@
 ﻟﺤﺎ€ ﺑﻬﺪﺷﺘﻲ
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪ`‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ T‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ  ' ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻫﺎ' ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺣﺎ
' 
ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ'‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮ
‪j‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً‬ ‫ﺣﺴﮕﺮﻣﺎ
ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺲ ﺑﻮ@
ﻳﮕﺮ'  ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻨﺴﺘﺎﻧﺘﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫?ﻧﺎﻟﻮﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮ
‪
j‬ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ‬
‫)?ﻟﻴﺎژ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ_ﻣﺲ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ  
ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﺪ ' ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪ@ ﻧﺪ‪  .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺴﺘﻮ  ﭘﺮ
‪j‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺘﻼ‪  V‬ﺑﻌﺎ ﭘﺮ

ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ?ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺰ'  ' ﻣﺎﻫﺎ' ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮ' ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ‪ #‬ﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ
ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ V‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ'  ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ  ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ  ﺗﺼﺎﻻ ﻓﻠﺰ'‬
‫ﭘﺮ
ﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ
' ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ  '‬ ‫ ﻣﺎ' ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪).‬ﺗﺼﺎ‪ F‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ(  ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ' ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
ﺑﺮ' ﺗﺼﺎ‪? F‬ﻧﻬﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﺎ‪  `
 F‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺮ
‪ j‬ﻣﺎ' ﺑﺪ‪#‬‬
‫ﺑﺪ‪  #‬ﭘﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ' ?ﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮ` ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺎ; ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@‬ ‫  ﻧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪) .‬ﺗﺼﺎ‪ F‬ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ( ﻳﻦ ﻓﺮ?ﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪  .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮ
‪ j‬ﺑﺮ' ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ
ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻘﺪ'
ﻳﺮ ﺑﻐﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ
‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ' ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ' ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮ
‪ j‬ﻣﻌﻘﺪ' ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮ
‪j‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎ
 ﻣﺪ ﻫﺎ
ﭘﺮ
ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
 ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ
ﻫﺎ' ﺟﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ@‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮ ﭘﺮ
‪ j‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً  ﺑﺪ‪ #‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺧﻨﻚ ﺗﺮ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ
ﺑﺮ' ﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ' @ ﻧﺪ

ﻟﻴﻪ  ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﺮ@  ﺛﺮ ﻣﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎ
ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ O‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻬﺮ@ ﺟﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ' ﺑﺪ‪ #‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺪ‪ F‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪F‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ '  ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ '  ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ' ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫  ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ  ﺳﺎ‪ F‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪ ‬
‫ﻫﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻴﻜﻲ  ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ F‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﻫﻨﺪ@ ﺗﻤﺎ`‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ' ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )‪ (steady-state‬ﺧﺮ
ﺟﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪
j‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫  ﭘﺲ  ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ
ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮ‪ T‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‪ F‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻮﺋﻲ )‪ (predictive‬ﻣﻘﺪ 
ﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ
‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ?ﻧﻬﺎ  ' ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ?‪  #‬ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ
ﻣﺎ' ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ  ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ‪ '

I‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ' ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‪ T‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﺧﺎ‪ O‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ‪F‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﭘﻴﻐﺎﻣﻬﺎ' ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮ@
ﻟﻲ ﻗﺖ ?‪ #‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻛﻢ ﺑﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺎﻃﺮ'‪ ،‬ﻋﺪ` ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ@ ﺑﻮ‪ #‬ﭘﺮ
‪،j‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺪ‪ predictive F‬ﻧﺤﻮ@ ﻗﺮ ﻫﻲ
ﺳﺮﻋﺖ  ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﺮ
‪ ،j‬ﻣﺎ' ﺑﺪ‪ ،#‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪،#‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ' 
ﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﻋﺪ` ﺗﻤﺎ‪ T‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺪ‪
#‬ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‪  #‬ﺧﺮ
ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ  ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ
ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ  ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ @ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ '  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ  ' ﻫﺮ 
ﻣﺪ ﻛﺎ ' ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫
ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﺳﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻴﻦ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ #‬ﻳﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺳﺘﺮﻟﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ
ﭘﺮ
ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻮ  ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫
ﺧﻄﺮ ?ﻟﻮﮔﻲ  ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺖ‪  .‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺎ
ﭘﺮ
‪   j‬ﻃﻮ‪F‬‬
‫?ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﮔﺎ ﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻳﺪ‪ #‬ﻛﺎ
ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻰ  ﺑﺪ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ?ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮ
' ?‪#‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ` ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ  ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً‬ ‫@ ﺷﺪ@‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬ  ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻳﺮ ﺑﻐﻞ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮ' ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ'‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ?ﻳﺪ
ﻟﻲ  ﻣﺮﻛﺰ  ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ
ﻗﺖ ﺧﻮ   ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ
ﻣﺪ  ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ'‬
‫?‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ
ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ %‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ‬

‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ?‪ j‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ  ﻻ` ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ

‬ ‫?‪ j‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ
ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ@ ﺑﺮ' ﺑﺴﻴﺎ '‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎ'‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺎ@‬ ‫ ﻓﺮ?ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ' ﻣﻮﺟﻮ  ?ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ
ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫
ﻟﻴﻪ
ﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ?‪ .  j‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎ' ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﻻ`
ﺿﺮ
'‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ' ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ
ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﻣﺎ@‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ
ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﻻ` ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،#‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫?ﻟﻲ
ﻏﻴﺮ?ﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪


 .‬ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ'   ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ' ?‪ j? ،#‬ﺿﺮ
' ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪ@ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ?‪
j‬ﺟﻮ  ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪ‪#‬‬ ‫
ﻗﻊ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺳﺎ' ?‪?  j‬ﻣﺎ@ ﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﻣﻌﺮ‪ V‬ﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )‪
(Demineralization‬ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ?ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎ@ ﭘُﺮﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺖ
 ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎ‪#‬‬
‫)‪.(Distillation‬‬ ‫?‪ j‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﮔﺮ‪ #‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ
ﭘُﺮﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺰء‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ' ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺨﺼﻮ‪O‬‬ ‫
ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪  .‬ﻳﻦ
ﭘﻴﺶ  ﺧﺮﻳﺪ
ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺮ' ﻓﻊ
 ﻣﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﺮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ' ﻏﻴﺮ?ﻟﻲ ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ
ﺣﺪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ?‪ ،j‬ﻻ` ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ
‬
‫?‪ j‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﻳﻦ
ﺻﻤﻎ ﺟﺬ‪ j‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ  ﺻﺮ‪V‬‬
‫ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ  ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺿﺎﻓﻲ
ﻏﻴﺮﺿﺮ
'  ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ?ﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ
ﺳﺎﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺪﺧﺖ
ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ
ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮ ' ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫

' ﻧﺮژ' ﻫﻢ ﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ?‪ j‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ
ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ@‬
‫ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ ﻫﺎ' ?ﻟﻲ   ﻣﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ' ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻻ` ﺳﺖ‪  ،‬ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ‬
‫?‪ j‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰ@
ﺳﺘﺮ
‪ #‬ﺷﺪ@ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﮕﺮ' ﻛﻪ  ?‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ?‪ j‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﺮ‰ ?ﻟﻮﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ'
ﺑﺨﺼﻮ‪O‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ' ﺑﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺪ@
ﻋﺒﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪#‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺎ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ
ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ )ﺗﻴﺘﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪ (#‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪F‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﮔﺮ` ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺑﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻛﺮ‪1) .‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮ‪ F‬ﮔﺮ`‪/‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ=‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻳﻦ
ﺻﻤﻎ ﺗﺒﺎ‪ F‬ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ )ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮ‪(#‬‬
‫‪  9/6‬ﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‪ (°F‬ﻳﺎ ‪  5/4‬ﺟﻪ ‪(°dH‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ
ﻳﻚ ﺻﻤﻎ ﺗﺒﺎ‪ F‬ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻨﻔﻲ )?ﻧﻴﻮ‪(#‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ?‪ j‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﻤﻎ ﻫﺎ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪  #‬ﺑﺮﺟﻬﺎ
ﺳﺘﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ‪ 0/8‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮ‪ F‬ﮔﺮ`‪/‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺧﻮ ﻧﺪ@
‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰ
ﻳﺎ  ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮ‪
m‬ﺳﺘﻮ‪ #‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ '‬
‫ﻓﺎﺳﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﺳﺖ
ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ ?‪  j‬ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ' ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ?
‪ j? #‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ@ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ@‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ
ﺷﻴﺮ ?‪   j‬ﺳﺘﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ' ﺻﻤﻎ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪ
 ﺻﻔﺮ ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﻳﻦ
‪ j? ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ' ‪
H+‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ@  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ?ﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ  ‬ ‫–‪ OH‬ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺪﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺻﻮ ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻳﮓ
ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺨﺎ ‬ ‫
ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ?‪ j‬ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ@‪  ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ
ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮ
ﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎ@ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮ ﻧﺪ@
ﻓﺎﺳﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﻔﺖ
ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺷﺪ@‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻳﻮ‪ j? ،#‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺪ‪
V‬ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ  ‬
‫ﻣﺰﻳﺎ‬ ‫?ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎ@
ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﺎ‪ ،#‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﮔﻴﺮ'
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻳﺖ
ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ‪ 20‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﻳﻤﻨﺲ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫?ﺳﺎ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪  (µs/m‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺻﻤﻎ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ

' ﻧﺮژ' ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@‪  ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ?‪ j‬ﺧﺮ
ﺟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ  ‪20‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ?‪ j‬ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ@
ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻓﻮ  ً‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﻳﻤﻨﺲ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪
 ،‬ﺑﺎ @ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮ@
ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻮ‰ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﺻﻤﻎ ﻫﺎ' ﺗﺒﺎ‪
F‬ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮ‪  #‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺨﺼﻮ‪ O‬ﺑﺮ' ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ?‪ j‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪ
ﻛﻠﺮﻳﻚ )‪
(HCl‬ﺻﻤﻎ ﻫﺎ' ?ﻧﻴﻮ‪  #‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ  ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ' ﻏﻴﺮ ?ﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﻴﺪ
ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ )‪ (NaOH‬ﻣﺠﺪ ً ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪
.‬ﻗﻔﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺠﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ?‪ j‬ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@
ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ ?‪j‬‬
‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ' ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ
ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ
ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ  ?‪j‬‬
‫
ﻣﺨﻠﻮ‪ ،A‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺳﺖ
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ  ﻗﻴﺎ‪ T‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮ‪F‬‬
‫ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻧﻲ  ﻛﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺞ ﻫﺎ' ﺗﺒﺎ‪ F‬ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ`‪/‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ )‪
(mmol/l‬ﻳﺎ  ﻣﻘﻴﺎ‪? T‬ﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ
‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪ ً ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.  ،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻮ' ‪ (°dH‬ﻳﺎ )‪ °F‬ﺑﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ  ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ?ﻟﻮﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ'‬ ‫•‬ ‫  ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺘﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺼﻮ  ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ
ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫?ﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ?ﻟﻮﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ
ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ ﻫﺎ'‬ ‫•‬
‫?ﻟﻲ   ﻣﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ?‪ j‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰ@‬ ‫•‬
‫
ﺳﺘﺮ
‪ #‬ﺷﺪ@ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻ` ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻜﺎ ‪a‬ﻳﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ?‪ j‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ
ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺮ' ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺠﺪ ﺻﻤﻎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ?‪.  j‬‬
‫• ﺻﻤﻎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ )ﺣﺪﻗﻞ
ﻧﻪ(‬
‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﻚ
ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ F‬ﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫?‪) j‬ﺑﺮ' ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ(ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ
ﻣﺘﺮﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺒﺎ‪ w‬ﻧﺸﺪ@ ﺳﺖ
ﻫﻨﻮ ﻫﻢ  ‬
‫ﺳﺎ' ﺑﺨﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ
ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ j? .‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎ‪ F‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ?‪ j‬ﺑﺮ' ﺳﻄﺢ
ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﻻ`‬
‫  ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺳﺎ'
‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ
ﭘﺎ; ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﻴﺎ‪ T‬ﺑﺰ گ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ'
ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮﮔﻴﺮ  '‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻳﺖ
ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ?‪ j‬ﻣﻮ ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎ' ﺿﺮ
' ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ` ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻇﺮ‪) j? V‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ?‪(j‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻬﮕﺎ@ ﭼﻚ
ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪F‬‬
‫•
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﮔﺮ` ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ ﺗﺎ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ #‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ?‪j‬‬ ‫• ﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  '‬
‫• ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ )ﻛﻠﻜﺘﻮ (‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ  ?‪ j‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ?‪ #‬ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ  ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺲ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﺎ چ ﻫﺎ
ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻ ﺿﺪ ﻧﮓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ' ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ?‪ j‬ﻛﻠﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺮ
ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ@ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ' ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻛﺮ‪
 ،j? #‬ﺑﺎ )ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺻﻤﻎ  ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ@ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@
‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺴﺐ ?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﺎ  ﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﺺ 
ﻟﻴﻪ  ﻛﺎ ﻛﺮ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ' ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮ ﻳﮕﺮ' ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺻﺪ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ   ﻫﺮ
 ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ(  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ' ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﺪ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ' ?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻮ ?ﻟﻲ
ﻧﻴﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ?ﻟﻲ ‬
‫ ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ
ﺳﻮﺑﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ?ﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﻚ
‬ ‫ ﻣﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﺰ
ﻣ ًﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ?‪j‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ F‬ﻧﻤﻮ
ﺳﻮ‪ j‬ﻳﻲ ﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮ
‪ #‬ﺷﺪ@ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎگ ﻫﺎ )‪ (spores‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ  ﻧﻮﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ?‪j‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪  #‬ﻣﺎ' ‪  100‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﺠﺎ` ‪.‬‬ ‫
ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﺣﻔﻆ
ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ' ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﭘُﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻇﺮ
‪ V‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ '  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻚ ﻛﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺳﺖ
ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ` ﺳﺮ ﺷﺪ‪
j? #‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ'‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺗﺮ;
ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
ﺑﺨﺼﻮ‪O‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺘﻤﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ' ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ?‪ j‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻇﺮ‪ V‬ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪  #‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ F‬ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ  ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻮ  ﺑﺮ
 ﺗﺮ; ﺑﻄﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮ@ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ
ﺟﻮ   ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮﺗﻲ  ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ@ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮ  ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﺋﻢ
ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ
ﺋﻤﻲ ﭼﻚ‬ ‫•‬ ‫?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ )
ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺮژ'( ﺳﺎﮔﺎ '
ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻄﺒﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﻫﺎ' ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ
‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮ‪
T‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻧﻴﺎ'‬‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@  
ﻳﺎ ﺻ ً‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺎ  ﺋﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ' ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪  #‬ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ
ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ  ?‪ j‬ﺳﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@‬
‫• ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ' ?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ ?ﻟﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﺮ ‬ ‫
ﺟﻮ  ‪
،‬ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻇﺮ‪ V‬ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪j? #‬‬
‫
ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ?ﻟﻲ   ﻣﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ
 ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲ  ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺣﺪ ﻻ` ﭘُﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ` ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ 
ﺳﺎﻳﻞ
ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﻮ '‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ@ ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﺻﻮ  ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫• ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎ  ﻗﻴﻖ
‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻇﺮ‪ V‬ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،j? #‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﻳﻚ   ﻣﮕﺮ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ
ﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ  ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻮ ﻛﺎ
ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ?ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ  ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ?‪ j‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ
‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ?‪ j‬ﺳﺮ ﺑﺮ'‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ@ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ
ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﻧﻴﺎ   )ﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮ@ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭼﺎ
ﺟﻮ  ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮ ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ  ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮ ﻫﺎ' ﮔﺮ`
‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ﻗﺒﻞ
ﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ
?ﻣﺎ@ ﻛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎ @ ' ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻇﺮ‪ V‬ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪
) j? #‬ﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﻇﺮ‪V‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪18‬‬

‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ' ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪AB‬‬ ‫ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺎ  ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﻳﺎ ?‪  j‬ﺣﺎ‪ F‬ﺟﻮ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﻴﺪ@ ﺷﺪ@  ﻇﺮ‪ V‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ '‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ; ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ' ?‪ j‬ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻧﻤﻚ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ?ﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ' ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪  .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ  ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺳﻮ‪ j‬ﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬

‫"ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ‪ AB‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺳﺎ"  ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬

‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ?ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺳﺎ@
‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ '  ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
‪ j‬ﻫﺎ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮژ' ﺧﻮ ﺷﻴﺪ'  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﮔﻲ‬
‫‪ @ a‬ﺑﻴﻨﻲ
ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻴﻚ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻋﺒﻮ ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ
ﻓﻀﺎ' ? ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰ‪#‬‬
‫?ﻧﻬﺎ  ﻣﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺪ@ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ

ﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ
ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎ
ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ '‬
‫ ‪ 0/75‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﻣﺘﺮ )‪ j?  (µm‬ﺟﺪ
ﻓﻊ ﻛﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫
ﻳﻪ  ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ' ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻳﺰ' ﻫﻤﭽﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫
ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﺑﺰ ﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺳﺖ‪ j? .‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ  ‬
‫
ﻳﺮ
‪ T‬ﻫﺎ  ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻊ ﻛﺮ@
 ﺧﻞ ?‪j‬‬ ‫ﻇﺮ‪
V‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪ #‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻮ ﺧﻮ ﺷﻴﺪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ j? .‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ@  ' ﻫﻤﺎ‪ #‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫
ﺳﭙﺲ  ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ' ﻣﺘﺮﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ
‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﮔﺬ ' ﺑﻮ@ ﺳﺖ
ﻟﺬ ﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ@ ﻗﻄﺮ@ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ?‪ j‬ﻗﺮ @‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ?‪ j‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@‬ ‫ﺷﺪ@  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎ

ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺰ‪ .‬‬
‫ ?‪ j‬ﺑﺎ ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ` ?ﻣﺎ@ ﻛﺮ‪ j? #‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ'‬ ‫?ﻧﺠﺎ ?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ  ﻣﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮ
ﺟﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ@ ﻗﻄﺮ@‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ ?ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ @ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪  .‬ﻧﻮ‪w‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻄﺮ' ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ' ﻛﻪ  ﻳﺮ
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﻳﺎ ﺷﺪ@  ﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺰ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﻧﺴﻮ
?ﺑﺴﺖ )‪Asbestos‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫?‪
j‬ﻫﻮﻳﻲ‪ 2-7 ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ  ?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫‪(filters‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻳﺖ
ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ‪ 30-60‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﻳﻤﻨﺲ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪#‬‬
‫• ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻲ )‪Earthen wave‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮ
ﻧﻪ  ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺧﻮ ﺷﻴﺪ' ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ‬
‫‪(filters‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮ
ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ?
‪.‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫• ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ' ﻣﺘﺮﻛﻢ

ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻪ '‬
‫)‪(Sintered glass filters‬‬
‫• ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ
ﻗﺸﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ'‬
‫)‪(Cellulose membrane filters‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ
ﺟﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ

ﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ j? ،‬ﺑﻪ ? ﻣﻲ
ﻛﻨﺪ'  ﻣﻴﺎ‪#‬‬
‫?ﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪  j? #‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻓﺸﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺶ ?‪  j‬ﻣﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﮔﻴﺮ  ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ‪ AB‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ  ‪AB‬‬

‫"ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺪ‬
‫?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ
?‪ j‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ@ ﺷﺪ@ )ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ@(  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﻮ‬
‫?ﻟﻲ
ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
‪ j‬ﻫﺎ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻴﻚ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺰ‪
#‬ﻇﺮ‪ V‬ﻣﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ?‪ j‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﺷﻮﻳﻲ
ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺷﻮ‪? ،‬ﻟﻮ@
ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻮ‪ j? #‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﺪ@ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪a‬ﺧﻴﺮ@
ﻧﮕﻬﺪ '‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ' ﻛﺮ‪  .‬ﻇﺮ
‪
V‬ﻣﺨﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ' ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ' ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ' ‪a‬ﺧﻴﺮ@
ﻧﮕﻬﺪ '‬
‫?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻮ`‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ‪? ،‬ﻫﻦ
ﺳﺮ‪  j‬ﻇﺮ‪ V‬ﻫﺎ ﺷﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻇﺮ
‪
V‬ﻣﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ  ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﻴﻠﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﭘﺮ
ﭘﻠﻴﻦ
ﻳﺎ ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ
ﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﺮ' ‪a‬ﺧﻴﺮ@
‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ' ?‪ j‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ
?‪ j‬ﺣﺎ
' ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ)ﺳﭙﻴﺮﺗﻮ(‬

‫ﻧﻮ‪ E‬ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﻣﺮ

@ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ '‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮ
'  ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ' ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﺎ‪
#‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ' ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ  ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪  .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺑﻞ  ' ﺷﺎ ژ ﻛﻪ  ﺧﻮ
‬ ‫ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮﻫﺎ' ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮ  ﻳﺮ  ﻧﺎ` ﺑﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪? ،‬ﻣﺒﻮﻻﻧﺲ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ
ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪F‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ
ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@‬
‫
ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@  ﺑﻴﺮ
‪ #
? #‬ﺧﻠﻄﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮ‪
#‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺘﺤﺮ; 
ﺣﺪﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ ﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺧﻞ ﻫﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ'‬ ‫ﻼ  ﻫﻨﮕﺎ` ﺗﺼﺎ‪ V‬ﮔﺮ ﻣﺼﺪ
` ﭼﺎ ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ'  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧﺎ' ﺷﻮ‪  .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮ
@  ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﻫﺎ' ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ  '‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﺮ' ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ'  ﺧﻔﮕﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮ

ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫?‪ #‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺟﺎﻳﻲ  ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ?ﺳﭙﻴﺮ@ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻓﻀﺎ' ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮ' ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻛﺎ ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻮ; ﻳﺎﮔﺮ` ﻛﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﺼﻮ  ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ’  ﻋﻤﺎ‪ F‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ  ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻮ ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ ﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪  #‬ﺑﻴﺮ
‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﺑﻠﻮ; ﻳﺎﮔﺮ` ﻛﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺶ

ﻏﻦ ?‪ j‬ﺑﻨﺪ'
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ
ﻏﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻜﺶ  ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺎ ' ﺟﻬﺖ
ﻧﻲ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺒﻮ
ﻏﻦ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ  ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﻔﻲ ﻳﺎ ?‪ #‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ  ﻫﻤﻴﺖ
ﻳﮋ@ '‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪
-1 .‬ﻏﻨﻲ ‪ -2‬ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻤﻲ ‪-3‬ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮ  ﻧﺪ
ﮔﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ?
ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ ﻧﻮ‪
w‬ﻏﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﭘﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻤﻲ  ﻣﺨﺰ‪
#‬ﻏﻦ ﺧﺒﺮ'‬ ‫ ' ﺷﻴﺎ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺖ  ﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪  .‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ
ﻧﺠﺎ` ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻞ ﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﺎ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ  ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻠﺰ
ﻳﺎ ﻏﺎ‪F‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮﭘﺎپ  ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮ‪
V‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺷﻔﺖ  ' ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ' ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻮ@  ﻃﺮ‪ V‬ﻳﮕﺮ
ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﮓ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ@ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ
ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﻦ ﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ‪  ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ` ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼء ﺑﻪ
ﺟﻮ ?ﻣﺪ@
ﻳﺠﺎ ﺧﻼء ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﺠﺎ‬
‫?ﻣﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﻜﺶ ﺑﻪ
ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ ?
‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺶ  ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺧﺎ ‪m‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺷﻴﻠﻨﮕﻬﺎ' ﺑﻂ ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ' ﺑﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ "ﺳﺘﮕﺎ " ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫"ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ" ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ"‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺮ' ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ' ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ  ﺑﻲ ﻗﺘﻲ
‬
‫ﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ  ﻫﻨﮕﺎ` ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪ` ﻗﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪ@
ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ @ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ
‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪ ' ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻠﺰ'‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﮓ  ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ
‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ
ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪ‪ #‬ﺗﻮﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ  ' ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ 
ﻣﺨﺰ‪ #‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ '‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻛﻤﺒﻮ
ﻏﻦ  ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ‪w‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ' ﺟﻤﻊ ?
' ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ@ ﺷﺪ@ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫
ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻬﺎ  ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﭘﺎ ﮔﻲ
ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮ ” ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ  ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ  ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ  ' ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺞ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ
' ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪  #‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ ﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰ‪
#‬ﻛﻴﻮ`
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﭘﺎ ﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮ ” ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺷﻴﻠﻨﮕﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺸﺎ ﻳﺎﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﮔﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎ
ﻛﻴﻮ`‬ ‫‪  -1‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ ﻫﺎ'
ﻏﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪
#‬ﻏﻦ‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ 
ﺳﻮ` ?‪ #‬ﭘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺧﺎ‪ @ #‬ﻧﺪ ﺷﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎ‪F‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ  ﺣﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ@‬
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮ
ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻫﺎ' ﺑﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ‬ ‫‪ j  -3‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ
ﻳﺎﺧﻮ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮ

ﺷﻦ
ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
 ﺻﻮ  ﺑﺮ
‬
‫ﻓﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻓــــﻮ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪  '

#‬ﻟﻤﻨﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎ
ﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ  ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ' ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ #‬ﻟﻮ` ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﻮ ﻧﻤﻮ@
 ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻼ‪V‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ  ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ﻓﻮ ‬
‫ﻧﺮژ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ
' ﻣﻘﺎ
ﻣﺖ
ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮژ'‬ ‫ﺑﻮ@ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ' ﺧﺸﻚ  ‬
‫ﺣﺮ ﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮ` ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ' ﻛﻪ ﻟﻤﻨﺖ 
‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ' ﻣﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺎ 
?‪ #‬ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺣﺮ ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻟﻮ` ﻣﻲﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ
ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ
@ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻪ ?ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺷﺪ@
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ‬
‫ﺷﺪ@ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎ  ﻣﺔ ?‪ #‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ' ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫?‪ #‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪  #‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮ‪ w‬ﮔﺮﻳﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﺪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻓﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‪ T‬ﻛﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺲ 
ﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ‪ON/Off‬‬
‫)ﺧﺎﻣﻮ

ﺷﻦ(
@ ﻧﺪ' ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ
ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ' ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮ‪

220 '

I‬ﻟﺖ )ﺑﺮ‪I‬‬
‫
ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ?ﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ( @ﻧﺪ' ﻣﻲﮔﺮ
 ?‪ #‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮﻫﺎ'‬
‫• ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ ﻧﻲ)‪ (LED‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺸﺎ‪
# #‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫• ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‪،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ' ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ‬
‫•  ﻛﺎ ﻓﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎ‬ ‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ  ﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫• ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ'  ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ
‬ ‫ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ
 ﺗﺒﺎ‪ #? A‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮ
ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﺧﺎ ﺟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ' ﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ @ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ‪ON/Off‬‬
‫• ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻓﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ  ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ  ﻓﻮ‪ I‬ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻮ‪ ،j‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻣﺠﺪ ً @ﻧﺪ' ﻣﻲﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ‪.‬ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ )‪(Microscopes‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺳﻴﻬﺎ' ﻫﻤﮕﺮ )ﻣﺤﺪ‪ (j‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﺘﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ‪.‬ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ‪ %‬ﻧﻮ‪%‬‬

‫ﻳﺮ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ '‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ
ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﻗﺮ‪ #‬ﻧﻮﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ  ﭼﺮﻏﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼ' ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻮ;
?ﻧﺘﻮ‪ #
#‬ﻟﻴﻮ
ﻧﻬﻮ;‬
‫)ﻳﺎ ?ﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﻧﻮ ( ﻗﺮ   ﺑﻪ
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ@
ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ' ﻳﺎ' ﻛﻪ  ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻮ  ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮ‪F‬‬
‫
ﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺎ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ‪ #‬ﺗﻔﺎ
ﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ'‬
‫
ﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﺪ  ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎ‪ G‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ" "ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬

‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ '‪ 3 ،‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫
ﺟﻮ   ‪.‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ 
‪ F‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ?‪ #‬ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ‪  ،‬ﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ ‪،‬ﻧﻮ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪ@‬
‫ ﻻﻣﭗ 
' ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ 
` ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮ  ﻳﺮ ?‪ #‬ﻗﺮ ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ  ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ
ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻧﺰﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ‬
‫  ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ‪
 .‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺧﻴﺮ  ﻧﻮ‪w‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪26‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺷﻴﺎء  ﺑﺰ ﮔﺘﺮ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ )ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ@( ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ' ﺷﻴﺎء  ﺑﺰ ﮔﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ  ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ' ‬ ‫ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪ@

' ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ@‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻴﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ  ﺷﻐﺎ‪ F‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺬ‪ j‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺪ@
ﻣﻘﺪ '  ?‪  #‬ﺷﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﻧﺴﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻲ  
?‪ #‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ ﻋﺒﻮ ' ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺷﻲء ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ  ﺷﻲء  ﻛﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ ?
'
 ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ?‪ #‬ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫
ﻳﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ﻳﻚ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪#? .‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ
ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ' ﺑﺰ ﮔﺘﺮ ‬
‫  ﭼﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ' ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ?ﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻛﻪ  ﻛﺎﻧﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻲء ?ﻧﻘﺪ 
ﻳﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎ`‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻗﺮ  ‪  ،‬ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ  ?‪ #‬ﺗﺤﺖ 
ﻳﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ﻳﻚ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎ' ﺑﺮ' ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺗﺶ   ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺑﺰ گ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ ?‪ #‬ﺳﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮ‪ #‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ  ﭘﺸﺖ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ@‬
‫
ﻳﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ
ﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺎ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻓﺘﺪ ﻟﺬ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ' ﻣﺠﺎ'  ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﺣﺴﺎ‪ T‬ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ  ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ
 ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺰ ﮔﺘﺮ  ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻ` ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ?
'‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺎ ?‪  #‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ  ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً  ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ  ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ
ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮپ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪ  ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
 ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺻﺎ @  ﺷﻲء ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮ  ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ @
 ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ  ﻗﺪ  ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ  ﻧﺪ‬
‫?‪  #‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ' ﺑﺰ ﮔﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪
 ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ '‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ  ﺧﻞ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﺮ
' ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ' ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰ گ ﺷﺪ@ ﻧﺪ ﻟﺬ ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮ‪j‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ' ﻣﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎ' 
ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﻠﻮ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ@
ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫  ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬ ‫= ﺑﺰﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫'  ?ﻣﺪ@ ﺑﻮ  ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ× ﺑﺰﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫‪ 100‬ﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻗﺎ ﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ' ﺟﺴﻢ  ﺻﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰ ﮔﺘﺮ  ﻗﻄﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ'‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ  ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ‪ #‬ﺟﺴﻢ  ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎ' ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻛﻼ`‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺷﻴﺎء  ﺑﺰ ﮔﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪w‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ 
' ﺷﺒﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮ’ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﺑﺰ گ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺧﻮ ?‪  . #‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ
ﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻫﺎ' ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻗﺪ  ﺟﺪﺳﺎ'‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ  ?‪ #‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ‪  R‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ

ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ '‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻴﺎ‪
 #‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺰﻳﻚ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ
 ‪ 200nm‬ﻣﻲ ﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ •ﻳﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ' ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ
‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮ '
ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ
ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ' ﻗﺮﻣﺰ
ﻳﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﻮ‪ ،#‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮ
ﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‪ #‬ﺟﺪ ﺳﺎ )ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ(‬
‫
ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ' ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ '‬ ‫ﻗﺪ  ﺟﺪ ﺳﺎ' ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ  ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ‪ #‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪
.‬ﻳﺮ
‪ T‬ﻫﺎ
ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ' ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ
ﻳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ?‪#‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ ' ﻣﻜﺎﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪
.‬ﻳﺮ
‪ T‬ﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﻮ@
ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #? #‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﺒﻮ
` ﻫﺎ ‪ ،100nm‬ﭘﺮ
ﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ' ﻛﺮ
'‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ
ﻳﺖ ﺟﺴﺎ` ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫‪ ،10nm‬ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎ' ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ‪
1nm‬ﺗﻢ ﻫﺎ ‪1A‬‬ ‫ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ  ﺟﺪﺳﺎ' ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@ ﺑﻮ@‪  ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ )‪ (R‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ ' ﻗﺎﺑﻞ •ﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﺴﺎ
' ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺰﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫
ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻣﺠﺰ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ •ﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﻮﻻً ﺣﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ )‪ (R‬ﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ ' ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ‪ 500nm‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪ'  ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻬﺬ‬ ‫ﻟﺬ ﺷﻴﺎ' ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ  ‪ 500nm‬ﺑﻪ
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ  ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ •ﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪
.‬ﻳﻦ  ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻛﺮ
ﻣﺘﺮ
ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﻣﺘﺮ 
ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ  ‪a‬ﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺎ @ '‬
‫ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ?ﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ 
ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻣﺠﺰ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ‪ BODY‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ  ﻛﻨﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ
ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ
' ?‪ #‬ﺳﻮ ‬
‫
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ  ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ  ﻓﻠﺰ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫
ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻼ
@ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ﻧﺪ@ ﺳﻼﻳﺪ
' ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮ@
ﻳﺎ  ﺟﻨﺲ ?ﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ  ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻛﻪ
' ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪ@‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‪
،‬ﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎ‪  F‬ﻧﺪ
ﻗﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ
ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﻼﻳﺪ  ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ
‪ #‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﺰ
ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ w‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﺗﺎ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ ' ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻗﺮ ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ
ﭼﺎ ﻟﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼ
@ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ
' ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ ﻧﮓ ﻛﻮ @ ' ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪F‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪
.‬ﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ 
ﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ
ﻣﻮ ﺧﻮ ﻧﺪ@ ﻣﻘﺎ
` ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ@ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ #‬ﻋﺒﻮ ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ@ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ  ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼ
@ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ)‪mechanical‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮ; ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ﻧﺪ@ ﺳﻼﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ
' ?‪#‬‬ ‫‪ (parts‬ﺟﺪ  ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@
ﻗﻄﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺮ  ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﻴﻜﻲ ?‪ #‬ﺟﺰ
ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﺗﻲ  ﻫﺮ‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ)‪ :(condenser‬ﻳﻦ
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ
ﺟﻮ   ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ  ﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ
ﻗﻊ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ  ﻧﺪ
ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻤﻮ' ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ
ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺟﺰ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ
ﺟﺪ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪ " G (1‬ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻚ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ  ﻛﻪ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫)‪(Uniocular /Binocular head‬‬
‫ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺪ‪ '
،‬ﺳﻼﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻪ
' ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ   ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ    ﺣﺮﻛﺖ 
ﻧﻲ ‪  360‬ﺟﻪ‬
‫ ?‪ #‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ ﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮ  ﺑﻮ@
ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ'‬
‫‪....
polarization , dark field‬‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎ @ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻣﺎﻛﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ (5‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ  ﻳﺮ ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ ‬ ‫)‪(Macro/Micrometer‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪F‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻧﻮ ﺑﻪ 
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﭼﻬﺎ ﻧﺪ@ ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ‪
100
40،10،4‬ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ
ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺪ ; ﻳﺪ@‬
‫ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪ 2‬ﻋﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻒ( ﻧﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ '‬
‫ﻛﻪ  ﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪ@ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ )ﻻﻣﭗ( ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﻮ ‬
‫ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮ‪
w‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ j‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻧﻮ ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ j‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ j‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﺷﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪ@  ﻳﻦ ﻻﻣﭗ
ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫
ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮ ‬ ‫?‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺷﻌﻪ 
' ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻈﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (j‬ﻧﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻌﻜﺎ‪ T‬ﻧﻮ ﻻﻣﭗ 
'‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ ' )‪(Light Microscope‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ?ﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﺪ‪ j‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ
'‬
‫ ' ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ﻳﮕﺮ' ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻃﻮ '  ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ‪) #‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪  (F‬ﺧﻞ‬
‫)‪(Fluorescent Microscope‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ
ﻗﻊ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (j‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ V‬ﻓﺎ‬ ‫‪ (6‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ )ﭘﺘﻴﻚ( ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫)‪(Phase Contrast Microscope‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﺷﻴﺊ )‪
(Objectives‬‬
‫‪ (m‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﻲ )‪ (ocular‬ﺳﺖ‪
 .‬ﻗﻊ ﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪(Interference Microscope‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺎ‪ T‬ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ‬
‫( ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺎ@‬ ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﺷﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫)‪(Dark field Microscope‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻮ@
 ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﺧﺎ‪ O‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎ‪ F‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺘﺼﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ  ﻣﻮ ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻻً ﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ  
ﻧﻮ‪ (1w‬ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻮ‪ I‬ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﺧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪ
‪ #‬ﻧﮓ )‪ (2
(plan achromat‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫)‪
(semi plan‬ﺟﻮ  ﻧﺪ‪  .‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ‪F
 w‬‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺳﻨﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ #‬ﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ
ﮔﺴﺘﺮ@ ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ@ ' ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ  ?‪ #‬ﻣﺎ@‬
‫ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎ‪O‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﻮ   ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺟﺬ‪#?
j‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ •ﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻣﻮ ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ

 ﻛﻪ  ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ?‪ 2 #‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫   ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ'  ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ F‬ﻣﻴﻦ
ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻴﻦ 
ﻧﻮ‪ w‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ' ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮ
ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ ﻧﮓ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫
ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬ‪ j‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎ@‬ ‫ﻧﻮ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ
ﺳﺒﺰ   ﺧﻮ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ'‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺟﺎ@ ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ 
`‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ' ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ
‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ'
ﻳﮋ@ ﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮ‪F‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻗﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ
ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ‪m‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﮓ ?ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪  .‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻃﻊ  ﻣﺎ@ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺟﺎ@ ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ
 ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ  ﻣﻮ  ﭘﺮ
ﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ' ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻲ
‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ?ﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ' ﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ' ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ ﭘﺮ
ﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻮ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻳﺪ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻮ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ@ ‬ ‫ ﻧﮓ ?ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ‪a‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﭘﺎﺗﻦ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮ
ﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ  ﺣﺬ‪  #? V‬ﺛﺮ‬
‫‪ (A‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ ﺧﺘﻼ[ ﻓﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺑﻲ ﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ
ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎ' ﻧﻤﻲ ﮔﺬ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺗﻦ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ  ﺑﺎ ﻧﮓ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ ' ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪  .‬ﻣﻮ  ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ ﻧﮓ ?ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ  ﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪ@

ﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪F‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺧﺎ ‪ m‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ
ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﻮ  ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ' ﻧﮓ ?ﻣﻴﺰ' ﭘﺮ
ﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ' ﺷﺘﻪ ' ﻛﺘﻴﻦ ‬
‫ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ  ﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ ﭘﺲ ‬ ‫ ﻧﮓ ﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻ ًﺎ  ﻧﮓ ?ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ'‬
‫ﻣﺮگ ﻣﻮ  ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎ
' ﻳﻦ ﭘﺮ
ﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻲ
 ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ﻓﺮ?ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ' ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ ﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﻗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮓ ?ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﻨﺪ ?‪ #‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻧﺪ@ ﻣﻮ ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺟﺬ‪ j‬ﭘﺎﺗﻦ ﺿﺪ ﻛﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ
ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎ 
‪ #‬ﺳﻠﻮ‪F‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ  ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﮓ ?ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻛﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮ
 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ‪  .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮ '  ‪3‬‬ ‫ ﭘﺎﺗﻦ ﻫﺎ' ﺿﺪ ﭘﺮ
ﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻮ  ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ@‬
‫ﮔﺮ
@ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ' ﺧﺘﻼ‪ V‬ﻓﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻲ
‬ ‫ﻣﻮ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺎ@ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻣﻮ  ?ﺧﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ" ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺳﻨﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮ' ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ' ﻫﺎ  ﺟﻠﻤﻪ ﺳﭙﻴﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫ﻫﺎ )ﺗﺮﭘﻮﻧﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﻴﺪ
` ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ' ﺳﻴﻔﻠﻴﺲ(
‬ ‫ﻧﻮ ' ﺳﺖ ﻟﺬ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ' ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ '‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺮﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺳﻜﻮ ﻳﺎﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ' ﺿﺪ ﺗﻌﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ‪
2 ،‬ﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ;‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ' ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﻗﺒﺖ‬ ‫ ﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫
ﻳﮋ@ ' ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ?
‪ .‬ﻳﺮ@ ' ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻮ ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ '‬
‫ﻣﺎ
' ﺑﻨﻔﺶ  ﺧﺸﺎ‪ #‬ﮔﺮﻳﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎ@‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪ
‪ #‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ )ﺻﺎﻓﻲ( ﻣﺎﻧﻊ  ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰء ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻳﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺋﻤﻲ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ'‬
‫?ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻣﺮ
@ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ' ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ' ﻳﮕﺮ'‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ‪.‬ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ‪ %‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪.‬ﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪ@ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫)‪(Electronic microscopes‬‬ ‫?ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ  ﺟﺪﺳﺎ' )ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﺑﺰ ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ( ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ  ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ )‪(R‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ #‬ﮔﺰ
ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻧﻮ ' ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ   ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎ‪ j‬ﻫﺎ' ﻫﻮ' ﻏﻮﻃﻪ

ﮔﺮ
ﺧﺎ;‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺪ‪
 .‬ﻗﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪
R‬ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪m‬‬ ‫
ﻏﻦ
ﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺸﺖ
' ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻮ‪F‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪﺗﺼﺎ
ﻳﺮ   ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ R ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ
ﻗﺪ ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺧﺎ ‪ m‬ﺳﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﺣﻼ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﺟﺪﺳﺎ' ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻨﺰ   ﻫﻢ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ T‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ ' ﺑﺮ‬ ‫
ﭘﺎ; ﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﺑﺎ
ﺳﺎﻳﻞ
ﻳﺎﺣﻼ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ' ﻧﺎ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻮ ' ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻣﺮﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﮔﺮ
ﺧﺎ;  ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ
ﺧﺎ; ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ'‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺪ ﻣﺎ  ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ' ﺻﻼ’ ﻋﺪ` ﻧﻄﺒﺎ‪ I‬ﻫﺎ' ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ' ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻧﻮ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ  ﻣﻮ‪m‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻗﺮ ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ a‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﺎﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫)‪ (PARTICLES‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﺪ` ﻧﻄﺒﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ T‬ﺷﺘﺎ‪j‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪  w‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ
ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
‪ #‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪m‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﺒﺮ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ
ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺎ ﺳﺖ
‬
‫ﺣﺪ
 ‪ 0/005‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﻳﺮ@ ﺗﺎﺑﻨﺎ; ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺗﺼﺎ
ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺎ' ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ' ﻛﻪ  ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ ' ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺒﺎ@ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪  .‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ
 @ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ'‬
‫ﻣﻲ
ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ  ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
‪ #‬ﻫﺎ   ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ  ﻳﺰﻧﮕﺎ ' ﻧﻮ '‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ' ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ

ﻧﻲ ‪ 0/005‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺪ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@  ﻣﻴﺪ‪#‬‬
‫‪0/002‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺎ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪ
ﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ' ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﻮ  ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺟﺰء‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ  ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻪ
ﺟﻮ   )ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺬﻛﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻳﻜﻲ  ?ﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ( ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 300-800‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻗﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻧﺮﺳﺪ‪ R.‬ﺑﺮ' ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ˜‬ ‫)ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ  ﺟﺪﺳﺎ' ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ' ﻧﻮ '‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ﺷﺪ@ ﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺣﺪ
 ‪ 0/1‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ
ﺑﺮ'‬ ‫‪ 200nm‬ﺳﺖ( ﺑﻮ@ ﻣﺎ  ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﻮ‪F‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ ﺣﺪ
 ‪ 2‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
‪ #‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ 500nm‬ﻣﻲ ﺳﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻃﻮ‪F‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻲ ‪100‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺳﺎﻃﻊ  ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
‪ #‬ﻫﺎ ‪ 100/000‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮ ' ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻧﻮ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺌﻮ '‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ‪) R‬ﺣﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ( ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ‪ . uv %‬ﻓﺘﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ‬

‫‪UV-A‬‬ ‫" ﻃﻮ] ﻣﻮ\ ‪320 - 400nm‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﺎ

ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ #‬ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﺎ' ﻫﻮ'  ﻛﻪ  ?‪#‬‬
‫‪UV-B‬‬ ‫" ﻃﻮ] ﻣﻮ\ ‪290 - 320nm‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
 ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪.‬‬
‫‪UV-C‬‬ ‫" ﻃﻮ] ﻣﻮ\ ‪100 - 290nm‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪ uv‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ'  ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ  ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ' ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ' ﺳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ  ﻳﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪ uv-c #‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪  #‬ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮﻫﺎ' ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻮ ﺟﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺛﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ   ‪   253/7 nm‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻼ  ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ' ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ'‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪،m‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺸﺘﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ
 ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ #‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ
‬
‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻬﺎ' ﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ
ﺳﻄﻪ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ
ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫
ﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰﺗﺮ ﺻﻮ ‬
‫‪? ' DNA‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪  .‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﻣﺎ
ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ ﺑﻮ@ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ  ﻣﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻫﺎ' ‪ uv‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ  ﻣﻮ‪m‬‬
‫ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻴﺖ ﻧﻮ‪  (' ) A w‬ﻧﻮ‪ #?  #‬ﺑﻬﺮ@‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺑﻮ@ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮﺟﻲ  ﺣﺪ
‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺟﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ   ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪m‬‬
‫‪  100-400 nm‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻦ ﻧﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻳﺮ‬
‫‪ 430-470 nm‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻧﺪ
ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪ` ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺧﺎ‪ O‬ﺧﻮ  ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺑﺮ
' ﺷﺒﻜﻴﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻧﺴﺎ‪ #‬ﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬ 
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ  ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ?‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪34‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪ F‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮ  ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ' ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻻﻣﭗ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻓﻴﻮ ﻳﺎﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‪ G‬ﻛﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺳﺘﺎ ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪ uv‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻻﻣﭗ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻻﻣﭗ  ?‪ #‬ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺘﺎﺑﻲ
ﻣﺪ @ ﻧﺪ' ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ?‪ #‬ﺻﻮ  ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮ@ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ﺗﻴﻮ‪ j‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮ' ﺑﺨﺎ ﺟﻴﻮ@ ﺻﻮ ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ
ﺗﻤﻬﺎ' ﺟﻴﻮ@ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮژ' ﻣﺬﻛﻮ  ﺟﺬ‪j‬‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ  ﻓﻮ‪ I‬ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮ@
ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻣﻮ‪ uv m‬ﺳﺎﺗﻊ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻳﻦ‬
‫?ﺳﻴﺐ ﻳﺪ@‪
،‬ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﺪ ً @ ﻧﺪ' ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎ ژ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ' ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻻﻣﭗ ‪ uv‬ﺣﺪ
 ‪ 7500-10000‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ  ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ ﻳﻮﮔﺮ‪) ECG 6‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻮ‪ 2‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ (‬

‫
ﺑﻪ ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ 
ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻗﻠﺐ  ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ F‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬ﻳﻦ  ﮔﺎ‪  #‬ﭼﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﺮ@ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ@‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ' ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ' ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ '‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ‪
:‬ﺣﻔﺮ@ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ﻫﺎ' ﺳﺖ
ﭼﭗ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ  ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ﺳﺖ
ﻗﻊ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ

ﺣﻔﺮ@‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﮔﺮ@ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ_ﻫﻠﻴﺰ' ﻳﺎ ) ‪( SA node‬‬ ‫' ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻦ ﻫﺎ' ﺳﺖ
ﭼﭗ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫  ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ‪ 72‬ﺑﺎ  ﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‰ ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫  ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﮔﻲ ?‪  #‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻄﻦ ﺳﺖ
‬
‫ﻋﺼﺎ‪ j‬ﺑﻴﺮ
ﻧﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻫﺎ' ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺪ‪
#‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ?‪  #‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺸﻬﺎ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪#‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮ' ﺧﻮ‪  #‬ﺷﺸﻬﺎ ﺻﻮ  ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ‬
‫ﻫﺎ' ﮔﺮ@  ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺎ` ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪  #‬ﺷﺸﻬﺎ
  ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ﭼﭗ
ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‰ ?‪ 
#‬‬
‫ﮔﺮ@ ‪ SA‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻋﺼﺎ‪
j‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻦ ﭼﭗ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ
ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‰ ﺑﻄﻦ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ' ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‰ ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ﻫﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫
‪ #‬ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ@
 ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺪ‬ ‫ ﻋﺒﻮ  ﻣﻮﻳﺮﮔﻬﺎ
  ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﮔﻲ ﺷﺪ@‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪36‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ  ﻣﺎﻧﻲ  ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ  ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ 

' ?ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ﮔﺮ@‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻠﻴﺰ'‪ -‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ)‪ ( AV‬ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ' ﺳﺖ
ﭼﭗ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‰
ﻧﺶ‬
‫ﻟﻒ(‪ ECG‬ﺗﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﺷﺸﻲ
ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ
‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻛﺎ ﻳﻮﮔﺮ‪ V‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪ ً ﺗﻤﺎ` ﻳﻦ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺗﻜﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻋﺼﺎ‪
j‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ  ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ' ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ@
ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﻗﻠﺐ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﺎ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ‬
‫‪ ECG‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ  ?ﺷﻜﺎ ﻛﺮ@
ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ 
‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻧﺎ'‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ ' 
ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ‪  #‬ﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮ ﺷﺪ@ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻛﺎ ﻳﻮﮔﺮ‪ V‬ﺗﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ' ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ' ﻗﻠﺐ 
' ﭘﻮﺳﺖ  ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻛﺎ ﻳﻮﮔﺮ`‬
‫
?ﺷﻜﺎ ﺳﺎ' ﻋﻮ ‰ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ
ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ?
‪ #‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫)‪(electrocardiogram‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ECG‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ  ﺑﺮﺑﺮ 
ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ
ﭘﻴﺪﻛﺮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ  ﻳﻮ @ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
‬ ‫ ﺗﺒﺎ‪ A‬ﻛﺎ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ' ﻗﻠﺐ
ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﻳﻮﮔﺮ‪ V‬ﺗﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ '  ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ  ﻳﺎﻓﺖ
ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ j‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﺗﻚ ﺗﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪  :ECG‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ' ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ
ﺑﺤﺚ ﭘﻴﺮﻣﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ' ﺗﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ F‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ  ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎ‪? #‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ ECG F‬ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎ  ‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫‪ 3‬ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ?ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻮ

‪  ( Einthoven)#‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ  ' ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ ﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ ECG .‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ' ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ' ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ'‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪ@ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ'
ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
 ﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪
ECG‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﺎ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺎ' ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ
'‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ )ﺳﺖ
ﭘﺎ (
ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ 
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
 ﻧﻴﺎ ﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪ CRT‬ﻳﺎ ‪ LCD‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬ﻋﻼ
@ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ‪،‬‬
‫
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ  ﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )‪(AVR‬ﺑﺎ
' ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ ﻫﺎ' ‪ ECG‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ 
ﻟﻴﺪ ‬
‫)‪(AVL‬ﺑﺎ
' ﭼﭗ
)‪(AVF‬ﭘﺎ' ﭼﭗ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻛﺎ ﻳﻮﮔﺮ‪ V‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺮ
ﻟﺘﺎژ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ?ﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ' ﭘﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﻳﻜﺎ‪
F‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻲ ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ  ﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ
ﻟﺖ )‪  (mv‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ' ﺳﻴﻨﻪ '
ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎ`
ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ? ﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ' ﺳﺖ
ﭘﺎ  ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺘﻼ‪
V‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ@‬
‫ﻳﻚ  ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ' ‪12‬ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ 
ﻧﻤﺎ' ﺟﺪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ‬ ‫
ﻳﻦ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ  ﺑﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻮ‪ PQRST m‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ' ‪ 12‬ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ECG‬ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ ﻳﻜﻪ ‪
P‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ '‪
QRS‬ﻣﻮ‪m‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎ' ﺧﺎ‪ O‬ﺑﺮ' ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺑﺮ
' ﺑﺪ‪ #‬ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫‪?T‬ﻧﻬﺎ  ﻟﺤﺎ€ ﻣﻨﻪ
ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ ﺗﻔﺎ
 ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ (ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ ' ﻛﻪ ‪ 3‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
 ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ '  ﻋﻮ ‰ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ T‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫
' ﺳﺖ
ﭘﺎ ﻫﺎ
‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
 ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮ
'‬
‫
' ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ
ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﺴﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ
@ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪).‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺿﺎﻓﻲ  ﺳﺖ ﺷﺪ@‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
 ﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
 ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺮ
' ﭘﺎ'‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﻳﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ (.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‬ ‫ ﺳﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ 12‬ﻟﻴﺪ'  ' ‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻖ 
' ﻣﻮ‪ RQRST m‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ@‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ  ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪:‬ﺗﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ_ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ
ﺟﻬﺖ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻗﻠﺐ  ﺧﻞ ﻗﻔﺴﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ@

ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ' 
ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ ECGF‬‬
‫ﭘﻲ ﺑﺒﺮ‪.‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻫﺎ
ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﻫﺎ' ﻳﮕﺮ' ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ 
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
 ﺧﺎ‪ O‬ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪  frank
cabyera‬ﻣﻮ  ﻧﺤﻮ@ ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫
ﺟﻮ  ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎ‪
Frank #‬ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ'‬ ‫ﺳﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ  ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ' 
ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ' ‪ 7‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ  ﺑﺪ‪ #‬ﻧﺪ@ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﺪ  ‪:‬‬
‫)ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮ‪ ،#‬ﻓﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺎ™ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ
‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺪ ‪( I‬ﺧﺘﻼ‪ V‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ'‬
‫ ﺳﺖ ﺧﻄﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻐﻞ )‪
(mid axillary‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ
' ﺳﺖ
ﺑﺎ
' ﭼﭗ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺎ™
ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺧﻄﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻐﻞ ﺑﺪ‪
#‬ﭘﺎ' ﭼﭗ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺪ ‪( II‬ﺧﺘﻼ‪ V‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮ' ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ‪ 3‬ﺑﻌﺪ'  ‪ECG‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ
' ﺳﺖ
ﭘﺎ' ﭼﭗ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪cabera‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺪ ‪( III‬ﺧﺘﻼ‪ V‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ' ﺑﺎ
'‬
‫ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
' ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@‬ ‫ﭼﭗ
ﭘﺎ' ﭼﭗ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ  ﻳﻦ ‪ 3‬ﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪38‬‬

‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ

ﻟﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ  ‪6‬ﻟﻴﺪ
ﺑﻪ
ﻳﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻛﺮ@‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻴﺪ
ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﺛﺒﺖ  ﺑﺮ' ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ
‬ ‫
?ﻧﻬﺎ  ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ T‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ' ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ@
ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪F‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ‪    #‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ  ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫‪  ECG‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ'‬ ‫ﻫﺎ' ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭽﻴﻨﮓ ﺳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ  ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪j‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻛﺎ ﻳﻮﮔﺮ‪ '  V‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﺞ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮ@
ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪
F‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺎﭘﮕﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬
‫ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ@ ' ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺑﺮ' ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫  ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻫﺪ‪  .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻟﻴﺪﻣﻮ ‬
‫ﻫﺪ‪ V‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ‪،‬ﻛﻨﮕﺮ@ ﻗﻠﺐ ?ﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ )‪(AHA‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ  ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ j‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ
ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪  ECGF‬‬
‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎ' ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ  ‪ 0/05‬ﻟﻲ ‪100‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ
ﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ  ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ‬ ‫ﻣﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﮕﺮ' ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ j‬ﮔﺮ‪  .‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻀﺎء
ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ F‬ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﺪ  ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﻴﺪﻳﺶ ? ﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ
' ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪F‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‪  #‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ@ ' ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ?ﻳﺪ
‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ F‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻗﺪ`‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‪ m‬ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ
ﻳﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ ' ﻣﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ F‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ  ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ
ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ #‬ﻛﺴﺐ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ
ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻣﻮ  ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ
ﭘﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺮ
 ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ
ﺑﺎ ﻗﻴﺎ‪ T‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ' ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﺪ  ﻃﻮ‪ F‬ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ #‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ  ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻮ‪) ink-jet #‬ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﻓﺸـﺎ‪(#‬ﻳﺎ ‪thermal array‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ ،F‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﭙﺶ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎ'  
‬ ‫)ﺣﺮ ﺗﻲ(
ﻳﺎ ‪) dot-matrix‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ '( ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ
?ﺷﻜﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪،‬ﺑﺪ
‪ #‬ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫
' ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ O‬ﭼﺎپ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎ' ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬ ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪PQRST F‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 12‬ﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ'‬ ‫ ﻗﻠﺐ  ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫  ‪a‬ﺧﻴﺮ@ ﻛﺮ@
ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺎ ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ?‪? #‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪(A‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ '‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪ F‬ﻛﻠﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ'
  ﻛﺮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ'‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻮ@
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫?ﺷﻜﺎ ﺳﺎ' ﻋﻮ ‰ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ
ﭘﻴﺪ ﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻗﻠﺐ‬
‫‪a‬ﺧﻴﺮ@ ﺳﺎ'
ﺛﺒﺖ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ @ ﻫﺎ' ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ‬ ‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺼﺮ‪
 V‬ﻫﺎ
?ﺷﻜﺎ ﺳﺎ' ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ?ﻧﻬﺎ  ' ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﺑﺮ
' ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ F‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪(.‬‬ ‫
ﺧﺮ
ﺟﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ  ﺗﺒﺎ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
‫‪(j‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ' ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ' ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ? ﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ F‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ‬
‫‪(m‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻧﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ‪ notch‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ 50‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 60‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺬ‪ V‬ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ@ ﻣﻲ‬
‫(ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ  ﻃﻮ‪F‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ
ﺑﺮ' ﺣﺬ‪ V‬ﺛﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﺑﻂ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫‪EMG‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ‪ 35‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻫﺎ'‬
‫@(ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺠﺎ
ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮ@ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺠﺎ
ﺑﻂ ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮ\ ‪:PQRST‬‬
‫
(ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪ` ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪
#‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ ،ECG‬ﻧﻤﻮ '  ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ'‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮ ‪ base line #‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪A‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ   ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ  ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ?‪ #‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ‪ .‬ﺧﺪﻫﺎ' ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ  ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻋﺪ` ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ
ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮ' ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﺗﻴﺰ
‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻫﻠﻴﺰ' ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ P m‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺪ ﻳﺠﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ QRS m‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ'‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻊ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ' ﻣﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﺮ@ ﺑﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪
 (2‬ﺑﺎ @ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﻫﻠﻴﺰ' ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﺎﭘﮕﺮ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ@
ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﮔﺬ ' ﺷﺪ@ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ w‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﺎپ ﻳﻦ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ #‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪QRS‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﺪ` ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺖ
ﺿﺢ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﺮ
'‬ ‫  ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﺎ' ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ O‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ' ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮ  
' ﺳﺘﻮ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ #‬ﻳﺞ "ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺪ` ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪B (1‬ﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ'‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺳﻮﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ  ﭼﻚ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪  .‬ﺻﻮ  ﻧﻴﺎ ?ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫  ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﺮ‪).‬ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻠﺪ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ” ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ 
‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬
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ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ  ﻓﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼﻮ' ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ‬
‫"ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ  ‪ ...‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎ"ﺑﺮ‪ #‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﺎ
‪ .#"#‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﭼﻮ' ﺧﻮ'‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﺒﻮ‪ '#‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻳﻦ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﻣﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" "ﻳﺰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻳﺮﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫ ‪  " DNA‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺪ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .#‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ "#‬ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ  ‪ 12000 rpm‬ﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ 25000rpm‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ  ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ‪ "#‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪ "#‬ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ # .‬ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺻﻠﻲ  ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻮ‪#"# #‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪(1‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ‪ "#‬ﻣﺠﺰ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ‪ "#‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ \ I‬ﻣﻜﺎ' ﺟﻤﻊ "  ﺟﺪ ﻛﺮ‪'#‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ "ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ] ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ " ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ )ﻣﻴﺰ
(‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ  ﻧﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ  ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻣﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪ "# #‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺘﻼ‪ /‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺮ‪ 9‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺗﻲ  ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ﻳﻜﻲ ‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺿﺮ"  ﻻ‪ 9‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 9‬ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ"' ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ" ﺑﺰ"ﮔﺘﺮ  ﻧﻴﺮ ﺟﺎ@ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ﻣﻜﺎ' ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺘﺎ‪  A‬ﺟﺪﺳﺎ ‪"#‬‬
‫ﺛﺮ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ /‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ " ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺳﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮ‪# ،9‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ "ﺗﻮ" ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻮ"ﺧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻗﺮ" ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﭼﺮﺧﺪ‪ 3 .‬ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ‪ "#‬ﺑﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﻨﺪ ‪ (1 :‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ‪ (2‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ (3‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪44‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
ﺿﺮﻳﺒﻲ  ‪ g‬ﺑﻴﺎ' ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮ " ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﻮ‪ 9‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮ‪#‬ﺷﺖ  ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻼ ﻣﺖ ‪(relative centrifug field/frce) rcf‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ  ﻣﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺰ"ﮔﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‬ ‫ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻳﺮﺳﻬﺎ  ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ‪rcf‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ  ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﺰء "ﻳﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ' ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎ  ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ "‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ ﻣﻜﺎ' ﭘﺮ‪ a#‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ " ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪1‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎ' ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ‪ 1200g  rcf‬ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ‪ 1/5‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ‬
‫‪ 6240g‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ "ﻣﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎ"ﺑﺮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ  "ﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ ﺟﺰ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ  ﺳﻠﻮ\ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ" ‪ rcf‬ﺑﻪ ‪ g 12300‬ﻟﻲ ‪ g 49555‬ﻣﻲ "ﺳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻬﺎ  ‪ 30000rpm‬ﻟﻲ ‪120000rpm‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻖ  ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ rcf‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ‪ 9‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ‪"#‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ  ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭼﻮ' ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪"#‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻗﺮ" ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺳﺎ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪  ,‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪  #‬ﺻﻄﻜﺎ‪ f‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫"ﺗﻮ" ﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ  ﺳﺮﺗﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ" ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ rcf .‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ‪  ,‬ﺳﺮ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ"‬ ‫‪ '#‬ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪ rcf‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ‪  ,‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ ' ﺗﻔﺎ
ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ
ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺮ‪ .#‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ" ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪ rcf‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ"ﺑﺮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ ﺧﺎ‪ i‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺪ‪ "# ,‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ  ﺑﺘﺪ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ" " ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ "ﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ  ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫  ' ﻣﻘﺪ" ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ rcf‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ"
ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ  ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
‪#‬ﺳﺘﻲ ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 9‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎ‪ I‬ﺳﺮ"ﺗﻮ" ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ .#"#‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻛﺎ"ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮ ﻛﺎ
ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺗﻮ" ﺟﺪﻟﻲ " ‪ "#‬ﺧﺘﻴﺎ" ﻛﺎ"ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ ﻛﺎ" ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻞ ﺳﺘﻮ"‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ" ‪  " rcf‬ﺳﻮ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪ .#‬ﻣﺎ ‪"#‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ‪ "#‬ﺣﺎ\ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ" ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﭘﺮﺳﺴﻮ"‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ  ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺎ‪ A‬ﻳﻪ  ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮ ‪" "#‬ﺳﺘﺎ ﺧﺎ"‪ j‬ﻋﻤﺎ\ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎ‪ I‬ﭼﺮﺧﺶ )‪ (r‬‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺬ" ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ v2‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ‪#‬ﺷﺖ  ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ "ﻣﻴﺰ ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ﻣﻮﺳﻮ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻻ"ﺗﻴﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻔﺖ‪" ،‬ﺗﻮ"  ﻣﺪ"‪"#‬ﻳﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ ،#‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻜﺎ' ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ"‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮ"‪ "# ،‬ﺻﻮ"ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ‪ "#‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ" ‪ '##‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﻜﺎ' ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ"  ﺟﺰ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪#‬‬
‫" ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪# "#‬ﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰ' ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫‪ Led‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ  ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ‪ "#‬ﺷﻴﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ' "ﺗﻮ"‬
‫"ﻳﺰ  @ﺧﻴﺮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ "#‬ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﻠﺪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪# "#‬ﺧﻞ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ‬
‫" ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ " ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪rpm‬‬ ‫"ﺗﻮ" " ﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪" .‬ﺗﻮ"ﻫﺎ  ﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﻟﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎ' ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺑﻮ‪  '#‬ﻣﻜﺎ' ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ  ‪ "#‬ﺑﻌﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺟﻮ‪"# #‬ﻧﺪ‪ # .‬ﻧﻮ‪I‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﻨﺪ  "ﺗﻮ" ﺑﺎ ﻳﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ  "ﺗﻮ"‬
‫ ﻫﻦ "ﺑﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻮ\ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﻲ ﭼﺮﺧﺪ ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻳﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ 4 "#‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 40‬ﺳﻮ"‪"# u‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ  ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 20‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 45‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮ" ﻋﻤﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  ,#‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻟﻮگ ﺷﻤﺎ" ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﺪ‪rpm #‬‬ ‫"ﺗﻮ"ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ "ﺗﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ‬
‫ ' ﺧﻮﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎ"ﺑﺮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ‪"  "#‬ﺳﻮ‪ A‬ﺳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ ‪ "#‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻔﻞ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ‪" 9# I‬ﺗﻮ" ‪ 2 "#‬ﻟﻲ ‪16‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ "#‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺖ  ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻮ\ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ' ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪  #‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ' ﺑﺮ‪x‬‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‬
‫"‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
ﻓﻘﻲ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ" ‪ "#‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺎ"ﺟﻲ ﻗﺮ" ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ ﺟﺰ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﺻﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺎ ﭼﻮ' ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﺎ"‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ  ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺷﺎ"‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪  rpm‬ﻣﺎ' ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ ,‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .#‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ‪ "#‬ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭽﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪# #‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ‪ ,##‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ" ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎ' ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪ #‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻣﺎ' "‬
‫ ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ‪# "#‬ﺧﻞ ﺳﺮ"ﺗﻮ"  ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ"  ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ ‪ "#‬ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﭘﻮ‪# a‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ،,‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﺎ" ‪# rpm‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﺎ' ﺑﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬
‫" ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ  ‪ "#‬ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻮ‪'#‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ ‪#‬ﻛﻤﻪ‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‪# ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺮ‪ a#‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮ"‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ " ﻫﻢ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ"
ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪46‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻛﺎ" ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻮ" ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪"# A‬ﺟﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮ"ﺳﻲ  ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻔﻞ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ ‪ "#‬ﭘﻮ‪a‬‬ ‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ‪"#‬‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒ ًﺎ ﺑﺮ"ﺳﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﭘﺮﺳﺴﻮ" ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ' " ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎ"ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ  ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺻﻮ"
ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﺒﻮ‪ ' '#‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪# #‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺷﺘﺎ‪# A‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪،,‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ  ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‪# ،‬ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ' ﻛﻠﻲ  ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ "‬
‫ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﺘﻘﺎ"' ﻗﺮ" ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪#‬ﭼﺎ"‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ "ﻳﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ‪ "#‬ﺻﻮ"
ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ' ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪"#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪ #‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻮ"
ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ " ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮ" ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ‪#‬ﺧﻠﻲ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﻮ" ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮ‪.##‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ "#  #‬ﺻﻮ"
ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﮔﺮ‪# .##‬ﻣﺎ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ،,‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﻧﻮ" ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺳﺖ  ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ  ‪#‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
)‪ "#‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺮ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ"‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻣﺘﺮ )ﻃﻴﻒ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ(  ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﻧﺸﺎ' ‪ ,##‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪(.‬‬ ‫)ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺠﻲ( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻣﺘﺮ‪ :‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ" ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ "‪  #‬ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻮ" ﻋﺪﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‪) ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺑﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ  ﻣﻨﺸﻮ" ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﮓ)‪(Greeting‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻧﻮ" ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻧﺮژ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ ' ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ ' ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪1) E=hν‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ
‪ :‬ﻧﻮ" ﻧﺮژ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺑﻮ‪  ,#‬‬
‫‪2) ν=C/R‬‬
‫ﺧﻮ‪ i‬ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‪ "  j‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪j‬‬
‫‪3) E=hC/R‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ ﻓﺘﻮ' ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ "گ = ‪E‬‬ ‫ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﻨﺪ  ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺗﺮ ‪ "#‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ )ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ( = ‪ν‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪ‪ #‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﭘﻼﻧﻚ =‪h‬‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻗﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ )ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ"ﺑﺮ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮ‪λ /‬‬
‫ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪R = j‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮ" ‪ "#‬ﺧﻼء = ‪C‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎ' ‪ ,##‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪48‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ(  ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ‪ >J‬ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ "ﻧﮓ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ"ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻧﺮژ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺎ "ﻧﮓ ﻣﻜﻤﻠﻲ "ﻧﮓ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\  '‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ  ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﻮ‪ i‬ﻧﻮ"‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻧﻮ  ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ
‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻧﻮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ ﻣﻮ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ " ﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ )ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎ
ﻣﺲ(‬ ‫‪500‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ 
ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺪ  ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺳﺖ )ﻋﺮ‪ #‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ‪#‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﻧﮓ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﺧﻮ‪ " #‬ﻛﻪ "ﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‪ 2‬ﻋﺒﻮ ‪ -‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫"‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻛﺮ‪"  ,#‬ﻧﮓ ﺑﻲ ' ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ -‬ﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺑﺮ
ﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺧﻮ"‪ .#‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬
‫ﻛﺮ> ﻧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ ﻣﻮ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ‪ -‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎ
ﻣﺲ " ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ "ﻧﮓ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ '‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻧﮓ "‪ " #‬ﺑﻪ ' ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻣﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻴﻜﻪ ﻧﻮ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮ@ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ ' ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﺷﻮ‪   #‬ﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻛﺮ‪،,#‬‬ ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎ
ﺗﻴﺮ=  ﺷﻦ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻮ‪ " #‬ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎ
ﺷﻦ ‪ -‬ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻮ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‪  -‬ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎ
ﺗﻴﺮ= ‪ -‬ﻣﻮ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻓﺎ‪ -‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‪J‬ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‪ 2‬ﻋﺒﻮ ﻧﻮ ‪ -‬ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺪ
‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﻧﺮژ
‪ >J‬ﺟﺬ‪ M‬ﺷﺪ= )ﺟﺬ‪ >J M‬ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﺷﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ
 ﺟﺰء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﻣﻮ! ﺳﺘﻔﺎ! ﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎ‪ AC A‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ "'  ﺧﻮ‪"# A‬‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ  ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﺑﺮ‪ x‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ ' ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺷﺘﻦ ﻟﺖ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﻮ" ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪ j‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻃﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﻃﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ .‬ﻛﺜﺮ ً ﺑﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﻫـﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﻓﺘـﻮﺳـﻞ ﻧﺪ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ"ﻣﺎﺗﻮ" ﺑﻜﺎ" ﺑﺮ‪ ,#‬ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ‪#‬ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫‪AUTO‬‬ ‫‪ANALYZER‬‬ ‫ﺗـﻮ‪J‬ﻧـﺎﻻﻳــﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ"ﻣﺎﺗﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻠﻬﺎ  ‪-‬ﻳﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ‪ -‬ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﻧﺪ  ﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭼﻮ> ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻻ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮ‪x‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻘﺪ ﻋﺒﻮ ﻧﻮ  ﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎ> ﻧﺒﻮ=   ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ‪ "#‬ﺧﺘﻴﺎ" ‪#‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﺮ‪x‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻗﺮ" ﺑﮕﻴﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=  ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﻲ ‪-‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ' ﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺖ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﺎ" ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ "ژﻧﺲ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻮ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮ‪ =-‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ‪ ،,‬ﺿﺮ" ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻃﻮ
ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ=‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  ,#‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ‪ x‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺷﻜﺎ\‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ‪J‬ﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ‪ #"#‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ' ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﻮ'‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎﻫﺎ
ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ  ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺮ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ"ﻣﺎﺗﻮ" ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻻ‪ " 9‬ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ ﻏﺒﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻲ ﻻﻣﭗ ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻴﺪ=  ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻮ  ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ‪J‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﭽﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻻ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻓﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ‪ #‬ﻧﻮ
ﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ " ﺗﻤﻴﺰ  ﻛﺎ" ﻧﻬﺎ " ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻛﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺳﺖ‪"# .‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﻣﻨﻮ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ
‬ ‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ"ء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﻻﻣﭗ‬
‫ﻧﻮ" ﻗﺒﻞ  ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ" ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪ"ژﻧﻲ ﺑﻜﺎ" ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ  ﻋﺪﺳﻴﻬﺎ  ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻧﻮ" ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻋﺒﻮ"‬ ‫* ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ 
ﻻﻣﭗ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ ' ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ  ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ ﻋﺒﺎ
ﺗﻨﺪ ‪:3‬‬
‫ ﺛﺮ ﺣﺮ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ> ﻫﺎ
ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻛﺮ‪ .#‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ" ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ" ﺑﻜﺎ" ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺨﺎ ﺷﺪ=   ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ
‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ‪ ' I‬ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳـﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﺻﺎﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺻﺎﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪،‬ﺳﺎ‪,#‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ‪ -‬ﻧﺮژ
ﻧﻮﻧﻲ ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪ '#‬ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺬ‪ M‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺛـﺮ ﻧـﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ M‬ﻳﻦ ﭘـﻮﺷـﺶ‬
‫‪51‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎ "ﻧﮕﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‬

‫ﻣﻼ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﻓﻠﺰ
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪,‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ  ﻧﻤﻚ ﻛﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪  9‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻲ  ﻧﻤﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪,‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘ ًﺎ ‪ "#‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ "ﻧﮕﻲ  ﻓﻼﺳﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ "ﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲﻛﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ژﻻﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮ" ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻳﺪ‪ ،\ ,‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫"ﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ #‬ﻻﻳﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪##‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ" ﻛﺮ‪'#‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ "  ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻋﺒﻮ" ‪,##‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﻼﺳﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ  ژﻻﺗﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪ  ﻣﺪﺗﻲ "ﻧﮓ‬
‫ ‪ "#‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ" ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ )ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪#  " #‬ﺳﺖ ‪  ,##‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮ"
ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ‪STRAY‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ\‬
‫‪ ( LIGHT‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻤ ً‬
‫ﻼ‬ ‫‪ #"#‬ﻛﻪ ‪ ' "#‬ﺣﻞ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ'ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﭼﻮ' ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ‪' H-B-W‬‬ ‫‪#‬ﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ"ﻫﺎ " ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪H-B-W‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺑﺮ‪ 30nm‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ‪"# ,#‬ﺻﺪ ‬ ‫)‪ (HALF BAND WIDTH PASS‬ﻣﻲ ﺳﻨﺠﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮ" ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ‪  " ,‬ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻋﺒﻮ" ‪#‬ﻫﺪ  ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻧﻮ"‬ ‫ﭼﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ"‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ  ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺟﺬ‪A‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ "# .‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻳﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪ" ﺑـﺮﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ‪ "#‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ )ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪ (450-550) 100 nm‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪52‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻘﺪ" ‪#‬ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ژﻻﺗﻴﻨﻲ(‪ " H-B-W‬ﻗﺪ" ﺑﻴﺸﺘـﺮ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ #‬ﺋﻴﻨﻪ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ 25-50 nm‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎ"‪ j‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ ﺟﻮ‪ #"# #‬ﻛﻪ ' " ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺋﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫‪ Interference‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻧﻮ" ﺧﺎ"‪ j‬ﺷﺪ‪،,‬ﺷﺪﺗﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻧﻮ"‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﺎ ژﻻﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻪ "‪ #‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺷﺪ‪،,‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ‪#‬ﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ #‬ﻻﻳﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ"‬
‫ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪"# ,#‬ﺻﺪ  ﻧﻮ" ﻟﻴﻪ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ"‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ ﻗﺮ" ‪.#"#‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﺰ' ' ﺗﺎ ‪ "#60‬ﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ" ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎ‪ # ,#‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ  ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ"‬ ‫‪ Dielectric‬ﺑﻮ‪   ,#‬ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻟﻜﺘﺮ' ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﺮ‪  ,#‬ﻗﺎ‪ "#‬ﺳﺖ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ  ﺳﻄﺢ ‪#‬ﺧﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫‪ H-B-W‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ‪ 5-10 nm‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ  ﻧﻘﺮ‪ ,‬ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎ" ﺋﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ " ﻧﺠﺎ‪9‬‬
‫ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻧﻮ" ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺋﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻃﻮ" ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ" ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ ‪ .#"#‬ﮔﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ‪700nm‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ" ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ‪  ,‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.##‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻮ" ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻛﺮ‪ ,#‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪700nm‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ" ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‪ 9‬ﻋﺒﻮ"  ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺸﺖ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻀﺮﺑﻲ  ' ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ‪#‬ﺷﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ 350nm‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ ﺋﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ )ﻧﻮ"( ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬
‫‪.1400nm‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪ ,#‬ﻟﻲ ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺋﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪#‬‬
‫" ﻳﻦ ﺻﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ  ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ "‪ #‬ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ" ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ "# .#‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫‪  1400 ،350‬ﻏﻴﺮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻌﺪ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ‪Interference‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻧﻮ" "‪ #‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ﻗﻄﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺮ ‪ 700nm‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬ"ﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮ" ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺋﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻛﺮ‪,#‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﻮ"‪#‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮ
ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪  .‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ ﻧﻌﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺋﻴﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ? ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ
ﻣﻨﺸﻮ
‪#‬‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪# /‬ﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮ" " ﻣﻲﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Interference‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ‪ "#‬ﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ" ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫‪ :DIFFRACTION GRATING (G‬ﻃﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖﺗﺮ  ﻃﻴﻒ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ  ﻣﻨﺸﻮ"‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ 
ﺑﺎ
 ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻮ‪  ,#‬ﺧﻤﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺪ"‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ
ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮ> ‪J‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺎﭼﻪ ﻧﺮ‪  2‬ﻣﺮﻃﻮ‪M‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ‪ Grating‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ " ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎ
‪J‬ﻟﻲ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎ" ﻓﻠﺰ
ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﻴﻘﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻴﺎژ ﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ  ﻣﺲ‬
‫ ﺻﻮ ﺟﺒﺎ ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺼﺎ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻨﺪ  ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﻴﺎ"ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ >J‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﻼ ‪J‬ﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ‪) #‬ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﺎ"‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻛﻬﺎ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻨﭻ( ‪ ' " "#‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ "ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ‪-‬ﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﺪ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪J‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ
‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ‪ #‬ﺷﻴﺎ"ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" ﮔﺮ' ﺗﻤﺎ‪ 9‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ  ﻋﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮ‪M‬‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪ " #‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﻞ  " ' ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﺮ‪,#‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎ  ﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﭙﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ "ﻧﺘﺮ ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ‪#‬ﻳﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮ‪ A‬ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪#‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎ"ﻫﺎ "ﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ‪ 9‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻼ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ  ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫‪ # "#‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻧﻮ" ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺮ" ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪ #‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺎ"ﻫﺎ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻫﺮ ﺷﻴﺎ" ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺸﻮ" ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮ‪  ,#‬ﻃﻴﻒ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ (F‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮ
‪ :Prism‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪'#‬‬
‫‪#‬ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‪ 9‬ﻋﺒﻮ" ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ  ﻣﻨﺸﻮ" ﺷﻴﺸﻪ   ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ"ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ  ﻛﻮ"ﺗﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫‪ H-B-W‬ﻛﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ" ﻻﻣﭗ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﻮ" ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ H-B-W‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
ﻛﭙﻲ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ‪ "#‬ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ  ﻣﻮ‪j‬‬
‫‪ 25-35 nm‬ﺳﺖ ﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺪ" ' ‪ "#‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺳﺖ  ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺮﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ (Nonlinear) .‬ﻋﻼ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ  ﻣﺤﺴﻨﺎ
ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ" ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ  ﻣﻨﺸﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪.#"#‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ" ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻫﺪﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ‪ #‬ﻧﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‬
‫ ' ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﺎ"ﺟﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻼ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮ" ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺎ'‬ ‫ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺑﺮ " ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻜﺎ" ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺠﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪'##‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪54‬‬

‫‪ #"#‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ‪ ,‬ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻋﻮ… ﻳﻜﻲ  ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻜﻲ  ﻫﺰ"ﻫﺎ ﺳﻄﻮ ' ﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪ '#‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ "‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‪# #‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ" ﺛﺮ‬
‫‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪ" ﺳﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬ"‪ #‬ﺑﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ\ ‪ "#‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮ‪ "# 9‬ﺻﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ' " ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ 9‬ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ T‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ‪ "#‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪540nm j‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺑﺮ‪ %50‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
‪ %3‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4‬ـ ﻛﻮ )‪(Cuvett‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ T‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﺳﺖ "‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ  ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺬ" ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻘﻂ ‬ ‫ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ "#‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫"‪# ,‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺠﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ‪ ,‬ﻛﺮ‪'#‬‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ  ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮ
ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ  ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪ #‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ
"ﻧﮓ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ  ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎ" ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫"ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ  ﺷﻜﻞ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻛﻮ
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ #‬ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻣﺘﺪ\ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ @ﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺎ
 ﺑﺎﻳﺪ 
ﺑﺎ
 ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ
ﻋﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻜﻌﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻮ‪   ,#‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ )ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻛﻮ  ﺑﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ(  ﺳﻠﻴﻜﺎ )ﺑﺮ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ"ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ( ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮ> ﻧﻮ ‪ -‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻛﻮ ﻋﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺮﺋﻲ "  ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ"ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ " ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻮ  ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻣﻮ ‪-J‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﮔﺮ'  ﻛﺎ"ﻛﺮ‪  '#‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫‪J‬ﺑﻜﺸﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪#‬ﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" ﻻ‪.#"# 9‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ‪J‬ﻧﻬﺎ  ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﭼﻪ ﻧﺮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ #‬ﮔﺮ‪ :‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻦ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮ‪ -‬ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﭘﺎ‪ f‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪  .‬ﺻﻮ ﻣﻜﺎ>‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻫﺎ
ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ g‬ﭘﺎ‪ f‬ﻛﺮ> ﻋﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﮔﺮ‪ #‬ﺑﻮ‪ ,#‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎ"ﻫﺎ "ﻣﺮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻜﺎ" ﻣﻲ "ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﺧﻞ ﻛﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎ
‪ -‬ﺣﺒﺎ‪ M‬ﻫﻮ‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ‪#‬ﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ" ﻣﻜﺮ" ‪#‬ﻳﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻳﺎ ﺟﺬ‪A‬‬
‫ﻛﻮ  ﻃﻮ
 ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪5‬ـ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻛﻮ
ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ' ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ 
ﻛﻮ ﺑﻄﺮ‪ i‬ﺧﻮﻧﻨﺪ=‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﺟﻮ" ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻬﺎ " ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫‪55‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﻻ ‪ -‬ﻫﻤﺎ> ﻣﺴﻴﺮ
ﻛﻪ ﻛﻮ  ‬ ‫‪6‬ـ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ"ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ )‪(400-800nm‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺮ =ﻧﺪ ‪ -‬ﻫﻤﺎ> ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﻠﻴﻜﻮ' ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺘﺮ  ﮔﺮﻧﺘﺮ ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ‪  >J‬ﺧﺎ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﺑﻮ‪  ,#‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ' ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮ"
ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻗﺘﻲ ‪ -‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻳﭽﻪ‬ ‫‪7‬ـ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫
ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻛﻮ  ﻣﻲ ﺑﻨﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺣﺪ‪# 5-10 #‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻃﻮ\‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ  ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ= ﻗﻮ
ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪8‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮ‪ 9‬ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻛﺎ" ﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ  ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ  ﻋﻮ… ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﻗﺖ ﻻ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻗﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺎ‪
#‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪"# ،‬‬ ‫ ﺻﻮ ﺟﺒﺎ ﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ  ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮ‪J‬پ‬ ‫‪9‬ـ‬

‫ﺻﻮ"ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺑﺪ' ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ "ﺷﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺒﻪ
ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ
ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ= ﻧﺸﺪ= ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪10‬ـ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺞ " ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺛﺮ ﻧﻮ" ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ‪ "# .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫‪5‬ـ ﻧﻮ
ﺳﻨﺞ )‪(DETECTOR‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ‪# 30‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﺮﺣﺖ ‪.##‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ " ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮژ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺪ" ﺣﺴﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﺎ " ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﻜﺎ"‬
‫ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ " ﺷﺮ ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺪﻧﺪ ‪ "#‬ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻧﻮ‪# I‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﻳﻜﻲ  ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺞ "‬
‫ ﻣﭙﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺮ" ‪.##‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ‪ Burier layer 9‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ' ' ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ (F‬ﻓﺘﻮﺗﻴﻮ‪ : photo tube F‬ﺧﺘﻼ‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﻨﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ " ' ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ‪ "#‬ﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ'‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ #‬ﺣﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮ‪SELENIUM 9‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ' ﺳﺖ ‪ "#‬ﻓﺘﻮﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ‪#‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻜﻮ' ‪ SILICON‬ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪# "# #‬ﺧﻞ ﺣﺒﺎ‪ A‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ  ﻛﻪ ‪ ' "#‬ﺧﻼء‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻲ  ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﻨﻲ ﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻛﺮ‪ ,#‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮ" ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ #‬ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ " ‪ "#‬ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ " ' " ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻔﻮ† ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫‪ CESIUM‬ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮ"‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻜﺎ" ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪   ,‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻓﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮ‪9‬‬
‫ ' ﺧﺎ"‪ j‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮ' ﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ #‬ﺧﻮ‪"# #‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻜﻮ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ'ﻫﺎﺋﻲ  ﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﺪ ﺷﺪ‪"#  ,‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ" ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ " ﺑﻄﺮ‪ /‬ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ‪#‬ﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﻄﺮ‪ /‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﻨﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﭘﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﺘﻼ‪ /‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ  "‪ ,‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪56‬‬

‫‪ "#‬ﺛﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ ،#‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﻗﻮ] ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫)ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ" ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ' ﺧﻮ"‪' "# (,#‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' " ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪.‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' "‪ #‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻘﺪ" ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ "‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺪ' ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ  ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ "‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎ" ﻧﺪ‪ ،#‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ‪#‬ﻟﻴﻞ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ' ﻣﭙﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ " ‪"#‬ﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ‪ ' "   ,#‬ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪ "# #‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬ ‫ﻣﺮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺠﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﺎ‪  ,#‬ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫" ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﻃﻮ\ ' ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ‬ ‫‪ PHOTO MULTIPLIER‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪"# #‬‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺠﺎ ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ #‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺛﺮ ‪ #"#‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻳﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ  ﻧﻬﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ" ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫" ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫" ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ'‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﻳﺎ‪  ,#‬ﺣﺪ ' " ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﻛﺮ‪.#‬‬ ‫‪6‬ـ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺋﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪ j‬ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪"#‬ﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﻣﭙﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺋﻴﻨﻪ " "ﺷﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺘﻮﺗﻴﻮ‪ " A‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ‪"#‬‬
‫" ‪ "#‬ﻳﻪ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺤﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ﻳﻦ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺷﺮ ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ " ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺪ"‪ j‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪"# .‬‬ ‫ﻟﻒ( ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ  ﻣﻴﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ  " ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻜﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﺪ"‪ j‬ﺧﻮﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ "‪ .#‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ' ' ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﺴﺖ  ﻳﻚ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻮ‪  ,#‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪" ,‬ﺳﺎ\ ﻛﺮ‪,#‬‬ ‫‪#‬ﺋﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻌﻞ ﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ
ﻣﻴﺪ' ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ " ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺖ ‪ "#‬ﻣﻰ "‪ #‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ "# .‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ #‬ﻗﻄﺐ ' ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻇﺮﻳﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﻮﻧﻴﻮ" ﺑﻜﺎ" "ﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫)‪ (COIL‬ﻋﻤﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺪ' ﻗﺮ" ‪ # .#"#‬ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ"
" ﻧﺪ"ﻧﺪ " ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫‪ COIL‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﭙﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ ' ﻣﻴﺪ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ "#‬ﻃﺮ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ' ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﻦ ‪ #‬ﻣﻴﺪ' ﻃﻮ" ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪"#‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻳﻦ ‪ #‬ﻣﻴﺪ' ﺑﻄﺮ‪ /‬ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ‪،‬ﻗﻠﻤﻲ " ﺑﺮ " ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ‪،‬ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ  ﺑﺎ "ﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ  ﺑﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻴﺮ ﻓﻨﺮ " ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪#‬ﻫﺎ  ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎ"
‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪ "# #‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬ ‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺖ‪،‬ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻧﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪#‬ﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺞ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻘﺘﺮ ﺑﺠﺎ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﭙﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻻ‪ 9‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ NULL POINT 9‬ﺑﻜﺎ" ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ NULL POINT‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮ\  ' ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﺪ"‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ : NULL POINT‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ" ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺎ"‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬ﻫﺎ ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﻜﺎ" ﺑﺮ‪,#‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪  #‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼ‪ # ' "# ,‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺟﻮ‪ #"# #‬ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ " ﺣﺴﺎﻳﺖ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬ"‪ .#‬ﻳﻜﻲ ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ' "ﻓﺮﻧﺲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺟﻠﻮ ' ‪"#‬ﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫"ﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﻳﻦ ﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ " A‬ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻧﻮ" ﻗﺮ" ‪ #"#‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  ,#‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪ #‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺟﻠﻮ‬
‫‪# "#‬ﻳﺎﮔﺮ‪ 9‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ' ﻛﻮ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ‪ ,##‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ‪ #‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺖ  ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻮ‪ x‬ﻟﻌﺎ‪# ,#‬ﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﻮ" ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﺣﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ "#‬ﻫﺮ ‪ #‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ‪ "#‬ﺳﻂ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .#‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮ" ‪ '##‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪ )‪(BLANK‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ " ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ "#‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻨﺼﻮ"
ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﺮ‪"# '#‬ﻳﭽﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ "ﻓﺮﻧﺲ ﻣﻘﺪ"‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ Q‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ" " ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ " ﺻﻔﺮ ﻗﺮ" ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .#‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮ"‬
‫‪ '##‬ﻛﻮ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺠﺪ‪ً #‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﻛﻪ  ﻻﻣﭗ ‪ L‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺲ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﺎﻧﺪ' ﭘﻴﭻ‬
‫‪ #‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ  ‪#‬ﻛﻮ
 ‪ #‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ  ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﺻﻞ ﺳﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ'‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻲ "‪ #‬ﺗﺎ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ /‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ‪ # "#‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺎ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ #‬ﻛﻮ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬
‫" ﺻﻔﺮ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .#‬ﺣﺎ\ ‪"#‬ﺟﺎ
" ﭘﻴﭻ‬
‫‪# "# " Blank‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ  ﻣﻘﺪ" ‪ " T‬ﺑﺮ "‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ " ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻛﻮ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ "‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪58‬‬

‫ﮔﺬ"‪ #‬ﻟﻲ ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺋﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻛﺮ‪  #‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ  ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻫﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ  ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ "  "‬
‫‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻮ
 ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﻋﺒﻮ" ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻧﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ"  ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻳﻦ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ  ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻻﻣﭗ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ" ﺟﻮ‪ A‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ‪#‬ﺷﺖ‬
‫ﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ‪#‬ﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻢ ‪"#‬‬ ‫ﭼﻮ' ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺑﺮ " ﺷﺎﻫﺪ  ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ' ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﺴﺎ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪ #‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮ‪i‬‬
‫ﺑﻮ‪ "# .#‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﮔﺮ‪ ،'#‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎ‪A‬‬ ‫ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﻣﻨﺸﻮ"  ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ GRATING‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ # "#‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ "‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ /‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮ' ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ" ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻃﺮ ﻗﺮ"‪'##‬‬
‫ ' ‪ " #‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ' ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ  ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ"ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ "#‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ"ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ‬
‫‪ 200‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 380‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ' ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ (.‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪ '#‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ"  ﻻﻣﭗ ﻫﻴﺪ"ژﻧﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﻮ"‬
‫ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ‪ " ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻧﺸﺎ' ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ 9‬ﺟﺰء ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﮔﺮ‪ '#‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪" ' ,#‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻳﺮ ﺷﺮ ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮ‪ 3‬ﻛﺎ
ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﮔﺮ?‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺎ\ ﻣﺨﻠﺘﻒ‬
‫ﻼ @ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ" ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ "# .#‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻖ  ﺣﺴﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﺷﺮ ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎ" ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ " ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ" ﺑﺮ‪ #‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮ'‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺪ" ﺑﺮﻳﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺳﻄﺢ '‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎ
ﻻ‪ " 9‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺠﺎ‪.## 9‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺮ‪,‬ﻧﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻮ" " ﻣﺜﻞ ﺋﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻟﺬ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎ" ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ ﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮ" ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮ‪ ' a#‬ﺑﻜﺎ" "ﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻃﻮ" ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮ"‬
‫‪1‬ـ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ‪ x‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ﻳﻪ ‪"#45‬ﺟﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ‪#‬ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ" ﻛﻪ ﻃﻼ‪"# I‬ﻳﻢ ﺑﺮ‪ x‬ﻛﺸﻮ" ﻣﺎ ‪ 220‬ﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﻪ ' ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﮔﺮ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ ‪ 50‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 110 ,‬ﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻛﻨﺪ ‪  ،‬ﻳﻜﺴﻮ ﻛﻮ
 ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪59‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻋﺒﻮ" ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﺬ ﭘﺲ ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮ" ‪ 110‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪،,‬ﻛﻮ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ "  ‪ A‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫‪ "# 220‬ﺧﺘﻴﺎ" ‪#‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ  ﭘﺲ  ﺻﻞ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 3/4‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﺮ ﻧﻤﻮ‪'  ,#‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ' " ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ‪ x‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ ‪ "#‬ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫" ‪# "#‬ﺧﻞ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ" ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪# .‬ﻗﺖ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺼﻮ"
ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 220 ,‬ﻟﺖ ﺑﻮ‪" ' #‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻜﺎ" ﺑﺮ‪ ,#‬ﺷﻮ‪ #‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻻﻣﻜﺎ' ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ  ﺟﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪i‬‬ ‫ ﺳﻴـﻢ ﻣﻴـﻦ )"
( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺷـﻮ‪  #‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻟﺪ" ﻗﺮ" ﮔﻴﺮ‪  #‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ‪ #"#‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺼــﺎﻻ
ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" ﺗﻤﻴﺰ  ﻋﺎ"  ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻚ  ﻳﺎ ﻛﺪ"
‬ ‫" ﻛﻪ ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕــﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮ‪ " #‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ 100 ،‬ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨـﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳـﻦ  ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ‪ x‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ " " ﻋﺪ‪ #‬ﺻﺪ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ' ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴـﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮ‪ "# .#‬ﺣﻘﻴـﻘﺖ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ " ﺑﻴﺮ' "‪  ,#‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪" #‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘـﻢ ﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ 9# .‬ﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﭼﻮ' ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕـﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺧﻮ‪#‬ﻣﺎ' ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪,#‬ﻳﻢ  ‪ "#‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﺳﺘـﻬﺎ ﺗﻤــﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ #"#‬ﻟﺬ  ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎ
‬
‫"ﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪# "# ،,‬ﺧﻞ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ" ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ  ' "‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ  "ﺗﻌﺎﺷــﺎ
ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴــﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻧﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪ " #‬ﺑﻴﺮ' "‪,#‬‬ ‫ ﺻﻞ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪" " ' ,‬ﺷﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ  ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ " ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ  ﻋﺪ‪ #‬ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪#‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺻﺒﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ‪ 9‬ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫" ﻣﺠﺪ‪ ً #‬ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻧﻴﻢ ‪ "#‬ﺗﻤﺎ‪ 9‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ"‪ "#،#‬ﻫﻮﻟﺪ"‬ ‫ﻣـﺪ
ﻣﺎ' " ‪ Warm up time‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮ‪ ,#‬ﺗﺎ  "‪ #‬ﻧﻮ" ﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﺑﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪،‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
ﺳﺖ ﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮ"ﻛﻠﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ' ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻧﺰﻳﺴﺘﻮ" ﺣﺪ‪ 3 #‬ﺗﺎ ‪# 5‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ  ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻧﺰﻳﺴﺘﻮ" ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻰ ﻛﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ‪# 20 #‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ " ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ  ﺳﭙﺲ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ " ،‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮ"
‪#‬ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎ\ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ #‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫"ﻗﺎ‪# 9‬ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎ\ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻳﺎ ‪  Transmition‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﻋﻮ… ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺷﺮ ‪ ,##‬ﺷﺪ‬ ‫‪ . Absorption‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ" ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺒﻮ"‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻋﺒﻮ"‪،‬ﻣﺴﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺟﺬ‪100  A‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﻮ"ﺗﺰ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺼﻮ"

ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺬ‪A‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ )ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ(‬
‫ﻛﻮ"ﺗﺰ ‪-‬ﻛﺎ‪#‬ﻣﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻧﻮ"‬ ‫‪ # "#‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ \ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻼ @ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ‪ "#‬ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫" ‪  #"#‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ" ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻟﻲ ‪ "#‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮ‪9‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 9‬ﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎ
‪ ،‬ﺳﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ  ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ  ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ '#‬ﺻﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ  ﻧﺠﺎ‪9‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ' ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ " ,‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺷﺪ‪ "# " ,‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪# "# ،‬ﺧﻞ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ" ﻗﺮ" ‪  ,##‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ‬
‫"ﻧﮓ ﺑﺮ  ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ" ‪  ,##‬ﭘﺲ  '‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪" ،i‬ﻗﻢ ‪#‬ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎ\ " ﻃﻮ" ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫" ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ  ﺳﭙﺲ ‪ A‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪ‪ #‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﻔﻲ "‬
‫‪ "#  ,##‬ﺣﺮ"
ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ‪"# 40‬ﺟﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ " ﺧﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎ'‪#‬ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ " ﺑﻴﺮ' "‪  ,#‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬
‫ ‪ "#‬ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻗﺮ" ‪.##‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ " ‪ "#‬ﻫﻮﻟﺪ" ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ  ﻋﺪ‪#‬‬
‫ﻛﻮ
" ﺑﻴﺮ' "‪#  ,#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺧﺎﻣﻮ‪a‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺟﻮ‪ A‬ﻣﺎ " ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ‪.##‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ  ﺑﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ  ﮔﺮ‪  #‬ﻏﺒﺎ"‪" ،‬ﻛﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ" ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪ j‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ "ﻧﮕﻲ ‪400‬‬
‫ '" ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻰ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮ‪# '#‬ﻗﺖ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 700‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ" ﻻﻣﭗ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﻜﺒﺎ" ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻻﻣﭗ ' )ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ"
ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ "ﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫‪ " (U.V‬ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﻤﺎ\ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﭘﺎ‪ f‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪ ,#‬ﺗﺎ  ﮔﺮ‪#‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ  ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻨﺘﺮ  ‪400‬‬
‫ ﻏﺒﺎ" ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ"  ‪ "#‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺮﻳﻮﻟﻪ)‪ (UV‬ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﺪ' ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ ،#‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪  #‬ﺑﺮ ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ  ‪ 850‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ) ‪ ( IR‬ﻣﺎ‪'#‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.##‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ "ﺷﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ‪ #‬ﺟﻮ‪ #"# #‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‪ :‬ﻛﻮ
ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻧﻮ‪  I‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ‪"#‬‬ ‫ ﻛﺎ" ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ‪ #"#‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪  ,‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻛﻠﺮ" ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪   i‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻮ"ﺗﺰـ ﭘﻴﺮﻛﺲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪:#‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ" ' ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ 3/2‬ﮔﺮ‪ 2‬ﻛﻠﺮ ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺸﻚ   ﻓﻼﺳﻚ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ  ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻧﻮ" ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‪ 9‬ﻋﺒﻮ" ‬
‫ﻳﺰﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺠﻢ ‪  >J‬ﺑﺎ ‪ MJ‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ 100‬ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ  ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺪ  ‪ "#‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﺎ"‬
‫ﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﻧﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻋﺎ"  ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺪ"
 "ﻧﮓ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﺑﺼﻮ ﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪ= ‪  STOCK‬ﺑﺮﻣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻰ  ﻣﻰ ﻳﺰﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪61‬‬
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ‪J‬ﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻨﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﻮ ﺗﻤﺎ‪   x‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺪ> ﻫﻮ
ﻣﻼﻳﻢ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﺮ  ﻏﺒﺎ  ﺑﺮﻃﺮ‪ i‬ﻧﻤﻮ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ‪ -‬ﻛﺶ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ﻧﻤﻮ=‬
‫ 
‪ >J‬ﭘﺲ ‪ -‬ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 2‬ﻛﺎ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻴﺪ=‬
‫ﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ‪  -‬ﮔﺮ  ﻏﺒﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ
ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺮ‪J i‬ﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ
ﮔﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﮓ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ‪J -‬ﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫
ﻫﺮ‪ 2‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻮ
‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭘﺲ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎ‪ -‬ﻧﻤﻮ> ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=‬
‫ ﮔﺬﻧﺪ> ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ  ﺧﻞ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ ‬
‫ﻃﻮ ﻣﻮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ‪J‬ﻧﻘﺪ ‪J‬ﻳﻨﻪ  ﺑﻪ ‪J‬ﻫﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎ> ﻫﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 2‬ﮔﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺧﻞ ‪ >J‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‬‫ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﻮ> ﻫﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ  ﺟﻠﻮ
ﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪.‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ
ﻣﻮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ=  ﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮ> ‪ -‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﻫﺮ ‬
‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮔﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺷﺪ> ﻓﺘﻮﺗﻴﻮ‪ M‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ> ‪ >J‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﻋﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮﻃﺮ‪ i‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ? ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻒ(  ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ  ﺧﻞ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ z‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﻴﻔﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ= ‪J‬ﻣﭙﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﻧﺪ= ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ> ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻧﺰﻳﺴﺘﻮﻫﺎ  ﺣﻴﺎﻧ ًﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ  ﺧﺎ‪-‬ﻧﻬﺎ
ﺻﺎﻓﻲ  ﻛﺘﻴﻔﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺧﺮ‪ M‬ﺳﺖ  ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﻻ  ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ{ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ‪ -‬ﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫)‪ 3/4‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ  ﭘﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ(‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪، 2‬ﻣﻘﺪ
‪ -‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ  ﺑﺮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ ﺑﺼﻮ ‪ 1/2‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻮ‪، 2‬ﻣﻘﺪ
‪ -‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮ ‪ 1/4‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ MJ 2‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺰﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬ـ‬
‫(‬ ‫ﻃﻮ ﻣﻮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=  
‪ 520‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪6‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ  ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=  ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=  ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ‪MJ‬‬ ‫‪7‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ  ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭼﻬﺎ‪100
 ، 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻻ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ    ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪،‬ﻗﻢ ﺟﺬ‪ M‬ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺪ ﺣﺪ‬
‫‪  0/04‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 2‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪  0/02‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻮ‪ 2‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ 0/01‬ﺟﺬ‪  M‬ﻧﺸﺎ>‬
‫(‬ ‫ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺖ ﻳﻜﺒﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺻﺤﺖ ﻛﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ> ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﺲ  ﻧﮕﻬﺪ
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮ" ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
‫=(‬
‫ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮ" ﺧﻼﺻﻪ @ﻛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪:##‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻒ(  ‪-‬ﮔﻲ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ  ﺟﻮ ﮔﺮ  ﻏﺒﺎ‬
‫
ﻻﻣﭗ ﻛﻪ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ  ﻻﻣﭗ ‪=-‬‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻧﻤﻮ   ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ 2‬ﮔﺮ  ﻏﺒﺎ ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻮ ﮔﺮ  ﻏﺒﺎ 
ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ
ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﻨﺪ=‪:‬‬ ‫‪(M‬‬
‫‪J‬ﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ
ﮔﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﮓ ـ ﻣﻨﺸﻮ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ  ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪62‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ
‪FLAME PHOTOMEETER‬‬

‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ" ‪ "#‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻧﻮ" "‪#‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ ' i‬ﻓﻠﺰ ﺳﺖ ً‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ  ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ  ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ‪590‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ" ﺻﻮ"ﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ ' ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ "‪ #‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ‪ 765‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﻧﻮ"‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺳﺎ ﻳﻦ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ 670‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫" ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ  ﻃﻴﻒ ﻗﺸﺮ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺪ' ﻧﻮ" ‪ "#‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ"ﺳﻨﺖ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ
ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻓﻠﻮ"ﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ] ﺗﻢ ﻓﻠﺰ
ﺑﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﻓﻠﺰ
‬
‫ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ ‪ U.V‬ﻣﺎ"ء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ  ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ ﻧﺮژﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺑﻜﺎ" ﻣﻲ "‪ "# #‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻧﺮژ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮ"ﺗﻲ  ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮ"ﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ "ﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ ﺣﺮ"
‬ ‫) ‪ ( EXCITED‬ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ"ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺟﻬﺶ‬
‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺪ‪"# 0/002 #‬ﺻﺪ )‪#‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻣﺪ" ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮژ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺎ  ﺻﺪ ﻫﺰ"(  ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ﺛﺒﺎ
ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ‪#‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﭘﺲ ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺗﻬﻴﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ' ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ" ﻟﻴﻪ ‪GROUND‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻧﻮ" ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ  ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ'‬ ‫‪ STATE‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮژﻳﻲ "‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﻣﺪ"  ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻴﺞ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ  ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻛﺮ‪,#‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮ"
ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ )ﻓﻮﺗﻮ'(‬
‫ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭼﻘﺪ" ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ )ﻓﺘﻮ'( ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻮ"‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻧﻮ"‬ ‫"ﻧﮕﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ‪#‬ﻫﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ

ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ "ﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪ INTERFRENCE‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻧﻮ"  ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺞ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ "ﻧﮓ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ  ﺷﻜﺎ\ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻓﺘﻮﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪  #‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ  ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﭼﻮ'‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺮ‪ x‬ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ  ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ‪"#‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ" ﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ ﻟﺬ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ " ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ‪ "#‬ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ"
ﺣﺴﺎ ﺑﻮ‪# '#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺮ ﻣﻲ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮ"
‪ '##‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ
)ﻣﺸﻌﻞ(‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.##‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﻮ"  ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻜﻨﺪ‪ #" ,‬ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ  ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ? ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﮔﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺘﻌﺎ\ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ' ﺑﻌﺪ ً‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ' ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ‬
‫@ﻛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ
ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﻣﻜﻨﺪ= ﺳﺎ= ـ  ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ{ ﻣﻜﻨﺪ= ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ" ﻻﻣﭗ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ‪ "#‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮ
ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ  ﺑﺎﻳﻚ ﻣﻜﻴﺪ= ﺷﺪ= ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ"  ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪ "#‬ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮ‪ z‬ﻫﻮ
ﻓﺸﺮ=  ﮔﺎ‪J -‬ﻧﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ= ﻧﻤﻮ=‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻌﻼ‪ "# ,‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ  ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻮ"‬
‫  ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﻇﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻧﻮ" ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ‪ " ,‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻛﺮ> ﺑﺎ ‪ >J‬ﻗﺖ ‪-‬ﻳﺎ
ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ‪ "#‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﭼﻮ> ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺘﻼ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻜﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﺑﺎ  ﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺎ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ  ﺷﺪ ‪ >J‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪J‬ﻟﻮﮔﻲ ﮔﺎ‪ -‬ﺳﺘﻴﻠﻦ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﭘﺎ> ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻧﮓ ‪J‬ﺑﻲ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﮔﺮﺋﻴﺪ=‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪  .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ{ ﻣﻜﻨﺪ= ‪ -‬ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫) ‪ ( ARD FLAME‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ>  ﻳﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﮔﺎ‪-‬ﻫﺎ
ﺳﻮ‪-‬ﻧﺪ= ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻴﺪژ> ـ ﺳﺘﻴﻠﻦ‬
‫‪J‬ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ  ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺮﭘﺎ> ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻪ  ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻢ 
ﺣﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪64‬‬

‫"‪ a‬ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ "# :‬ﻓﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎ ﺑﺮ> ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ{ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ
 ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ‬

‫ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ " ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﺑﻪ ‪ #‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ>‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪=-‬ﮔﻴﺮ
ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﻨﺪ= ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ـ  ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﻨﺪ= ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺘﺪ‬ ‫‪(M‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ
‪ X‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ= ﺷﺪ=  ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ
ﺷﺪ=  ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻳﻦ "‪ a‬ﻧﻮ" " ﻛﻪ  ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺪ‪.‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺪﺗﺮ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻴﺸﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻮ"ﺳﻨﺞ )ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ( ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ  ﺑﻮ=  ﻣﻘﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺞ )ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ( ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ> ﻛﻨﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪# "#‬ﺳﺖ ‪#‬ﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪ #‬ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ  ﻧﻜﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺑﺼﻮ"
‬
‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫)‪ (ATOMIZED‬ﭘﻮ‪ "# "#‬ﻣﺪ @"
‪"#‬ﺷﺖ '‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎ" "ﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻓﻘﻂ @"
"ﻳﺰ  ﻳﻜﺪﺳﺖ "‪ #‬ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ "#.‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪2‬ـ
‪ X‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‪:#‬‬ ‫"‪  #‬ﻧﻮ‪ \ I‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﻫﻢ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻳﻦ "‪ a‬ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ " ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ '#‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻛﺎ" ﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮ" ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ' ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪# #‬ﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﭼﻮ' ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻼ ‪" ' "#‬ﺳﻮ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ ،#‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ "ﻓﻊ ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮ> ﮔﺎ  ﻫﻮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ‪' "#‬‬
‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺷﺪ
 ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺠﺎ" ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻧﻮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪# #‬ﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻳﻢ ) ‪ ( Soft Flame‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪
"@  #‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ  ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﺪ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" "ﻳﺰ " ‪ "#‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ "ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪"# .‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪ #‬ﺳﺮ‪ 9‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ  ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺮ ‪ #‬ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﺎ' ‪ ,##‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﻃﺮ ﻗﺮ" ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺰء ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ )‪ (INTERFRENCE FILTER‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪# #‬ﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪(Lithium) 9‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺳﺖ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﻧﻴﺘﺮ
 ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎ
ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ (9‬ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺎ‬
‫)‪ (GRATING‬ﭘﺮﻳﺴﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻛﺮ‪ ,#‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ 670 j‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ' ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺮ" ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺰء ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
ﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ' ' "  ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﻛﺮ‪ .#‬ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻼﻳﻢ ﻧﺪ"ﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺳﻮ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ‪ "# .‬ﻳﻦ "‪a‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ" ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪ #‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ ،#‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ #‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻳﻲ ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺣﺮ"
 ﺷﻌﻠﻪ  ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﻓﺸﺎ" ﮔﺎﻫﺎ  ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎ
ﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ‪#‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ' ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ "ﺷﻦ ﺷﺪ' ﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻃﺮ‪ 3‬ﺟﺪ ﻛﺮ? ﻧﻮ
ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ‪ 3‬ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻢ " ‪ "#‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ" ‪#‬ﭼﺎ" ﺷﻜﺎ\ ﺷﻮ‪ ،#‬ﻣﻘﺪ" ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻋﻤﻞ  ﻃﺒﻖ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪ ،#‬ﺳﺮ‪ 9‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ "ﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪" 9‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ‪ #‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ'‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﺮﻃﻮ‪ A‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪WETTING.A ,‬‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪ #‬ﭼﻮ' ﻧﺮژ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻬﻴﻴﺞ ﺷﺪ' ﺑﺮ ‪#‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺻﺪ‪"#‬ﺻﺪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ' ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺧﻮ‪ g‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ  ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 2‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ K  Na‬ﺳﺖ ﺷﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻴﺞ ﺷﺪ> ‪ >J‬ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ 
ﻓﻊ ‪Z‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪً ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ـ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﺒﻮ‪"# '#‬ﺟﻪ ﺣﺮ"

 ﻣﻘﺪ"‬
‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ "ﻓﻊ ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ\  ﻓﺸﺎ"ﺳﻨﺞ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻓﺸﺎ" ﻫﻮ  ﮔﺎ )"ﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮ"( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻼ‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﮔﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮ‪  ,#‬ﮔﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮ‪.##‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﺒﻮ‪ '#‬ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ "ﻓﻊ ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ\ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ " "ﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﺮ‪  ,#‬ﺳﭙﺲ‬
‫ ' " ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ" )‪(ATOMIZER‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪66‬‬

‫ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ  ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺪ‪=-‬ﮔﻴﺮ
ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ @"

"ﻳﺰ ‪ "#  ,#" "#‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﮔﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮ
ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺛﺮ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻳﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ' " "‪ #‬ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ M‬ﺗﻢ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺳﺘﻪ  ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮ>‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺸﺮ‪ ,#‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎ  ﻣﻮ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﻜﻲ ‪ -‬ﺗﻤﻬﺎ
ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
‫ﮔﺎ ﺳﻮﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻧﻮ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ  ﻛﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻓﺴﻔﺎ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮ
ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻛﺮ> ﻓﺴﻔﺎ ﻣﻘﺪ€ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮ‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﺒﻮ‪ '#‬ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﭼﻮ'‬
‫)‪ (LENTHANIUM‬ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﭼﻮ>‬ ‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ' ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬
‫ﻟﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮ‪ 2‬ﺑﺮ
ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺴﻔﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪ #‬ﻣﺴﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﻃﻮ ﻣﻮ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮ‪ 2‬ﻧﺰﻳﻚ ﻃﻮ ﻣﻮ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻧﻮ" ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪ"‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮ= ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﺪ ﻛﺮ> ‪J‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪J‬ﺳﺎ>‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ "ﻓﻊ ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ\ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﺮﻃﻮ‪ A‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮ> ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 2‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮ> ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪#‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\‬
‫ﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ M‬ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﺑﺮ 
ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ  ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ‪ "#‬ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ 
ﺳﺪﻳﻢ  ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬ـ ﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﻧﺮژ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ"' "ﻧﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ " ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ  ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ "# 9‬ﺳﺮ‪9‬‬
‫ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻛﺮ‪  ,#‬ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ "‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ"' ﻻ‪ 9‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ' ' " ‪ "#‬ﺳﺮ‪ 9‬ﺧﻮ'‬
‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺮ‪9‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ" ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ #‬ﺿﺢ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪#‬‬
‫ﺧﻮ' ﻳﺎ ‪ ""#‬ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ"  ﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺰﺣﻢ‬
‫‪#‬ﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮ' ﻧﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﺎ"‬
‫‪"#‬ﺑﺮ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ' ﺑﻮ‪,#‬‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻏﻤﺎ… ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ A‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ " ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪"# i‬ﻧﺪ  ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻮ' ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ‪:##‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﺑﻮ‪  ,#‬ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ‪ 9‬ﺳﺮ‪ " 9‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎ> ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ  ﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﻨﻮ' ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪# #‬ﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ )ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=( ﺗﺎ‬
‫‪5‬ـ "ﻗﺖ ﻳﺎ‪" :#‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﺑﻴﺶ  ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻬﺎ
ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺣﺮ"
ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮ> ﻣﻘﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ‪ -‬ﺗﻤﻬﺎ
ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪:M‬‬
‫ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﻮ\‬ ‫ـ ﺑﻌﻨﻮ> ﻣﺜﺎ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻧﻮ" ﻛﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺑﺮ
ﻛﻨﺘﺮ ﺛﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻘﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ ' ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ "ﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪#‬‬ ‫‪J -‬ﻧﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ 2‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ  ﭼﻮ>‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺳﻨﺠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪" "#‬ﻗﺖ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺧﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ> ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ>  ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪ=‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺳﻮ‪ A‬ﻛﺴﺎﻻ

ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ " ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﭼﻴﻦ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻛﺮ‪ "# ,#‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ "ﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺠﺪ‪" ،ً#‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﺮ‪,#‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎ' ‪ ,##‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ a" .‬ﻓﻮ‪ x‬ﻧﻴﺰ ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ  ﻛﻨﻮ' ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ " ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻴﺘﺮﺗﻮ"  ﻓﻌﺎ\‬
‫ﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻ
ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫
ﻓﻊ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ  ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ 
ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ  ﻣﻮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ـ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮ "ﻓﻊ ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ\ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎ" ﺑﺮ‪'#‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪ
‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﭘﺲ ‪ -‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ= ‪ -‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪#‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ " ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪"  ,‬ﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺪ ‪ 10‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺼﻮ ﺧﺸﻚ )ﺑﺪ> ﺗﺰﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ " A‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﺑﻪ ‪ (>J‬ﻛﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ 2‬ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ  ﻣﻮ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺧﺎ ﺷﺪ=  ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫‪6‬ـ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻳﺎ‪ :#‬ﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻏﻠﻴﻆﺗﺮ  ﺣﺪ ﻻ‪9‬‬
‫ﺳﻮ‪ >-‬ﻣﻜﻨﺪ= ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻧﮕﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﻼ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ
ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ A‬ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﺪ ﻳﻜﺒﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﻫﺎ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ  ﮔﺎ‪ -‬‬ ‫‪:M‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮ ' ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻣﻘﺪ"  ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮ"ﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﺑﻴﻬﺎ
ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ‪ >J-‬ﻛﻪ  ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺳﻮ‪M‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ= ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﭘﺎ‪  f‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ 
ﮔﺎ‪ -‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﮔﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﺗﻤﻴﺰ  ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻴﺖ ) ‪ ( GROUND STATE‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺠﺎ‪9‬‬
‫ﮔﺬﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ
ﻫﻮ
ﻓﺸﺮ= ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .#‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  ,#‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ"‪#‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮ' ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ " ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮ
ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪ M‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺷﺪ=  ﻧﺴﺪﻫﺎ
‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻊ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
‪ "#‬ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ  ﻧﺘﻬﺎ
ﺧﺮ ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪ M‬ﻇﺮ‪i‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ‪ "#‬ﺣﺮ"
ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻧﻮ" ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫‪#‬ﻫﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺣﺮ"
ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ "ﻧﮓ ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪ M‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ  ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻮ=  ﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺰ‪#‬ﻳﻚ "ﻧﮓ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻮ‪  ,#‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪ >J‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺨﺎ ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ﮔﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ{ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ ' ﻣﺨﻠﻮ> ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺟﺪ ﻛﺮ‪ ' '#‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ‪ -‬ﺧﺮ ﮔﺎ‪  -‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ=‬
‫" ﻳﻦ ﺻﻞ ﻫﻨﻮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺪ= ‪ = -‬ﻏﻴﺮﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪(DRAIN) M‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﺎ" ﻛﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺎ ﻧﮕﺮ‪.‬‬
‫" ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ= ﻳﻜﺒﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ  ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﺑﻬﺎ
‬ ‫=‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ= ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭘﺎ‪ f‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺣﻢ " ﺟﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ  ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ " ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪68‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﺠﺎ‪ Y‬ﻛﺎ

‪# :‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺰ )ﻋﺪﺳﻲ(  ﻳﭽﻪﻫﺎ
ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﻨﺪ= ﻧﻮ ‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ ‪ A‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ‪ #‬ﺑﺎ" ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ  ﺟﻠﻮ
ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ  ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ‬
‫‪ =-‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭘﺎ‪ f‬ﻧﻤﻮ=  ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﮔﺎ " ﻣﻲﺑﻨﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﺎ  ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮ ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻧﺮ‪2‬‬
‫"ﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﺪ
‪# 10‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺟﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺎ" ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ"‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻬﻢ‪"# :‬ﺻﻮ"ﺗﻴﻜﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪"# ,‬‬
‫" ﺧﺎﻣﻮ‪  a‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺧﺎﻣﻮ‪ a‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﮓ ﺳﺖ  ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺖ ‪'#‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ  ﺧﻨﻚ ﺷﺪ' ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺑﺎ "ﻛﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﻮ"  ﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺟﺪ ً ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﻮ‪  #‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﻣﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪#‬ﻣﻴﺪ' ﻫﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﮔﺮ‪  #‬ﻏﺒﺎ" ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﮔﺮ‪.##‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﺪ‪3‬ﮔﻴﺮ‪ :#‬ﭘﺲ  ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ‪ " ...‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪"# j‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ 
ﻣﻮ
 ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ
ﻫﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺟﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=  ﺑﺎ ‪ MJ‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﺎ= ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ )ﺑﻼﻧﻚ(‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ #" i‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ"‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ )ﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ g‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﻟﻮﻫﺎ ﺧﺎ"ﺟﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ"‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ‪J‬ﻣﺎ= ﺷﺪ=‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ‪#‬ﻳﺪ ﮔﺮ‪ "# .##‬ﺻﻮ"
ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎ" ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  
ﻋﺪ ﺑﺨﺼﻮ‪ g‬ﻗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﺗﺮﻛﻢ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ" ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺑﺎ‪#‬ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻫﻴﻢ )ﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ g‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﺮ" ﺑﮕﻴﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﺳﺮ‪ 2‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ  ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﺮ‪ I‬ﻛﺎ" ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪# :,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ  ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ‪J‬ﻣﺎ= ﺷﺪ= ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ‪ x‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ ,#‬ﻧﺮ "ﺷﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪"# .‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﻢ  ﻋﺪ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻧﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ"ﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ" ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺧﻮﻧﺪ= ﺷﺪ= ﮔﺎﻟﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ  ‪
 -‬ﺟﺪ‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ "ﺷﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪"# .‬ﺟﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺸﺮ‪" " ,#‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ g‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ 2‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻻﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪ "#) .‬ﻫﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ" ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ  ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﺷﻴﺮ ﮔﺎ "‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮ‪  ,#‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ  ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻮ\ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ " ' i‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪69‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﺳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮ )ﺷﻤﺎ

ﺷﮕﺮ ﺳﻠﻮ(‪:‬‬

‫‪ :MCV‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ  ﻧﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺘﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ' ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ :HCT‬ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ ﻣﻘﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﺎ ﺻﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .#‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ" ﻛﻠﻲ ﻫﺪ‪  /‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﻦ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪،,‬‬
‫‪ = MCV× RBC‬ﻣﻘﺪ
ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪ‪ #‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ :MCH‬ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﺎ‪# ،,#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻜﻮﮔﺮ‪ 2‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﻤﺘﻮﺗﻮﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ  ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ‪  ,‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ "#‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪MCH = HGB/RBC‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ" ﻣﻌﻤﻮ\ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﻞ‬
‫‪ :MCHC‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮ "ﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ ##‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ" ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﮔﺮ‪ 2‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻮ ﺑﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪RBC , WBC , HGB , PLT , MCV , HCT ,‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ
ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ‪MCHC = HGB /‬‬ ‫‪MEH , MEHC , RDW , MPV , PCT , POW ,‬‬
‫‪ :RDW‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎ
ﺗﻮ‪-‬ﻳﻊ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺤﺮ‪i‬‬ ‫‪L# , L٪ , G# , G٪ , M# , M٪‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻤﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ : RBC‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﻮ ‬
‫‪ :PDW‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎ
ﺗﻮ‪-‬ﻳﻊ ﭘﻼﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺤﺮ‪ i‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﻮ  ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻤﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ :WBC‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﺳﻔﻴﺪ )ﻟﻜﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ( ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪ‬
‫‪ :MPV‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻤﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮ  ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺪ ﺳﻠﻮ  ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ :PCT‬ﺗﺮﻣﺒﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ  ﺻﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫‪ :HGB‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮔﺮ‪ 2‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ‬
‫‪PCT = PLT×MPV‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻮ ﺑﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻓﺘﺮﻗﻲ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﺳﻔﻴﺪ)ﺳﻪ ﭘﺎﻣﺘﺮ
(‬ ‫‪ :PLT‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﭘﻼﻛﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﻮ  ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮ ‪-‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﻮ  ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪70‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻳﺰﺗﻮﻧﻴﻚ )‪ (diluent‬ﺑﺎ ‪ PH =7/4‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬ ‫‪ :L  ٪L‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪  #‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮ‪#‬ﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  "ﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺎ '‬ ‫‪ :M  ٪M‬ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ  ﺗﻌﺪ‪  #‬ﺋﻮﻳﻨﻮﻓﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ‪" ،‬ﻳﺞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ "ﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬ ‫)ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﮔﺮﻧﻮﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ ،#‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪"#  ,#‬ﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ" ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪ :G  ٪G‬ﮔﺮﻧﻮﻟﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﻧﻮ{ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻓﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺋﺰﻳﻨﻮﻓﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻪ "ﻫﻲ )‪ (Multi port shear valve‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ  ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺗﺮ  ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ> ﺗﺮ ‪ -‬ﺷﻤﺎ‬
‫"‪ a‬ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﻼء ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮ"
‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺳﺖ ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ .#‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺧﻮ' "ﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪ‪ "# ,‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ
‪ -‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ  ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ> ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫"‪ #‬ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻣﻘﺎ‪#‬ﻳﺮ ‪ ' "# PLT , RBC‬ﺷﻤﺎ"‪a‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ  ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰ> ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪  ##‬ﻣﻘﺪ"  ﻳﻦ ﺧﻮ' "ﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫‪J‬ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ  ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ= ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮ‪#‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻣﺠﺪ‪" ً #‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪#"  ##‬‬ ‫‪ >J‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ  ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪. #‬ﭘﺲ  ﻓﺰ‪ '#‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻗﺖ ﻟﺰﻣ ًﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺒﻮ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ> ﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻮ>  ﻛﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ‪ 9‬ﻻﻳﺰ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻣﻘﺎ‪#‬ﻳﺮ ‪HGB ,‬‬
‫‪ WBC‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ ' ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪"# .##‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ ﻛﺎ
‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ‪ MCV‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪##‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ "‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ' "ﻳﺪ ﺳﺖ ‬
‫  " ' ‪ HCT‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ "#  #‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬
‫‪"#‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺿﺪ ﻧﻌﻘﺎ‪ #‬ﺟﻤﻊ " ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ "  HCT‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪RBC‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪") .#‬ﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ MCV ' "   ,‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺿﺪ ﻧﻌﻘﺎ‪ EDTA ،#‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(  ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺧﻮ' ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ  ﺑﻮ‪ ,#‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ " ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ" ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ  ‪ "#‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﺎ\ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ‬
‫"ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪).‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ" ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺻﻮ\ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻗﺮ"‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ (.#‬ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪" "#‬ﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪:#‬‬
‫ﺳﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺖ‪# "# .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺖ )ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺴﻲ(‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ 25-30 µL \#‬ﺧﻮ'‬
‫‪ -‬ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﺮ‪  '#‬ﭘﺨﺶ ﻧﻮ"‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻴﺎ ‪"#‬ﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ  "‪ #‬ﺷﺪ' ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻴﻮژ ﻛﺮ‪  '#‬ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻴﺎ ‪"#‬ﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ  "‪#‬ﺷﺪ' ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ "‪a‬‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ ﺣﺪ‪" %1 #‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ"‪ a‬ﺳﻠﻮ\ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺘﻼ‪ "# /‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ  "ﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪' "#‬‬
‫ ‪ 1µL‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ "ﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺎ  ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ‪9‬‬
‫‪71‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ "#‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' )ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ' ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﻮ' ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻟﻴﺖ "ﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ (,‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻋﺒﻮ"  ﮔﺬ" ﻳﻚ @"‪ ,‬‬ ‫ "ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ  ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ "#‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ  ﻣﻴﺎ' "ﻧﻪ ﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ' ﺷﻤﺎ"‪a‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻚ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ " ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ '‪ ،‬ﻧﺪ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮ ﺑﺮ‪ ,#‬ﺷﺪ‪ "# ,‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺪ‪ ,"@ ,‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ ﻳﻮ' ﻫﺎ  ﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ"ﺷﮕﺮﻫﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺗﻌﺪ‪#‬‬ ‫‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ " ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﺎ  ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺗﺮ  ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪ  ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .#‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻳﻮ' ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻤﺎ"ﺷﮕﺮﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺗﺮ ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ‪#‬ﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ ﻳﻮ' ﻫﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻧﻴﺰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻳﻊ  ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﺰ' ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﺎ " ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎ' ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ "# -2‬ﺻﻮ"ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﻳﻊ ﻧﺪ‪ "#
"@ ,‬ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺠﺰ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ"‪ a‬ﺗﻌﺪ‪ #‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﺎ  ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﮔﺮ "ﻧﻪ  ﺳﻮ"‪ u‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ‪# "#‬ﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ  ﻣﻌﻴﻦ  ‪ Fluid‬ﻧﺪ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﺟﻮ‪# #‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ‪#‬ﺑﺎ"‪ ,‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﻗﻄﺮ "ﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ ‪ RBC‬ﺣﺪ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻛﻢ  ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪#‬‬
‫‪  50µm‬ﻗﻄﺮ "ﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ ‪WBC‬ﺣﺪ‪#‬‬ ‫ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﻨﻮ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ  ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 80µm‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 100µm‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪  .‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻞ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻳﻚ @"‪ ,‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻫﻤﭽﻮ' ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻮ\‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻳﻚ @"‪ ,‬ﻣﺠﺰ  ﻣﻴﺎ' "ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ "ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ  ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮ" ﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺼﻮ\ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ'  ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻟﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ  ﻣﻴﺎ' ﺳﻮ"‪ u‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪  #‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺰ  ﻣﻨﻔﺮ‪ #‬ﺷﻤﺎ"‪ a‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ" ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮ' "ﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ  ﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎ
‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ ،#‬ﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\‬
‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﺎ‪ "#‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﻮ"  ﻣﻴﺎ' ﺳﻮ"‪ u‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪"# #‬‬
‫ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬ" ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎ"ﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ' ﻣﺎ' ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ @"‪ ,‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮ
 ‚ﺧﻴﺮ= ﺧﻮ> ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎ' ﺳﻮ"‪ u‬ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻛﺮ‪ ,#‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ‪#‬ﺑﺎ"‪ ,‬ﻣﻘﺪ"‬
‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﻮ‪ " #‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ "‪.#‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺎ‪
-‬ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ  ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ‪  Fluid‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﺳﻠﻮ\‬
‫ﺟﻮ ﺳﻮﺑﺎ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻦ )ﭘﺮﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﮓ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺎ' "ﻧﻪ  ﺳﻮ"‪ u‬ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ ‪#‬‬
‫ ﺧﻮ>(  ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻴﺎ> ﺑﺮ>  ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ " #‬ﻣﺠﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪،#‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪72‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ  ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ' ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮ> ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‪ 2‬ﺷﻤﺎ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﻮ>‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪ .#‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺗﺌﻮ" ﻓﺮ…‬ ‫)ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻻﻳﺰ ﺻﻮ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪(.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﻮژ' ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ  ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ  ﺗﻮ‪-‬ﻳﻊ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ
‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻣﻮ"‪RBC #‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﺻﺎ‪ x#‬ﺳﺖ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮ>  ﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺎ‪.
-‬‬
‫‪WBC‬ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪"#‬ﻧﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
‬
‫ﻋﻼ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ "‪ a‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪" ،‬ﺷﻲ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺖ  ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺗﻲ ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪ‪x‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮ‪ 9‬ﺑﻪ "‪ a‬ﻧﻮ" ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ "‪ a‬ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ" ﻣﻲ "‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺻﻮ\ ' ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪WBC‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ  ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺪ‪,‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻳﻦ "‪ ،a‬ﻧﻮ" ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪RBC‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
ﺑﻮ‪ '#‬ﺷﻜﺎ\ ﻧﻬﺎ ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ" ‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ‪n‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎ
‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪#‬ﭼﺎ" ﻣﺤﺪ‪#‬ﻳﺖ‬
‫)‪ (index of refraction‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﻞ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ‪ "#‬ﻣﻮ"‪ RBC#‬ﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ
ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻔﺮ‪ #‬ﺣﺠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻧﻬﺎ " ‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ  ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ) ‪ (no‬ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ‪  ,#" "# ,‬ﺷﺪ
ﺗﻔﺮ‪ x‬ﻧﻮ" ‪ "#‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻮ\ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮ‪j‬‬
‫" ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪ‪ "  ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻪ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪ .#‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﺪ‪ 3‬ﮔﻴﺮ‪ #‬ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎ"ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻛﺮ‪ ,#‬ﻛﻪ ‪"#‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮ' ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻮ‪" "# #‬ﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻳﺰﺗﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ "ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪  #‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ" ﻛﺮ‪  ,#‬ﻳﻦ "ﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻜﺎ" ﺳﺎ‬
‫ ' ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻻﻳﺰ ﻓﺰ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ ##‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻧﻮ" )‪ (photo detector‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ' ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ  ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ' ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ
ﺗﻔﺮ‪  x‬ﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ' ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ  ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ "# .##‬ﻳﻦ "‪ a‬ﺑﺘﺪ ﻫﻦ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ‬
‫@"‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻔﺮ‪ x‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪) ,‬ﺳﻠﻮ\( ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،,‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪) Fe+2‬ﻓﺮ( ﺑﻪ ‪) Fe+3‬ﻓﺮﻳﺖ( ﻳﺎ ﻣﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ' ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ‪,#‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ" " ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ  ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﻛﺮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪ" ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﭘﺲ ‬
‫ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ" ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ "‪ a‬ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﻠﻮ\ "ﺑﻄﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ‪#‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ‪ "#‬ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ' ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻧﻮ" ‪ "#‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ 540nmj‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ'  ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ' ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ' ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻻﻳﺰ ﺑﺪ' ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫‪73‬‬
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ
‪3‬ﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ‪ #‬ژ‪# ,‬ﻗﺖ ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ> ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ﻋﺪ‪ 2‬ﺗﺼﺎ ‪-‬ﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎ  ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ
ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﻲ ‪-‬ﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ
ﺷﻤﺎ‬
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪ -‬ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ
‬
‫ ﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ z‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ
‬
‫ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺎ‪ 
-‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺖ ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺶ  ﻳﺠﺎ ﺧﻼء ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ  ﺻﻮ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ
ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﻫﺎ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ z‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻫﺎ
‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ=‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﺻﺤﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ"‪ #‬ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ‪#‬ﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ‪9‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮ' )ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤ ًﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎ\( " ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ" ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪  ## ,‬ﻣﻴﺰ'‬
‫ﻧﺤﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎ" ' " ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻤﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎ‪#‬ﻳﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ
‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﺤﺮ‪ "# /‬ﻣﺤﺪ‪ ,#‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪# "# ,‬ﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﻲ ﻋﺪ‪ #‬ﺧﻮﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ‪"#‬ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ)‪#‬ﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﻋﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ (.‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻮ' ‪ "#‬ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ )ﻧﺮﻣﺎ\( " ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪  ,## ,‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ' ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪ‪ #‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺖ‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ' ﻳﺎ ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 9‬ﺗﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺖ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪74‬‬

‫ﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ :Batch analyzer‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ" ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ"ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬

‫‪ "#‬ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎ" ﺗﻌﺪ‪  #‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ " ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫‪"#‬ﻫﺎ " ‪ "#‬ﺳﺮ‪ ،9‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،""# ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫‪ "# : Random Access‬ﻳﻦ "‪ a‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ'‬ ‫)‪  (CSF‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ
ﺑﺪ' ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﻗﺖ  ﺻﺤﺖ‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎ'  ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﻄﻼ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮ'‬
‫" ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪  A‬ﺟﺮ ﻛﺮ‪"  ,#‬ﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻃﻼ‪ x‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺎ" ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻌﺪ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ‪  #‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ " ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 9‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺪ‪ f‬ﺗﻜﻨﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎ"ﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻧﺠﺎ‪9‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪ "#‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ"‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻮ‪ x‬ﺑﻪ ‪ #‬ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺑﺎ  ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ )‪(OPEN‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﺴﺖ " ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺳﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪  ,##‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺎ "  ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺷﻨﺪ‪ ,‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻘﻞ  ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ" ﻛﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ )‪(CLOSED‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺑﻌﻤﻞ "‪ '#‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ "ﻳﺰ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫‪ #" -5‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻼ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪ"  ﻧﻘﻞ  ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪# i‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻛﻨﺶ‬ ‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮ‪ 9‬ﻛﻨﺶ‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﻛﻨﺶ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ"ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ" ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ  ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪ a" -9‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ  ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪ ' "#‬ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ‬ ‫‪ -10‬ﭘﺮ‪ a#‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ\ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ ‪ ,##‬ﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﻨﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﻮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ' ‪RACK‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ @ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺷﻤﺎ"‪RACK " ,‬‬ ‫• ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺷﻤﺎ"‪,‬‬
‫ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ  ‪ "#‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ"‪#‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
"ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫"ژﻧﺴﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ ‪ Bar-code‬ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫• ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺳﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬
‫
 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮ‪ 9‬ﻳﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺎ ‪ a" #‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻣﻤﺘﺪ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺳﺮ‪ 9‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮ' ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ"‬
‫"‪ a‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﺎ" ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪"# .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻴﻮژ ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﺟﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻣﻤﺘﺪ  ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‪"# #‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪' "#‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺳﺎ ﻧﺒﻮ‪,#‬‬
‫ﮔﺮ‪ "#  ##‬ﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ " ﺧﻮ' ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫‪ #‬ﻏﻠﻄﻚ ﻗﺮ" ‪#‬ﺷﺘﻪ  ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻏﻠﻄﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ ﻳﻮ' ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ )‪ (ISE‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪ '"# "#‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻮ' ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﻮ' ﻫﺎ " ‪ "#‬ﺧﻮ' ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻼ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ ‪ "#‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ" ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  ,#‬ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺎ' "ﺷﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪ' ﭘﻤﭗ  ‪ "#‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ  ﻧﻘﻞ  
 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ‪.##‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ' ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ )‪(Discrete‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ  ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺳﺮ‪ ، 9‬ﻣﻘﺪ"  ' ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  ,#‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ\ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎپ )‪ (CUP‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪ‪"#  ,‬‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ "‪ #‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪.#‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻳﻦ "‪  a‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻧﮓ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ  ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎپ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮ' ﺗﻔﻠﻮﻧﻲ ‪ ' "#‬ﻗﺮ" ‪#"#‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ  ﻛﺎپ ﻫﺎ  ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫)ﺳﺮﻧﮓ ﻫﻤﻴﻠﺘﻮ'(‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ‪#‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﺮ‪ (Dead Volume) ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻧﮓ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ" ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ‪ ،#"#‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺮ‪  9‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﺑﻪ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺎ‪  #‬ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺑﺮ‪#‬ﺷﺖ ﻧﺎ‪"#‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﺪ‪ 9‬ﺻﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ' ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻗﺎ‪ "#‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 9‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪ .#‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﺎپ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ﻣﻮ‪ #‬ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪76‬‬

‫ﺧﻮ‪#‬ﻛﺎ" ‪ "#‬ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ"ﻫﺎ ﺻﻮ"

ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪.#‬‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺮ‪ A‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ‪  "#‬ﭘﺮ‪A‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎ' ﻧﺠﺎ‪9‬‬ ‫"ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ" ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻴﺰ' ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺶ  ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ )‪ (incubation‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ ##‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
ﺧﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\  ﻣﺨﻠﻮ> ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻣﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻨﺶ ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ )ﺛﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ(ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻇﺮ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ  ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺶ ‪ ' "#‬ﺻﻮ"
‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪  #‬ﻋﻮﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ‪ "#‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻫﺎ  ﻧﮕﻬﺪ
‪ ?Z #‬ﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻇﺮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﻤﺎ' ﻛﻮ
ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ" "ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻛﻮ
ﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ  ﭘﻴﺮﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﺐ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ #‬ﺷﻮ‪  #‬ﻛﻮ
ﻫﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ"‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ "ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﺎ" ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ‪ /‬ﺑﻮ‪  ,#‬ﺣﺪ‪ #‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ‪"# 9# ,‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮ
‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺪ" ﻳﺎ‪  #‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ " ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ  ﺧﻮﻧﺶ  ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻫﺎ  ﺣﺘﻲ "ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎ" ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫‪#‬ﻳﺘﺮﺟﻨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ " ‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ" ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ" ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ" ﺑﺎ ‪# A‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺷﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ"ﻫﺎ ‪ "#‬ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮ‪ ,#‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺸﺮ‪ ,#‬ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪"# .‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ " ‪# "#‬ﻣﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲ ‪"#‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺷﻔﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻮ‪ '#‬ﺟﺪ" ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ "ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺎ" ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪"#‬‬
‫ﻛﻮ
ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ" ﺧﻮ‪#‬ﻛﺎ"  ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻮ‪# #‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫"ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
ﻗﺮ‪ i‬ﻫﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺮ‪ i‬ﻫﺎ ‪ '"# "#‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ  ﻗﺮ"‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮ> ﻛﺮ‪ '#‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ  "ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮ‪"  9‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ' ﻓﺰ‪,#‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ"  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  ,#‬ﻧﺮژ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ  ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ" ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪ' ﻗﺮ‪  i‬ﺷﺮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺴﺮ ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪" .#‬ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ " ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬
‫‪#‬ﻣﺎ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺣﺪ‪ "# 37#‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ "ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﮔﺮ' ﺗﺮ ﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪ"ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﺠﺎ‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ  ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ" ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺪ"ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ "#‬ﻃﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ‪#‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ'‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ "ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ ‪#‬ﻣﺎ  ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ\ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  ,#‬ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ .#‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ" ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻧﮓ ﻫﻤﻴﻠﺘﻮ' ﺻﻮ"
ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .#‬ﻻ‪9‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
ﺣﻤﺎ‪ A 9‬ﮔﺮ‪ 9‬ﻳﺎ ‪Pelletier‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ @ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ‪ "#‬ﺻﻮ"ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻮ‪"# #‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ  ﻳﻚ "ﻳﺨﺖ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺷﺴﺖ  ﺷﻮ ﻧﻮ‪f‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﭙﺘﻮ" ﺿﺮ" ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ"
‬
‫‪77‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ‬

‫ ' ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻧﻮ" )‪ (1A‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫

‪ X‬ﻫﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﺪ‪ 3‬ﮔﻴﺮ‪:#‬‬
‫‪ 0/005‬ﺣﺪ ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻧﻮ" ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺪ‪ ,#‬ﻃﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪ "#‬ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ"ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ  "‪ a‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 340-650‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ  ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ ‬
‫"‪ a‬ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ ‪ "#‬ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ"ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﻜﺎ\ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪" "#‬ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ"‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‪.##‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ "‪ .#‬ﺟﺰء ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺰء ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫‪ a" "#‬ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ  ﻧﻮ" ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ"‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺪﺳﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﻮ"‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪  ##‬ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ" ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪ‪) ,‬ﻓﻠﻮ"ﺳﻨﺖ(‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ  ﻳﻚ ﺷﻜﺎ" ﺳﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ" ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ"‬
‫"ﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺎ‪ ,#‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺪ‪.#"# ,‬‬ ‫"ﻓﺘﻪ ‪# "#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ" ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻫﺎ‬
‫"ﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ "‪ a‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ "#‬ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ"ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻟﻮژ' _ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﻟﻮژ' _ﻛﻮ"ﺗﺰﻳﺎ ﻧﻮ' ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ a" #‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ #‬ﻳﻮ'‬ ‫ﻧﻮ" ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪ‪  ,‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺎ ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ )‪ (ISE‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 200-700‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﻣﭗ ﻧﻮ' ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻦ "‪ a‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺪ‪,‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‪،‬ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﭗﻫﺎ ﻫﺎﻟﻮژ'_ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ‪ "#‬ﺷﺪ
ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ‬
‫ ﻛﻠﺮ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ‪" .#‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ  ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ' ﻳﻮ' ‪ "#‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪,#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﺳﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ\ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮ‪ .#‬ﭘﺲ ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ‪"#‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫"‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺣﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ "ﻓﺮﻧﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻚ ﻋﺒﻮ" ‪ 30‬ﺗﺎ ‪"# 80‬ﺻﺪ  ﭘﻬﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪ
ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ‪ "#‬ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪"# 15‬ﺻﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ "# .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ  ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ"ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 7‬ﺗﺎ‪ 45‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺎ ‪ "#‬ﭼﺮ‪ u‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ )‪(filter weel‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪ" ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮ‪ a#‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ  ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ" ‪ ,##‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ  ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺎ'‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺎ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ  "ﺗﺒﺎ> ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ"‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮ‪ 9‬ﻓﺰ" ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ "#‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ "# ،,‬ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ"ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ "# .#‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ‪#‬ﻳﮕﺮ  ﺗﻜﻔﺎ‪ 9‬ﺳﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫"ﻳﺰﭘﺮ‪#‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ  ﻧﺮ‪ 9‬ﻓﺰ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ ' ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﺮ‪ f‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮ" ﻳﺎ ﻳﻨﻪ )‪(grating‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ"
ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪ '#‬ﻃﻮ\ ﻣﻮ‪ j‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻮ\ ﻛﺎ" ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻮ‪ ,#‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮ‪ 9‬ﻣﺎ‪,#‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪#  .#‬ﻳﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻮ" ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ # " ,‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪" Rack‬ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮ" ﻣﻲ ‪#‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺳﺎ  ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ"ﺳﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪)Work list‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ ,#‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪ .##‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ( ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ,‬ﺷﺮ‪ I‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ" ﻛﺮ‪  ,#‬ﺟﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﻧﻮ" ﺗﺎ ‪ " 2/5A‬ﻗﺮﺋﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﺰ' ‪noise‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪78‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻳﺞ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ` ‪3‬ﻳﺮ‬ ‫" ﺑﻪ ‪ #‬ﺻﻮ"
ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺖ  ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ " ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮ" "ﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ‪.##‬‬
‫_ ﭘﻤﭗ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻧﮓ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ
ﺳﺮ‪ 2‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‪ 9‬ﺑﻪ @ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ‪ 9‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺑﺘﺪ‬
‫ﻻ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬‫ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮ" ‪  blank '##‬ﻣﻴﺰ' ﻛﺪ"
ﻛﻮ
‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ M‬ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻨﺮ ﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻃﻼ‪ I‬ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺖ "‪ ، ,#‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ‪ ,‬ﻛﺮ‪'#‬‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ   ﺳﺮﻧﮕﻬﺎ
‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺗﻮ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ> ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻠﺘﻮ> ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻳﻨﮓ  ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮ> ﺗﻔﻠﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻃﺮ‪ i‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺴﺖ " ﺑﻪ ‪#‬ﺳﺖ "ﻳﻢ  ‪ "#‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻧﻮ)ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬ ‫_ ﻳﺮﻫﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ z‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ\ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺮﻣﺎ\  ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺮﻣﺎ\  ‪"#‬ﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻻﻣﭗ( ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﻬﺎ  ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ)‪ -‬ﻟﺤﺎ…‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ'  ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻮ‪ '#‬ﻛﻴﺖ "ﻳﺠﻨﺖ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ'‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﺒﻮ> ﻣﺎ
‪ 37‬ﺟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ z‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.#‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺖ  ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ

ﺣﻤﺎ‪2‬‬
‫‪  MJ‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ‪ Pelletier‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻣﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫_ ﻳﺮ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺮﺑﻬﺎ
ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ
ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﺳﻮ‪ >-‬ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﺎ ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫_ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ z‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻫﺎ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ  ﻧﺮ‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﺰﻫﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺰء ﻳﺮﻫﺎ
ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ= ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ
‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫‪81‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎﻣﺎﺗﻮ
‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ ﻓﻮ‪ / / A‬ﺧﻞ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺸﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎ)ﻣﻮ ‬
‫ﻣﻰ ‪/‬ﻳﺰﻧﺪ " ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻳﻚ ﻫﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ‪ (,‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪" #‬ﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻰ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﻴﻮ( " ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻰ ‪. "/‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪).‬ﻣﺜﻼ" ‪" 2‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎ( ﺳﭙﺲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ 2/‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎ ﺑﺼﻮ‪
/‬ﭘﻮ ‪ /‬ﻣﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ( "‪ /‬ﺷﻴﻜﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺰ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ( " ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺪ‪2/‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ " ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻮ( ﺑﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﻠﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻰ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻪ " ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﻴﻜﺮ ‪/‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫‪Ã ÂÌm‬‬ ‫‪¹Z´·Z»M‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻟﺮ<‪ P‬ﻳﺎ ‪vibration‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﺰ‪ ,‬ﻣﻰ ﮔﺮ ‪ / .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻰ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮ ( " ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮ‪" ,‬ﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪Controller‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻮ( ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮ " ﺳﭙﺲ < ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ(‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺮﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻬﺮ( ﺟﺴﺖ‪ < .‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
‬
‫‪Shaker‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪/‬ﻳﺞ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﻴﻜﺮ‬
‫" ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻟﺮ<‪ P‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻢ <‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ"‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫‪Output‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪82‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ )ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﺮ( ‪Ultrasonic cleaner‬‬

‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ‪ 2/‬ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﻮ‪" Y‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫<ﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬ﺗﻌﺎ‪ 15 < P‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﺎ ‪ 1‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ < ‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎ‪ P‬ﭘﻴﺰ" ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ‪ 2‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎ‪ P‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺮ < ‪ ["/‬ﺑﺰ‪" " /‬ﺳﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎ‪ / , /‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮ\ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺒﺎ( ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮ‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻮ (‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪/‬ﻳﺨﺘﻦ ‪#‬‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ / / ,‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ( "‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪< #‬ﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬ﺗﻌﺎ‪/ " P‬ﻳﺨﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎ‪" P‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻜﺎ‪/ D‬ﻳﺞ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺮ < ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪[/‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ‪ ,
/‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ [ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ
ﺳﺖ "‬
‫ﮔﺮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ
‬
‫ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺧﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ‪ /‬ﻛﻢ " <ﻳﺎ ﻛﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﺑﻰ  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﻮ ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ
" ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻛﻢ ﺑﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ!‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺑﺮ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪2/‬‬
‫‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ
‪ /‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ  ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘﺔ ﻣﻬﻢ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ‪. /‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ < ‪ (/‬ﻧﺪ<[ ‪ / ,‬ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺶ ‪/ #‬ﻳﺨﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ " ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻛﻮﻳﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‬

‫‪Power‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻮ^ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ " ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ 3‬ﻧﻮ^‬
‫‪US generator‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪ( ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ < ‪:‬‬
‫‪water‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ -2 ,‬ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﺘﺮ ‪ -3‬ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﭘﻴﺰ
‪ / :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﺘﺮ‬
‫‪Foot switch‬‬ ‫‪Hand piece‬‬ ‫‪tip‬‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﻗﺪ‪ "
/‬ﻣﻨﺔ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ[ ﺳﺖ "‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﻜﻴﻠﺮ )‪ , < (scaler‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﭘﻴﺰ" ﺑﺎ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ‪ (/‬ﻧﺪ<[ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ‪#‬‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ (ma) ,‬ﺑﺎﻻﺋﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 5‬ﺑﺎ‪ " /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻴﺎ<‬
‫ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎ
ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻪﻫﺎ[ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
‫" <ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 25‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 32‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ # ,‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ /‬ﻋﻬﺪ( ‪/‬ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﺑﺮ ﺻﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮ[ "‪ # [ "/‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ "ﺟﻮ ‪ . /‬ﻓﺮﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎ‪ " P‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺪ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﺋﻲ )‪(foot switch‬‬
‫"ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ " ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻓﺮﻣﺎ‪ ,  ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪/
/‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ /‬ﺳﺮ‪ 2‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ " D‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( " ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺮ"^‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ‪ tip ,‬ﻫﻨﺪﭘﻴﺲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﮔﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ
‪ /‬ﺳﺮ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪< / /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪84‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮ )‪:(Airfolw‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﭘﻴﺰ
ﻣﺴﺘﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﻴﺪ‪"/‬ﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﭘﻮ ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ < ﺧﺎﻧﻮ \ ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ ,‬ﺑﻮ ( " ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺘﻦ ‪" Stain‬ﺟﺮﻣﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‪bridge, Root chanal, prio ,‬‬
‫< ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻛﺮ )ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻮ ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ Endo , Scaling‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(( ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ‪" " [/‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺎ‪ [/‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪ " D‬ﻣﻮ‪" Y‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺟﺎ[ ﺳﻜﻴﻠﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭘﻴﺰ"‪,‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮ ( " ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮ‪" Y‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ " .‬ﺳﻮ‪ u/‬ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ‪ " #‬ﭘﻮ ‪ / /‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮ[ ‪ (/‬ﻧﺪ<[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮ^ ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺮ‪ 2 "/" A‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺣﺎ"[‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ :‬ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮﻫﻨﺪ[ )‪(Airfbwhandy‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺣﺎ"[ ‪ #‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮ ‪ " SI‬ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮ ‪ .SII‬ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮﻫﻨﺪ[ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﻼﻳﺖ " ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ
ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﺬﻛﻮ‪ [/ /‬ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫" ﻗﺪ‪ / ,
/‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪ‪ D‬ﻛﻢ " <ﻳﺎ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ " ,‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪/ ,‬ﻳﺰ‪# P‬‬
‫ﻣﺪ‪ [/ SII D‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﭘﻴﺰ" " ﻫﻨﺪﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪/ .‬‬
‫ ﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻧﺲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮ‪[ "/" A‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ "ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ "ﺟﻮ ‪ . /‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪# ,‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ " ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺰ"‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ ﻫﻨﺪﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ ﺧﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﭘﻴﺰ" ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ [/‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ " ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ ‪ < #‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺪﭘﻴﺲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻲ‪. "/‬‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ
)‪(light cure‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ 400mw/cm2‬ﻳـﺎ ‪ 700mw/cm2‬ﻳـــﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ < ﻗﺮ‪ ,  /‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮ<ﻳﺖ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪ " 100mw/cm2‬ﺣﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺪ ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪/ / , ,‬ﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬‬
‫‪ .3000mw/cm2‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ" ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻔﺖ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮ<ﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺮ( ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻻﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﻟﻌﺎ ( ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ"‪/‬ءﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫‪ bleaching‬ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ < ,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻢ " ﻓﺸﺮ ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﺰ"ﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪/ :‬‬
‫ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺧﻮ ﺗﺎﺑﺶﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻧﻮ^ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻻﻣﭗ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‪ /‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ " ‪/‬ﻳﺞﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻟﻮژﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪﻣﺜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻣﭗ )‪(50w،10v‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ < ‪ LED‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﻔﺖ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮ<ﻳﺖﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ‪ LED‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪ
ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻫﺎﻟﻮژ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ<[ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻨﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ "
ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ "‬
‫‪) mw/cm2‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﻪ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ "ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ "‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ( ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮ" ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪86‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺪ‪ " ,‬ﻛﻢ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﺷﺪ‪ stain ,‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻢ " <ﻳﺎ ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﻻﻣﭗ ﻫﺎﻟﻮژ‪ ,‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ " ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺷﺪ
ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ < ‪ " fan‬ﻳﺎ < ﻫﻮ[ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪< / /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ(‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Cooling system‬‬

‫‪Control and‬‬
‫‪Input power‬‬ ‫‪Lamp LED‬‬
‫‪Timing board‬‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ < ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪ ramp‬ﻛﻪ < ﻳﻚ ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ[ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ <‬ ‫ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪ‪/‬ﻳﺞ " ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﻪ < ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﻠﺪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻤﺎ" < ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻻﻣﭗ‪ ،‬ﻓﻦ " ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ‪A‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/‬ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎ (‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪#‬‬

‫ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪< ،/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪﻧﻮ^ ﻳﮕﺮ[‬
‫< ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ "ﺟﻮ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ / bleaching‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫‪ bleaching‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﺔ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ
‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ 3000mw/cm2‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ  ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ !ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮ " ﺑﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ‪ /‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ #‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻣﻘﺎ" ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﺮ~ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻧﺪ‪ " ,‬ﻟﺜﻪ ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﻋﺎ‪/‬ﺿﻪ‬
‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪ DC‬ﺑﻮ ( " ‪ [/‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮ‪"/ " P‬ﺷﻦ "‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﺳﺘﻘﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ " .‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﭼﺮ~ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺰ‪ [/‬ﺳﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺣﺮﻛﺎ
ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ " ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻪﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻣﻴﺰ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ " ﺳﺘﻴﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪ / /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ / /‬ﻣﺪ" ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ[‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻛﺎﺳﺔ ﻛﺮﺷﻮ    ﻟﻴﻮ
‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ‪ [/‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ[ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮ~‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً < ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎ[ ﭼﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ "‬ ‫ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﺳﺘﻘﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ ...‬ﺑﻮ ( " ﻳﻚ "‪ # P‬ﻟﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ ‪ "/" [/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ‪ " #‬ﻫﻮ " ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪#‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ # /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﺴﺖ "‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ " # .‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪(/‬ﻧﺪ<[ ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻧﺖﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ[ ﻫﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﺲ < ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ‪ /‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮ‪ ،/‬ﻛﻮﻳﺘﺮ"‪ ،,‬ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﺷﻮ‪# P" " ،/‬‬
‫‪ #‬ﻛﺮﺷﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ < ‪ #‬ﺷﻴﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻴﺸﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ " ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ <ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ\ ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (water reservoir‬ﻳﻦ ‪ / #‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪/ .‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ # < ,‬ﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭼﺮ~ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﺳﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﺮﺷﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﭼﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻻ< ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚ ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ( "ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ [/‬ﻧﻮ‪[/‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪88‬‬

‫‪ : zero position (6-4‬ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ  ﺑﻪ ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬــــﺎ[ ‪ [/‬ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺮ  ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺰ; ‪ AB ; > AB‬ﻟﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺑﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ < "‪ # P‬ﻟﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ " (water quantity‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ[ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﺗﺮ‬
‫‪/‬ﻳﺰ‪ / (flow time) # P‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪/‬ﻳﺰ[ "‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﺗﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﻢﻫﺎ[ ﺧﺬ ﺷﺪ( <‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ < ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‬
‫‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪" /‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ )‪ (zero position‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪/‬ﻳﺰ[ ﻛﻤﻪﻫﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ # P" < #‬ﻟﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺟﺎ‪[/‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ  ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ(ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻣﻴﺰ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻨﺴﻮ‪ %‬ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‬
‫‪ (5‬ﻣﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻴﺎ )‪:(Assistant table‬‬
‫)‪ (Doctor console‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﻪﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻣﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻴﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺎ‪ /‬ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ )ﭼﭗ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ "ﺟﻮ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﻮ ‪ , ,‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ( ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺟﺪ " ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺑﻞ ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﻛﻤﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ " ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ " ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ
ﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ‪/‬ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫)‪" (option‬ﺟﻮ ‪ < . /‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪ‪ [/‬ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪ ،/‬ﭘﻮ‪،/‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻗﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ " ﻛﻮﻳﺘﺮ"‪" ... " ,‬ﺟﻮ ‪. /‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ\ ﻗﺮ‪/‬ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻳﻨﺘﺴﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ )ﻧﮕﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮ‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ : chair up/down (1-4‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﭘﻴﺲ( ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻦ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ  ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺘﻦ " ﻗﺮ‪ ,  /‬ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪ : backrest movement (2-4‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ ,/‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮ  ﻋﻘﺐ ﺷﺪ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ "ﻗﻄﻊ ﻋﻤﻜﺮ ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ : cold/hot water (3-4‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺰ;‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ " ‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً‬ ‫‪ AB‬ﮔﺮ? ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮ > ﻛﺮﺷﻮ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :height control (4-4‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪  C‬ﺷﻦ ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮ; ﺷﺪ ﭼﺮ‪ F‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪ :instrument speed control‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫‪(5-4‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺴﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ "ﺟﻮ ‪ . /‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ[ ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ‪B‬ﻧﮕﻞ  ﺗﻮﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ‪"/ /‬ﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﻫﻮ " ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ[ ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺸﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪g # ,‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ‪ " #‬ﺷﻠﻨﮓ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ‪ 2‬ﻣﺨﻠﻮ‪ " # :‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺳﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﭙﺮ‪ 2‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻣﻮ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﺴﺖ "‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ / /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺑﻠﻮƒ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ " ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ " ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ‪.#‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺑﻠﻮƒ "ﺣﺪ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ " ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ " ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫" "ﺻﻞ " ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ " # D‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ[‬
‫‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ\‬ ‫ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪ( ‪ . /‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺑﻠﻮƒ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪(Amalgam separator) ,‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺳﻴﻠﻪ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎﻣﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺟﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ‪ :Interdependence‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ < ‪/‬ﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ , ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪ " #‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪ #‬ﮔﺮ " ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻃﻮ‪ [/‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﺎ( ‪ 2‬ﺗﺎ[ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪/ " .‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎﻣﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻇﺮ„ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ( "‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺑﺮ ﺷﺖ " ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪, ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺰ‪ A‬ﻛﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮ‪" ,‬ﺑﺰ‪ " A‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ <" ﺗﺮ < ﻫﻮﻟﺪ‪ P/‬ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺷﺪ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎ
ﺧﻞ ﻫﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ / /‬ﺑﻴﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﻛﺸﺪ "‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ < ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖ ﺑﺎ< ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ[ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ / /‬ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖ ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺰ‪ optional /‬ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺪ" ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ‬
‫‪7‬ـ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ " ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻰ < ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ 2‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ<"[ ﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ<‪ 2/ /‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ<" " ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫‪6‬ـ ﺟﻌﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ[ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ " ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ( ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ‪,‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎ ‪ ،D‬ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﻟﺮ<‪ " P‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ "<‪,‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﺰ‪ A‬ﻛﺶ ﺟﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪ\ ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎ " ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ(‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺘﻘﺮ‪ /‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻗﺮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻰ < ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‬
‫‪8‬ـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺸﺮ‪ 0‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ :0‬ﻫﻮ[‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺮﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﮔﻼژ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ ‪/‬ﻳﻮ ﺗﻮ‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎ "‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮ ( ﭘﺲ < ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ‪ /" /‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ‪/‬ﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ (  /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ " ‪/‬ﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﭼﺮ~ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ "‬
‫" ﭘﺲ < ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < /‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ‪/‬ﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮ‪ ،/‬ﻫﻮ[ ﺧﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ . / /‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ\‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ([ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ^ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ "‬ ‫‪ 3 #‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺻﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﺳﺖ <‪(1 :‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫‪10‬ـ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ  ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ / :‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪/" [/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻞ ﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪,‬‬
‫)‪ (Intra oral camera‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﻛﻪ <‬
‫ ﺧﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺟﻬﺖ ‪(/‬ﻧﺪ<[ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪[/‬‬
‫‪ Tuner‬ﻳﺎ ‪ capture TV‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻼ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘ ً‬
‫‪11‬ـ ‪) foot control‬ﭘﺪ‪ %‬ﭘﺎﺋﻲ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺎ
ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ " ‪(/‬ﻧﺪ<[ ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ ‪ 220v/50Hz‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﺮ! ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮ
ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺠﺎ  ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬
‫< ﭘﺪ‪D‬ﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ "ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ " ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫"<ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎ ‪ " D‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪D‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎ
ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ " ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﻛﻤﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪(/‬ﻧﺪ<[‬
‫ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪12‬ـ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺪ‪ "
/‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ "<‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/ / /‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ " ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺰء ﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1-12‬ﺷﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﺎ>\ ﺻﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺷﺎﺳﻲ ‪ B‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ > ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ  ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻻﻫﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻ‪  I‬ﺑﻮ;ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺑﺮﻧﺰ‪ I‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎ‪ g‬ﺗﺎﺷﻮﻧﺪ  ﻋﺎ‪ > I‬ﻟﺮ>; ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻢ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ  ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻨﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻗﻮ‪ I‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮ ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ? ‪ B‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‪ I‬ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮ  ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ k‬ﺧﻮ ﻗﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫‪90‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ[ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/ /‬ﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ "‪ /‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً < ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻧﺸﻌﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﻮ[ ﺳﺘﻴﺎ‪،/‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ " ﻫﻮ[ ﺳﺮﻧﮓ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﺧﺎ‪Y/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪9‬ـ ‪ / : floor box‬ﺧﻞ ‪floor box‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬
‫‪ :Input power (1-9‬ﺑﺮ! ‪ I‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮﭘﺘﻴﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮﻫﺎ  ‪  ...‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2-9‬ﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ :‬ﻓﺸﺎ ‪  AB‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ>‪ I‬ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ  ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺟﻮ  ﺑﺮ ‪B I‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﻴﺠﻲ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎ ﻫﻨﺪ\ ﻣﻘﺪ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3-9‬ﺟﻌﺒﺔ ‪ : U.V‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪optional‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﺷﻌﺔ ﻣﺎء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ‬
‫‪ I AB‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ  ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻛﺮ ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‪  B I‬ﻧﺎﺑﻮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4-9‬ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪  AB I‬ﻫﻮ  ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪ :A‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﻻ ‬
‫>ﻳﺮ ﻓﻠﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺲ  ﻗﺒﻞ > ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻮ‪ d‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ  ﺑﺮ ‪> I‬ﻣﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ  ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪  AB I I‬ﻫﻮ ‬
‫ﺷﻠﻨﮓ ﺧﺮﺟﻲ ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪  A‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫> ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ  > ﻛﻨﺎ ﻳﻮ ﺗﺎ! ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ‬
‫  ﻗﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ‪  AB‬ﻫﻮ‪ I‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ > ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ > ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺸﺔ ﻧﺼﺐ ‪ B‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻟﺖ ‪ DC‬ﻛﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ  ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ k‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ k‬ﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ   ﻫﻨﮕﺎ?‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ >ﻳﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﺧﺘﻼ‪  C‬ﻛﺎﻛﺮ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻔﺎ‪k‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ > ﻋﺒﻮ > ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‪ I‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪ (2-12‬ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ )‪ :(backrest‬ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ  ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ  ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪C‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ > ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﻻ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﮔﻼ‪ m‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﺻﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﻳﻜﭙﺎﭼﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﻳﻦ ﻫﺮ? ﭼﺮﺧﻴﺪ  ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ >ﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻘﺐ ﻓﺘﻪ  ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ >ﺋﺪﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪B‬‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﺮ‪ n‬ﺳﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪I .‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻲ > ﭘﺎﭼﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺴﺖ  ﺷﻮ  ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ
ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺘﻌﺎ‪ C‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﺷﺪ  ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺎ
ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺟﻲ ‪ I B‬ﻧﺤﻨﺎء  ﺧﻄﻮ‪ r‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ > ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﺑﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ < ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ  ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ "‪D‬‬
‫‪ (3-12‬ﺗﺸﻚ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ )‪ :(seat‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﻻ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻜﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﻣﺪ‪ / /‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻚ  ﭘﺸﺘﻲ > ﭼﺮ? ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ s‬ﺳﺖ ﺗﺸﻚ‬
‫"ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ  ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻳﺎ ‪zero‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ > ‪ B‬ﺟﺪ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ position‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ < ﺗﻤﺎ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪["/‬‬ ‫‪> (4-12‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺮ‪  :(headrest) I‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ >ﻳﺮ ﺳﺮ‪I‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ < ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻪ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ "ﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻼ; ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ  ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎ ﻟﺮ>; ‪B‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ< ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( " ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﻮ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪> .‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ‪I‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﺟﻪ ‪ (1 I>B‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ (2 k‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﺎﻧﺶ ‪ / /‬ﻛﺮﺷﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫>ﻳﻪ >ﻳﺮﺳﺮ‪ (3  I‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ >ﻳﻪ >ﻳﺮ ﮔﺮ‬
‫" < ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻣﻴﺘﻮ‪" ,‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ  ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫‪> (5-12‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﻲ )‪> :(armrest‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ "ﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ > ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ"ﻫﻴﺪ‪"/‬ﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﻮ ( " ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ  ‪ I‬ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪"/‬ﻏﻦ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (6-12‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (13‬ﺗﺎﺑﻮ‪0‬ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪ 2‬ﻋﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻮ‪ (/‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎ‪ g‬ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ (1 :‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﮔﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚ "‬
‫ ﺧﻞ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ  ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﻗﺮ ‬
‫ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﻴﺎ‪ / /‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺘﻲ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪ 220‬ﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﻨﺎ‪ A‬ﻳﺎ ‪24‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪92‬‬

‫ﻫﻴﺪ‪"/‬ﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﻮ ( " ‪/‬ﺗﻔﺎ^ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ C‬ﻳﺞ  ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ  ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﭘﺎﮔﻲ ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ[‬
‫‪ " #‬ﻫﻮ[ ﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻦﻫﺎ[ ﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎ "ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ ﻳﮕﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﻮ ﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﻲء ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎ‪ (/‬ﺷﺪ( ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ ﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﻛﺮ ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮ‪ "#‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻓﺸﺎ   ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ ﮔﻴﺮﺑﻜﺲﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ (5‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ‪ #‬ﺛﺮ ﻧﻔﻮ)  ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﻣﺎ"‬
‫‪ (6‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ; ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ـ ﻫﻮ ـ ‪:‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ‪ 2/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒ ًﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﺮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ‪ A‬ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬
‫‪ (8‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻓﻴﻮ‪ 6‬ﺻﻠﻲ ‪#‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ :C‬ﺑﺎ < ‪,‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ " ﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (9‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﭼﺮ‪ :F‬ﻻﻣﭗ ﭼﺮ~ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (10‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻﻫﺎ; ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺧﻮ ‪ /‬ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪(11‬ﺧﺮﺑﻰ ‪#‬ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﺷﻴﺮ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ (12‬ﺧﺮﺑﻰ ﻳﺮﺳﻮﻳﻴﭽﻬﺎ‬
‫‪93‬‬
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ " .‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ[ " ‪ #/‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮕﻬﺎ[ <" ﭘﺰ ﻳﻦ ﻧﺎ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺣﺠﻢ ‪21،17،15‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ " < ﻟﺤﺎ‡ ﻧﻮ^ ﺑﺎ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ ‪ 3‬ﻛﻼ‪ N ، S ، B Z‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪ[‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ً ‪/‬ﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪ[ "‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎ"ﺗﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻛﻼ‪ Z‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ  (‬
‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮ^ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺪ< " ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻴﺖ ‪ /‬ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ‪ /‬‬
‫‪"/‬ﭘﺎ ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﺳﺨﺖﺗﺮ[ ‪ / /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﻮ\ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ "ﺿﻊ ﻛﺮ ( ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻼ‪P‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ‪ " /‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ
ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻳﺮ‪ " ,‬ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫" ﻋﺪ "ﻛﻴﻮ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﺮ ﺑﺰ‪ / [/‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮ" ﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﻛﺸﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ( " ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻛﻼ‪ B Z‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ‪ hollow‬ﻟﺰﻣﻲ‬
/‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ !ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪/‬‬
‫‪ #‬ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ‪"/‬ﻣﻴﺰ[ ﺑﻮ ( " ‪[/‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ[ ‪ 2‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[ ‪ 5‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[ ـ ‪ 8‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[‪ 15 -‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[‬
‫ـ ‪ 17‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[ " ‪ 21‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )< ﻟﺤﺎ‡ ﻧﺪ<( "‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ (‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ ﻳﮕﻲ‪ / :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ " ‪/‬‬
‫"ﺣﺪ ‪ (central steril room) CSR‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ # /‬ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ "‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ "ﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ‪ / hollow‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﺻﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ " ‪/‬ﻟﻪ " ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮ‪/‬‬
‫" ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺪ‪
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪94‬‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ < ﺑﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻪ "‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ < ﻋﺪ "ﺟﻮ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"‪ #‬ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[ ﻛﺸﻮﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪" ،‬ﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ " ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﺮ‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ‪Y"/‬‬
‫ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻴﺖ( < ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻲ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ " ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ‪ [/‬ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ[ )‪ 2‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[‪ 5 ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫" ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘ ًﺎ ‪ 8‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ[( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ " ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ[ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﺒﺎ^‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﺷﺪ( < ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻛﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻛﺸﻮﺋﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^‬ ‫" ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ " ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ < ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ " /‬ﻣﺎ[ < ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪/‬ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ <‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ‪/‬ﺑﻂ ﭘﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ <ﻳﺮﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[ ‪"/‬ﻣﻴﺰ[ ﺳﺎ (ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮ ( " ﻓﺎﻗﺪ "ﻛﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪"/‬ﺷﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﺮ ‪ :,‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ <ﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪ I‬ﺧﺸﻚ ) ‪( Dry heat sterilization‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻮﻫﺎ  ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ْ‪ 140‬ﻟﻲ ْ‪ 180‬ﻣﻲﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(steam sterilization‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎ ﻣﺮﻃﻮ‪A‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺎ ‪ AB‬ﺷﺒﺎ‪ k‬ﺷﺪ ﻛﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﻛﺴﺎﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﻛﺴﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ > ﮔﺎ>ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫)‪ (60-70‬ﻣﺎ‪ I‬ﻛﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﺔ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ‪:‬ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻦ ; >‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ ﺷﻌﻪ‪ x‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ;  ﻳﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ | ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫< ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻦ " ﻧﻤﻮ ‪" /‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬ„ ﭘﺎﻻﻣﺘﺮ ‪t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎ‪ # /‬ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ / P ,‬ﺑﻪ ‪/ T‬ﺑﻂ  ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺘﺪ ﻻ< ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ ﻫﻴﻢ " ‪ ,‬ﺗﻔﺎ"
ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﺔ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‪ / hollow /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ <‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮ
ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﮔﺎ<ﻫﺎ[ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪"/‬ﺑﻂ <ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ^ ‪ A‬ﻳﺎ ‪ B‬ﺑﻮ ‪,‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ‪ L‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺣﺠﻢ "‪D‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪ\‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ <[ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮ
ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ 0‬ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺎ< ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ‪ T 1 " ، P ، 1 V 1‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬

‫‪1<(L/D)<5‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ " ﻣﺎ[ "ﻟﻴﻪ " ‪ T 2" P، 2 V 2‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ ،/‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪Load is class B.‬‬ ‫" ﻣﺎ[ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎ< ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪D>5mm‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎ‪ # /‬ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﺷﺪ( ﻧﻴﺰ < ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﮔﺎ<ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1<L/D)<75‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮ"[ "‪ /‬ﺑﺮ "ﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ /‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪Load is class A.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ "ﺣﺪ ﺻﻠﻲ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﺳﺖ "ﻟﻲ‬
‫‪D<1500‬‬
‫"ﺣﺪ[ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺎ‪
/‬ﺑﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮ"ﻛﺎ‪/ /‬ﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪/ (bar) .‬ﺑﻄﺔ <ﻳﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ < ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ‪hollow‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪P=F/A " F=P.A‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮ"ﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ[‬
‫ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﮕﻞ " ﺗﻮ‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ " ﻫﻨﺪﭘﻴﺲ ﺑﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ K‬ﺑﺎ  ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ‪(Load) :‬‬
‫‪ < " hollow‬ﻧﻮ^ ‪ A‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ )‪ :(Solid‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﺑﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﭼﻪ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ( ‪ /‬ﺧﻠﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺴﺖ "‬
‫‪ < :textile‬ﻟﺤﺎ‡ ﻧﻮ^ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‪) /‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺎ‪(,‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﭽﻲ " ‪...‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ 3‬ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮچ  ﺗﻮﺧﺎﻟﻲ )‪ :(hollow‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ ‬
‫‪ :wrapped‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ﺑﻪ " ﺳﺘﺔ ﻧﻮ^ ‪ " A‬ﻧﻮ^ ‪ B‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪ[‬
‫‪ :unwrapped‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﺪ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ I double wrapped‬ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪96‬‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ "ﺟﻮ ‪" " /‬ﺟﻮ ﻫﻮ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫* ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ‪ < /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮ^ ﺑﺎ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺷﺮ"^ ﺷﻮ < " ﻃﺮ„ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‪ /" # /‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ﻫﻮ ‪ / /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺸﺮ (‬ ‫‪: None wrapped-none vacuum…: N‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﻴﻮ? ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ  >‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ(‬
‫‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﻫﺎ‪hollow I‬‬
‫‪hollow load‬‬
‫‪steam‬‬ ‫‪Steam‬‬ ‫ ‪ textile‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ ﺑﺎﻫﺎ‪I‬‬
‫‪  solid‬ﺑﺎ ‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﺮ‪  .‬ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ‪I‬‬

‫‪air‬‬
‫‪B‬ﻳﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ  ~ﻛﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : - Specific sterilizer: S‬ﻫﺮ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ‪ I‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ < ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻮ‪ (N) 1 k‬ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ > ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ [/‬ﻫﻮ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ  ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻼ‪ S m‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪ " "ﺟﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﻓﺎﻗﺪ "ﻛﻴﻮ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪ :Specific sterilizer :B‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬

‫ﺑﺎ‪ / /‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ "ﻟﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﻛﻼ‪ B Z‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎ? ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﺑﺎﻫﺎ  ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ ‬
‫> ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﺎ  ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﭘﻤﭗ "ﻛﻴﻮ ﺑﺎ "ﻛﻴﻮ ﺑﺎﻻ[ ‪ -0/9‬ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ k‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ   ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ < " ﺳﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻳﺎ "ﻛﻴﻮ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮﻣﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ‪k‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﺮ ( " ﻫﻮ ‪ /‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺧﻞ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ ﻟﺰﻣﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫~ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻳﻨﺴﺘﺮﻧﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ‪ hollow‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺳﺆ‪ :%‬ﭼﺮ ﺑﺎ‪ / textile /‬ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮ‪/ ,‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪ /‬ﻛﻼ‪ S Z‬ﺑﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭘﻤﭗ "ﻛﻴﻮ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ؟‬ ‫‪ / Wrapped‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ <ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ‪ textile /‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ " ﻳﺎ < ﻳﻚ "ﻛﻴﻮ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ(ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ " ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‪ / N Z‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻼ‪ S Z‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ "ﻛﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆ‪ :%‬ﭼﺮﺑﺎ‪ / / hollow /‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻜﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭘﻤﭗ "ﻛﻴﻮ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﺮ ؟‬
‫ﻼ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﮔﺮ ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ( " ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ‪hollow /‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ(‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ[ ‪ / /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ‪/ / ,‬ﻳﻢ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎ [‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ‪/ /‬ﻓﺘﻪ " ‪/‬‬

‫ﺛﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ‪ #‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ( "ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰ‪,‬‬
‫‪ #‬ﻣﺼﺮ„ ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﻳﺰ " ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ ﻳﺎ ‪ drying‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫" ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﺎ ( ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫< ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ "‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﭘﻤﭗ "ﻛﻴﻮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‬
‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺻﻮ‪ D‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ‪ / :‬ﺑﺘﺪ ‪#‬‬

‫< ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ‪ #‬ﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ " ﺻﻮ‪ /
/‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪1 :‬ـ ﻳﺎ ‪ #‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ‬
‫‪/‬ﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( )ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ( " ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻤﻨﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ "ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ( " ‪ 100ْ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ " .‬ﻳﺎ ‪2‬ـ ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ‪/ steam Generator‬ﻓﺘﻪ " ‪/‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻬﻢ‪ / :‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[ ‪"/‬ﻣﻴﺰ[‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /" /‬ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫" ﻛﺸﻮﺋﻲ ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ‪ #‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻛﻪ ‪[/‬‬ ‫ " ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ^ "‪ [/ D‬ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﺳﺖ ﭼﻮ‪,‬‬
‫‪ conductivity‬ﻳﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﻮ ( " ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻛﺮ ﭼﻮ‪ / ,‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ < ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﻮﺑﺎﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺨﺎ<‪ " ,‬ﭼﻤﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪ heating‬ﺷﺮ"^ ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮ"< ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎ<ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[ ﻛﻼ‪ B Z‬ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ ) ‪ ،( T‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ‪ (P) "/‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫"ﻛﻴﻮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪ " prevacuum‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ( " ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪ vacuum‬ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ " ‪ leveling‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪ 2/1‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 2/2‬ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻏﺎ< ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪/ .‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪ( ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻤﭗ "ﻛﻴﻮ‬
‫" ‪...‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ / :‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ‪ / # " /‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﻪ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬ـ ﻟﻤﻨﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ "‪ /‬ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﺣﺮ‪
/‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬ـ ﻣﺨﺎ
 ﺻﻠﻲ  ﻣﺼﺮ‪ U‬ﺷﺪ‪# :0‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ„ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﻣﺨﺰ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻪ " ﭘﺲ‬
‫< ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺰ‪,‬‬
ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ #‬ﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ < ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪ[ ﺑﺶ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﺪ  ً ﭘﺮ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً < ‪ 3‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ / #‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪ # ,‬ﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ‪ 3‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪" 2‬ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ﺑﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ‪1‬‬
‫< ‪ 2‬ﺟﺪ ﺷﺪ( " ﭘﻴﻐﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻻ‪/‬ﻣﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰ‪ # ,‬ﺻﻠﻲ < ﺳﻮ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺻﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ(‬
‫ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ " ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ , /‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ< " ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻲﻫﺎ " ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ ‬
‫ ﻧﺪﻧﻪﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﺗﻔﺎ"
‫" ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ[ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ[ ﻛﻼ‪ B Z‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‪ / :‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎ<‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﻮ < ﺧﻞ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﮔﺰ"< ﻫﻮ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﻮ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻮ ( " ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ[ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻪ " ﻫﻮ ‪ / /‬ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﻓﺸﺮ (‬
‫ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮ"[ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ < ﮔﺰ"<‬
‫ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻣﻴﺸﻮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺰء ﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

/‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬ـ ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻨﺮ[ "‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪/‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪
/‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ ,< /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
ﺳﺖ " ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ< " ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ " ﻓﺸﺮ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ / /‬ﺧﻞ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ " ﺑﺨﺎ‪ , /" /‬ﺷﺪ( " ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ‪/‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺻﻮ‪
‫‪2‬ـ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻲﻫﺎ )‪ : (EV‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‫ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺠﺎ‪ " [/‬ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ / /‬ﻃﻮ‪D‬‬
‫‪99‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ "ﺟﻮ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ " ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰ‪ # ,‬ﻣﺼﺮ„ ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﻳﺰﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻛﻴﻮ " ﻣﻜﺶ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﺎ  ( "ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫‪7‬ـ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً < ‪ PT 100‬ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ‪ /‬ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ / .‬ﺧﻞ ﺧﻮ ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ[‬
‫ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻜﺶ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺨﺰ‪ / ,‬ﻣﻲﺧﻮﻧﺪ " ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ[‬
‫‪16‬ـ ﻫﻮﻟﺪ  ﺳﻴﻨﻲ‪ / :‬ﺧﻞ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪ‪ \/‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪ / ,‬ﻣﻲﺧﻮﻧﺪ " ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﻧﺪ( ﺷﺪ(‬
‫  ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪/‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( " ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﭼﻴﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪17‬ـ ‪ / :fan‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫‪8‬ـ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ :‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻠﻲ < ‪ fan‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰ‪ / ,‬ﺧﻮﻧﺪ( " ﺑﻪ "ﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ‪/‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬ـ ﺑﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ
ﭘﺮ <‪" P‬‬
‫‪18‬ـ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( " ﺻﺪ"‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻲﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬‬ ‫‪10‬ـ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ # :‬ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ‪ < /‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ‪. /‬‬ ‫‪11‬ـ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ‪ / :‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ "‪ # [ "/‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪19‬ـ ﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ )‪ :(display‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﺮ‪ / /‬ﺗﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻴﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻮ ( " ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﺎ
ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ / #‬ﺑﮕﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻻ‪/‬ﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪12‬ـ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ
‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﻠﻲ ﻳﺮ‪" ,‬ﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻟﻮگ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻘﺒﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮ ( " < ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ < /‬ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ" ‬
‫‪20‬ـ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺘﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺨﺎ‪
/‬ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‬ ‫‪13‬ـ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎ‪ C‬ﻳﻤﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ < ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎ
ﺟﻬﺖ ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫‪21‬ـ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻋﺪ ﺑﺎ<‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ / ,‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻔﻞ ‪#/‬‬ ‫‪14‬ـ ﻛﺎﻧﻜﺘﻮﻫﺎ   ﺧﺮ‪ : Y‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫‪ /‬ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪ # ,‬ﺻﻠﻲ " ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺰ‪# ,‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ„ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪15‬ـ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﻴﻮ‪ / :Z‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫‪ (3‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ  ﻣﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺰ"  ﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ /" :‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺎ[ ﻛﺎ‪ [/‬ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ْ‪ 134‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ "ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ‪ 121‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ , /‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ / (4‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﻣﺨﺰ‪,‬‬ ‫" ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ 2/2 /‬ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 2/1‬ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻧﮕﻴﺮ " ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬ ‫< ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ[‬
‫ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ‪/ 134‬ﺟﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ‪/‬ﻧﺪ " ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻼ ‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ ‪(5-1 :‬‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺻ ً‬ ‫< ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ْ‪ 121‬ﺑﻬﺮ( ﺟﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ (5-2 .‬ﻓﻴﻮ< ﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻧﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ‪ [/‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ " ﻧﻮ^ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫‪ (6‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻔﻞ ‪ #/‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ‪#/‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ < ﻏﺎ< ﺳﺮﺗﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ‪ #/‬ﺧﺮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻮ ( "ﻳﺎ < ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ "ﺑﺎﻳﺪ <‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ # (7‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺨﺎ‪/ /‬ﻳﺨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ C‬ﻳﺞ  ﺗﻮﻛﻼﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ :‬ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ #‬ﺧﺮ‪ #‬ﺑﻮ ( "ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﻴﻮ
ﺻﺪ ﻣﻲ‪#‬ﻫﺪ‪ :‬ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ ﭘﺎ‪(/‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
‪/‬ﻳﺞ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻓﺸﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻤﻲ‪.#‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ " ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻳﮕﺮ[‬ ‫‪ EV (1-2‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺧﺮ‪ A‬ﺳﺖ  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‬

‫< ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ـ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﮔﻲ ﻣﺨﺎ<‪ ،# ,‬ﺧﺮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (2-2‬ﻳﻜﻲ > ﺷﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﭘﺎ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ‬
‫‪ EV‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮ‪ PT 100#‬ﻫﺎ " ‪ ...‬ﻧﻴﺰ ‪/‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
‫‪ (3-2‬ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪ A‬ﭘﺎ ﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪ (4-2‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﺮ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺿﺮ"‪ [/‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻮﻻً ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪100 /‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ PT‬ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺘﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ AB (5-2‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺰﻳﻖ ﻧﺸﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ‪" /‬ﻗﻊ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺘﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺳﺖ <‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﺎ " ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ"‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﺶ ‪< /‬‬ ‫‪ (6-2‬ﻟﻤﻨﺖ ﺧﺮ‪ A‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ ﺳﺖ  ( " ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﭘﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘ ًﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎ ﮔﺎ> ﺧﻞ ﭼﻤﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫< ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻫﺮ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ"[ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺗﻔﺎ^‬
‫‪101‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﻮﻛﻼ" < ﺳﻄﺢ ‪/‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪ"‪D‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎ [ ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺑﮕﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ <‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎ
ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ " ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ "‪ #/ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺲ‬
‫< ﻃﻲ ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺳﺎ<ﻧﺪﮔﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪102‬‬

‫‪(*Intra oral camera) STV‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪ( ﻣﻴﺸﻮ ‪.‬ﻧﺤﻮ\ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪</‬ﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫< ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻠﻬﺎ[ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ‪/‬‬ ‫ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻞ ﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻠﻬﺎ[ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺿﺮ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻮ ( " ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ " ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﮕﺎﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ real time‬ﻧﺪ‪ / / ,‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﮕﺎﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ‬ ‫‪ ["/‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻛﺮ " ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪/" ,‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ( < ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ " ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻠﻢﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬ ‫‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻧﻮ^ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﭘﺪﻟﻲ‬
‫‪"</‬ﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺑﻌﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ[ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ (freeze) ,‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ‪ [/‬ﺟﻬﺖ ‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ(‬ ‫ﺻﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪/" #‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪<"/‬ﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻌﺪ ‬
‫ﺳﺎ<[ " ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ﺧﺬ ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻠﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﮕﺎ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ‬
‫‪103‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬

‫‪(Radio viso graphy) RVG‬‬

‫ﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ < /‬ﻧﺪ<( ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ RVG‬ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ"ﻳﺰ"ﮔﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺪ<( ﻫﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫)‪ (Radio viso graphy‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ‪RVG‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ‪ P"/‬ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻧﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮﻓﺰ‪ /‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ < ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ " ﻇﻬﻮ‪" /‬ﺛﺒﻮ
‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪< .‬‬ ‫‪ < /‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻓﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﻛﻤﺔ ‪ RVG‬ﺑﻮ ( " ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﺠﺎ  ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﺘﻲ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 0/01‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪ < . /‬ﻣﺰﻳﺎ[‬
‫ﭘﺮﻧﺪ ﺳﺎ>‪ I‬ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ ‪ RVG‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ُ < ﺷﻌﻪ ﺣﺪ" ‪75‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ ﻧﺪ>ﮔﻴﺮ‪ I‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ  ﺑﻌﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ‪/ 80‬ﺻﺪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ " ‪/‬‬
‫‪ I‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫"ﻗﻊ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ / X‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ "ﺟﻮ ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ ﻧﮓ‪B‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ I‬ﺗﺼﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺖ‪ < RVG .‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻴﻖ ﻋﺎﺿﻪﻫﺎ‪ I I‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ I‬ﺳﺎ>‪ I‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪5‬ـ‬
‫ ﺧﻞ ﻫﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﻧﺪ>ﮔﻴﺮ‪> I‬ﻳﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ ‪ I‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪6‬ـ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ / , Z‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ ﺑﺰﮔﻨﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ\ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪7‬ـ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪/‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺎء ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ‪ C‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪high pass filter  boost I‬‬ ‫‪8‬ـ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ[ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪104‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﺎپ ﻧﻤﻮ  ‪B‬ﺷﻜﺎﺳﺎ>‪ I‬ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎ‪I‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ )‪  (Rotation‬ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪ m‬ﺳﺎ>‪I‬‬ ‫‪9‬ـ‬
‫)‪ (Inversion‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ / /‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻼ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﻮ ( " ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﺔ <ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺬﻛﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ / ,‬ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻮﻣﺘﺮ[ " ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻚ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ ﮔﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ / /‬ﻫﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ" ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ‪"/‬ﻛﺸﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "ﺟﻮ ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﻬﺮ( ﺟﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ
‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪2/‬‬
‫‪107‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﺻﻮ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ'
!ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ' 
!ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ‪ I =0‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﭼﻴﺴﺖ  ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ؟‬
‫ﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ‪ ،/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ " ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮژ[ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪ %‬ﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺟﺬ‪ , #‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ‪: /‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ\ ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ "ﺧﺮ ﻗﺮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ )ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ‪(V‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ< ﻫﻢ ﻣﻴﻼ ‪ 2‬ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ > ﺷﺪ‪ g‬ﻧﻮ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ <ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ[ ﺑﺘﺎﺑﺪ <‬
‫ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﺰ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺻﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺮ ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪ‪/‬ﺗﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ" ‪ 10-26 W/m‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﺖ‪/ .‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺎ‪0‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ‪ 1019‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺧﻼء ﺷﺎﻣﻞ "‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻓﺮ‘ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ 10‬ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ / / ,‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻜﺔ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫< ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﺷﻮ ‪
" 6 -10.‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺪ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﺗﺎﺑﺪ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺗﻌﺪ [ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ 1020‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﻫﺮ ﺗﻢ ‪
" 10 -26‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
‫)‪ 10-7‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪" ,‬ﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ / I‬ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ"‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ‪ V‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ 107‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎ‪" D‬ﻗﺖ ﻻ< ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ‪ V‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪108‬‬

‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻻ< ﺳﺖ ‪ hν0‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪" ,‬ﻟﺖ ﻧﺮژ[ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺪ( ‪ Work function " /‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ(ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ‪ /‬ﻫﻢ ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﺻﺪ"‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ < ,‬ﻓﻠﺰ
‪/‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ "ﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ(‬
‫ﺛﺮ ﺣﺮ‪)
/‬ﺛﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻳﻮﻧﻴﻚ( ﺻﺤﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ <‬ ‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﮕﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺮ ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫ ‪ " /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺛﺮ ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ >‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎ| ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ > ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ [ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺔ ‪X‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺌﻮ‪ [/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻮ‪[/ /‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ " ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺮژ[ ﺧﻮ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺌﻮ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﭘﻴﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ[ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﺖ؟‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ " ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﻧﺘﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ " ﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ < ﻧﺮژ[ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﺮ‘ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ[ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ /‬ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺘﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﻮ ؟ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪ( " ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎ
‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬
‫‪"/‬ﻧﺘﮕﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ < ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﻢ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺷﺪ‪"/ .‬ﻧﺘﮕﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ ν‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﻧﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ‪ E‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎ
ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‬
‫)ﻧﺮژ[ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﺎ ‪(1) hν = E (E‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﻔﻮ‪ g‬ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﻟﻌﺎ ( [ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ً ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ /‬ﻓﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮ‪ / D‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ " ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﺮ„‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻛﻮﻧﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ ‪ < .‬ﺟﺴﺎ ﻛﺪ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ (/g‬ﻣﻌﺎ ‪ hν D‬ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ " /‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮ‪ D‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ <ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
ﻋﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﺳﻴﺎ( ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫‪(2) hν =Tmax+ hν0‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﻔﻮ‪ g‬ﺷﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ " ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ  ﻫﺮ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﺎ = ‪hν‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪ
ﺷﻌﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﻓﺘﻮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ = ‪Tmax‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﻮ‪ D‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﻻ>? ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺧﺎ| ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ = ‪hν0‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﻧﺎ ﮔﺬ‪ [/‬ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ <ﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ > ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ﭘﻼ‪/‬ﻳﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻛﻼ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ < .‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪ[‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪/‬‬
‫‪109‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎ

ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 10-11‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10-8‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ(‬
‫ﻣﺪ‪ g‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ )ﻛﺎﺗﺪ( ﻛﻪ > ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ < .‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ / X‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺛﺒﺎ‪ g‬ﻛﺎﻓﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ / ،D‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ " ‪/‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ  ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﭘﺮﺗﺎ‪A‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺷﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﻫﻨﺪ( ﺧﻄﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ n‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪B‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪X‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻴﻢ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ [ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫‪ X‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ‪ g‬ﻟﺨﻮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ " ﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ ‪ / /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ < ﺑﺪ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﺷﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﺮژ[ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ < ﻟﺤﺎ‡ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫<ﻳﺎ [ ﭘﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ " ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﻲ < ﻧﺮژ[ ﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻧﻔﻮ‪ g‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮ[ ﻟﮕﻦ "‬ ‫ﺣﺮ‪ "
/‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮ‪ ,‬ﻓﻘﺮ
ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪" .‬ﺿﺢ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻮ‪ Y‬ﻧﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮ< ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ / X‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ < ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ[ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ "‬ ‫ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪" X‬ﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺮ"‪ A‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ / X‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﭘﺲ <‬ ‫"ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺮژ[ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺮژ[ <‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﺮ " ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﻮ‪ [ /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﺠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ^ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮ‪ / ,‬ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻻ< ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫" ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪g " D‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ﺳﺎ<[ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺮژ[ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻧﻔﻮ‪g‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﺟﺢ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺧﺘﻼ„ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ( " ﺷﺪ
ﺷﻌﻪ )ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻓﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ( ‪" /‬ﺣﺪ <ﻣﺎ‪< " (,‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﻮﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ X‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ " ﺷﺮ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺷﺪ ﮔﺮ? ﺷﻮ ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ([ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ X‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻗﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺋﻪ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺘﻼ‪ n‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ  ﺳﺮ ﺗﻴﻮ‪A‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪B‬ﻧﺪ  ﻛﺎﺗﺪ( ﻃﻮ‪ I‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ C‬ﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ﻳﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺎ‪ A‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪"/ X‬ﻧﺪ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ , /‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ  ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ >‬
‫ﻧﻮ^ ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ^ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺮژ‪B I‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪110‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ[ < ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻧﺪ ﺷﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ " < ﻧﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻼ < ﻫﻮ " ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ‪
/g‬‬‫ﻛﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ[ ﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( " ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ‪ (/‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ[ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ [/ X‬ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ <ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ "ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ‪ ، /‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫)ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ﮔﺮ?(‬

‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺷﺘﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﭘﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﻗﺮ‪. / /‬‬
‫‪ I‬ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ )‪ (Target‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ‪ [/‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺳﺖ )ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ(‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺷﺘﺎﺑﺪ  ﺑﺮﺧﻮ ﺑﺎ ‪B‬‬
‫" ﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ / #‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ  ﺷﻌﺔ ﻳﻜﺲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ[ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ” <ﻳﺮ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻮ‪A‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﺎ ‪ . /‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ﺳﺖ "‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ,"/ /‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ[‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ < ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪" .‬ﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻻƒ " ﻣﻬﺮ ﺷﺪ([ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻳﻨﺴﺮ
ﻗﺮ‪ (  /‬ﺷﺪ(ﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ<( ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﮔﺮ ﺷﻮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ < ﻫﻮ " ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ‪
/g‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ(‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ [ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ < ,‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ / X‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺗﺮƒ ﻛﺮ ( " ‪ /‬ﻃﺮ„ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎ
‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﺎ ( ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﺗﻴﻮ‪  A‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﺒﺎ‪k‬‬ ‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‪ 0‬ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻳﻮﻧﻴﻚ  ﺗﻴﻮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪X‬‬
‫ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪"/‬ﻧﺪ[ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺻﺪ"‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪< < ,‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ  ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺰﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ\ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎ‪ k‬ﻛﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ‪B‬ﻣﭙﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮ ﺳﺖ‪< .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ ,"/ A‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫> ﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻟﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﻮ‪  .‬ﺷﺮﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﺧﻼء ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ
‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎ‪ k‬ﻣﺎ‪ I‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ‪B‬ﻣﭙﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫<ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ  ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻪ ﺣﺮ‪ ،g‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ >B I‬ﺷﺪ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ  ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﺑﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻲ ﻃﺮ‪n‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﺰ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ  ﺷﻐﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻲ ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﻣﻲﻧﺸﻴﻨﺪ " ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ[‬ ‫»ﺷﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ« ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﻘﺮ‪ /‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ " ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ >ﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ n‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ " ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ < ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ  ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ‬

‫‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪ( ‪. /‬‬ ‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ »ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺎ?« ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺮ  ﺟﺬ‪ B A‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ n‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ  ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ
‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﮔﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ < ,‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺳﺖ " ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ  ﺷﺪ‪ g‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ /‬ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﻨﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ  ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ ﺷﺘﺎ‪ A‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪(4‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ[ ﺻﺪ"‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ\ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ  ﺗﻌﺪ‬
‫" ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻫﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ  ﺑﻪ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﺮ‪ /

/‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ
‬ ‫ ﺣﺪ >ﻣﺎ >ﻳﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ g‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ g‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  ﺧﻞ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ I‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ  ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ‪< R‬ﻳﺎ [ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪ B‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ < ‪,"/‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻈﻪ‪ I‬ﻓﺮ‬ ‫‪(5‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺣﺮ‪ RI2
/‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪< .‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻬﺎ‪ >B I‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻃﺮ„ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻻ< ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻌﺎ^ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺬ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ  > ﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻲﻻﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‪ I‬ﺑﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ g‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪112‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ < ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ /" ،,‬ﺷﺪ‪ < ,‬ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ " ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺳﻴﻢ < ﻋﻮﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫" ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺸﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ[‬
‫‪ X‬ﺷﻴﺎ‪ / [/‬ﻓﻠﺰ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( ﻛﻪ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﺷﻐﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻖ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺷﻴﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ "ﻗﻌﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ [/‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ(ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻐﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ(‬
‫‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ  ( " ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻧﺪ )ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ( ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ " ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻴﺰ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪ "ﺿﻮ” ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺎ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻤﺒﺎ‪ ,/‬ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻐﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﻣﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪: /‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﺮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ " ﻫﺮﭼﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺪ>  ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻤﺒﺎ‪ ,/‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﺮ‪
/‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﻌﺎ  ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﺎ )‪  (Slot‬ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬ ‫ ‪" /‬ﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺣﺮ‪
/‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ‪ g‬ﻣﻴﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﻃﺮ‪n‬‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫"ﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ " ﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻮ ‪ , ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ  ﻛﺎﺗﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(4‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺳﺖ " ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻳﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬
‫<ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ " ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ<([‬ ‫ﻛﺮ ‪ / .‬ﻣﻮ‪ [ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬
‫ ﻟﺨﻮ( ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ "‪ . /‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻧﺪ < ﻣﻮ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ 3 , D‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 4‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻋﺮ‘ ‪ " ,‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ <‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ < ‪ 0/5‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺣﺪ" ‪ 2‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﺎ} )ﻧﮋﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻣﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ " ‪ (...‬ﺑﻜﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ " ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘ ًﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺮ‪ ,‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ < ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻘﺎ" ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮ‪
/‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﻧﺪ " ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ‪ Z‬ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ
ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ[ ﺻﺎ ‪ /‬ﺷﺪ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺒﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎﮔﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺣﺮ‪g‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ [/ ,‬ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ " ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ‬
‫‪113‬‬
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ[ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬ‪ [/‬ﻛﺮ (ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
<ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻮﻛﻮﺳﻪ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫<ﻳﺮ ﺿﺮ"‪ [/‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﺳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﻤﺒﺎ ﺗﺎﮔﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﭘﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ > ﻧﺮژ‪B I‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺔ ‪  X‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺰﮔﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮ‪ g‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺎ‪ I‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺰﮔﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺣﺮ‪ g‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﮔﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ‪B‬ﻣﭙﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻮ ﺧﺮﺟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺖ   ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ‪B‬ﻣﭙﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫>ﻣﺎ ﻛﺴﭙﻮ> ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫> ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻀﺎ‪ I‬ﺑﺪ   ﻣﻮ ﺧﺎ‪ s‬ﻧﻴﺎ>‬
/‬ﻳﺴﻚ ﻣﻲﺳﺎ<ﻧﺪ " ‪ / / ,‬ﺷﺮ"^‬
‫ﺑﻪ >ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ ‪ .‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ‪B‬ﻣﭙﺮﻫﺎ‪> I‬ﻳﺎ ‬
‫>ﻣﺎ ﻛﻢ  ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺎ>‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺑﻌﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺰﮔﺘﺮ   ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﺪ? ﺿﻮ†‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ  ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ >ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮ‪  s‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ  ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺧﺮﺟﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮ‪ g‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﺪ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺼﺎﻳﺮ  ﺑﺎ ﺿﻮ† ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ‪ I‬ﻛﻠﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻜﺮﻳﻦ  ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ < ﻓﻠﺰ[ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ~‪ A‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻋﺪ ﺗﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﮔﺖ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ >‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ‪ I‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪ ﺗﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ‪ g‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ C‬ﺣﺮ‪ g‬ﺑﺎﻻ   ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ  ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ? ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ـ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭼﻜﺶ ﻛﺎ‪  I‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ I‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﺎ‪ n‬ﺑﻮ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ >‬
‫ﻋﻮﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ  ﺑﻬﺒﻮ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ A‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﻣﺎ ( [ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻓﻮ‪/ / A‬ﺳﺖ " ﻣﺮ"<( ﺑﺠﺰ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﺎ} <‬
‫ـ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ ( ‪ /‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ (/‬ﺑﺘﻜﺎ‪ [/‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪/ ,‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺑﻤﺒﺎ‪ ,/‬ﻣﻲﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ ﺑﺎ <"ﻳﻪ ﺗﻨﺪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ـ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ[( ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﻓﺮﺿﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﻌﺎ ‪ / ,‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ‬
‫< ﻧﺪ<(ﻫﺎ[ "ﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﺪ ﻧﭽﻪ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﻓﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪114‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﻮ‪ ،d‬ﺗﺮﻛﻢ ﺷﻌﻪ  ﻣﺎ
 ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ %‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺑﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻧﻔﻮ‪ g‬ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮژ[‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ >ﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﮔﺖ ﺑﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ـ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺗﻲ ‪B‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ m‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﮔﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ( ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺳﺎ<ﻧﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ / /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﺧﺘﻼ„ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺷﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﻫﻨﺪ( ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻴﺎ<ﻣﻨﺪﻳﻢ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻧﻴﺎ<‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻧﻔﻮ‪ g‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪" .‬ﺿﺢ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻳﻢ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺪ
ﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺳﺖ " ﻧﺪ<( ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﭼﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ X‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬ‪ " /‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻃﺮﺣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪. /‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ[ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺗﺮﻓﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ "ﺟﻮ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﺪ<(ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺳﺘﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ " ﺛﺒﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ / / Z‬ﺧﺘﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ
ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ / /‬ﻗﺒﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ /‬ﺧﺘﻼ„ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺮ"<[ ‪ " [/‬ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺘﻼ„‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﺗﺼﺎﻻ
ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ " #‬ﻓﻮﻛﻮﺳﻪ ﻧﺸﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫  ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ[ ﭘﺮﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( " ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮ ﻗﺪ‪C‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪115‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫‪mA Control‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺪ‪ C‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ
 ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ %‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ <ﻣﺎ‪ " ,‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ , < /‬ﻃﻮ‪D‬‬
‫‪Timer‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ‬ ‫<ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( " ﺷﻌﺔ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( ﺳﺖ " ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻃﻮ‪< D‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﻪ < ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺰ‪/‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ %‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻃﻮ‪< D‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪/ X‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ " #‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ < KV D‬ﻣﻠﺰ"ﻣﺎ
‬
‫ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺳﺖ ‪/‬ﻧﺞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ"ﻟﺖ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ‪ 20‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 120‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ " ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪<
/‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ ﻗﺖ ‪ 1kv‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ < .‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ "‬
‫‪main Supply Voltage‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ[ "ﻟﻴﻪ " ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫‪X-Ray Tube‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻴﻮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ "‪ [ "/‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ U‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ‪High Tension Source‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺪ‪[ "/" /‬‬
‫‪KV ontrol‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺪ‪ C‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪KV %‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪< / /‬ﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ (  ,‬ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪116‬‬

‫"ﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻓﻠﻮ‪/‬ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎ( ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ " ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ‪ T‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ) ‪ /‬ﺗﻮ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ ﺳﺖ "‪ , /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪#‬ﺗﺮ[ < ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬ ‫ " ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ "ﻟﻴﻪ " ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﺠﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪(.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻴﺎ< ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺰ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ
ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ %‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪0‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪ( ‪ ، /‬ﺗﻮ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ‪ /‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ "‪/‬ﻳﺎƒ ﻣﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ "‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪,‬‬
‫<ﻳﺮ "‪/‬ﻳﺎƒ " ﺗﺼﺎﻻ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪(  ,‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ " ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺎ‪ [ "/" " p2,p1 :‬ﻳﺎ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ‬ ‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ‪" ،‬ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫" ﻧﻘﺎ‪ s2,s1 :‬ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‪
/‬ﻏﻠﺐ < " ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺎژ"‪ " /‬ﻣﻴﻨﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﺑﺎ<"[ ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪ( ‪ B‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻮ ﺗﻌﺪ "‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ /‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ( " ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ "‪/‬ﻳﺎƒ ‪ /‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ %‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪ C‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪D‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ‪ KV‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪D‬‬
‫‪ < /‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺠﺎ ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺎ‪ :‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪["/‬‬
‫ﺗﻮ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪ [ "/" /‬ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ " #‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﺪ ‬
‫‪ / KV‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺴﭙﻮ< ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﺑﻮ ‪< ,‬ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ"‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ " ﺻﻮﻻً ﻧﻴﺎ<[ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫‪117‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ %‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ
ﻋﺒﻮ  ﺗﻴﻮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < [/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﺮﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ .,‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪) ,‬ﺷﺪ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪[/‬‬
‫< ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ (,‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﻧﺪƒ ‪/‬‬
‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ "‪ [ "/‬ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ " "ﻟﺘﺎژ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﺮﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( " ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ‪ " A‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪Vp=Vs-Vr :‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < [/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ‪ A‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪" ,‬ﻟﺘﺎژ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪< [/‬‬
‫"‪ [ "/‬ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎ‪Z‬‬
‫  " < ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ / " ,‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < [/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ / #‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮ^ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻠﻮ‪"/‬ﺳﻜﭙﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ["/ .‬ﭘﺎﻧﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ[ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ ‪) Fma‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻓﻠﻮ‪/‬ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ(‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ " ﻳﻦ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﻮ‪/‬ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ‪ [ "/" /‬ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ .,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ < / #‬ﺣﺪ" ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ‪ / / .‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮ ( " ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻃﻮ‪< D‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﺴﭙﻮ< ﻳﻦ ‪P"/‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪" D‬ﻟﺘﺎژ "‪ [ "/‬ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < [/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪"/ .‬ﺷﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﭙﺮ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪ [ ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪" D‬ﻟﺘﺎژ "‪ [ "/‬ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ[ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪A‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﺲ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ <‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ < ﺗﻌﺪ [ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪D‬ﺗﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪" D‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺪ‪
/‬ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪ ﺑﻪ <ء ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﺧﺎ}‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ<ﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ( " ‪ /‬ﺟﺎ[ ﺧﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ[ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ(ﻧﺪ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻮ‪ S /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ < ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺘﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪118‬‬

‫ﻃﺮ„ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ[ < ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ  ( " ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮ[ ﻛﺮ ( " ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺖﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪ S‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ " ﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ [/‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ"ﻟﺖ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ ،#‬ﺑﺪ"‪,‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪ ﺟﺒﺮ
ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ 0‬ﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻧﺪ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎ
ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < [/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﺘﻼ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً < ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ <‬
‫ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ"ﻟﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻫﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ " ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ[ ﭘﺮﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‪/ ,‬‬
‫‪119‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ ﻳﮕﺮ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ »ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ < ,‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < [/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻌﻪ« ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ " ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪ / [/‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫)ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ < ,‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ( ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‬ ‫‪ 500 ["/‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ[ ‪ 40‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻟﺖ ‪ 450‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ " ﺑﻪ <ء ‪ 90‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺖ‪550 ،‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ﺣﺮ‪ g‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﭙﺮ < ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺪ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ﻣﺪ ﻓﺸﺎ ﻗﻮ‪I‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮ ( " ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ ، KV‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ (/‬ﺣﻞ "‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬‬ ‫ﻣﭙﺮ ‪ /‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺟﺒﺮ‪ ,‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ / ،‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻲ ﻧﺎ ‪. /‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ (/‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ﻣﺪ‪
/‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻗﻮ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ " ﻃﺮﻳﻖ <ﻳﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ﻣﺪ ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﺸﺎ ﻗﻮ‪I‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ %‬ﻣﺎ
ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ﻣﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﺸﺎ ﻗﻮ‪I‬‬ ‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ <ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ  ﻣﺪ ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﺸﺎ ﻗﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ[ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (/‬ﺣﻞ "‪ D‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ﻣﺪ‪" /‬ﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪> -‬ﻣﺎ ﺷﺮ‪k‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺪ‪ g‬ﻣﻪ‬
‫" ﺗﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎ ﮔﻲ ﻣﻜﺎ‪,‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ " ‪ /‬ﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪> -‬ﻣﺎ  ﻧﺤﻮ\ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬
‫ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﺲ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﺲ‪"/ ،‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫<ﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ‪" /‬ﻟﻴﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﺲ ﺳﺖ " ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪120‬‬

‫ ﻛﻪ ‪  B‬ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ >ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫> ‪B‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ  ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ X‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ < "ﻟﻴﻦ ‪<"/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫>ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻛﺴﭙﻮ> ﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﻧﻴﺎ>ﻣﻨﺪﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ‬
‫ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪/ ,‬ﻳﺞﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺑﻜﺎ ﻓﺘﻪ  ‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ > >ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ[ ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ‪" /‬ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻮ[ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ(ﻧﺪ " ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮ"<( ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪< X‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪[/‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ )ﺗﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮ‪ (/‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ
<ﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻨﺮ‪I‬‬ ‫ـ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ s‬ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ? ﺗﺼﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫> ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪B‬ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮƒ " ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ " ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ  ﻫﻨﮕﺎ? ﺗﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﭼﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪< /‬ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ[ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/ /‬ﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺒﻮ ﺷﺪ‪ g‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ >ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﺎ!‬

‫ﺷﺪ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ <ﻳﺎ ‪ /‬ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻔﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻨﺮ‪ I‬ﻗﻮ‪  I‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ? ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺖﻫﺎ  ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ  ﻧﻴﺮ‪ I‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ >‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ  ﻣﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﻗﻮ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫> ‪B‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮﻫﺎ ‪ I‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ‪I‬‬ ‫ـ‬
‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ﺧﻼء ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮˆ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻊ  ﺻﻞ ‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ‪ /‬ﻗﺪ‪ [/‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ  ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻊ "‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﺮ ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ? ﺻﻞ‬
‫"ﺻﻞ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ " ﻻﻣﭗ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ >ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼء )ﺗﺮﻳﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﺮ" ( ‪ /‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﺮﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺻﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺻﻞ  ﺗﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻮ‬
‫‪121‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ‪(/‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ "ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ "‬ ‫"ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪< /‬ﻳﺎ )‪(75kv‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ / .‬ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﻛﺴﭙﻮ<‬ ‫" "ﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪" D‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ <ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ‪ (/‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ < X‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻦ ﻻﻣﭗﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ )ﻏﺎ<‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺪ" ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( " ﻛﺴﭙﻮ< ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺴﭙﻮ<( " ﺳﭙﺲ ‪ /‬ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ ﻛﺴﭙﻮ< ﺑﺎ< ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ‪ [/‬ﺳﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ )ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪" ،/‬ﺳﻴﻠﻪ[ ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ )ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ " (,‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮ( ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ X‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ / X‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ [ ﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪" #‬ﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺗﺎ ﻧﺪ<( " ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻌﺎ^ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪X‬‬ ‫" ﻧﺤﻮ( ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻻﻣﭗ ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ "ﻟﺘﺎژ‬
‫‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪/ [/ /‬ﻳﭽﻪ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ< "‬ ‫ﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( " ﻻﻣﭗ ﺗﺮﻳﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﺤﺪ" ( ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ / X‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ< ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰ‪" ,‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ / #‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ <‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺮ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮ ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﺘﻲ " ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻓﻠﻮ‪"/‬ﺳﻜﭙﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ‪ (/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( " ﻋﺒﻮ‪/‬‬
‫< ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻏﺎ< ﻣﻲﮔﺮ " ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻼ ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻﻣﭗﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺮﻳﻮ " ﺗﺘﺮ" ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ[ ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻗﺎ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ"ﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ (/ .‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ " "ﺻﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻴﻮ‪#‬ﻫﺎ ﻋﻼ"(‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ " ﻧﺪ ‪ [/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺳﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪" D‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ‪/‬ﻳﭽﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺳﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (/‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ / ,‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ "ﺟﻮ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪"<
/‬ﺟﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫" ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﺪ" ﻧﻤﻮ ( " ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪" .‬ﻗﺘﻲ ﻫﺮ " <"‪ Y‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﺮ"^ ﻛﺴﭙﻮ< "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺳﻮ ‪ /‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪122‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ‪،‬ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﺮ ( " ﻻﻣﭗ ‪"/ /‬ﺷﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ "‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﻪ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ < ﮔﺬﺷﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺪ" ‪ 30‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ  ‪ ,‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
‪/‬ﻳﭽﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻻﻣﭗ ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺧﺎﻣﻮ‪ P‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﻨﺪ( ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺪ
ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ^ "‪ D‬ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ ،/‬ﺳﺘﻲ " ‪/‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪ ["/‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ<‬ ‫ﻧﻮ^ " ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً < ﻧﻮ^ ‪" dc‬‬ ‫‪ X‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﺎ^ ﻧﻮ‪ < [/‬ﻳﻚ ﭼﺮ~ ﻧﻮ‪ / [/‬ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪ 100 ,‬ﺗﺎ ‪
" 150‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺷﻌﺎ^ ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﻴﻨﻪ[ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﺎ^ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ " X‬ﺷﻌﺎ^‬ ‫ﺑﺎ <"ﻳﻪ ‪/ 45‬ﺟﻪ ‪ /‬ﺳﺮ ‪ (/‬ﺷﻌﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪< [(/" /‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺮ ‪< .‬ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﺮ„ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ )ﺷﻜﻞ<ﻳﺮ(‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ‪<"/‬ﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫‪ " X‬ﭼﺮ~ ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ < ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﺔ ‪X‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﻮ‪ . /‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ "ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ< ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ L‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺎ"[ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﻢ‪ 14×17‬ﻳﻨﭻ ﺧﻞ ﻛﺎﺳﺖ " ﻳﻚ ﺣﺮ„ ﺳﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ / X‬ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ R‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪ ["/ /‬ﻣﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﻗﺮ‪" (  /‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ 24×24‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ<‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ[ ‪ L‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺖ ‪ /‬ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﻗﺮ‪ " (  /‬ﺣﺮ„ ﺳﺮﺑﻲ ‪/ / R‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﮕﺬ‪/‬ﻳﺪ " ﺳﭙﺲ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ) ‪ ( 50kv، 4mAs‬ﻧﺠﺎ‬
‫ ﻫﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ < ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪ<(‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ / ,‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 30×30‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ " .‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪ " /‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ ﻫﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ <ﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺋﻴﻨﻪ‪ < P‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ ["/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎ<ƒ ﭘﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﮔﻼ‪ Z‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮ\ ‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻻﻣﭗ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ < /‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪(  /‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ "ﭘﻮ‪ P‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮ‪ ",‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪،/‬‬
‫‪123‬‬
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬
‫ ﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﺪ‪0‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺷﺮ‪ 0 o‬ﺷﺪ‪0‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﮔﺎ‪ ;6‬ﺷﺪ" ﺗﻴﻮ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ <‬
‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎ < ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﺎ<ƒ ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎ  ( ﺑﻮ ﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﻴﺪ " ﻳﻴﻨﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ ﻳﻮ‪ (/‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ[ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪/ X‬ﺳﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ‪/‬ﺳﻮﺑﻬﺎ[ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺑﺎ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﺗﻴﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪ‪/‬ﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮ„ ﺑﺮﻧﺰ[ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﭘﻴﺶ ‪ . "/‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ " ﺛﺮ ‪ D" : /‬ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪ‪/‬ﻳﺞ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻋﻮ‘ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " " ﻳﻨﻜﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻓﻠﺰ ‪ ["/‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻗﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ " ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫‪ / /‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪" / .‬ﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻓﻠﺰ[ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮ<[ ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻔﻞ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻮ‪،,‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻲﻳﺪ " ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( < ﺗﻴﻮ‪ / #‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎ<‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ " #‬ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺎ‪ ( OLP ) /‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺮ ( " <  ﻣﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺟﺎ<( ﺗﺎﺑﺶ  ( ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫" ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﻪ ﻛﻢ ﺑﻮ ( "‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ < ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻻ< ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ / /‬ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ"(‬
‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻗﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ " ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺮƒ ﺧﻮ‪ , /‬ﺟﺪ‪ (/‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ[‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺎ<[ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻋﻠﻞ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ < ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻳﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ "‪ D‬ﺧﻮ ‪ ["/‬ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺮ„‬
‫ﺳﺮﺑﻲ ‪ / R‬ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪/ /‬ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎ[ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻌﺎ^‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ‬‫ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫ ﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪ [/‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻌﺎ^ ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ‪) X‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻚ ‪ ["/‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ(‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ <ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪ /‬ﺗﻜﺮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻳﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﺔ ‪ " X‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﺮ (‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻴﻮ  ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻴﻮ‪" / / #‬ﺿﻊ ﻟﺨﻮ( ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ‪ . /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ‪/‬ﻧﺪ( ﺗﻴﻮ‪ / #‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﺳﺘﻪ <ﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺳﻘﻔﻲ )ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﭘﻲ(‬
‫‪ (A‬ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪> I‬ﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫|( ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪>» I‬ﻣﻴﻨﻲ ‪ -‬ﺳﻘﻔﻲ«‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺺ  ﺗﻴﻮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪X‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﻳﻜﻲ < ﺣﺴﺎ‪Z‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ( ‪ ,/‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪ([ < ﻻﻳﻞ < ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪124‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻘﺺ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺪ ‪ /‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺛﺮ ﺧﻮ ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲﻓﺘﺪ‪ /" .‬ﻣﺪ‪ ,‬ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺖﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ , ,‬ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺐ ﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺮ [ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪" .‬ﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ"ﻟﺘﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻓﺮ" ‪/‬ﻳﺨﺘﻦ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( < ﺗﻴﻮ‪ < #‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫"ﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﺧﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ  ﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻋﺪ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،, < ,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﺎ (‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻢ ﻛﻢ ‪ /‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺘﻬﺎ[ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺮ ﮔﺎ<[ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎ< ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬ ‫ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ " ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‪ < ,‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮ"‪ Y‬ﺷﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﮔﺎ<[ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ‬
‫)ﺑﻌﺪ < ﺑﺮ ﺷﺘﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻣﻲ( ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪( mAS ) ,‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫"ﻗﻌﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ / / #‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪/ ،‬‬
‫‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﺷﺪ( "ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺮ ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ‪ ready‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻋﺪ [ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ < ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ "‪ /‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫)‪ / (mAS‬ﺧﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪/ .‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﭘﺮﻧﻮ‪/‬ﺗﺮ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ‪ /‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ "ﻟﺘﻬﺎ[ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﻦ " ﻋﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ‪ (/‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ / " .‬ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎ‪ < D‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻲ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪:‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻻ< ‪/‬ﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺑﺮ"< ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ (/‬ﭼﺎ‪(/‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺧﺎﻣﻮ‪ P‬ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ[ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺗﻴﻮ‪"/ #‬ﻏﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ[ ‪ /‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺗﻴﻮ‪#‬‬
‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪" #‬ﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ( " ‪, ["/‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ[ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ / ، X‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ )‪ (-‬ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪ < :‬ﻃﺮ„‬ ‫" ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺳﭙﺲ ﻓﻀﺎ[ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻴﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪ( ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮ[ " ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ[ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ / #‬ﭘﺮ < ‪"/‬ﻏﻦ‬
‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺣﺎ"[ ﺳﻪ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒ ً‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺧﻼء‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ[ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ < )‪ (+‬ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ )‪ (+‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ" ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ"‪ < :‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬
‫‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ D‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﺷﺪ(ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ < )‪ (-‬ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﻳﺎ )‪ (-‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﻳﻚ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ " " ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎ<‪ < ،‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ،,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ
ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬
‫‪125‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫‪ 5‬ـ ﺷﻜﺎ‪  %‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ "ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ " ﻓﺒﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ /‬ﺣﺮ„ ‪/ " C‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﻳﻚ ﻏﻼ„ ﻓﻠﺰ[ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﻏﻼ„ ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ﺣﺮ"„ ‪ L,S‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ <ﻣﻴﻦ "ﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ‪ " C‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ < ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎ[ ‪ S,L‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ :‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫< ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﭼﺎ‪ [(/‬ﺟﺰ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ < ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺧﻠﻲ " ﻏﻼ„ "ﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺗﻴﻮ‪" #‬ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ‪. /‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻏﻼ„‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (3‬ﻧﭽﺮﺧﻴﺪ" ﺗﻮ‪ :‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ < ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪" #‬ﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺪ‪/‬ﺗ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ )ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ +‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ (‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪"/‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,/" /‬ﻧﻜﺮ ( " ﻟﺬ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ " ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ < ﺳﻪ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( < ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ‪["/‬‬
‫ ﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻤﻲ"‪ /‬ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ‪ #"g‬ﺷﺪ‪ , ,‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ < ﻳﻦ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ < ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺪ ‪#"g ,‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪) #‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﺒﻮ ( " ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ( "ﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪ‪" ,‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ < " ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ( "‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺎ<‬ ‫"‪ D‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ / D‬ﻣﺪ‪ (/ /‬ﻧﺪ< ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ‪،" .‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪ " /‬ﺳﻮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﻮ ‪/ ,‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪/‬‬ ‫‪"/‬ﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺠﺎ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﻤﻲ " ﺳﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫)‪ (4‬ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮ‪ "#‬ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ" ﺟﺪ‪C‬‬
‫  ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ; ﺗﻴﻮ‪ :‬ﮔﺮ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﺪ‪ /‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ[‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻳﺪ " ‪"/‬ﻏﻦ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,"/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﻔﻮ‪ g‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ ﺧﻠﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻼ„ ﻓﻠﺰ[ "ﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﺒﻮ ( " ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ < ﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺗﺮƒ ﺧﻮ‪ , /‬ﺟﺪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ[ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪< ,‬ﻳﺎ ‬ ‫"‪ , /" /‬ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫< ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ "‪ /‬ﻣﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﻮƒ ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺎ‪ [(/‬ﺟﺰ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ "ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ‪. /‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪126‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬ـ ﺷﻜﺎ‪  %‬ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ‬

‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪  %‬ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ ﺗﻴﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ > ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ  ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ  > ﺧﺮﺟﻲ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻟﺘﺎژ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ  ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺼﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻜﺮ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻻ‪B g‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﻮ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ  ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﻫﺮ  ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻋﺪ? ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬ـ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ " ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ < ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﺰ"ﻻﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻦ "‪" [ "/‬‬
‫ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ " ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻼ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫"ﻟﻴﻪ " ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ < ﻳﺠﺎ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ "ﻟﺘﺎژ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻤﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﭘﺮ < ‪"/‬ﻏﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬ـ ﺷﻜﺎ‪  %‬ﺑﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ ﻟﺘﺎژ‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﻣﺪ‪ ،,/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ  ﻫﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ "ﺟﻮ ‪ < . /‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪D‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ
ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ ،#‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ ، kV D‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ  ﺛﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ
ﻳﺎ‪ :‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪" kV " ,‬ﻗﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ  ﺧﺮﺟﻲ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ ﻳﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪ  ﻟﺬ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪< /‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ‪(/‬ﻧﺪ< ﻧﺪ "‪ ،/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ‪ I‬ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ <ﻣﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ " ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﻮﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﻮﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪:0‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ " ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﺪ? ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ   ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﺪ?‬
‫ﺑﺮ"< ﺷﻜﺎ‪ / D‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ < ﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪  X‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻜﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ /‬ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﺘﻼ‪ D‬ﻛﺮ ( ﻳﺎ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ   ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ g‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪X‬‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ < /‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺪ< ‪.‬ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺑﺮ"< ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪/‬ﺟﻮ^ ﻛﺮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺖ ﻓﺘﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻮ
‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫)‪# (1‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ C‬ﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ‪ :#‬ﻓﻴﻮ<ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻏﻦ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻻ[ "‪ ["/ [ "/‬ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ[ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﻳﺎ ‪["/‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ >ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ[ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻓﻴﻮ> ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪. /‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪  %‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ
‪:‬‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎ" ‪#‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ" ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ"‬ ‫ﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻦ ﻧﺸﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ  ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫  ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﺪ? ﺟﻮ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪  X‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ?‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﺮ_ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ‪ :#‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﻨﺪ\ ﻋﺪ ﻋﺒﻮ‪/‬‬
‫‪127‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫)‪# (5‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ready C‬ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﻟﻲﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ < ,‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ " ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ <ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ a‬ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮ‪ < :#‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ready‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﭘﺲ ﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻟﻒ( ﮔﺮ ﻟﺘﺎژ‪ I  ،‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪" ,‬ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ‪ / . /‬ﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ C‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻮ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﻮ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ ، kV D‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﻮ ‪,‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﻜﺎ‪  C‬ﺧﻮ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ‪A‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ[ ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﻪ ‪ I‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪(A‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪  C‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﻮ‪A‬‬
‫)‪ (6‬ﻣﻘﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ" ﻗﻌﻲ ﺗﻴﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪#‬ﺧﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ / :‬ﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫)‪ (3‬ﻣﻘﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ »ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮ? ﻛﻨﻨﺪ« ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻞ <ﻳﺮ ‪ u/‬ﻫﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪  :‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ  ﻣﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﻋﺪ? ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ I‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﻮ‪.A‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺋﻮﺳﺘﺎ‪ I‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺎ>‪ I‬ﺑﻮ ﺗﻴﻮ‪.A‬‬ ‫‪(A‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‪ I‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ r‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ  ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮ? ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪  C‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫|(‬ ‫ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮ   ﻣﻮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ‬
‫)‪ (7‬ﻣﻘﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ" ﺗﻴﻮ ‪ 6‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎ‪ 6‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ‪ I‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ / :‬ﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪ /‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻛﺮ (‬
‫ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ   ﺣﺪ ﻧﺮﻣﺎ‪ C‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫" ﭼﺮ~ ‪ Abnormal‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ["/ Fault‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫)‪# (4‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ ready C‬ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ‪ :#‬ﻳﻦ ﻋﻴﺐ‬
‫‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻋﻮﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫<ﻳﺮ ‪ (  u/‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﮔﺎ>‪ I‬ﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ > ﺣﺪ ﺗﻴﻮ‪.A‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ  ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪C‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪  C‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (8‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ" ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ" ‪ #‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻠﻮﺳﻜﭙﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻻ>? ﻧﻤﻲﺳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(A‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ‪ 3 #‬ﻣﭙﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ / :‬ﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ  ﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ  ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﻗﻔﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺗﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﺎ‪  C‬ﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ / D‬ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪ> ﺗﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ / / D‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ C‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫|(‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ‪"/‬ﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺗﻲ )‪  (thermal switch‬ﺧﻞ ﺗﻴﻮ‪A‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (9‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪ #‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻠﻮﺳﻜﭙﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻮ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫(‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ
ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ‪ / :#‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪128‬‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺻﻮ‪

/‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ / / D‬ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪kV D‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ‪"/‬ﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (10‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ" ﻗﻌﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﺳﻜﭙﻲ ‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪ‪ C#‬ﻣﺠﺎ‪ 6‬ﻗﺮ ﻧﺪ‪ :#‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ / D‬ﻋﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻨﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ‪ ["/‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﻮ‪"/‬ﺳﻜﭙﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (11‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮ" ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺣﺴﺎ‪h‬‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ‪ / :#‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺧﻮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺪ‪
/‬ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪129‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫‪:CT Scan‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ " ,‬ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ CT‬ﻣﺨﻔﻒ "ژ( ‪Computed Tomography‬‬
‫)ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ (x‬ﺳﺖ " ‪ /‬ﻫﻪ‬
‫‪ 1970‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ CTSCAN‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ  ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ‪CT‬‬
‫‪µ10 µ9 µ8 µ7 µ6 µ5 µ4 µ3 µ2 µ1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ < ,‬ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ[ ﻧﺠﺎ‬
‫  ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻪ ‪ < x-ray‬ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ <‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﻮ ‪/ < x " I0 " I ,‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮ‪A‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪ (  /‬ﺷﺪ( " ﺷﺪ
ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ[ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ / µ ,‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ < ‪ n‬ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<ﻫﺎ[ ﮔﺎ<[ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻫﺎ[‪µ1 ،µ2 ، µ3 ، µ4 ،...... µn‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻌﻪ ﺗﻚ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ ) ‪[/‬‬
‫) ‪I = I0e ( 0 1 2 n‬‬
‫‪− µ +µ +µ +...µ x‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ
‪ I0‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ‪" /‬ﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪ , /‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫"‪ /‬ﻣﺎ ( [ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ " ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ x‬ﺷﻮ ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ‪ n‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ‪ n‬ﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﻪ ‪ n‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ " < ﺳﻮ[ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻ
‪ /‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪I = I0e −µx‬‬
‫"‪/‬ﻳﻢ ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮ"ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ‪n‬‬ ‫ ‪ CT /‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺋﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺮ " ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ
ﺷﻌﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻧﻘﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪ‪ / ,‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ < ‪ ,‬ﻋﻜﺴﺒﺮ ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺷﺪ
‪"/‬ﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ "‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪130‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ x‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪. "/‬‬ ‫‪µ‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻛﺎ"‪ /‬ﺳﻜﻨﺮ ‪ CT‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻳﻢ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ "ﺟﻮ ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮ„ ‪ [/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪/ " x‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪:CT  0‬‬
‫ﻃﺮ„ ﻳﮕﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺗﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ CT [/‬ﻳﺎ ‪Scanning‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ‪/ 360‬ﺟﻪ [ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ " x‬ﺗﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫< ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ " ﻋﻤﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﺳﻼﻳﺲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻼﻳﺲ ‪ /‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ "ﻳﻚ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ‪ C‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1mm‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 10mm‬ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ[ ﺷﻌﻪ " ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺎﺗﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺟﻠﻮ[ ﺗﻴﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻼﻳﺲ < ‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻒ ﺑﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ " x‬ﺗﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺶ‪ ،‬ﻛﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﻟﮕﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺎ^ " ‪/‬گ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺗﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪" .‬ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮ ‪CT‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺗﻲ ﺳﻜﻦ ‪/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫)ﻛﻪ ‪ / " MRI /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[ "ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ‪ ( /‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ‬
‫  ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ‪ CT /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ < ,‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ < ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ < CT‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ / .‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ‪ MRI‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫" ‪/‬گ ﻫﺎ[ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ "ﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻫﺪ " ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[‬
‫ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ "‪ "host computer‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﺨﺖ ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  (‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ‪ [/ CT‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﭘﺮ"ﺳﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫"ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺮ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺣﺮﻛﺎ
ﺗﻴﻮ‪ " #‬ﻧﺤﻮ( ﺧﺬ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ‪ CT‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮ[ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ " ﮔﺮ ‪ P‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ‪ " x-ray‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ ،,‬ﺷﻜﻢ "‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪ( ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺶ ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ( ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﺴﺐ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪:(Data acquisition) C‬‬ ‫‪"</ [/ CT‬ﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻﺋﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪" x‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ‪ CT‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ[‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎ
"ﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪CT‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ "ﺟﻮ ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﻔﺮ( ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ < ﺑﺪ‪/ ,‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ :/‬ﻓﻠﺰ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻼ^ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻌﺎ ﻗﻴﻖ ﻋﺎ‪/‬ﺿﻪ " ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫" ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ /‬ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻌﻪ‬ ‫ ﻗﻴﻖ ‪ / ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ" ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ( ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ / .‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻴﻮپ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ 0‬ﻛﺎ ‪ :CT SCAN‬ﺗﻮﻣﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﻳﺎ ‪ CT‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ[ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪131‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪6‬ﺑﻠﻮ ‪#‬ﻳﺎﮔﺮ
ﻛﻠﻲ ‪CT‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ‪ x‬ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﮔﺎ<[‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ" ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻛﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ [ ‪/‬ﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ < ﮔﺎ< ‪ Xenon‬ﭘﺮ‬ ‫< ‪ x=0‬ﻟﻲ ‪ x=L‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ( " "ﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ Xenon‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬ ‫" ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪ scan /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
‬
‫‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ
‪ /‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ " ﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪/ high‬ﻳﻢ ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ /‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ< ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪132‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ " ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎ< ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ( ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫‪ n Voxeh‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ( " ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪") HV .‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ( ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ / ,‬ﺷﺘﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ P"/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎ<ﺳﺎ<[ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ‪ / :‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ‪ CT /‬ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺎ ﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮ"ﻓﻴﻠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪" /‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﺑﺎ <"ﻳﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻜﺘﻮ‪/‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺑﺎ‪6‬ﺳﺎ; ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ )‪Convolution‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫)ﻣﺜﻼ ‪scan‬‬ ‫" ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :(reconstruction‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻳﻚ ‪ P"/‬ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ‬ ‫‪ (3600‬ﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﺋﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ‪ , /‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ "ﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻧﻘﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺴﻢ ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪/‬ﻳﻢ ﻧﻴﺎ<‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ ‪ < /‬ﺟﻬﺎ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ  ﻣﻪ ﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ )‪ F(x,y‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻻ
ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﺋﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﮔﻔﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻧﻘﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻟﻮﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻳﺲ ‪ n‬ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ " ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪/‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ )‪ F (x,y‬ﺧﻮ )‪ F (x,y‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ "ﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪3‬ﺑﻌﺪ[ ‪/‬ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ<ﺳﺎ<[‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ<ﺳﺎ<[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ CT / :‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ k -2‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪matrix) h‬‬ ‫‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ‬
‫‪ :(inversion‬ﻓﺮ‘ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎ < ‪4‬ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ‬ ‫‪ / n×n‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ " ﻧﺪ<( ﻫﺮﻳﻚ‪pixel ،‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪ ‪ [/‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫‪ 1/5mm×1/5mm‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﻼﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ "ﻳﮋ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﻪ < ﺟﻬﺎ
‬ ‫‪ 1cm‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ‪ 1cm‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪<"/‬ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ " ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻌﺎ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺋﺐ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺷﻮ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻ
‬ ‫ ﺷﺖ " ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ <‪"/‬ﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻧﻴﺰ <ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ " < ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﻛﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻳﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺎ< ‪/‬ﻳﻢ ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺎ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :VOXEL‬ﺟﺰء ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ[ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪133‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫‪ k -3‬ﺑﺎ‪6‬ﮔﺮ‪ "#‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ )‪Back‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ [ < ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ / :(protection‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﻴﻢ ‪ u/‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎ‪ / CT‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ<ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ( ﺷﺪ( " ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ P"/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻗﺒﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ( ﺗﺮ ﺳﺖ " ‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ < ‪g‬ﻛﺮ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺧﻮ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ C‬ﻳﺞ ‪:CT‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪B g‬ﻣﺎ‪ I‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫ﻳﻒ ﻧﺒﻮ ﻻﻣﭗ  ‪B‬ﺷﻜﺎ ﺳﺎ> )ﻳﻦ  ﺑﺨﺶ ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﺎ ﻗﺮ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪  g‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻻﻣﭗ  ‪B‬ﺷﻜﺎ ﺳﺎ>‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪134‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺳﺴﻮ
‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﭘﺮﺳﺴﻮ‪ < /‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎ
<ﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻇﻬﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ‪ . "/‬ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻮ ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﺪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺮ"„ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ‪ / " / ،‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫< ﻛﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ( " ﺑﺘﺪ ﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻇﻬﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ‪ " (  /‬ﺳﭙﺲ < ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻛﺮ ( " "‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎ<‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻇﻬﻮ‪ ،/‬ﺛﺒﻮ
" ‪ #‬ﻓﺮ" ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻪ "‬ ‫ﺛﺒﻮ
ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ‪،‬ﭘﺲ < ﮔﺬﺷﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺷﺪ( " ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ < ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺧﺎ‪Y/‬‬ ‫‪ < / ,‬ﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﺛﺒﻮ
ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ( " "‪ /‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ["/ ,‬ﺛﺒﻮ
" ﻇﻬﻮ‪ # " /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰ‪ ,‬ﺣﺎ"[ ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ " ﭘﺲ < ‪ #‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪،,‬‬
‫‪) level switeh‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﻄﺢ( ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ "‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ‪ /‬ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪135‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫‪/‬ﻳﺞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪

/‬ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ
‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﺷﺪ( " ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ‪ /‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺻﺎ„ " ﺻﻴﻘﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ"‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪" ,‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( < ﻣﻨﺒﻊ " ‪ 2‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻬﺎ <ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ
ﺛﺒﻮ
" ﻇﻬﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﺧﺶ ﻓﺘﺎ ‪ ["/ ,‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻤﻨﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ
ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ[ <ﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫" ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎ[ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫< ﺟﻨﺲ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻋﻮ‘ ﻛﺮ ‪ " ,‬ﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ" ‪/ 28-38‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮ " ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮ"< ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ < ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻻ< ﺑﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ[ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻫﻴﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻫﻮ[‬
‫ﺛﺒﻮ
" ‪ / #‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻮ‘ ﻛﺮ "ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ < ‪"/‬ﺑﻪ ‪" , ["/‬‬
‫ﻏﻠﻄﻜﻬﺎ[ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻇﻬﻮ‪ / /‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﻮ[ ﮔﺮ ‪ , ["/‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﮕﺮ‪ I‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ  ﺷﻴﻠﻨﮕﻬﺎ  ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻠﻨﮕﻬﺎ " ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻇﻬﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺳﻮ‪  A‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪/‬ﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺛﺒﻮ
ﺑﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ " ‪ #‬ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻣﺎ ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﺪ( ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺖ  ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ g‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ r‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ > ﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺮ‪ g‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪136‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ!
' ﺑﻪ
‪ 3‬ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ‪g‬ﺗﻲ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ < ﻗﺒﻴﻞ )‪.PD,T2,T1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪:‬‬

‫"‪ (...‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ [/‬ﺷﺪ
‪"/‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺑﻪ ‪ P"/‬ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ MR‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﻀﺎ[ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ)‪ / (MRI‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ < ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ[ ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎ<ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻫﻪ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎ
<ﻳﺎ [ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ ‬
‫‪PD,T2,T1‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ "ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺐ ﻛﺮ ( ﺳﺖ ‪ MRI‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ[‬
‫ﻣﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ < ﻣﺠﻤﻮ^ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ ، [/‬ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻧﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫< ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ‪،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ( ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮ} ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ[ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ "ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ < ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺪ ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻲ "ﺗﻮ<ﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪g‬ﺗﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻮ ‪ , ,‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪"/‬ﺷﻬﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ < ﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫"ﻧﻮﺗﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺑﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ [ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮ‪ / /‬ﺑﻮ ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ <‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ " "‪ ,/‬ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻲ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺎ[ ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻴﻒ "ﺳﻴﻊ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻚ " ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮ"‪< ,‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺑﻮ ( "ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺼﻮ‪ D‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‪ MRI‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‬
‫ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻏﻨﻲ ‪< /‬ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ‪ /‬ﺧﺘﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ‪ /‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻌﺎ ‪[ (/g ,"/‬‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ "ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎ
ﻛﻤﻲ "ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ‪/‬ﻗﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎ< ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ < ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮ‪" ,‬ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ MR‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪[/‬‬
‫‪137‬‬
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ‪"/‬ﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ<( ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎ[ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ "‬
‫ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ /‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ" [ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ( ﻣﻲ ﻧﺪ<ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫" "‪/‬ﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ /‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ " ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ <ﻣﺎ‪ " ,‬ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻤﻊ "‪(  [/‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﺷﺪ
ﻛﺜﺮ" ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﻮ[ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ B0‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﺋﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻰ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ‪ ،RF‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﺻﻴﺴﻲ ﺳﻜﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻳﺴﺘﺎ[‬
‫‪ " RF‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ MR‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ‬
‫ﺣﺬ„ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ < , /‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﺷﺪ
ﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ[ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ " ﻣﺎ (‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﮔﻴﺮ[ ‪ MR‬ﻳﻚ ‪P"/‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ  ﺑﺮ ‪MRI‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ / [/‬ﻋﻠﻮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ < ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮ‪ < ,‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ "ﻳﮋ( [ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ / /‬ﺑﻮ ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ < ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ "ﻳﮋ( [ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪"/ .‬ﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻋﻠﻮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ "ﺟﻮ ‬
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ ‪"/ /‬ﺑﺮ" ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‬
‫<ﻧﺪ( ‪"/‬ﺑﺮ" ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﺮ ‪"/‬ﺷﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫‪< , ["/‬ﻣﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪ( ﺗﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
/‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ < ‪"/‬ﺷﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( <‬
‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﺻﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﺎ ‪ MRI‬ﺳﺖ‪ MRI .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫‪ / ,‬ﺧﻼ„ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ < ﺗﻌﺪ ‬
‫ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ "ﻧﻮﺗﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻓﺮ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫"ﻧﻮﺗﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﭙﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪﻣﺪ‪/ .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎ [ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ "ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ( < ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ " ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻮ<[ "ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ "ﻗﻄﺒﻴﻬﺎ[ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < "‬
‫ﻗﻄﺒﻴﻬﺎ[ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮ "ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ (‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ B0 ,‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫< ﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ[ ‪MRI‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﺪ‪/‬ﺗﻤﻨﺪ ‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗّﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﺪﺳﺎ<[ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ < ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ‪ ، /‬ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻲ " ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ < MR‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺮ” ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮ} ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻟﮕﻮ‪/‬ﻳﺘﻤﻬﺎ[‬
‫ ﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ[ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪MR‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻨﺪ[ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ < .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﻧﻊ ﺻﻠﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﻲ "ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ ،.MR‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻴﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ MR‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺎ‪ [/‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ "ﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ‪"/‬ﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪138‬‬

‫ﻛﺮ ( ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﻧﻈﺮ "‪ D‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﺧﻮ}‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ / MRI‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻣﺮ‘ ﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻧﻴﻢ <ﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ MRI / ,‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ ‬ ‫ﺻﻞ ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ MRI /‬ﻳﻦ "ﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪MRI‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ [ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ / ,‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ "‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " "ﻗﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,  ,‬ﻣﻐﺰ ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ / ,‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ < [/‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﻮ[ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﻮ‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮ"[ ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ <ﻳﺎ [ ‪ /‬ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻣﺰﻳﺎ[ ‪MRI‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ < MRI‬ﻳﻚ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ < ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( [ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ "‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﻮ[ ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺧﻞ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﺛﺮ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻣﻀﺮ[ ‪/ /‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻳﺪ(‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ[ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ( " ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ( ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ / D‬ﻳﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎ‪ / D‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻳﻲ "‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ( ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻳﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻮگ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ  ( ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ "‬
‫" ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎ<ﻫﺎ[ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻴﺖ ﻣﺼﺮ„‬ ‫ﻳﻦ  ( ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻴﺪﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬ ‫< ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻬﺎ[ ‪ MRI‬ﺑﺮ ‪ , CT‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‪/‬‬
‫ﻃﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﻫﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ [ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ<ﺳﺎ<[ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-2‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪MR‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ / MRI ،‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮ‪ ، /‬ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ[‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪" / MR‬ﻗﻊ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ [ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ) ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ( " ‪ /‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪CT‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ < ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻦ "ﻗﺖ <ﻳﺎ [ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ " ﻋﻴﺒﺶ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺪ‪ / ,‬ﺣﻀﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ
ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ / /‬ﺑﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ‪ < .‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎ
ﻧﺎﺷﻲ < ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﭙﺶ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ MR‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﻨﺪ(‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ < ‪MRI‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ‪ CT‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‬
‫ﻓﺮ"ﻧﻲ <ﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﺪ‪"/‬ژ‪ / ] ,‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻧﺮ[ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎ( ‪ / MRI‬ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎ ﮔﻲ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ‪ MR‬ﻳﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻪ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ[ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ < ﺗﻔﺎ"
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰ ‪ ،MRI‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﻐﺰ " ﻧﺨﺎ^ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﺰﻳﺎ[ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ CT‬ﺳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺮ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ < ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﺳﺖ " ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ ‪ " /‬ﻋﻴﺐ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺪ‪ . /‬ﻣﺮ"<( ‪ MRI‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﻮ( ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺗﻔﺎ"
‪/‬ﻓﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻮ‪ ,‬ﻓﻘﺮ
ﺳﺘﺨﻮﻧﻬﺎ " ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪ "/‬ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺘﺮ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎ[ ﺧﻮ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ‪</‬ﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ<‬
‫‪139‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﻳﻦ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ [ < ‪ µ‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮ ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ B ,‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ <"ﻳﻪ [ ‪ ωL = γ B‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻻ‪/‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ,/" ،‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ‪ MRI /‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﻟﻌﺎ ( [ ‪ . /‬ﭼﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( [ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ‬
‫‪ 2-1-2‬ﺧﻮ‪ w‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ "ﻗﻮ^ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ‪</‬ﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ "‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺑﻨﻴﺎ [ < ﺧﻮ} ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻢ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ‪ MRI [/‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ> ﺣﺮﻛﺖ >ﻳﻪ ‪ I‬ﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﭙﻴﻦ ‪Lh‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﮕﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪µ = γ lh‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺪ
ﻋﻤﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﺳﺖ‪ < ،‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮ‪" ,‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪ "RF‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﺪ<( " ﻣﺪ
‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻪ "‪ /‬ﺧﻮ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪ RF‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻧﺪ<( <"ﻳﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ )‪ (α‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎ"‪ /‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ‪ MZ,MY,MX‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪ RF‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻓﻘﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﺎ"‪ /‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪ‪/‬ﻳﺞ <ﻳﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ <ﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ <"ﻳﻪ ‪ α‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ‬
‫‪/ 90‬ﺟﻪ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺪ<( ‪ P‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ‪M‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪RF‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ <"ﻳﻪ ‪/ 90‬ﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ‬
/‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎ< ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ l‬ﻋﻤﻠﮕﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ‪ h‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﭘﻼﻧﻚ " ‪ γ‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ " ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻓﺮ( ﻧﻮƒ ‪ ["/ / /‬ﻣﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺟﺎ‪g‬ﺑﻪ <ﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ ،B‬ﻧﻴﺮ"[‬
‫‪ " ["/ / µ × Β‬ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ )‪(µ‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮ" ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ<( ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫<"ﻳﻪ [ ﻋﻤﻮ ﺳﺖ " ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺪ<( ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪ / µ‬ﺣﻮ‪ B D‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻮ‪ ،A‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
‫→‬ ‫→‬ ‫→‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪µ = −γ B× µ‬‬

‫ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ  ﺑﻌﺪ > ﻋﻤﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪140‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ‬

‫ ‪" /‬ﻗﻊ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‪ x‬ﻛﺎ ‪:MRI‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ [ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺮژ[  ( " ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﺮژ[‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﺑﺎ‪ " /‬ﺳﭙﻴﻦ )ﺗﻌﺪ ‬
‫ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺪ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﺮژ[ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮ [ < ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ " ﻧﻮﺗﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ[ < ﻛﺮ ( " ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( <‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ [ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻨﻪ " ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ( [ < ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮ ( " ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮ"[ <"ﻳﻪ [ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫< ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻬﺮ( ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ [ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪ RF ،MY‬ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﻴﺮ )ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺌﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﻪ ‪, /‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ <ﻣﻴﻦ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﻴﺮ (‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮ"[‬
‫ﻼ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮ‘ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ [ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬‬
‫ﭘﻮ‪ P‬ﻣﻴﺮ[ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪" , /‬ﻗﻊ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ . /‬ﻗﺪ‪
/‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪< ,‬ﻣﺎ‪ T2 ,‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ [‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ "ﺣﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮔﻮ‪ " Z‬ﺗﺴﻼ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪) RF،MZ‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ‪/ /‬ﺳﺘﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮ‪ Z /‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎ"‪ /‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ( ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ "ﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪1TESLA=10000 GAUSS‬‬
‫<ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ <ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺎ<ﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺎ ‪ D‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ < ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ BO‬ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ<ﮔﺸﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺗﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ < ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪< ،P‬ﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬ﻣﺶ ‪ T1‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻬﺎ ‪/ /‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ "‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ "‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ[ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪141‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
ﻣﻴﺪ‪/ ,‬‬
‫‪ RF‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪ FID‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ(‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﻄﻼ” ‪ FID‬ﺑﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪P"/ /‬‬
ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ " ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﭘﺲ < ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺪ
‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ [ ﺧﻞ ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎ‪ ,‬ﺛﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻘﺎ[ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ [ ‪ < /‬ﺧﻮ ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ  ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﻢ ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪D‬‬
‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮ‪ Y /‬ﭘﻴﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‪ /‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ / NMR D‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻟﻘﺎ[ < ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪,‬‬
‫‪ FID‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ <‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪ RF‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ "ﺟﻮ ‪ " /‬ﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻴﺮﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ(‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﺷﺪ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ < ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺌﻮ‪ [/‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ ﮔﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫<ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤ ً‬
‫ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ •‪ T2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻴﻢ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ <ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮ‪ (/‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪<< T 2 << T 1‬‬

‫ﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻔﺎ ﺑﻮ
ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ  ﻋﻤﺎ‪ %‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‪ 90‬ﺟﻪ‬

‫‪ :‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ C‬ﻣﻴﺪ
ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫‪ :Y‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ %‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪180‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻔﺎ ﺷﺪ
ﻣﺠﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ  ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪x‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪142‬‬

‫‪ 5-2‬ﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ ‪RF‬‬ ‫‪ 4-2‬ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪  T2 T1‬ﺑﺪ
‬

‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ [/ NMR D‬ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‪ MRI /‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ < NMR D‬ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻓﺎ<‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ " ﻣﺪ
ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ ﺧﻞ ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪" .‬ﻟﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ NMR‬ﻳﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﻴﺪ‪"/‬ژ‪ / ,‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻳﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺪ‪ / ,‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺧﻴﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪/ NMR D‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮ‪ / / ,‬ﺑﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪/‬ﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ‪ T1 " T0‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺳﺖ‪< .‬‬ ‫ ‪ " /‬ﭼﺮﺑﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ < ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺷﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﺌﻴﻦ " ‪DNA‬‬
‫‪ T1 " T0‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ "‪) /‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫" ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ‬
‫•‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ T 2 ،NMR D‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪T1‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺪ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎ"
‪(. /‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ / NMR D‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎ<‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪"/‬ﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺮ ‪ T2 "T1‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‪/‬ﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ‪ T0‬ﻳﺎ ‪ T2‬ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪g NMR D‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﻬﺎ[ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ‪T1‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ < /‬ﻗﻄﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪ RF‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻌﻠﻮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪" ،‬ﻟﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ‪ D‬ﺳﺎ (‬‫" ‪ T2‬ﻫﻨﻮ< ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ( <ﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪ[ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ
ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ < ‪ T0‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺛﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺤﺪ" " < ‬
‫‪ / T1‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪NMR D‬‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﺻﺪ[ < ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ‪"/‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ‪ / ,‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻧﺪ " ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺠﺎ"‪
/‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ‬
‫ﺳﺖ " ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪"/‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪T1‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ < ﺑﺪ‪"/ ,‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ < ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ
ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ[ < ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫" ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ < ﻧﺪ‪ T1 ،‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﺘﺮ[ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ )ﺣﺪ" ‪T1‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺗﻔﺎ"
‪"/‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ #‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ(‪ T1 .‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﻧﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﭼﻨﺪ ‪ P"/‬ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪RF‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪ" " < ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪< D‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮ‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮ ‪ T1 ,‬ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ < ‪ T1‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﺳﺎ ( ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ‪/ P"/‬ﺳﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ < ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺤﺪ" ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﺎ[ ‪ RF‬ﺳﺖ " ﺑﻪ ‪ FID ,‬ﺗﻜﺮ‪ /‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ(‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪/ ٩٠ ،RF‬ﺟﻪ‬
‫‪143‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫‪ MZ‬ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪) Z‬ﻣﻨﻔﻲ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ < <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬
‫)‪ (T1‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/ 90‬ﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﭼﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ NMR‬ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﻮ< ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺎ ‪ D‬ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪ( ﻧﺪ‪MZ ،‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻜﺮ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ )‪ (TR‬ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺳﺖ " ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/ 90‬ﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺣﺪ" ‪3‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 4‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ‪ (T1‬ﺗﻤﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ <ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ < ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ[ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ‪T1‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎ ‪ D‬ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ( ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ‬ ‫"ﻟﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ TR‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺷﻮ ً‬
‫)ﻣﺜﻼ ﺣﺪ" ‪ (T1‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫< ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ "ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪"TI " T1، TR ،‬‬ ‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎ ‪ D‬ﻧﺪ‪/‬ﻧﺪ " ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ " .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ " <ﻣﺎ‪TI ,‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎ ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﻲ ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻋﻤﻮ [ ﮔﺸﺘﺎ"‪ /‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ‪ T1‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (MZ‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻮ ﻧﻤﻲ ‪/‬ﺳﺪ‪ < .‬ﻃﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ (  ,‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪" NMR D‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ MZ‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ(‪ / ،‬ﺛﺮ ‪ / T1‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ " ﻫﺮ‬
‫< ‪ P"/‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻪ ‪TR‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ T1‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻪ ‪NMR‬‬
‫‪  3‬ﭘﮋ‪ z‬ﺳﭙﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪" / .‬ﻗﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ‪ TR‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪،‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ " D‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ‪ P"/‬ﭘﮋ"ƒ ﺳﭙﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ T1‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪"/‬ﺷﻬﺎ[ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ( ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﺷﻮ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ <‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺮﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ TR "T1 ،‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪TR‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ < ﺑﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ TR‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ‪T1‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﺳﺖ " ﻋﻠﺖ < ﺑﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ / D‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ ,"/‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ " .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ‪ TR‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ T1‬ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ "ﺟﻮ ‪: /‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ "‪ D‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ( ﺧﺮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺗﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪  -2‬ﺑﺎﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ " ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪ ،P"/‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ P"/‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺎ"[ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ < ‪ T1‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﻦ " ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪/ < T 2 ،‬ﺑﻄﻪ <ﻳﺮ ﺣﺴﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪ D‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪ P"/‬ﺑﺎ<ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ < ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/ 180‬ﺟﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪144‬‬

‫ﻛﺎ‪/ /‬ﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﮕﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ " ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/ 180‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻬﺎ[‬ ‫‪T‬‬

‫•‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪T2 T‬‬ ‫‪magnet‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪magnent‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ / NMR D‬ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ‪..." 3TE ،2TE،TE‬‬ ‫‪ T 2‬ﺳﻬﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[‬ ‫ ‪/ /‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮ‪A‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻓﺘﺪ "ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪/ 180‬ﺟﻪ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ ﻋﺪ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺷﻴﻮ(‬
‫‪ 5TE , 3TE , TE‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﮋ"ƒ ﺳﭙﻴﻦ < ﻳﻦ "ﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪magnent‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﭘﻮ‪ P‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ < ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[‬ ‫‪ T 2‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ [/‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ " ﻟﺬ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪ Z‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ‪ T2‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ "‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﭘﻲ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/ 90‬ﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪/ 90‬ﺟﻪ " ‪/ 180‬ﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻔﺎ< ‪/‬ﻧﺪ "ﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪ‪/‬ﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ‪ TR /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺪ<( ‪ TR‬ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ ‪/ T1‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[ ‪ < /‬ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﭘﺲ < ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪90 D‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/ 180‬ﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ ‪/‬ﺟﻪ " ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ ،,‬ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ‪TE‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻮ ‪ /‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ[‬
‫" ﻣﻘﺪ‪ TE /‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺳﻬﻢ ‪ / T2‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮ‪ x /‬ﻋﻮ‘ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻟﺬ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ‪ /‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎ"‪/‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪TE , TR , T2 ,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ)< ﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ( ﻋﻮ‘ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ T1‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ<( ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ NMR D‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ^ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ (  ,‬ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[ ﺧﻮ ‪ / /‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻜﺲ < ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺪ " ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﻣﺠﺪ  ً ﻫﻤﻔﺎ< ﺷﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎ"‪ /‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻨﺪ " ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬
‫‪ NMR‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ[ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪" D‬ﺟﻮ ‪) ، /‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ " ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪/ 90 D‬ﺟﻪ " ‪180‬‬
‫ ‪/‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺖ( ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ ،D‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﺎ ‪ . /‬ﻧﺪ<(‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ < #‬ﻧﺪ<( ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪" D‬ﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺲ < ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/ 90‬ﺟﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﻔﺎ< ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺠﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫< ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪/ 180‬ﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ‪/‬ﺗﻜﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ ‪: MRI‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ T2 /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ﭘﮋ"ƒ ﺳﭙﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪145‬‬
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ‪/‬ﻳﻮ ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮ <ﺷﮕﺮ ‪/‬ﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ(‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮ‪" / /‬ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮ[ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻪ " ﺑﻌﺪ[ ‪ /‬ﻛﺴﺮ[ < ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ( "‪ / [ "/‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫< ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﺴﻮ‪ / D‬ﻛﺴﺮ[ < ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ "‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ < [/‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﺴﻮ‪ D‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪" #‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎ<[ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ[ ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻛﺮ ( "‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ < ‪ ["/‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﭙﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ ( "‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺖ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ‬
‫< ﺟﺰء ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺤﺚ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻠﻮƒ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺰ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪/ /‬ﺳﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ( ﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺘﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪/ .‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﺮﻧﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪".‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻫﻦ ‪/‬ﺑﺎﻫﺎ < ﻧﻮ^ ﺑﺮ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ‪ /‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( < ﺳﻴﻢ ﻓﻮ‪/ A‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
/‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ "ﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻫﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪ / ,‬ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎ[ ﺣﺪ" ‪/ 0‬ﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ‪/ -273‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪(.‬‬
‫<ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﺎ‪ [/‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‬
/‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻴﻨﻚ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻫﻠﻴﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﻴﺮ ‬
‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪  ,‬ﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪ .‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻓﻮ‪A‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ‪ /‬ﻫﻦ ‪/‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫" ﻫﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮ„ ﺧﺎ} )‪(Dewar‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ < ﺟﺰ " ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ / MRI‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﻣﻴﺪ‪/ / B0 ,‬ﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ[ ‪ X,Y,Z‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ‪RF‬ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ‪ RF‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ B1 ,‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ<( ‪ 90‬ﻳﺎ ‪/ 180‬ﺟﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ‪ RF‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺳﭙﻴﻨﻬﺎ[ ﺧﻞ ﺑﺪ‪/ / ,‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺪ"‪ D‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﺟﺪ"‪ [/ D‬ﻗﺖ ﺳﺘﻘﺮ‪1 /‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻔﺎ‡ ‪ RF‬ﺣﺎﻃﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﻔﺎ‡ ﺟﻠﻮ[ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ﻗﻮ[ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮ " ﻣﺎﻧﻊ < ﭘﺨﺶ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺎ‡ ﺟﻠﻮ[ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ "‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮ<ﻳﻮ‪ " ,‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ( ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﺗﺎﻗﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻜﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺣﻔﺎ‡‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ[ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ( ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ‪ / /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺰء‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ‪ RF‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎ‪
‫ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻳﻲ " ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ / #‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[‬
‫‪ / RF‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ‪ RF‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ ‪ < /‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ "
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ " ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ < ﻣﻴﺪﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ /‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪146‬‬

‫ﺑﻠﻮˆ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ? ﻛﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ‪MRI‬‬

‫‪ antihelmholtz‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻪ ﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ / .‬ﻧﻮ^ ﺑﺘﺪﻳﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ <ﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺘﺮ"ژ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻮ "ﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ < ﻳﺨﭽﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮ” ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﻓﺰ" ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮ"ژ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ‪ < /‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻮ^ ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﻳﺎ
‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ / B‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺎﺑﺎ ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ / #‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮ‘ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ‪ /‬ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎ
‬
‫‪"</‬ﻧﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪/ / B ,‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ < ﻧﻮ^‬
‫‪147‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﺻﻞ ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ " < ﻟﻨﺰ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ(‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪" / ,‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ‪/ /‬ﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ "‪ /‬ﺑﺎ <"ﻳﻪ "ﺳﻴﻊ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‪ [/‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻬﺮ(‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ " ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ " ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻫﻢ ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ B ,‬ﺑﻪ ‪ B0‬ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪ( " ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﮕﺮ[‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ‪ /‬ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ < B ,‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ B0 ,‬ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ[‬
‫" ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻔﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻻ‪/‬ﻣﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮ‪ X /‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪/ / ،B0 / ,‬ﺳﺘﺎ[‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎ ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ < ﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪ X‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ < / ,‬ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻮ‪ Y/‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪/ / B0 /‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ﻣﺤﻮ‪Y /‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ‪ :RF‬ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺬﻛﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪B1 ,‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ،,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ‪ / /‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﻲ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ X,Y‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[‬
‫‪ RF‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪(1‬ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ " ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬
‫‪(2‬ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ‪MRI‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻮ^ "‪ D‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪" B1 ,‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ < RF‬ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪[/‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪ( ‪. /‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪" .‬ﻟﻲ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮ^ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ " B1 ,‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﻮ^ " ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ<[ " ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ < D‬ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫" ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ < .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﻮ^ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ "ﺟﻮ ‪ . /‬ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ[ ‪ / RF‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺖ‪" .‬ﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪/‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻚ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪ‪ " /‬ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻜﺎﺳﻲ < ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪148‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﺎ

ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫" ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪ‪ [/‬ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺪﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪﺗﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ‪ MRI‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ‬
‫< ‪ / 0/2T‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ[ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ " ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ ﺳﺖ "‪ / . /‬ﺷﺪﺗﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻ )‪< (0/16T-2/0T‬‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ " ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ" ﭼﻨﺪ ‪PPM‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪< .‬ﻳﺮ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺪ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ " ﻣﺼﺮ„‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻬﺒﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺪ
ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎﻫﺎ < ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻴﺎژ ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻮ‪ -‬ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎﻫﺎ < ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫<ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ < ﺳﻴﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺖ " ‪/‬ﺟﻪ ﺣﺮ‪ /
/‬ﺗﺎ ‪/ -269‬ﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮ ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺣﻮ‪ D‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ "‪ . /‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 10ppm‬ﺗﺎ ‪ / 50ppm‬ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 45cm‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ / [/‬ﻛﻨﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎﻫﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎ
‬ ‫ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ‪" /‬ﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﻠﻴﻢ " ﻧﻴﺘﺮ"ژ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ‪ /‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻳﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ <‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻲ ﻋﻴﺐ ‪ " ,<" ,‬ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪ‪ [/‬ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺣﺪ" ‪ 2mm‬ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮ ﺑﺮﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﻼﻛﻬﺎ[ "<‪ " ,‬ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ‬
‫" ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ
ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ" ‪0/15T‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ‪ #‬ﻫﻤﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺳﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺮ‪/
/‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺎ"‪ . /‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ 50ppm‬ﺗﺎ ‪ / 200ppm‬ﻗﻄﺮ‪ 45cm‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪149‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﻮ‪  7‬ﻣﺪﻫﺎ‪ 6‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ!
‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬

‫ﭘﮋ‪ z‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻓﺮﺻﻮ‪C‬؛ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪ
‬

‫" ﭼﺎ‪ A‬ﺑﻮ ‪ P"/ ،" ,‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪ ،D‬ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮ ‪ ".‬ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ

ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺖ‪, < .‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻪ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪ ‪ ،( /" /‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ < ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ / / ,‬ﻛﻨﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﻮ‪ P‬ﺧﻮ " ﺳﺮ ﻳﮕﺮ ‪ ["/ /‬ﺳﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﺬ
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺻﻮ
‪< /‬ﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ ﺧﺘﺮ ﻗﺮ‪ "  /‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ‪/‬ﺧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪. /‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪ " /‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻌﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪.‬‬‫ً‬
‫"ﺳﻄﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺻﻮ
ﻫﺎ[ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ " ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫"ﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‪ / /‬ﻗﺮ‪ ,‬ﻫﻴﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎ "ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ " ‪/‬ﻳﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺸﻨﻮ " ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ "‬ ‫ﺑﺮ"ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﺻﻮ
‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﭘﺮ ﺧﺖ‪" .‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﻨﻚ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ
‪ 10‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ <ﻣﺎﻳﺶ " ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﭘﺮ ﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺘﺴﻜﻮپ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ"‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫" ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﭗ )‪ (tap‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ " ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮ"<[ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻮ‪P‬‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬
‫  ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ‪/‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‪ (/‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ [/‬ﻫﺎ[ ‪ ,"/‬ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ "‪. /‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ "ﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﮔﻮ‪ ،P‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ " ﺑﺪ"‪" ,‬ﺳﻄﻪ‪،‬ﺻﻮ
‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﮔﻮ‪ P‬ﻧﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﻮ ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪/ /‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮ " ﺳﭙﺲ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮ( ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ‪ 20Hz‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 20KH‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺻﻮ
ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ / [/‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲ  ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ < ‪" 20KH‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻲ "ﺳﻄﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻄﺮ” ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ‪/ 1816 D‬ﺗﻲ چ ﻟﻴﻨﻚ ﺧﺘﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎ < ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ [ ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ [/‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺟﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪150‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﺻﻮ‪C‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ [/‬ﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻛﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ؟‬

‫ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ < ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ < ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎ( ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻫﻤﻮ‪/ (/‬ﻫﻨﻤﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﺎ [ ‪ P‬ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮ ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻔﺎ‪ P‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ[ ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ , ,‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫< ﺧﻮ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮ‪ ,  P‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﮋ"ƒ‬
‫ﺣﻮ‪" D‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺎ ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺧﻮ}‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮ"< ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ " ﻧﻴﺮ"[‬
‫ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ < ﻻﻳﻪ [ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ P"/‬ﺧﻔﺎ‪ P‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﭘﺮ"<‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻧﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫)‪/ (Sound Navigation and Ranging‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲ ‪. "/‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪ^ ﻛﺮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ‪ < P"/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻫﺎ[ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ "‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‪،‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﺻﻮ
ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺷﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﺪ
‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎ
" ﮔﺎ<ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ " ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ
‪ /‬ﺳﻄﺢ <ﻳﺮ ‪#‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ < .‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺪ ‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎ‪ " P‬ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ , / /‬ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻫﺪ„ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ‪،‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫‪/‬ﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎ
‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ " ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ‪ < ,‬ﻫﺪ„‬
‫" ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ﻳﻦ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﻫﻢ ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫" ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺮ ﮔﻲ " ﻧﺒﺴﺎ‪ / :‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫< ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮ‪ P‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺸﺎ‪/ ,  ,‬ﻓﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﺎﻟﻲ " ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﺪ„‬
‫ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ < D‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫< ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ( ‪ /‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ < ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ "‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻫﻮ[ ﻃﺮﻓﺶ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺳﻌﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ "‪, /‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻣﻲ "‪ " /‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺮ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
‪ 12‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﻗﺒﻞ < ﺷﻌﻪ‪ x‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﺷﺪ "ﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪/ .‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ )‪،(f‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺮﺗﺮ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ " (λ) Y‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ / Y‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ )‪(V‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪"/
/‬ﺑﺮ" ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ " ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬
‫)‪V = λf (1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ<ﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫< ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ‪ ، /‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬
‫‪151‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ 2‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ < ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ‪"/‬ﺑﺮ" ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﺸﺎ‪  ,‬ﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ <"ﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪" #‬‬ ‫)‪Z=ρV (2‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ < ﭼﻪ ‪"/‬ﺑﻄﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ‪ Z‬ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‪ ρ ،‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ^ ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻧﺸﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ‪/‬ﺻﺪ < ﺷﺪ
ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ v " Y‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ
‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ " ﭼﻨﺪ ‪/‬ﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﺖ‪ < .‬ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪" < ρv‬ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺻﻮ
ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻣﺎ ( ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺻﻮ
ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪(R) #‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺮژ[‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ <"ﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‪"< ،‬ﻳﻪ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺪ
ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ < ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ <ﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ‬
‫" ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ " ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪/ . /‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ P0 , /‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻋﻤﻮ [ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮƒ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ " ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺘﺎﺑﺪ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ‪ R‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﺎ ( <ﻳﺮ ‪/‬‬ ‫‪P02‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫=‪I‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2z‬‬
‫‪Z2 − Z1‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬ ‫"ﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ< ﺟﺪﻳﻲ " ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫‪Z2 + Z1‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮ
‪ , /‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ (T) D‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ " ،‬ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺻﻮ
ﻋﺒﻮ‪ [/‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺻﻮ
ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ " ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪/ < ،‬ﺑﻄﻪ ‪"/‬ﺑﺮ" ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ(‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ <"ﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ " <"ﻳﻪ‬
‫=‪T‬‬
‫‪2Z2‬‬
‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ )<ﻳﺮ( ﺑﺎ ‪ r " i‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ (  ,‬ﺷﺪ(‬
‫‪Z1 + Z2‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ) ‪( i = r‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﻨﻞ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪ
ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ " ﻋﺒﻮ‪ [/‬ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫<ﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪Z1 × T 2‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺑﺮ‬
‫‪Z2‬‬ ‫‪Sin θi λ1 V1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪Sinθr λ 2 V2‬‬
‫< ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ < ﻧﺮژﻳﺶ ﻫﺪ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ "ﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ‪ . "/‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮ< ﺑﻴﻦ " ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ , /‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪/ .‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ )‪(A‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ <"ﻳﻪ [ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
< <"ﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻖ ‪ < X‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪<
/‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ " ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻃﺮ„ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪152‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻋﻜﺲ ﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫‪A = A 0 × e −αx‬‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ‪ . /‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﮋ"ƒ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ ‪ A0‬ﻣﻨﻪ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺳﺖ "‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ " D‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻳﻚ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ )‪ (cm-1‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺮ‘ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ < ﭘﻴﺰ"ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪ " ,‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
" ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪ " ,‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪/‬ﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ< ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻃﻲ ﺷﺪ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪<
/‬ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ‪ /‬ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ً‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ "‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻧﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺪ^ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺻﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫)‪I = I0 × e −2αx (8‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ P"/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ‪ I0‬ﺷﺪ
ﻣﻮ‪" Y‬ﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﺖ " ‪ I‬ﺷﺪ
‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ‪ P"/‬ﻫﺎ[ ‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ‪B ،‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻖ ‪ < X‬ﻣﺎ ( ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻜﻦ " ‪ -M‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ‪/‬ﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
" ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ‪ / ,‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪[/‬‬
‫‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﭙﺮ <ﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺮ„ ‪ A‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( < ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ‪Amplitude‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ‪ / P"/‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﻮ‪C‬‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( " ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ /‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ " ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<[‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺶ )‪ (a‬ﻣﺒﺪ‪ ،T D‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ < "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ < [/‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺖ "‬
‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ,"/‬ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮ„ ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮ‘ ‪ d‬ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪ D‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ‪ (/‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺮ ‪ " ,‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ‪,‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪ ["/ o‬ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪" ،‬ﺳﻴﻠﻪ [‬
‫ﺻﻮ
ﭘﺲ < ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮ‪ (/‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻇﺮ„ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺪ‪ D‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ(‬ ‫" ﺑﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻻ< ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ / /‬ﺑﺎ< ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺒﺪ‪ D‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ﭘﮋ"ƒ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﻴﺰ"ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ " ﺳﺮﻣﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺰ"ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﺎ )ﭘﻴﺰ" ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ(‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺤﺮ„ ﻋﻤﻮ [ ‪ < R‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ "ﻟﻴﻪ ‪ o‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ(‬ ‫ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻦ "ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﭼﻴﺰ[ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻈﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( [ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬
‫"ﻻ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ # < Y‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ ﺷﺘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﭼﻮ‪ً ,‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ[ ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫‪153‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮ ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (c‬ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ / s‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ " ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫‪ < d1‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ <‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻮ‪ < Y‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ s‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ <‬ ‫< ﺷﺪ
ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ " ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ " ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪< .‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻻ< ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ < ﻣﺒﺪ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ‪" R‬‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ " ﺑﺎ<ﮔﺸﺖ "ﺑﺎ‪ ["/ , (/‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎ‪Z‬‬
‫‪ S‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ / R‬ﻳﻦ <ﻣﺎﻳﺶ <‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ (  ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪< / R‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ[ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﺗﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫< ﻳﻦ <ﻣﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮ
‪ # /‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﺪﻻ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ [ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ , < Y‬ﺑﺎ<ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ‬
‫‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫"‪. /‬‬
‫ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﮔﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ s‬ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﭘﮋ"ƒ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ﻣﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﻄﻮ”‬
‫‪ ["/‬ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻫﻢ ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ "ﺟﻮ ‪ . /‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ < ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ( ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮ” ﺳﺎ ( [ ﺳﺖ <‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ < ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ "ﺑﺎ‪(/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ . (b‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ < "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪P"/‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﺲ < ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮ‪ (/‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ "ﺑﺎ‪(/‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﺑﺎ< ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ " ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ[‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺧﺘﻼ„ ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ (b‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ (  ,‬ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ ,"/‬ﺑﺪ‪ < ،,‬ﻣﺮ< ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺣﻲ‪،‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻈﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ " ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﺗﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪< .‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎ( ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪154‬‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﻓﺖ " ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻃﻲ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫< ‪ A‬ﺳﻜﻦ ‪ /‬ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻋﻤﻖ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ [/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ‪P"/‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‪" ،‬ﺟﻮ ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺎ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ " ﺟﺪﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ‪ A P"/‬ﺳﻜﻦ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪ"‪,‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪ Y‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ( ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ [‬
‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ " ﺿﻌﻒ ﻳﻦ ‪ , P"/‬ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ[ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫" ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﺪ [ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ " ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( <‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ 2‬ﺑﻌﺪ[ < ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ[‬
‫‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺎ< ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﻧﺴﻔﺎﻟﻮﮔﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻐﺰ[ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ [ < ﺟﻤﺠﻤﻪ )ﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ[‬
‫ﮔﻮ‪/ (P‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ < ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ ,"/‬ﻛﺎﺳﻪ ﺳﺮ‪ ["/،‬ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ )ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﭘﮋ"ƒ ﻫﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ " ﭼﭗ‪،‬ﻧﺤﺮ„‬
‫ ‪ -A P"/ /‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪" .‬ﺟﻮ ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‪ ["/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪ / /‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮ„ ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺎ ‪ -B P"/ /‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﺮ„ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫‪155‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﮔﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ ﻣﻮ‪" Y‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ‪/ /‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎ[ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ‪ ["/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪ [ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﺪ "ﻟﻴﻪ <"ﻳﻪ [ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎ< ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻋﻤﻮ [ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺘﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ< ﻫﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ‪"/‬ﺷﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‪/‬ﻳﻢ )ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ(‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ " ﺑﺎ ‪"/‬ﺷﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ‪ -B P"/‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ )‪B‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮ„ "‪ D‬ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ‪ Brightness‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ‪"/‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ [ <"ﻳﻪ " ﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ<( ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‬ ‫ﺧﻂ < ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪ /‬ﻫﻢ ‪ ["/‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺰ‪ [/‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻌﺮ„‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ " ﻣﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻮ [ ﻣﻌﺮ„ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ ["/ /‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ [ < ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ " ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ‪ -B P"/ /‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‪["/‬‬
‫‪ , ["/ /‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺎ‪"/ :‬ﺷﻨﻲ <‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻘﻲ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻘﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺪ ‪ ["/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ "‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮ„ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺳﺖ " ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫< ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺪ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪"/ ,‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺪ
<ﻳﺎ [ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲ ‪ ،. /‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻮ [ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫< ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺘﺪ ﻫﺎ ‪ ["/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,  ,‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻳﮕﺮ[ < ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪156‬‬

‫ﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪"/‬ﺷﻨﻲ ﻧﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫" ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ "‬
‫‪ ["/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﮋ"ƒ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ[ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻣﺪ"ﻟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " <‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺖ " ﭘﮋ"ƒ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ < ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ"<( ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ‪ ["/‬ﻣﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ[ <ﻳﺎ [‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ‪ -M P"/ /‬ﺳﻜﻦ‬ ‫< ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻚ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫" ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ < ‪ ["/‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ " ﺑﻌﺪ[ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ < ﻳﻦ‬
‫‪ /‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻮ [ " ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪ P"/‬ﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ < <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ  ( ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫< ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺘﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻗﻠﺐ " ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ‪ /‬ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‪ / / [/ /‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ[ < ‪/‬ﮔﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ  " ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪/‬ﺑﺎ‪ (/‬ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎ‪ [/‬ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ‪ ["/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﺣﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ "‪. /‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻘﺎ‪["/ :‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ "‬ ‫‪-M‬ﺳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪/ ,‬ﮔﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ -M‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ " ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻃﺮ” ﺳﺎ ( [ < ﻳﻦ ‪ / P"/‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫< ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻫﻢ < ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ " ﻫﻢ < ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪M) . "/‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( < ﻟﻐﺖ ‪Motion‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪"/ a‬ﺑﻂ <ﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺖ(‪ -M .‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺳﺖ‬
‫< ‪ P"/‬ﻫﺎ[ ‪ -A‬ﺳﻜﻦ " ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ‪< P"/‬‬
‫‪157‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫< ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫‪ c ‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ‪:1‬‬
‫‪f1 = f 0 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪c+v‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ‪/‬ﮔﺎ‪ ["/ < ,‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻲ ﻧﻘﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﺖ " <‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ‪  I‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻮ [ ‪" /‬ﺣﺪﻫﺎ[ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ  (‬ ‫‪ c ‬‬
‫‪f2 = f0 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ‪:2‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪/‬ﮔﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪c−v‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻃﺮ” ﺳﺎ ( [ <‬ ‫ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ‪ / P"/‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‪  I‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪"/ b‬ﺑﻂ <ﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪c+v‬‬
‫‪f3 = f 0 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ‪:3‬‬
‫‪ c ‬‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‪  I‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪c−v‬‬
‫‪f4 = f0 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ‪:4‬‬
‫‪ c ‬‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ‪  I‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪158‬‬

‫ﻗﺮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺬ‪ " #‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (a‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ <ﻳﺎ [ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ [ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ " < ﺧﻮ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ < ,‬ﻧﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻢ ﭼﮕﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫"ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,"/‬ﺑﺸﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ , /‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪" .‬ﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻌﻪ‪ x‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺮ‪/ / /‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﻗﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (b‬ﻳﻚ ‪ -B‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺮ ﮔﺮ ﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ["/ /‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﺸﺎ‪,‬‬
‫‪/‬ﮔﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺮ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫ ﻳﺪ( ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺰﺋﻲ <‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻮ [ " ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ < <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮ< ﺑﻴﻦ " ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ / P"/‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪ -M
/‬ﺳﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (c‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ P"/‬ﺷﻌﻪ ‪ . / x‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ‪< ,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ  ﺑﺎ ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺣﻲ ﺳﺘﺨﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮ ‪ , /‬ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪ P"/‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﻪ‪x‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ‪/‬ﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺑﻪ < ﺷﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( "‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ
ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻬﺮ( [ ﻛﻪ < ﺑﻜﺎ‪/‬ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ[ "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ / ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪< [/‬‬ ‫‪ P"/‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ‪.,‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮ} ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﺎ[ <ﻧﺎ‪< " ,‬ﻳﻤﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ <ﻧﺎ‪< " ,‬ﻳﻤﺎ‪ " ,‬ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺪ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﻪ‪ x‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ﺷﻌﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ( ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺷﻮ ‪ < ،‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻀﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ‪P"/‬‬
‫< ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪< < [/‬ﻧﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‪ / / /‬ﺗﻮ‪,‬ﻫﺎ[‬
‫‪،‬ﻳﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)ﭘﺮ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ‪ ,‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻴﺰ"ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ[ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ(‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﺳﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫" ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪(.‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ژ‪ D‬ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻄﺒﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺴﻲ " ﻧﺸﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮ"‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎ"
ﻋﻤﺪ( ﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻦ " ‪ P"/‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮ"‪ " #‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪/ D‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮ ﺑﻪ "ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ < ‪ ,‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﻮ ( " ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺷﻌﻪ‪ x‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ "‪. /‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ < ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫‪159‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‬

‫ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻮ‪ / ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ "‪ . /‬ﮔﺮ ﮔﻠﺒﻮ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ
ﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻠﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ,"/‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﺧﺮگ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ "‪ /‬ﺷﺪ‪< ,‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ < [/‬ﺑﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ[ < "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ "ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﭘﺮ ﺧﺘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ[ ﻛﻪ < ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﻨﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪،‬‬ ‫"ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻻ
‪ /‬ﺣﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ < ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﮋ"ƒ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪ /‬ﺑﺪ‪ ،,‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ[ "ﻟﻴﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‪ (/‬ﺻﻮ
‪ /‬ﺳﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ < ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ< "‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1800‬ﻣﻴﻼ [‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﺪﻧﺎ‪/ ,‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ< ﻫﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﮕﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ‪ f‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮ[ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( [ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮ[ ‪ ,‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ[‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ ‪/ /‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻠﺮ "ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪< .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫" ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( < ﻫﻢ "‪ /‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﺎ <"ﻳﻪ ‪ θ‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ﻛﻤﺘﺮ < ‪ f‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ‪ Fa‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﺳﺖ <‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻠﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2F0 × V × Cosθ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺻﻮ
" ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ‬
‫= ‪Fa‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬
‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ‪/‬‬
‫‪ F0‬ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻮ‪" Y‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ "ﻟﻴﻪ‪ V ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ < ‪ f‬ﺷﻨﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪,‬‬
‫ﺧﻮ‪ v ،,‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮ
" ‪"< θ‬ﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ‪v"V‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ " ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ(‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻦ ‪ Fa ،F0،v‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﻮ‪/ ,‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ‪. /‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ "‪. /‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ < ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ‪" f‬‬
‫< ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﭘﻠﺮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﺎ„ " ﺟﻔﺖ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﺣﻴﺎ
‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺻﻮ
ﻳﺎ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ( ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮﺷﻚ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺷﻚ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻳﻲ ‪/ /‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺳﭙﺲ "ﺑﺎ‪(/‬‬
‫‪ / ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ( ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ " ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪" D‬ﻟﻴﻪ " ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻣﻮﺷﻚ ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺴﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺮƒ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻻ
‪,"/‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫‪163‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﭼﺮﻏﻬﺎ‪ 6‬ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻮ<[ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ / [/‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﭼﺮﻏﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮƒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‪ " "/‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﺪ [ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ\ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﻪ " ﻏﺘﺸﺎﺷﺎ
‪/‬ﻧﮕﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫ﻻ< ﺑﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ‪ DC‬ﻣﺮ"<[‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ "/ /‬ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ[ ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭽﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ " ﻳﺎ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﺎ‪/‬ﺣﺘﻲ " ﻳﺎ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ "ﺣﺪ ﻟﻮﻛﺲ )‪(LUX‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﺮ~ ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮ‪ < [ /‬ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ" ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺮ ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ) ‪ [/‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺮ ( "ﺑﺎ<"ﻫﺎ[‬
‫)‪ (215-2150LUX‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ < .‬ﻳﺪﮔﺎ( ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ )ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ<"ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺠﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎ
ﻋﻤﻮ [‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﺣﺪ" ‬ ‫" ﻳﺎ ﻳﺮ"[ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻗﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ"‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫‪ / 27000LUX‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﻏﻬﺎ ‪/‬‬ ‫" ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﻤﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ‪/‬ﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ[ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻳﻦ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ <‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻗﻤﺮﻫﺎ( " ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪D‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﺣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺣﺪ" ‪ / 37500LUX‬ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﺮ[ ‪(/‬ﻧﺪ<[‬
‫ﻗﻠﻤﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻮ ( ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﻬﺎ[ ﻛﺎﻫﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ < ﻣﻮ‪ [ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ ‪/‬‬ ‫" ﻳﻜﺴﻮ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ ،, ,‬ﺑﺮ‪ [ "/" A‬ﻫﺮ ﻻﻣﭗ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻛﻪ  ﻫﻨﮕﺎ? ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻻﻣﭗ‬ ‫ـ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ‪ I‬ﻧﮕﺸﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ I‬ﻻﻣﭗ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﺪ >ﻳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻏﺘﺸﺎ;‬
‫ ﻧﻮ ﺧﺮﺟﻲ  ﻫﻢ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﭘﻴﺶ > ﻣﻮﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻻﻣﭗ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
ﻧﻌﻜﺎ‪ Z‬ﻫﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ  ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﺛﺮ ﺣﺮ‪g‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ > ﻧﻮ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ > ﺣﺪ‬
‫> ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ‪B‬ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ r‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻳﻮﻫﺎ  ﻳﺎ ﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ‪ g‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ> ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ‪/‬‬
/‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ(‬
/‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺮ[ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬‬
‫‪164‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ[ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ "ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ ) ‪ ( K‬ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪/‬ﺷﻴﺪ ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ[ ‪/‬ﻧﮕﻲ ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ" )‪(5000-6000K‬‬
‫ ‪. /‬ﻣﺤﺪ" \ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮ‪ D‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫)‪ (3500-6700K‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﻏﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪ [/‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺬ„ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺻﻔﺤﺎ
‫ـ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ " ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ ‪ [/‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪ /‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ـ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﭗ ﻣﺤﺪ" \ )‪ / (10-120inch‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎ‪"/ ,‬ﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺛﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺮ‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫< ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ " ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻫﺎ[ "ﻳﮋ([ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻬﺮ( ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/ /‬ﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ﻫﺎﻟﻮژ‪ ,‬ـ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ <ﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ <ﻧﻮ‪ < ,‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ[ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ / /‬ﺑﻮ (‬
‫"ﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ "
‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ ﭼﺮﻏﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺎ‪A‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪g
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻣﻌﻴﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ
‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﻃﺮ„ ﻧﻮﺣﻲ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ‬ ‫"ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،[/‬ﺗﺮ"ﻣﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺼﺮ„ ‪"/‬ﺋﻲ ‪< /‬ﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺲ "  " ﺑﺎ<  ﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ / .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ < ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫"ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ ،D‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﮔﺎ< " ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﺷﺸﻬﺎ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﻤﻚ ‪ /‬ﻣﺮ ﺗﺒﺎ ‪D‬‬
‫" ﻳﺠﺎ ‪/‬ﻃﻮﺑﺖ ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ[ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ "‬ ‫ﮔﺎ<ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻚ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺎ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﻣﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﭘﺮ"ﺳﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ [ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺮﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻮ < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﻮ " ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺷﺸﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﻣﺪ‪"
/‬ﺳﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎ< ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ / .‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ[ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‪" ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ < /‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ
ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ ،D‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ[‬ ‫" ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ < ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﺷﺪ( " "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻼ ‪ 100‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 150‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ‪ /‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ(‪< .‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ )ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻛﻨﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺨﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪" < [/‬ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ[‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺑﺮﻗﻲ " ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻫﻮﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ‪ < A‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫< ﻧﻬﺎ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻀﺎ[ ﺑﻲ ﺣﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪166‬‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ #‬ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺟﻤﻊ "‪[/‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ(‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ ‪ [/‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪ
ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ " ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻ
ﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪،/‬‬
‫ ﺧﻞ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪،‬ﮔﺎ<‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ " ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫)ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﻮ " ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ < / (,‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺣﺪ" ‪ 50‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ )‪(psi‬‬
‫ﮔﺎ< ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪/ ،‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎ<‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ / /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ " ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ( ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ / 50Psi /‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ " ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬ ‫< ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺰء "ﻧﺘﻮ‪ [/‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ< ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻧﻮ^ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ " ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪/ / ,‬‬
‫ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ <ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ ﺧﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ )‪ ، (I/E‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ‪ ،Y‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،,‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻫﺎ[ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ / .‬ﻃﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ " ,‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺎ< ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﺎ< ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎ<  ) ‪. ( PEEP‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ " ﺷﺸﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎ< < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻧﻮ^ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪  /‬ﻣﻪ ﻫﺪ " ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺤﺮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ < ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ " ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺰ" ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ‪ /‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪" .‬ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ < ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻮ‪ / Y‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ[ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ )‪ " (CPAP‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬــﺎ[‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﮔﺎ< ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ < /‬ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ " ﺟﻬﺖ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫) ‪ ( PEEP‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ( ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﺪ" ﺷﺪ( ﺷﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ[ ﺑﺎ<  < ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ < /‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻻﻳﺔ " ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ CPAP .‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ ‪ / /‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ "  ,‬ﺑﺎ< ‬ ‫ ﺧﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ <‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ CPAP .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎ< ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎ< < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ[ ﻣﺠﺎ"‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪ "/‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ ‪/ /‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ‪ . "/‬ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪ [/‬ﻣﺎﻛﻨﻲ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ " ﻧﻴﺎ<ﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﻮ[ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪ( ﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﻃﻮ‪#‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮ) ‪ ( PEEP‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ( " ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫" ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ < ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ / ,‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ‬
‫‪167‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻧﻴﺎ<ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ / ,/‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺪ ﻛﺎ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮ) ‪ ( PEEP‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪/ ,"/ ,‬ﮔﻲ ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﺮ ( " ﻟﮕﻮ‪/‬ﻳﺘﻤﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﺻﺪ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (/‬ﻧﺪ<[ " ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺑﻲ ‪"/‬ﻳﻪ " ﺑﻴﺶ < ﻧﺪ<( ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘـــﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪" /‬‬ ‫) ‪ ( PEEP‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﻮ‪ " ‘/‬ﺧﻄﺮﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮ ‪ I/E‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ  ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ<  ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ<  < <ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪ #‬ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻼ ‪ (1/2‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ "ﺟﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫  ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺗﺮ ﺳﺖ )ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪ / Z‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ / ,‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺳﺖ <ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ "‪ / . /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ[ ﺟﺒﺎ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻳﺎ  < <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ<  ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫‪< / /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ " ﭘﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ( ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﺮ ( "‬ ‫ﻛﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ / /‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪ Z‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ "ﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺷﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻮ ( " ﻣﻜﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﺪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪" Z‬ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ‪" . /‬ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/ /‬‬ ‫ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺻ ً‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨــﻮ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣــﺪﻫــﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ[ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Assist/controlled‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( [ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻮ ( " ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‪/ ،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻫﺎ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺿﺮ"‪
/‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ‪" Y‬ﺟﻮ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ /‬ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﻳﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪" /‬ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ "ﻟﻲ ﻗﺪ‪
/‬‬ ‫<‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﻌﻮ [‪ ،‬ﻧﺰ"ﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ "ﺟﻮ ‬
‫ﺷﺮ"^ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺻﻌﻮ [‬
‫ﻣﺪ ﻛﺎ‪ [/‬ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ ‪ volume/pressure‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ / Y‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ_ﻓﺸﺎ‪ [/‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ُﻣﺪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ " ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﺮ‪ " u‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻫﺪ " ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫< ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ َ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ُﻣﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ﻓﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫"ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ ﻛﺎ‪ [/‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪168‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ‪،‬ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪ " ,‬ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﻮ ﻛﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ[ ﺑﺮ[ ﮔﺎ( ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪" < /‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ , < /‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ,/‬ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ / .‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ " /‬ﻳﺮ ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ < ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ < " ُﻣﺪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ " /‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺷﺎ‪/‬ژ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ " … ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮﻫﺎ  ﻻﻣﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ( ﻛﻤﻲ ‪ " PEEP‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ [/ /‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ "‬
‫ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮ ‪PEEP‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ( ﻓﺰﻳﺶ " ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮ ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ "‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﻲ ‪ PEEP‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‪" ,‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،,/‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪< " ,‬ﻳﺎ [ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ " ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( " ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ " ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺪ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎ[ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻻ‪ /‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ( ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫‪" ["/‬ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎ<‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ " ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻴﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺎ< ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ " ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺒﺪœ‬
‫ﺻﺪ"‪ /‬ﻻ‪ /‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ " ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫< ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻳﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺎ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻻ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ‪I/E‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪" ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ / /‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ )ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ "‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪< / .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ (‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼ‪ P‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ " ﺟﺒﺎ‪ [/‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﭘﺮ ﺧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫" ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ
ﮔﺮﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ[ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ ،/‬ﺣﺠﻢ " ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ [/‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ‪/ [/‬ﺗﺒﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ
ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( "‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫‪169‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫< ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺼﺎ‪2 D‬‬
‫"ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪/‬ﻳﺞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺘﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﻬﻠﻮ[ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ < "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ‪ VAP‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻤﺘﺪ " ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﺪ
<‬
‫"ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮ"< ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ "ﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺮ[ ‪"/‬ﺷﻬﺎ[ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ
ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ C‬ﻳﺞ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ < ‪/‬ﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "ﻧﺘﻴﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺖ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺗﺼﺎﻻ
" ﻛﺎﻧﻜﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪،‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ < ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮ<‪ P‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ (  /‬ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ( ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ " ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﻣﻄﺮ” ﻣﻴﺸﻮ ‪ .‬ﺣﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰ‪/ ,‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ‪ %100‬ﻧﺪ‪/‬ﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ" ‪/ 96-99‬ﺻﺪ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﺰ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﮕﺮﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪/ ,‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫‪ PaO 2‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
/‬ﻣﺪ" ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ PaO 2‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫< ‪ 50mmHg‬ﺳﺖ‪/ ،‬ﺻﺪ ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ <ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ[ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ / .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺛﺮ
‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪ ,  /‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻋﺮ"‪[/ A‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻧﭽﻪﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺒﺾ ‪ /‬ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﻴﺸﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ‪ ["/ /‬ﻋﺮ"‪A‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺒﺾ ‪ /‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‬
‫)ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ‪ ["/‬ﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ (‪" .‬‬ ‫ً‬
‪،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮ„ " ‪ LED‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ( ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻧﻮ‪[/‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﺷﺘﻪ " ‪ /‬ﻃﺮ„ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺘﻮ ﻳﻮ ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ( ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻮ‪[/‬‬
/‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺷﺪ( )ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪ(( ﺑﺎ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪,‬‬
‫‪ LED‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ‪ " / / /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
/‬ﺻﺪ ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪170‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪,‬‬
‫ ﺧﻞ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎ‪
‫ ‪/‬ﺻﺪ ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪Oxygen) ,‬‬
‫‪ (Saturation‬ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺪ" ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﺴﻲ )ﻛﻤﺒﻮ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪(,‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻫﺎﻳﭙﺮﻛﺴﻲ )ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ / (,‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮ <‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪/ ,‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ  (‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ‪ /‬ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻓﻌﺎ
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺰ‪/ ,‬ﺻﺪ ﺷﺒﺎ^‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ " ( SaturationO2) ,‬ﻧﺮ‪u‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ‪،‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎ
‫ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ "ﺟﻮ ‪ ، /‬ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪/
‫‪171‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ ﻳﺎﺳﺘﻮ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺷﺪ( ﺷﺒﺎ^‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ< ﻧﻮ‪/ [/‬‬
‫ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮ‪ ( SPO 2 ),‬ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫"ﻗﻊ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺘﻮ ﻳﻮ ﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﻓﺘﻮ ﻳﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ < ‪ ["/‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ < ,‬ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ ،,‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ‪/‬ﻧﮕﺪﻧﻪﻫﺎ " ﻋﺮ"‪ A‬ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ECG D‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ < ﻧﻮ‪ / / /‬ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ / D‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮ‪ ،/‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻏﻨﻲ < ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻧﭽﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﺎ [ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺑﻮ ( " ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ[ <‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ C‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 0‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ / / /‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪ " D‬ﻳﺎﺳﺘﻮ‪ D‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ 
)ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ
(‬ ‫<ﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﻢ " <ﻳﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫< ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ[‬ ‫< ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎ‪" " Z‬ﻳﮋ( ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﻋﻤﻞ "‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ " ,‬ﺧﻮ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ / /‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ CCU,ICU,NICU‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪،‬‬ ‫" ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ
ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ‪ [/ ,‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ "ﻳﮋ([ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫"ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺷﺪ
ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ <ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﭘﺎﻳﻪ[ ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ "‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪" / .‬ﻗﻊ " ﻃﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺪ( ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ 660 Y‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ) ‪/ /‬ﻧﺞ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ( " ‪930‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ " , /‬ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ(ﻫﺎ " ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ( ﻧﻮ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻣﺎ "‪ ,‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ( < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ " ‪LED‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪).‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ " /‬ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ(ﻫﺎ "‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪,‬‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ( ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﻛﺎﺑﻞ " ﺳﻮﻛﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ "‪ ,‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪ /‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻛﺮ ( "‬
‫‪،‬ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪(.‬ﻳﺮ 
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﺸﺪ( ﺑﺎ ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ " ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪ /‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪/ .‬‬
‫ﺧﻮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫"ﻗﻊ " ﻧﻮ^ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻧﻮ‪ LED < [/‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ " /‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<[ " ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ،,‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﭼﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ( " ﭘﺲ < ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ‪ /‬ﻃﺮ„ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻮ ﻳﻮ ﺟﺬ‪ " #‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬
‫< ﻣﻮ‪ [ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ‪" /‬ﻗﻊ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫"‪ [ "/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪ ( 
/‬ﻫﺎ ﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ " ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﭘﺮ"ﺳﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﺠﺎ‬
‫)ﻟﺬ ‪ /‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺪ ﻗﺖ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ‪،,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪" D‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪172‬‬

‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻧﺎﻗﺺ " ﺷﺘﺒﺎ( < ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ (.‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ SPO 2 /‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺮ‘‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ‪،# /‬‬
‫ﺣﻼ‪D‬ﻫﺎ " ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ[ ﭘﺎƒ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻓﺮ" ‪، "/‬‬
‫ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺿﺪ ‪ #‬ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎ< ﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﻛﺴﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ ، /‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮ‘ ﻧﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫)ﺑﻪ "ﻳﮋ( ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﮔﺰﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ﺑﻴﻠﻲ ‪"/‬ﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻠﻮ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺖ‪،‬ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ "‪ ,‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺧﻮ‪/‬ﺷﻴﺪ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ " ﮔﺮ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻜﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻧﺎﻗﺺ " ﺷﺘﺒﺎ( ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻨﺎ[‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ < ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( " ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ [/ ,‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
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ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫‪ (/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ " /‬ﺳﻮ[ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻗﺮ‪(  /‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ(ﻧﺪ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ‪,"/‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻈﻢ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﻮ‪ " g‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻼ" ﺗﻤﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﺮ ( " ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ " ﻗﻠﺐ ﺑﺮ[ ‪ 3‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 5‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ " ﺑﻌﺪ < ‪ ,‬ﻣﺠﺪ " ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ( ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻫﻠﻴﺰ[ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻻﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﻮ[ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ " ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﻣﺮگ ﻓﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻻﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ ﻫﻠﻴﺰ[‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺮگ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻫﺮ " ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺗﻮ‪ DC /‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﮕﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺷﻮƒ ‪ ، DC‬ﻧﺮژ[ < ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪400‬‬
‫ژ"‪ < D‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Padel‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﺷﻮ<‬
‫ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ ﮔﺮ )‪ (ECG‬ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﻟﻌﺎ ( ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎ [‬
‫ﺳﺖ " ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﺘﻤﻲ ‪ < /‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮ^ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ / .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻞ "ﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ﺗﻮ ( ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﻲ < ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﻴﺪﻳﺶ "ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ[ ﻗﻮ[‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ ﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪" .‬ﻟﺘﺎژ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ ﮔﺮ ‪ /‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ﺷﺮ"^ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺣﺪ" ﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ "ﻟﺖ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻦ "ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ / .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮ[ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ < ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ (  /‬ﺷﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻤﺎ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ / ,‬ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ ,  /‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ <‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺗﻮ‪ < /‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ " ‪ Padel‬ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺟﻨﺎ~ )‪ " (Apex‬ﻧﻮƒ ﻗﻠﺐ )‪،(Sternum‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻋﻤﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ " ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮﻳﻴﭻ ‪" /‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﺎ‪/‬ژ‬
‫ﺧﺎ<‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ [/ Padel " .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ[ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 8‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻳﻴﭻ ﺷﺎ‪/‬ژ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ‪ padel ["/‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮ< ﺗﺼﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻚ ﻳﻔﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ <ﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ (  ,‬ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
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‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ " ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪" .‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1000‬ﺗﺎ ‪" 6000‬ﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ " ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪/ ,‬ﺳﺎﻟﻰ < ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫< ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﭙﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫‪ 50‬ژ"‪ D‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﺷﻮƒ ‪DC‬‬
‫‪" ،‬ﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ on‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ < ,‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﻳﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎ<‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎ‪/‬ژ ﺧﺎ<‪,‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﻣﻴﺸﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﺪ<( "ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪ / Vp‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺗﺮﻧﺲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ‪.‬‬
‫‪175‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ< ‪ QRS‬ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ) ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ < ﺑﻠﻮƒ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ(‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ ، ECG D‬ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲ ‪QRS‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ ECG ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺳﺖ( " ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪/ D‬ﺳﺎﻟﻲ < ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ ‪" " /‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‪ / . "/‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﻣﺪ ‪: Defibrillator‬‬
‫ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﻠﻴﺰ[‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ‪ 30‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫< ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻴﺸﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﻼ‪/‬ﻳﺰ( " ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺪ "‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﻜﻮƒ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﺎ [ ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻐﺸﻮ‪ P‬ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ‪ ["/ ECG‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﻮﻳﻴﭻ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ‪ 30‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ< ‪ QRS‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﻠﻴﺰ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ R Y‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ <‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ< ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ u/ ,‬ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﻮﻳﻴﭻ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪ /‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫"‪/‬ژ‪ /"،,‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪" / R‬ﻗﻊ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ ) ‪/‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬
‫)ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻛﻢ( ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ً‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ‪ " P Y‬ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲ ‪ QRS‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻮƒ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ < ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫"ﺿﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ "ﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻮ‪QRS Y‬‬
‫‪) T‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻋﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ[ ﻗﻠﺐ( ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺷﺘﻪ "‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮ‪ P Y‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻘﺪ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ‪ u/‬ﻧﺪ ( ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﺠﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪" 25-200‬ﻟﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻛﻤﻪ‬ ‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ‪ u/‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﻜﺮ"ﻧﻴﺰ( ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ < ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﺎ‪/‬ژ ﻓﺸﺮ ( ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻫﻢ ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻨﻜﺮ"ﻧﻴﺰ( )ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ( ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ< ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ [ "/"،,‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[ ﮔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ " ﺑﻄﻨﻲ  ( ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﻜﺎ‪ِ [ /‬‬ ‫‪ AND‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ< ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ"< ‪) VF‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ( "ﺟﻮ ‪. /‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ / ECG D‬ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ‪/‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ < ‪) 150HZ‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ( ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ "‪ [ "/‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺖ ‪ AND‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﻣﺪ ‪: Cardioversion‬‬
‫< ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﻠﻴﺰ[ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ  ( ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻨﺼﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ‪ ECG‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪176‬‬

‫ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﺷﻮƒ‬

‫ﺗﺄﺧﺮ " ﺗﻘﺪ ‪ / ,‬ﻣﺪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ "‪/‬ژ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ
ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 0‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﺷﻮ‪z‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫< ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻞ ﻋﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎ‪ / Z‬ﺗﻤﺎ‪ Z‬ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ < ،‬ﻟﺤﺎ‡‬
‫ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ، /‬ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺪﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ "ﻳﮋ( [ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﭼﻪ [ ﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ‪/‬ﻓﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻧﺮژ[ )ژ"‪< " (D‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ "‬
‫‪177‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻛﻮﺗﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬ـ ﺛﺮ‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪< ,‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‪،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ(‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ‪ 3‬ﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ" ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻄﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫"ﻳﮋﻫﺎ[ ‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ >ﻳﺮ ‪ 100‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ ﻣﻮ ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ   ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﺛﺮ‪ C‬ﻓﺎﻳﻚ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻋﺼﺎ‪ " #‬ﻋﻀﻼ

‪ /‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ >ﻳﺮ ‪ 5‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‪ " / ،‬ﺳﻮ<‪P‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ > ‪300‬‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻛﻪ  ﺟﺮﺣﻲﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊ  ﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻴﺎ< ‪/‬ﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ ﻧﻌﻘﺎ ﺣﺮﺗﻲ  ﺑﺮ; ﺑﺎ> ﻛﺮ ﺳﻄﻮ†‬
‫< ﺛﺮ
ﺣﺮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﻟﺬ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ > ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ‪I‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ[ " ﺛﺮ ﻳﮕﺮ ‪ /‬ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎ ﻣﻲﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ < /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ‬ ‫< ﻧﺠﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ[ <ﻧﺪ( ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻫﺪﻳﺖ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ "ﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ < ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﺒﻮ‪/‬‬
‫" ﻓﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺛﺮ
<ﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮ " ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ /‬ﻃﺮ„‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﺛﺮ‪ C‬ﺣﺮﺗﻲ‪ / :‬ﺛﺮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪< ,‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺪ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ <ﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ , ,"/ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪178‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﺎ<( ﻟﺮ<‪ P‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪1‬ـ ‪ k‬ﺗﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‪ #‬ﻓﻌﺎ ﻳﺎ ‪MonoPolar‬‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ  " ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺛﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ <‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪،P"/‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ < ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻋﻀﻼ
‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎ‪ / D‬ﺳﺖ ﺟﺮ” )ﭼﺎﻗﻮ[ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ( "‪ /‬ﺑﺪ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ < ‪300‬‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﻪ " ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ <ﻳﺎ ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺣﺬ„ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ‪ Plate‬ﻣﻲ‪ . "/‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ < ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ‪ECG‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺛﺮ ﺣﺮﺗﻲ  ﺟﺮﻳﺎ
ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻓﻌﺎ‪" D‬ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ[ ‪15 cm,ECG‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ " ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ‪Biopolar‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﺟﻮ‪ k‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ)‪(Coagulation‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ‪ P"/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" <ﻣﻴﻦ )‪ (Plate‬ﺣﺬ„‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﻪ " < " ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮ"‪Bipolar #‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺗﺪ‪/‬ﻳﺠﻲ ‪ ,"/ #‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ < ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ " ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ ,"/‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ "‪ /‬ﮔﺸﺘﻪ " < ﺳﺮ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺑﺮ‪ k‬ﻳﺎ ﻧﻔﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ)‪(Cut‬‬
‫‪ HF‬ﺑﺎ< ﻣﻲﮔﺮ "ﻟﺬ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻃﺮ„ " ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ <ﻳﺎ ‪,"/ #‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ‪/‬ﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ " ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﺧﺘﻼ„‬
‫ ﻣﺎ[ ﺧﺎ‪ " Y/‬ﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﻜﻪ ﺗﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻳﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ Bipolar   0‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻪﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮ„ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪ( " ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮ‪P‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪: MonoPolar‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ < ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ[ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ‪ HF‬ﻓﻘﻂ > ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ  ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ
‪  HF‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻗﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻟﺬ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ B C‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ‪ I‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ  ﺑﺮ; ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ‪  HF‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻧﺎﺷﻲ > ﻧﺼﺐ ﻏﻠﻂ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻛﺎ ﺟﺮ†‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﻣﺠﺮﻫﺎ‪I‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﻋﺪ? ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ > ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ ﺑﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪B‬ﻧﺪﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪  paceMaker I‬ﻣﻮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮ ﻧﻴﺮ‪I‬‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ﻛﻪ > ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻳﺖ ﻳﻦ ‪ / P"/‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺮ‪g‬‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻌﻘﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ , < ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫>ﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪179‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﺒﻮ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ‪B ، Plate‬ﻻ?‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ K‬ﺣﺎﻻ‪ C‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 0‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻛﻮﺗﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺪ  ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ‪B‬ﻣﺪ‪(.‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﺑﺮ‪ k‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ‪: Pure Cutting‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ; ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﻘﺎ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫|(‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮ‪/ P‬ﻳﻢ " ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪Blend‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ‪ P‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ[ ‪ /‬ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ‪ P‬ﻫﻤﺮ(‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ>‬ ‫(‬
‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪  A‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ )ﭘﺪ‪ C‬ﻳﺎ ﻗﻠﻢ(‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺳﺖ " ﺟﺮ” ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ‪ /‬ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ[ ﺑﺮ‪ P‬ﺑﺪ"‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ" ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬ ‫(‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ[ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮﺗﻲ  ﻣﻮ ﺑﻜﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻌﻘﺎ‪: Coagulation #‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻛﻮﺗﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﻌﻘﺎ " ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ < ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ[‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ‪ Plate‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬ ‫<ﺧﻢ ﺑﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‪. "/‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ  ﺣﺘﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﺪ ﻧﺰﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ‪: Blend‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‪ / ،‬ﻳﻚ <ﻣﺎ‪" ,‬ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﻧﻌﻘﺎ ‬
‫ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ‪ > I‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ‪g‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬ ‫)‪ " (Coagulation‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮ‪/ (Cut) P‬ﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ‪ I‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺨﺖ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ m‬ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪ P‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ  ﻣﻌﺮŠ ﺗﻌﺮ! ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺮ‪ / P‬ﻟﺨﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ[‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺒﺎ‪ r‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺖ  ﺑﺪ‪،‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ  ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﭼﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺟﺪ ﮔﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮ ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 0‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻛﻮﺗﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮ ﺗﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻒ( ﺑﺘﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﺎﻻ
‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬ـ‬ ‫ﺧﻮ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﻮ ﺧﺮﺟﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪I‬‬ ‫‪6‬ـ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ!‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ  ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻓﻌﺎ‪،C‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﺗﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ‪  I‬ﮔﻤﻪ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﺧﻮ‪ s‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﺑﻜﺎ ﻓﺘﻪ  ‪ ...‬ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﻛﻢ‬ ‫> ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ;  ‪B‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﻧﻌﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺮ ‪B‬ﺛﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ A‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﻮ ﺧﺮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ  ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ)‪(Plate‬‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ  ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ > ﺑﻜﺎ‬ ‫‪7‬ـ‬ ‫ﭘﺪ‪ C‬ﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ‪  I‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ >  ‪B‬ﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪5‬ـ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺷﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺘﻌﺎ‪  C‬ﻣﻮ‪I‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺗﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ  ﻧﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﺎ? ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‬ ‫ ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪(A‬‬
‫ﺟﺘﻨﺎ‪ A‬ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ‪ Plate‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ) .‬ﺻﻮ‪g‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪180‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ > ﻧﺠﺎ? ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮ ﭘﺎˆ‬ ‫‪8‬ـ‬

‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ I‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺘﻌﺎ‪ C‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪9‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫< ‪/‬ﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻛﻮﺗﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫<ﻳﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ‪ Plate‬ﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ g‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﺟﻲ ﺗﻮ )ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺗﻮ(‬
‫ﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ r‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭽﻴﻨﮓ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪181‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ
ﻳﻨﮓ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﺮﻳﺎ‪ D‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ " ﭘﺮﺗﻜﻞ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻮ‪
/‬ﺳﺮﻳﺎ‪ D‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ[‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ < ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ [/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ[ ‪ ECG‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ، /‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ)‪،(HR‬‬
‫< ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ,/‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎ[ ﺑﺪ‪ ، ,‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﺷﺪ( ﺧﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪،(SPO2‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ " ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ [‬ ‫)‪ / " (NIBP‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ )‪(IBP‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪﻛﻪ‬ ‫" ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ‪) EEG Y‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪ " D‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ( ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﺎژ"ﻻ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪. "/‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ < ﻣﺎژ"‪ ECG D‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺎ‪ A‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ[ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ " ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ[ ‪" CCU‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ  ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ICU‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﺮﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ[ "ﻳﮋ( ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ,‬ﺷﺒﺎ^ ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ[ ‪ [/ ICU " CCU‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫" ‪/‬ﻳﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ " ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ < ﻣﺎژ"‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ[ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ[ ﺗﺨﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ[ ﺑﻬﺮ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ[‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ(‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ  ( ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫"ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ[ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ " ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺮ"ﻳﻲ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
< ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﻣﻮ ‪ / Y‬ﻳﻮﻳﻲ "‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪182‬‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺑﺮ"< ‪"/‬ﻳﺪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﺜ ًْ‬
‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮ‪/ (/‬ﮔﻬﺎ "‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ ﻋﺪ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[‬ ‫" ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺑﺎ<" ﺳﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ < ﻣﺤﺪ" ( ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ( ‪ ،‬ﻻ‪/‬ﻣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ " ﻧﺰ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪/ .‬‬
‫"ﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ[ ﺧﺎ} ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺸﺪ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ P"/‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﺷﻴﻮ( ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ„ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ "‪ /‬ﺑﺎ<"[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ < ﻫﻮ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪ( " ﺗﻔﺎ"
ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ[‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪"/ ,‬ﺑﻪ ‪ "/‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ( " ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻲ  ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ‪  ECG I‬ﭘﺮ‪ A‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮﻟﻲ " ﻳﺎﺳﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ / /‬ﺳﻴﻜﻞ " < ﺑﺘﺪ[‬
‫ﺳﻮ‪ d‬ﺷﺪ ﻛﺎ‪ n‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ r‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺧﻮ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ Q‬ﺗﺎ ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ‪ T‬ﺑﻮ ( " ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎﺳﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻲ  ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮﻳﻨﮓ ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ / /‬ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ‪ T‬ﺷﺮ"^‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪I‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ( " ‪ /‬ﻏﺎ< ‪ Q‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ g‬ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ‪ I‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪  I‬ﺑﺮ ‪NIBP‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ‪/‬ﻣﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪" D‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ g‬ﻧﺮ? ﻓﺰ‪I‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ<ﮔﺸﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪/‬ﻣﺶ ‪ /‬ﻳﺎﺳﺘﻮ‪ D‬ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ [/ Catheter‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮ ‪P‬‬
‫ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /" /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺣﺠﻢ ﺧﻮ‪ ، ,‬ﺑﻬﺮ( ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ " ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ‬
‫‪/‬ﮔﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮ"ﻧﻲ ‪. /‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ[ ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮ ﺿﺮ"‪/ [/‬‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ " ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺷﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ " ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻀﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‬
‫" "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺪ‪ / ,‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎ< ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪ " [/‬ﻣﺪ‪
/‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪ [/‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻟﻤﺴﻲ‬
‫‪183‬‬
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ‪/ Elsner‬ﻳﻪ ﻧﻤﻮ (‬
‫ﺑﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎ[ ‪ Rudolph Schindler‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺪ‪/‬ﻧﺪ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲﻫﺎ[ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻟﻘﺐ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪،‬‬
‫< ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ[ ‪ ، Elsner‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫"ﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺷﻴﻮ^ ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﻋﻮ‪‘/‬‬
‬
‫ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪، Elsner‬‬
/‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎ‪ [/‬ﺻﻨﻌﺘﮕﺮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﺮ"„ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻗﺎ[ ‪ Schindler‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﺪ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ[‬
/‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺘﺮ^ "ﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻤﻮ ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻓﺘﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪ 1932‬ﺗﺎ ‪1957‬‬
‪</‬ﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ (/" ,‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ " ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﻧﺪ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫"ﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﻫﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ[ ﮔﺮ"ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ < ﻗﺎﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫‪ Long " Hoffmann ، Schindler‬ﺑﻮ ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪< /‬ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﺘﻴﻚ " ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮ} ﻋﺪﺳﻲﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻧﺠﺎ  ( ﺑﻮ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ‬
/‬ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ " ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ‪ ,‬ﺻﺪﻣﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﮕﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ‪wolf‬‬
‪</‬ﺷﻤﻨﺪ[‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﻧﺪﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ "ﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‪ / /‬ﺳﺎ‪"  ،1868 D‬ﻟﻒ ﻛﺎﺳﻤﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ "‪ /‬ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ[ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪ( ﻳﻜﻲ < ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ,/‬ﺧﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ‪ / GI‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺬ‪ [/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ / .‬ﺳﺎ‪ 1881 D‬ﭘﺰﺷﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺸﻲ ﻗﺎ[‬
‫‪ Johann von mikulioz‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺒﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ
‫ﺻﻮ‪
‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺒﺎ ‪
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ , D‬ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻣﭗ‬
‫ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪  / .‬ﻣﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ "ﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﺮ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ < ﻻﻣﭗ  ﻳﺴﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ[ ﻻﻣﭗ ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ / .‬ﺳﺎ‪،1911 D‬‬
‫‪ Elsner‬ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻌﻄﺎﻓﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻛﻪ < ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻟﻨﺰ[ ﺑﻬﺮ(ﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻧﻮƒ ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎ
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪184‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮƒ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪Schindler-wolf‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ 78cm‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻃﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪<
/‬ﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪ[‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ < ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ " 43cm‬ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ " 8/5 cm‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 12mm‬ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ" ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪1940‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺰﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ[‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺷﻴﻨﺪﻟﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎ‪
/‬ﺧﻮ "[ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ /‬ﻋﻴﻦ ﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ " ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪ Cameron‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ " ‪ /‬ﻃﻲ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪ( <ﻳﺎ [ ﺑﺮ[ ﻓﺮﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻧﺤﻮ(‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫< ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮ‪ < /‬ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ<‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮ"‪ [/‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﺪ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎ
ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﻨﺪ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻄﺎ„ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪<
/‬ﻳﺮ ﻧﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪ ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻏﻼ‪ n‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﻫﺮ ‪ 10‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ[ ﺑﻴﻮﭘﺴﻲ " ﻣﺤﺪ" ﻳﺖ ﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺪ| ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫<"ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺪ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ[ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮﭘﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺤﺮ‪> n‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺻﻠﻲ ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫‪/‬ﺋﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪/ .‬ﺳﺎ‪1956 D‬ﺗﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻮ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮﺳﻜﻮپ  ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪ‬
‫<‪ Curtis, Hirschowitz‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺟﺰ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪ /‬ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ "ﻟﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ > ﺣﺪ ‪ 20/000‬ﺗﺎ‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫‪ 40/000‬ﺗﺎ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ <ﻣﻴﻨﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﺷﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻃﻲ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﺳﻪ ﺧﺎ‪ s‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ  ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﺑﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﺸﺖ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ  ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ[ ﺑﺎﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‪،‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ[ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ > ﺣﺪ ‪30/000‬‬ ‫‪(4‬‬ ‫" ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ "ﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ‪1957 D‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 50/000‬ﺗﺎ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ﻧﻮ‪ I‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ  > ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ‪B‬ﻧﺪﺳﻜﻮپ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ ﻧﺪﺳﻜﻮپ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ ﻛﻪ  ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎ‪ C‬ﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻋﺒﻮ‬ ‫‪(5‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﭘﻴﺲ ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﺑﻴﻮﭘﺴﻲ ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ > ﻣﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎ‪ < ,‬ﺟﺰء ﺧﻠﻲ " ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ(ﻧﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ(‬
‫‪185‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫‪ (Y‬ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎ‪ s‬ﻻﻳﻪ‪ I‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻟﻨﺰ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ[ ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ  ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺒﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﻞ > ﻧﻌﻄﺎ‪n‬‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ I‬ﻻ>? ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﭼﺸﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻮﭘﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪  AB‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ C‬ﻫﻮ  ‪ AB‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪(6‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﺗﺼﺎﻻ
‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ >ﻳﺎ  ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪ ‪ > .‬ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ  ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﻧﺎ>‪ C‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ? ‪B‬ﻧﺪﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮ"ﺳﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ  ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ C‬ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪ‪ I‬ﻓﻠﺰ‪ I‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﺶ‬ ‫‪(7‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‪ I‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ‪g‬‬
‫( ﻛﺎﻧﻜﺘﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ ﺑﺮ ‪ B‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪> I‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ < ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺮ ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎ‪ g‬ﻳﮕﺮ > ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﻨﺰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،I‬ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎ>ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺮ‪ n‬ﻫﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﺲ  ‪، ...‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ‪"/‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻻﻣﭗ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[‬
‫‪ B I‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ " ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﻮ[ ﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺮ‪ n‬ﻫﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﺲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻨﺲ‬ ‫‪(8‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ ،/‬ﻫﻮ " ‪ #‬ﺧﻞ ﻣﺨﺰ‪ / # ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ[‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ > ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ ﺟﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ " #‬ﻫﻮ[ ﺧﻞ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﺪ‪.‬‬

‫( ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ %‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪:0‬‬

‫‪ (0‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ ﺳﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻧﺪ"ﺳﻜﻮپ‪/ ،‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ " "ﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪ( ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ " ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ[ ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫"ﻇﻴﻔﻪ "‪ D‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺮژ[ ‪"/‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺸﺘﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺘﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ < [/‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﺧﻞ ﺑﺪ‪ " " ,‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ[ ﻓﺸﺮ (‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪D‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ " ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ‪ " #‬ﻫﻮ[ ﻓﺸﺮ ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ [ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ[ ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ? ﻣﺨﺼﻮ‪ s‬ﻣﺎﻧﻮ  ﭼﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪ[ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻪﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ ،AB C‬ﻫﻮ  ﺳﺎﻛﺸﻦ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻻﻣﭗ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﺪ( ‪ , /‬ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ "‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ  ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ g‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮ‪I‬‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ  ‪ AB‬ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺮ ﻫﺎﻟﻮژ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪" 15‬ﻟﺖ " ﺗﻮ‪
" 150 ,‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮ? ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﻓﻮﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫‪5‬ـ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﮔﺎ>‬ ‫‪6‬ـ‬
‫ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻛﺮ ‪ < .‬ﻣﺰﻳﺎ[ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪</ ،‬ﻧﻲ " ﺳﺎ ﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺮ ﮔﺰﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫< ﺟﻤﻠﻪ "ﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﺒﻜﻲ ‪,‬‬
‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪" 18‬ﻟﺖ " ﺗﻮ‪ [/
" 300 ,‬ﻃﻴﻒ ‪/‬ﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪186‬‬

‫ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻛﺪﻫﺎ[ ‪/‬ﻧﮕﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ ‪/‬ﻧﮕﻲ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪/‬ﺷﻴﺪ ﺑﻮ ( "‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ Day light‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪/ .‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ
ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰ[ ﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ " ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺪ( ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺷﺘﺒﺎ( ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫< ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻬﻢ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻗﺖ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫( ﭘﺮﺳﺴﻮﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Spectral attenuation of light guides‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮ"ﺳﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻮژ( ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎ‪D‬‬
‫)‪(Spectral distribution of light‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﭘﺲ < ﺑﺎ<ﺳﺎ<[‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻮژ( ‪/‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻗﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫)‪(Accuracy of image‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮ"ﺳﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‬
‫‪4‬ـ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪ( " ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫)‪(Accuracy of color quality‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺒﺮ ‪ " [/‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬ـ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻲ ﻧﻮ‪/‬‬
‫)‪(Light leakage‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮﺳﻜﻮپ‪:‬‬
‫‪6‬ـ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﺧﻄﻮ‪ :‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫)‪(Line blockage‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫< ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ( ﺑﻮ ‪,‬‬ ‫‪3‬ـ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪/‬ﺗﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ‪،‬‬ ‫‪4‬ـ <"ﻳﻪ ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ"ﻧﻜﻮﺳﻜﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻮﺳﻜﻮپ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ‪،‬‬ ‫‪5‬ـ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻻﭘﺎ‪/‬ﺳﻜﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻻ‪/‬ﻧﮕﻮﺳﻜﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ<"ﻓﺎﻧﻴﮕﻮﺳﻜﻮپ " ‪...‬‬ ‫‪6‬ـ <"ﻳﺎ[ ﻧﺤﺮ„ ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺎﻧﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﻮ " ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫‪7‬ـ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻴﻮﭘﺴﻲ‬
‫  ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻴﻮﭘﺴﻲ < ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻜﺎ‪/‬ﮔﻴﺮ[ "ﺳﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮ ( " ﻋﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪،,‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻴﻮﭘﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺟﺪ[ "‪ /‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬
‫‪187‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ‬

‫ﺻﻮ‪ %‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ " ‪"/‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻨﻮ^‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ‪ ,‬ﻋﻤﺪﺗ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ "‬ ‫ ‪"/‬ﻫﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ " ﻫﻢ ﻧﺤﻮ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮ^ﺗﺮ " ‪ /‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ [/‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ [ /‬ﻻ< ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ "/‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ )‪: (Peristaltic‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﮔﺮ " ﺑﻪ ﻧﺒﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪, /"/‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎ< ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ / "/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ < #‬ﻳﺴﻜﺖﻫﺎ[ ‪ Finger‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ< ﺑﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ < ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ‪ < ,‬ﻣﺎﻛﺮ"ﺳﺖ " ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﻜﺖﻫﺎ[ ‪ Finger‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪/‬ﻓﺖ "‬ ‫‪ P"/‬ﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ [ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪#‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﻣﻨﺴﻮ‪ u‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮ^ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎ‪ Slider ،‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ(‬ ‫"ﻻ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺮ"[ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺑﻮ ﻟﺬ ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ < ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ ‪ / IV‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ[‬ ‫ ‪"/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎ "ﻳﺴﻜﻮ<ﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪< /‬ﻳﺎ [ ﻧﻴﺎ<‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎ‪ " Slider ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ "ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ًﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ Slider‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪#‬‬ ‫ ﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮ ( " < ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ‪ / "/‬ﺧﻞ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ " ﻻ‪ /‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪<"/‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ‪ <"/‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﺮ"„ ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﺪ"‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ " <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫" < ‪ ["/‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻘﻲ " ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ
‪:‬‬
‫‪ : Bouls (1‬ﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﻗﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎ< ﺗﺎ ‪ /‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ " ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ < ‪ / "/‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ <ﻳﺎ " ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺰﻳﻖ‬
‫‪:( Volume to be infused) VTBI (3‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺣﺠﻢ " < ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪/ "/‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ "ﻗﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻳﺎ < ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﺪ( " ﻻ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ<ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪/ : (Keep vein open) KVO (4‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﮔﺮ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ < ﻧﺴﺪ ﺳﺮ ﺳﻮ<‪ " ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫‪/‬گ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻛﻤﻲ ‪ "/‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻢ‬
/‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : (Step by Step) SBS (5‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻔﺎ"ﺗﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ "ﻗﺘﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﻫﻴﻢ ‪"/‬ﻳﻲ ‪ / /‬ﻧﻮﺑﺘﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ " ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢﻫﺎ " ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻛﺮ ( " ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ(‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻻ
‪ :‬ﻏﻠﺐ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ‪/ ,‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺿﻄﺮ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ(ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻪ ﻻ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ " ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ ‪< /‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ " ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ[ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‪< ،‬‬
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‫ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪"/‬ﺗﻮ‪ [/‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ " ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ "‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮ ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺗﻴﻮ‪ / #‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ " Z‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻛﺎﺳﺖ )‪: (Cassette‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪ‪ " /‬ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪" ,‬ﻗﻊ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪/‬ﻓﺖ " ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ‪"/‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺳﺖ < ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮ„ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮ " < ﻃﺮ„ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻘﺐ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪ < "/ ,‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ(‬
‫ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎ ﺟﻠﻮ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ^ ﻳﮕﺮ[ < ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎﻓﺮﮔﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ < ‪ "/‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪P"/‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ "/‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫"ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ‪ / "/‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺖ ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻮ ( " ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﭼﻨﺪ ‪/ "/‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪ < ,‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺠﺰ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻛﺮ ‪ < .‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﺎ"ﺗﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪ" (‬
‫‪189‬‬
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻻ‪ Z‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ
‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺳﺮ? ﺧﻠﻲ ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺘﻦ ‪B‬ﺷﻜﺎﺳﺎ> ﺣﺒﺎ‪ A‬ﻫﻮ  ﻗﻄﺮ > ﻧﻮ‪k‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪B‬ﻻ? ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﻣﻮ ﺿﺮ‪I‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻤﺎ? ﺷﺪ ﺗﺰﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺪ  ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺸﺎ  ‪...‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﺮ‪ I‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺪ? ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎ‪  k‬ﺟﺎ~ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺸﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ C‬ﺷﺪ ‪B‬ﻻ?‬
‫ﻧﺴﺪ  ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﺴﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‬
‫ﺷﺘﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ‪Bouls‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ  ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﻛﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﻴﺐ ﻳﺎ‪ A‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻜﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻴﺐ‬
‫‪ (10‬ﺟﻮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﺎ| ﻧﻤﻮ‬
‫ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ (11‬ﺟﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ‪KVO‬‬
‫‪ (12‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻘﺎ?‬
‫‪ (13‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎ ‪ I‬ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮ  ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮ ﻗﺒﻞ > ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ  ﻓﻌﺎ‪ C‬ﺷﺪ‬
‫‪B‬ﻻ? ﻧﺴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (14‬ﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ~ﺧﻴﺮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ g‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‬
‪ /‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ[ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫‪ (15‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ Data Lock‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ‪> I‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ‪ g‬ﺗﺰﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫"ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻲﺳﺎ<ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻣﻮ‪[ /‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﻓﺘﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻻ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪:‬‬
‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎ ﺷﺪ‪" ،"/ ,‬ﺟﻮ ﺣﺒﺎ‪ / #‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ " ‪...‬‬
‫‪(2‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ ﻓﺸﺎ ‪ #‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ‬
‫‪(3‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ " ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ /‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫‪(4‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻘﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (8‬ﻃﻼ‪ 6 o‬ﺟﻮ‪ #‬ﺣﺒﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪ #‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫‪(5‬‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﻖ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ P"/ " < /‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫‪(6‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻒ( ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻧﻮ‪ :I‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮ> ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫‪(7‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮ ﻣﺤﺪﻳﺖ  ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪I‬‬
‫‪(8‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ? ﺳﺘﻔﺎ > ﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺳﺮ? ﻧﮕﻲ ‬
‫‪(9‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻧﮕﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (A‬ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ‪I‬‬
‫ﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‪ I‬ﺑﻮ  ﺑﻪ ﻧﮓ  ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (9‬ﺷﻜﺎ ﺳﺎ‪ 6‬ﻗﻄﺮ‪ :C‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪< /‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (10‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪ : Piggyback #‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( <‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﺎ ‪ /‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ "‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ‪ " " /‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
‫ﺑﻄﻮ‪/‬ﻳﻜﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﭘﺲ < ﺗﻤﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ "‪ ،D‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ " ‪ /‬ﺷﺮ"^ ﻧﻤﻮ ( " ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻻ‪ /‬ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪190‬‬

‫‪ (16‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪SBS, VTBI‬‬

‫‪ (17‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ‪ I g‬ﺗﺰﻳﻘﻲ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺰﻳﻖ ﺑﺼﻮ‪ g‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ~ﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫‬
‫‪ (18‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ I‬ﻳﺎ ‪Nurse‬‬
‫‪Call‬‬
‫‪ (19‬ﻣﻜﺎ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫‪Piggyback (20‬‬
 ‫‪191‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫!ﺳﺘﮕﺎ@ !ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ‬

‫ﻫﺸﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﺑﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‪ "/‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 0‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎ‪ " /‬ﻳﺎ ﻛ ً‬
‫ﻼ < ﺑﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻟﻮ ( < ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﻮ[ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪" .‬ﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻓﻊ ﺳﻤﻮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ( ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﭙﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﭙﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻦ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺰ" ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﭙﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ[ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[ < ﻧﻌﻘﺎ ﺧﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ < ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ "‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﻇﻴﻔﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺨﻠﻮ‪ :‬ﻛﺮ ( " ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ < ﺑﺮ ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ "‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﺎ " ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪./‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘ ًﺎ ﻣﺨﻠﻮ‪ :‬ﺧﻮ‪ " ,‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﭙﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻦ "‪ /‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ < ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻮ‪" [/ A‬ﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ < ﻃﺮ„ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎ ( ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ " ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻫﺸﺪ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﺪ(‬
‫" ‪ #‬ﺗﺎ<( "‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ﭘﺲ < ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎ (‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ " ‪ #‬ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ <‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺎﺧﻪ[ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮ„ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺷﺪ( " < ﻃﺮ„ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ #‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﺎ} ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﻠﻲ < ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫"‪/‬ﻳﺪ[ " ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻋﺪ "ﺟﻮ ﺣﺒﺎ‪ #‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﮔﻴﺮ\‬ ‫ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ‪ (/‬ﻣﻲﻧﺪ< ‪.‬‬
‫"‪/‬ﻳﺪ[ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﺰ‪/‬ﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[‬ ‫" ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎ ‪ / D‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻮƒ ﻻ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪192‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﺠﺎ"‪
/‬ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮ‪ " (  /‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺒﺎ ‪D‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮƒ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ <ﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( " ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ , [ "/" " ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫"‪ " "/‬ﺧﺮ"‪ Y‬ﺧﻮ‪ / ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ "/" /‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﺜﻴﻒ " ‪ " #‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ "‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ " /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ " ‪ #‬ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺰ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪ ‪ " [/‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ " " "‪[ "/‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ‪/ ,‬ﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ < ﻟﻴﺎ„ ﺧﺎ}‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ‪ " ,‬ﻣﺎ \ ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ‬
‫‪193‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ :1‬ﻳﺎﮔﺮ? ﻛﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ‬

‫‪/‬ﻓﻊ ﻋﻴﺐ ﻫﺎ[ ‪/‬ﻳﺞ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬

‫<ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪/ (1‬ﻓﻊ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪RO‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﻳﺎﻻﻳﺰ‪/‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪/ (4‬ﻓﻊ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫‪ (5‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ[ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ (6‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ‬
‫‪ (7‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻓﻨﻲﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ <ﻳﺎ [ < ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ "ﺟﻮ ‬
‫ ‪" /‬ﻟﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪ ‪ [/‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮ [‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻧﺒﺾ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
/‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ ‪ / ,‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻲ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ[ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﻣﺪ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺖ " ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪< ,‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻨﺪ[ " ﺣﺴﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ( " ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[‬
‫ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ < ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﻮ(_‪" ["/‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ[ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻧﺒﺾ‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ [ < ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺑﺮ"‪( ,‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻧﺮ‪(u‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ‪،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫" ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪194‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺪﻳﺘﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﭼﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺧﺘﻼ‪ D‬ﺷﻮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻮﻛﺎ‪ " /‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ < ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ‪,‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪ [/‬ﺻﻮ‪
‫)ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ( ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" [ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮƒ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪" / /‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ ﻧﺪ"ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮ‪ " [/‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ "‪ ،/‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻟﺨﻮ( " ﻧﻴﺎ<‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،/‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ "‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﻮﻻ‪/‬ﻳﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ " ﻳﺠﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ " ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ‪ 12 /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪[/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪ /‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪. /‬‬
‫‪195‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺑﺮ
‪ 0‬ﻧﺮژ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ )‪(Output‬‬

‫( ﻣﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ )‪: (Demand‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ"‪ ( ,‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪ
ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪/‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ژﻧﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻮﻛﺎ‪ (  /‬ﻣﻴﺸﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫‪/‬ﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ " ‪ ["/‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻼ‪ A‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ"‪ ( ,‬ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻧﻴﺎ<‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﭙﺮ )‪ (mA‬ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ"‪,‬‬
‫<ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ ( ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ /" ,‬ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ < ﺣﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺮ[ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ " ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻰﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺷﺮ"^ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﻮﻻ‪/‬ﻳﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ )ﺣﺪ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ( ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫" ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ "ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ ‪/ /‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﺮ " ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮ‪/‬ﮔﻴﺮ[‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲ ‪ . /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪،,‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ "ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ
ﻳﺠﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ‪. /‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻧﺮ€ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ
ﻗﻠﺐ )‪: (Rate‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ )‪: (sense‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪ„ ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ ‪ Demand‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫" "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ‪ /‬ﻧﻮƒ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺪﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ƒ/ / /‬‬ ‫‪ 80-70‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪Sense‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ
‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﻧﺸﻮ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﻮ ‬ ‫ " ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﺪ ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1-3‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ "ﻟﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ "‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ "ﺟﻮ ‪: /‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻒ( ﻣﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ) ‪Asynchronaus‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ‪:( FixRate‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺻﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ " ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ )ﻣﺜﺒﺖ " ﻣﻨﻔﻲ( ﻻ<‬ ‫< ﻋﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻬﻢ " ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎƒ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ " ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻧﻮ^ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ " ﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻗﻠﺐ " ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ[ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ )‪["/‬‬
‫ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﺟﺎﮔﺬ‪ [/‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ < .‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ ( T Y‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ‪ R on T‬ﺗﻔﺎ‪A‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻳﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪/ .‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺎ ( " ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﻜﺎ‪ " [ /‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" " ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ " ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪196‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺧﺎﺟﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ‬ ‫ " ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻢ "ﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﻲ < ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ "‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ " ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ‪ ["/‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ  ‪ECG‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ‪ 50 /‬ﻫﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻜﺮ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪ECG /‬‬
‫ﻧﺮ‪ " , u‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎ[ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺖ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻲ " ‪<"g‬ﻧﻘﻪ[ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ([‬
‫ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﺿﺎﻓﻪﺗﺮ[ ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ ‪ Spike‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ECG ["/‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎ<[ ‪ refractory, demand‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ[ ﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ"‪ ( ,‬ﻧﺮژ[‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ " ﻧﻮ^ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ‪ / . /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻴﻜﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ < ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺪ(ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" [‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺗﻮ‪" /‬ﺻﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (Cupture‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺒﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﭘﻮﻻ‪/‬ﻳﺰﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪/‬ﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ K‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ‪ C‬ﻣﺎ
‬
‫ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﭘﻴﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪10 / Y‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  0‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ ‪/‬ﺻﺪ ﭘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻒ( ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ ﻧﻮ‪ > k‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪ C‬ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ >ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ "‪/‬ژﻧﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻲ <ﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[ "‪ (/‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﻣﺪ
ﻧﻴﺎ<‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪  ،Transcutaneous‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫_‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪ ، /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﭘﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎ‪> I‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺑﻪ " ‪ (/ < P"/‬ﻗﻔﺴﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ[ " < ‪(/‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﺧﺮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪ ‪ ، Demand‬ﻣﺪ‬
‫"‪/‬ﻳﺪ[ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪B‬ﺳﻴﻨﻜﺮﻧﺎﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ‪،>B‬‬
‫( ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪#‬ﻳﻤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪) PRP‬ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺣﺲ ﻛﺮ‬
‫‪>  ECG‬ﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﻚ ‪ R‬ﺗﻔﺎ! ﻣﻲﻓﺘﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫<ﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ‪) SRP‬ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺣﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﻳﺎ ‪/‬ﻫﻬﺎ[ ﻫﺪﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ ‪ ECG‬ﺑﻌﺪ > ‪.( PRP‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻄﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪: Transvenous‬‬ ‫_‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻫﺎ <‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎ[ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺠﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ (/‬ﻗﻔﺴﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ " < ‪/" (/‬ﻳﺪ[ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼ"( ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫‪197‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫<ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ‪ ، A " V‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺸﺘﻲ‬

‫‪) DC‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ " DC‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ‪ ،( DC‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ DC ,‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ(‬
‫< ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎ<[‬
‫‪ ECG‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ‪ pacemaker‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ 5‬ﻟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ‪ Hold‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺧﻮﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‪.‬‬

‫‪PRP- Aulsed Refractory Periods‬‬

‫‪< :‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﭘﺲ < ﺷﺮ"^ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻮ‪ R Y‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ ECG D‬ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺣﺲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪: SRP- Sensed Refractory Peroids‬‬
‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﭘﺲ < ﺣﺲ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮ‪R Y‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪. ECG D‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫" ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻮ‪ ‘/‬ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ " ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
 " ﺑﺎ<  ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪0‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ " ‪P"/‬‬
‪/ /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ‪</ /‬ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ (1 .‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ‪ (2‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻮ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ P"/‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻫﻮ[ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ‪ / /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰ‪,‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ( ﺷﺪ( ﺟﻤﻊ "‪ [/‬ﻛﺮ ( " ﺳﭙﺲ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎﺋﻴﻬﺎ[ ﺷﺶ " ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ < / ,‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎ<ﻫﺎ[ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﻮ^ "‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺒﺪ‪ D‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮ‪ (  /‬ﺷﺪ( " ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ ‪ < /‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪ [/‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ " ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪/‬ﻳﻮ[ ﻧﺴﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺪ<(‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺣﺠﻢ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ " ﻣﺨﺎ<‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮ( ﺷﺪ\‬
ﺣﺎﺻﻞ < ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻳﻔﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻧﻮ^ ﺑﻲ ﻳﻚ <ﻧﮓ‬
‫‪198‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻴﺮﻣﺘﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ[ "‪" [ "/‬‬
‫ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺸﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ
‫ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ " ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ " ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ
‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺮ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﺪ( < <ﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎ
‫ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪" /‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪ . /‬ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺋﻲ ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫‪"/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[‬
‫‪/‬ﻳﻮ[ " ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺠﺎ"‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﻔﺴﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ(‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ‪"/‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ)ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪،‬ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺮ[ < ﻗﺒﻞ ‪</‬ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫‪199‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﮔﺮ ‪ /‬ﺧﻨﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎ ‪ / D‬ﺧﻞ ﻣﺨﺰ‪ # ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ "‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫<ﻧﮓ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ " ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ‪. "/‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮ‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻠﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺒﺪ‪ D‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ <ﻧﮓ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺗﻮ‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ <ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪[/‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺮ ( " ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫"<‪ " ,‬ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻤﻲ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻧﻮ^ ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﻮ < ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻮ‪ #‬ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻪ "‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ #‬ﻧﮕﺬ‪. /‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﺠﺎ ﮔﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ[ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻫﻮﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ^ " ﻳﻚ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻏﻠﺘﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ[ ‪/ #‬‬
‫ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﺷﻤﺮ (‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ <ﻧﮓ " ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺎ‪ [/‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮ\ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻓﻘﻲ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ[ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪ‪ " [/‬ﺗﻌﺎ ‪ D‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ  ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺮ"<[ < ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ < "‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺟﻤﻊ "‪ [/‬ﺷﺪ( ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫‪g P"/‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺮ <‪ ،P‬ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
" ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪﺷﺘﻪ "‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﭘﺮ"ﺳﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮ[‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮ ‪[/‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ‪LCD‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ <ﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ " ﮔﺰ‪ P/‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻮ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺰ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ[ "ﺟﻮ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﻳﻚ ‪PC‬‬ ‫< ﻫﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺒﺪ‪ D‬ﻳﺎ ﻗﻠﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻛﺎﻏﺬ‬
‫ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/ /‬ﻧﮕﻲ " ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ [/‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ‪ 0‬ﮔﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ
ﻫﻮ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﺮﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺳﭙﻴﺮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ / .‬ﻧﻮ^ "‪ D‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺒﺪ‪ D‬ﺧﺘﻼ„ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ "‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻼ„ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ / / ,‬ﺣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﻮ < ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪" / /‬ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺘﺮﺣﺖ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻳﺎ ‪ TV‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ^ " ﻣﺒﺪ‪ D‬ﻓﺸﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ " ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ‪ /‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ‪ / /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ )‪ (VC‬ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﭘﺲ <‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ( ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻮ[ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪200‬‬

‫‪(Peak flow) : PF‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ<  ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ‪ IC /‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪ " (IRV)  َ "/</‬ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ "/</‬ﺑﺎ<  )‪/ (ERV‬‬
‫‪(inspiratory capacity) : IC‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ < ,‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ TV , VC , IC‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫)‪ IRV‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﺴﺖ < ﺗﻔﺎ"
ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ERV , TV , IC‬‬
‫‪(expiratory time) : ET‬‬
‫>ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ>?‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎ"
ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ IC , VC‬ﺳﺖ‪ < (.‬ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫‪(Vital capacity) : VC‬‬ ‫ ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ g‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺷﺸﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪(maximum voluntary ventialation) : MVV‬‬

‫ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ‪I‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻳﮕﺮ ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪(Forred inspiratory capacity) : FIC‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ #‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﮔﻨﺠﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ  َ? ﺟﺒﺎ‪I‬‬
‫‪(End tidal) : ET‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ C‬ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﻮ|‬

‫ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮ ﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪(body temperature , ambienpressure): BTPS‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪ I‬ﺑﺪ ﻓﺸﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ " ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪(Residual volume) : RV‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎ<ﻧﺪ\ ﺳﭙﻴﺮ"ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪201‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ " ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬

‫‪ /‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﺪ ﺷﻴﻮ^ ﻟﻮ ﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ <‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﺳﺘﻜﺶ " ﺳﺒﺎ‪ #‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫" ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ( ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻠﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﮔﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺮ ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ " ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ‪[/‬‬
‫" ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ‪ [/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ‬
‫" ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ \‬
‫ﻧﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
ﺣﻤﻞ " ﻧﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪ‪[/‬‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ‪ [/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪202‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﺎ
ﺳﺎ‪A‬ﻫﺎ‪ 6‬ﺻﺪ‪ 6‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﻧﻮ‪:!A‬‬

‫ " ﺑﻌﺪ[ ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ<(‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ‪ ,</‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﻧﺎ‪/‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ‪/‬ﮔﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﮔﺮ ‪P‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﺧﺮﮔﻲ ‪ < /‬ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺳﻜﺘﻪ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ< ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬
‫ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‪ < /‬ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ(‬ ‫< ﺷﺮﻳﻂ < ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻛﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻧﻮ< ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ[‬
‫ﺗﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫"ژ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻮ‪ / D‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ "‪ /‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮ< [ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮ< ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺸﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ x‬ﻛﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﺻﺪ[ ﻗﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ< ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺎ ‪ " /‬ﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ "‬
‫ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﺪ[ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﺗﺎ ‪24‬‬
‫< ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ " ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﻴﺰ"ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ < ﻟﻘﺎ” ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪/ .‬‬
‫ ﺧﻞ ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﺟﺎ  ( ﺷﺪ( ﻧﺪ‪،‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪ (  /‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺻﺪ ‪ / /‬ﺣﺪ" ‪10‬‬
‫ﭘﺮ"‪ ["/ #‬ﺷﻜﻢ ﻣﺎ ‪ / /‬ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻧﻮ< ‬ ‫ﻫﻔﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﻮ< ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ <‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ " ژ‪ D‬ﻧﻄﺒﺎ‪ A‬ﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﭘﻴﺶ < ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻋﺪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻫﺮ " ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ‪/‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ " ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ – ﭘﻠﺮ ﺷﻴﻮ( ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ< ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻳﺎ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ
ﺑﺎﻻ < ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒﻮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﺰ"ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ<[ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮ‪,‬‬
‫‪203‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪﮔﻮﻫﺎ[ ﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ﺻﻮ‪

/‬ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ "‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﻮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﮔﻮﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪" .‬ﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻧﻮ< ﻳﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ "ﺟﻮ ‪. /‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻧﻲ " ﻳﺎ ﻳﻮ‪/ (/‬ﮔﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﻧﻮ< ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ  ( ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺪﻓﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﭙﻴﻜﺮ‬
‫ﺳﮕﻤﻨﺖ ﻳﺎ ‪ LCD‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪/ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ " ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﭘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﭘﻠﺮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫"ﺟﻮ ‪/. /‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻧﻮ< ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬ ‫  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺮ"<[ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫<ﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻛﺮ"ﻟﻴﺸﻦ ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺳﻨﺲ ﺷﺪ( ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ " ﮔﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﻮ ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ " ﮔﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻏﺘﺸﺎ‪P‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ #‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 2-10 MHz‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ "ﺿﻮ” ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ "ﻟﻲ ﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺪ‪ " ,‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮ‪ ،,‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮ"ﺑﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ 2-3 MHz‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪/ /‬ﻳﺞ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " < ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ[‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ " ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﺳﺎ<ﻧﺪﮔﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ " ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﺘﻼ‪/ D‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪ" ( ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻛﺮ ( ﻧﺪ " ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ‪ < D‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻛﺎ‪ ،/‬ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﺪ( ‪ /‬ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﺧﺎ} ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﻮ ( ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ < ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"‪/‬ﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻼ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺧﻮ‪< ,‬ﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ ﺷﺖ ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ ["/ /‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮ"ﺑﻬﺎ[‪ " 8MHZ‬ﺑﺮ[ <ﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎ
ﻋﻤﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ  ( ﺷﺪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( <‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺧﺮﮔﻲ " ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮ"‪ 5MHZ #‬ﻧﻴﺎ<‬
‫ﺟﺰ ء <ﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺮ ﻳﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ< ﺻﺪ[‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺳﺎ‪ C‬ﻫﻤﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ‪ I‬ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﻧﻮ< ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺤﺪ" [ ‪ / /‬ﺧﺘﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺷﺎژ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ < ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺻﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬ﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ‪I‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ "ﺟﻮ ‪ / " /‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ < ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻲ ‪  2MHZ‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ‪I‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪ( ‪ " ,‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ<ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ  ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻮ| ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ > ‪I‬‬
‫ﺻﺪﻫﺎ[ ‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ﺷﺪ( "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
‫‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮ‪ A‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻴﺰﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﺜﺮ ً ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪204‬‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺧﺮﺟﻲ  ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ g‬ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ I‬ﺑﻠﻨﺪﮔﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻮ? ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺻﺪ‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮ;  ﺷﻦ‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ u/‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ ژ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﭘﺮ"‪ #‬ﺑﻮ ( ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪ /‬ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ " ﺑﺮ[‬
‫‪/‬ﻓﻊ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ ["/‬ﭘﺮ"‪ / #‬ﺟﺪ ﻧﻤﻮ ( " ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ژ‪ D‬ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ " ‪ /‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﭘﻴﺰ"ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‪/ ,‬ﺳﻴﺪ( "‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪205‬‬
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ< ﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫<ﻳﻤﺎ‪ Z/ "< ,‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮ ( " ﭼﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ< ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎ‪ Z/‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ,"/ /‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫[ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ " ﻣﻴﺰ‪/ ,‬ﻃﻮﺑﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ[ ﺧﺎ} "‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻗﺮ‪ (  /‬ﺗﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ "‬
‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎ‪ D‬ﺧﻮ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ %‬ﻛﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮ( ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻮ ( ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ< ‪["/ /‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪ ، / /‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ[ ﮔﺮ‬
/‬ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪/ .‬‬
‫" ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﻮ ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻟﻤﻨﺖ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻦ ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ[‬
/‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ
ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ‪ /‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ[ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺟﺎ<(  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﺮ " ﻓﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﮔﺮ ‪ P‬ﻫﻮﻳﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪ(‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ
ﻧﻮ‪!A‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺶ <ﻧﺎ‪" ,‬‬
‫<ﻳﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮ"ﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ< ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎ[ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻘﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪ ، ,‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ‪g‬ﺧﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮژ‪ ،,‬ﻫﻴﭙﻮﮔﻠﻴﺴﻴﻤﻲ )ﺑﺎﻻ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﻗﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮ‪" (,‬ﺳﻴﺪ"< ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ‪[/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "‪/‬ﻣﺮ "ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻮ ( ﻛﻪ ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﻤﻦ ﺗﺮ " ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮ < "‪/‬ﻣﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ / ،‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "‪/‬ﻣﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ‪ ،/‬ﺑﻪ ‪ P"/‬ﻫﻤﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺎ ‪D‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ[ ﮔﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ( " ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﻮ< ‪،‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﻮ< ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "‪/‬ﻣﺮ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬‬
‫ ‪/‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﻲ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪206‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ C‬ﻳﺞ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 0‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪ " [/ D‬ﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﻣﺎ  ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ [ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺰ; ﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ > ﻣﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﺎ[ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺷﺪ   ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ>‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﺎ[ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﺎ[ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ PT100‬ﻳﺎ ‪ LM35‬ﻳﺎ ‪ AD590‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺎ[ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ g‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ r‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ ﺷﺘﻪ " ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪/ ,‬ﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪ ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ( ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ["/‬ﻟﻤﻨﺖ ﻣﻲ ﭼﻜﺪ " ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ " "‪ [ "/‬ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪" ,‬ﺟﻮ ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪/ .‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ " ﻧﻘﻞ )ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺑﻞ(‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪[/‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ‪ 12‬ﻳﺎ ‪" 24‬ﻟﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ)‪ (DC‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻃﺮﻳﻬﺎ[ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺎ‪/‬ژ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﻣﻴﻮ )‪ (Ni-Cd‬ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪207‬‬
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ‪ /‬ﺧﻼء ﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪/ .‬ﻧﮓ ﻧﻮ‪/‬‬
/‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ . / , Y‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺪ" (‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ 400 Y‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 700‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺑﺨﻮ‪ / :‬ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺪ( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎ (‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ‪/‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ "‪/‬‬
/‬ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﻻ< ﺳﺖ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ "ﻟﻴﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﭼﺮﺧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ / ،‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺰﺑﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ , / ,‬ﺗﻢ ﺑﺎ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
/g‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮ< ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﻟﻴﺰ
ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ؟‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ‪ < LASER‬ﺣﺮ"„ "‪ D‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪Light
‫‪Amplification by Simulated Emission‬‬
‫‪ of Radiation‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ "ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ" ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ ‪ ƒ/‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪
‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺘﺼﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﺮ” ﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﻢ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ <‬
‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ < ‪
‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ " ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪300000‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪208‬‬

‫" ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻲ ﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( ﮔﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ )ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬ﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ( " ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ < ﻣﺪ
ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪,‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ " ,‬ﻗﻠﻮ[ ﺧﻮ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﺧﻮ ‪ < /‬ﺳﺖ  ( ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ‪) /‬ﺗﺮ<(‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪) / D" ,‬ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ )ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ(‪ .‬ﻧﺮژ[‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺮ "‪ ،‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ 630 Y‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ / ،‬ﻣﺤﺪ" (‬ ‫< ﺳﺖ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ < ,‬ﺗﻢ ﺧﺎ‪Y/‬‬
‫‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ(ﻛﻪ ﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ D" ,‬ﻫﻤﺴﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫)ﺗﺎﺑﺶ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺧﺮ"‪ Y‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ،,‬ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮ ‬
‫" < ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪" D" ,‬ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<" ﺳﺖ‪/ .‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ [ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻚ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ‪" :‬ﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﻟﺒﺮ
ﻧﻴﺸﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ / ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ‪" /‬ﺿﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻧﻈﺮ[ ﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ " .‬ﺑﻴﺎ‪,‬‬
‫< ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ‪ /‬ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﺑﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ < ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ )ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ / , ,‬ﺗﺮ< ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻗﺮ‪( / /‬‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ / ) /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪" ,‬ﺣﺪ ‪،T‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ < ﻧﻜﻪ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ [ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ‪ Y" /‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪" ,‬ﺳﻄﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮ< ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫‪209‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫" ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ‪ /‬ﺳﻮ‪ u/‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ <‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ " ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪ (/‬ﺻﻌﻮ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ "ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﻨﺪﺷﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﻧﺮژ[ ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ(‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ / ،/‬ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‪ -1 :‬ﺗﻚ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﺳﺖ‪ -2 .‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ‪ ,‬ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ )ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[( ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺘﻨﺪ )ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ[ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼ„ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﺮ[ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﻮﻳﺘﺮ <‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ <ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪.(B‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ‪ ,‬ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎ<ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻫﻤﺴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ(‬
‫ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ "ﺟﻮ ﻳﻦ " ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺸﺘﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ‪ 1917 D‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺷﺮ”  ‪" ،‬ﻟﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ / /‬ﺳﺎ‪ 1960 D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ؛‬
‫ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻻ< ﺑﻮ ‪g‬ﻫﻦ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺧﺘﺮ^ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺮ ( " ‪ / ,‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﮕﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 0‬ﻟﻴﺰ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬

‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪ [/‬ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻋﺎ [ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ‪
/‬‬
‫‪ u/‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ " ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ[ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎ< ‪/‬‬
‫ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺳﺎ< ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﻣﻲ ﻓﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ‪ ƒ/‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[ ﻓﺮ‘ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[ <ﻳﺎ [ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ "‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺻﺪ ﻧﻔﺮ ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻳﻚ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻢ "ﺟﻮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻒ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰ "‪ /‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮ [ < ﻳﻚ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻴﺒﻲ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﻣﺠﺎ"‪ /‬ﺷﻮ ‪ " .‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( < ﺗﻢ "‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺑﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪) ,‬ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎ<( ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ "‪ /‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ " ﺗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﺷﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ " ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪" ,‬ﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ "  ﻣﻪ ﻳﻦ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪
" 100‬ﺑﻪ <ﺣﻤﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ‪"/ / A‬ﺷﻦ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﺪ <ﻳﺎ [ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪
" 100 ,‬ﻗﺪ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ /‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ < /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪210‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒ ًﺎ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ / /‬ﺻﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ﺟﺰء ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﻫﺮ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ " ،,‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺧﻮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ‪ I‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ‪ B I‬ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬

‫"ﺿﺢ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ < ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ < ﺳﺖ ‪/‬ﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺪ )ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎ‪(C‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ‪ I‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﺎ‪   C‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻮ ‪) ,‬ﻫﻤﻔﺎ<[‬
‫ ‪B‬ﻳﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫" ﻫﻢ ‪/‬ﻧﮕﻲ( ﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ <‬
‫ﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﮕﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺳﺖ " ﺑﺨﺸﻲ < ﻧﻮ‪/ [/‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ < ﺧﻮ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‬
‫" ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ‪ / P‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ,"/‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ< ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‬
‫‪" .‬ﺿﺢ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺷﺪ( ‪ [/‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ )ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎ< " ﻫﻢ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ (" ﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﺷﺪ( ﻫﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪Z‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﺑﺘﺪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ[‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﺎ ( ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬ‪ [/‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ ( ﻓﻌﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮ‪) [/‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻳﮕﺮ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎ< ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪".‬ﻟﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ( ﻓﻌﺎ‪ / / D‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ 1960 D‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺘﺮ ‪ Maiman‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺮژ[ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺗﺮ < ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻳﺎﻗﻮ
ﺑﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ < ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﺎ [ )ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ ( ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫< ‪ ,‬ﭘﺲ ﻣﻮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺪ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ‪ . /"/‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ [‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ < ﻣﺸﻬﻮ‪/‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ <‬
‫"ﻳﮋ( ‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ [ /‬ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )"‪"/‬ﻧﮕﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ(‪،‬ﻫﺮ ﺗﻢ‬
‫‪/‬ﮔﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻴﻮ‪ -‬ﻧﺌﻮ‪ ... " ,‬ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎ [ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫‪/‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﻫﺮ ﺟﻬﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ %‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ < ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻴﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ" " ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻳﻜﺴﺎ‪ " ,‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻬﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮ ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ " .‬ﻳﻨﻪ ‪" /‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺎ"
ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺗﺮ<ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺮژ[‬ ‫ﺳﻮ[ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻮ<[ ﻗﺮ‪ (  /‬ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪
/‬ﻳﮕﺮ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻟﻴﺰ‪) /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ‪ (,‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ (‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ< ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ " ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻫﻠﻴﻮ‪ -‬ﻧﺌﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ < ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎ<ﮔﺸﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪211‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﺳﺖ )ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ 630 Y‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ(؛ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺲ ﺑﻪ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪" ،‬ﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ [ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎ ( ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﺧﺎ}‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺧﺎ} ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺎ )ﻳﻮ(‪ / :‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮ
ﻟﻴﺰ‪ :‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺳﺎ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ " /‬ﻫﻪ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻬﺮ(‬ ‫"ﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ < ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﺎ ( ﻓﻌﺎ‪ " D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﺷﺮ”‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻃﺮ< ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ[ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬ ‫ﺗﻮ‪ 2 ,‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ "
ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪Laser pointer ,‬‬
‫  ( ﺷﺪ‪،‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫" ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ , < /‬ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ؛ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ [/‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪
" 1 ,‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ" ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ ) ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻲ <‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ ،/‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﮔﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ " ,‬ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮ"ﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪ (/‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻧﺰﺳﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ( ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ[‬ ‫ﺣﺪ" ‪ 40‬ﺗﺎ ‪/ 50‬ﺟﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪) p‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ( " ‪) n‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺻﺪﻫﺎ "
ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ " Y‬ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ^‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺤﻪ ‪ /‬ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ( ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ " ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪" /‬ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪. /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ D‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( < ﻟﻴﺎژ ﮔﺎﻟﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬
‫_ ﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮ_ ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺎﻳﺪ )ﻟﻴﺰ‪ (Ga-Al-As/‬ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻫﻠﻴﻮ – ﻧﺌﻮ‪/ ،,‬ﮔﻮ‪( ... " ,‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺰ‪/ /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪ "/‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻳﺎﻗﻮ
‪ (.... " Nd:YAG ،‬ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ" ‪ 750‬ﺗﺎ‪ 900‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ " ﺗﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ ‪ /‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﺠﺎ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ "
‪. /‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺪ" < ﻳﻨﻪ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻧﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﭘﺲ < ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎ<‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ K‬ﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﻮ‪ %‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ ‪ ,"/ /‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ<‪ [/ /‬ﻃﻮ‪D‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ / ) /‬ﻣﺪ
ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ‪ /‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮ( ‪ 250nm‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10600nm‬ﺑﻮ ( "‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺳﭙﺲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ( ﺑﺸﺎ‪[/‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻏﻴﺮﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰ‪/ ,‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ  ﻣﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ " ﺗﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻳﻲ ﺧﺎ‪ Y/‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪212‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ [ ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ " ‪/ Nd:YAG‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ^ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ " ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺮ ﺑﻜﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻟﻒ( ﻟﻴﺰ ‪B‬ﮔﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮ ‪B‬ﺑﻲ ‪  488nm‬ﻧﻮ ﺳﺒﺰ_‬
‫ﻣﻲ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ"
ﻛﻪ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ [ /‬ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ ‫‪B‬ﺑﻲ ‪415nm‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫‪(A‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺗﺮ " ﻟﻴﺰ‪ Nd:YAG /‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫‪632/28 nm‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻖ ﺑﻴﺶ < ‪ 0/1‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ )ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ Ga_AS‬ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ C‬ﻣﻮ|‪810-930 nm‬‬ ‫|(‬
‫< ﻧﭽﻪ [ ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻧﻔﻮ‪ g‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ( ﻣﻮ‪ /‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺮ‪I‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ C‬ﻣﻮ| ‪.655nm‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺰ‪/ /‬ﮔﻮ‪ [/ ,‬ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺒﺰ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺖ " ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮ<ﻳﺖ ﻫﺎ " ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ < [/‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮ( ژ‪ D‬ﺑﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪ . "/‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪ" ( ﻣﺎ "‪ ,‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ " "‪ / /‬ﻃﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮ} ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮ<ﻳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ "ﺟﻮ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫" ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ < ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ﻧﺮ " ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ‪ / .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ ﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮ<ﻳﺖ ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪,‬‬
‫ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ "ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ / , Y‬ﺣﺪ" ‬
‫<ﻳﺎ [ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮ<ﻳﺖ‬
‫‪ 810 nm‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﺎ[ <ﻳﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ ‪nm‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺰ ‪ Ho :YAG‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫‪ 800- 830‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ < , D‬ﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮ ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻟﻴﻮ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﺴﻚ‬
‫" ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻳﻮ ‪980nm‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺐ ﻳﺪ( ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻚ " ﻗﺎﻋﺪ( ﺟﻤﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﺰ‪ /‬ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‪،‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪Nd:YAG /‬‬
‫)ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﮔﻴﺠﮕﺎﻫﻲ( ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ 1064nm Y‬ﻛﻪ ‪ YAG‬ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻲ <‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺮ[ ﺟﺮﺣﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻚ "‬
‫‪ Yutrium Aluminum Garnet‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ "
/‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻏﻀﺮ"ﻓﻲ ﺑﻜﺎ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﺌﻮ ﻳﻤﻴﻮ ﺳﺖ‪،‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ Ho:YAG /‬ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ‪. "/‬‬
‫‪ "2100nm‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ . Holmium‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪Er.Cr: /‬‬
‫‪ YSGG‬ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪ 2780nm Y‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻲ <‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻳﻮ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻟﻴﻮ ﮔﺎ‪/‬ﻧﺖ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﺑﺎ ‪/‬ﺑﻴﻮ‬
‫" ﻛﺮ"ﻣﻴﻮ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺰ‪ Er:YAG /‬ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫‪ " 2940nm‬ﻣﺎ ( "ﭘﻴﻨﮓ ‪/‬ﺑﻴﻮ‪ / ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻟﻴﺰ‪/‬‬
‫ [ ﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻮ‪.10600nm Y‬‬
‫‪213‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﺻﻮ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ  ﻟﻜﺘﺮﺗﺮﭘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻮ‪ K‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ
ﻫﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻳﻚ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ" ‪ :DC‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ[ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ " ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪،,‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻪ ﺑﻮ ( " ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺘﺪ ‪ / /‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫"ﻟﺘﺎژ " ﻟﻘﺎء ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ < ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ‪ / ,‬ﻫﺎ "‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪/ ,‬ﺳﺖ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺪ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻼ
ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﻧﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﺷﺪ( " ﺗﺎ <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎ<ﻫﺎ[ )‪(Simulator‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ(‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪" " ,‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ / / " D‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ < ﻋﻀﺎء ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ
ﺧﺎ} )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ "‪ (/‬ﺗﻨﺎ"‪،#‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ‪ ،Y‬ﻣﻨﻪ " ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ " ‪ (...‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ‪ /‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻻ< ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ " ﻧﺤﻮ( ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ^ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪214‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪ " AC

/‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ" ﻣﺘﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ DC
/‬ﺑﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪ " #‬ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻳﻚ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﻜﺮ‪ /‬ﺗﻜﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ " ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ (1 :‬ﻣﺘﻘﺎ‪) ,/‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻒ(‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎ‪) ,/‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪(#‬‬

‫ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ‬

‫‪ (3‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ" ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻃﺮ„ ﻣﺤﻮ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺮ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮﻳﻪ "‬
‫ﺳﻮ ﻳﺎ " ﺳﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻨﺼﻮ‪
/‬ﻧﺮ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ " ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﺪ" ﺑﺮﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﺷﺪ( " ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻌﺪ[‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ " ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎ‪ ,/‬ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎ‪ ,/‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ )‪ (Interval‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ <ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫" ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ " ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ )‪Inter pulse‬‬
‫‪ (interval‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ (1 :‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫‪(2‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫‪ (/" (3‬ﺗﻨﺎ"‪#‬‬
‫‪< (4‬ﻣﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﺪ"‪/‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫‪215‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫<ﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﻚ ‪(tr) ,‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎ‪ ,/‬ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ " ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﺴﺖ < ﻣﺪ
‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫<ﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ < D‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎ‪ / :%‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫)‪(td‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ[ ﻣﺤﻮ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ <ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪.,‬‬

‫‪ (2‬ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎ‪ / :#‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ^ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ‬

‫‪ :Burst‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﺴﺖ < ﺗﻌﺪ [ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ[ ﻣﺤﻮ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ <ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ
<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎ} <‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪ #‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪Burst‬ﻫﺎ ‪inter burst‬‬
‫‪ interval‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪< :On time‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺎ‪/‬ﻣﻮ‪,‬‬
‫‪)burst‬ﻗﻄﺎ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ( < ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ "ﺟﻮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Off time‬ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‪/‬ﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ‪ C‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪:%‬‬
‫ "‪ (/‬ﺗﻨﺎ"‪ #‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪ #‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﻚ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻴﻚ ‪ " ،‬ﻫﺎ‪/‬ﻣﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ <‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪(T) .D‬‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﺴﺖ < ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻮ‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪(L) .,‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﺴﺖ < ﺗﻌﺪ ‬
‫‪ :Duty cycle‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ On time D‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﻬﺎ[ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪" / D‬ﺣﺪ <ﻣﺎ‪(f) .,‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﭘﺮ"ﺳﻪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺻﺪ"‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﺴﺖ < ﻣﺪ
‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪216‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ ،Z‬ﺷﺪ

ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪/ ,‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪" " ,‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ / :‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ[ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎ} ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ < ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﻫﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ [/‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﻢ‪" ،‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ[ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎ
ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ[ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ "ﻟﺘﺎژ[ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ < ﻳﻚ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫< ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﻫﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻫﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫‪R=ρ L/A‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ "ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ 0‬ﻗﺮ 
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫) ﻗﺎﻧﻮ" ﻫﻢ (‬ ‫‪I=V/R‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ < ﺑﺤﺚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﺗﺮﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪"/ ,‬ﺑﺮ" ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻏﺘﺸﺎ‪ P‬ﻧﺎﺷﻲ < ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ < ﻣﺪ‪
/‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫  ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﺑﻬﺮ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ(‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ " ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﻴﻖ ﻗﺮ‪ ,  /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪/ D‬ﺳﻴﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[‬
‫‪ ["/‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺪ<( ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﻤﻴﺖ <ﻳﺎ [‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪. /‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ <‬
‫ﺗﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ I‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻮ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺎ
‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮ  ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ) ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎ‪ m‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ(  ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺮ ﻣﺪ  ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ > ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ K‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ  ﺗﻤﺎ‪ m‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ m‬ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ   ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ‪2  I‬ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪(3‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪> >  C‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺪ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ > ﻟﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺪ‪ g‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﺷﺪ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" [ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪217‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪ 0‬ﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪TENS‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪) TENS :##‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( < ﭘﻮﺳﺖ( ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫< ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﺎ‪ < Y/‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪Electroanalgesia‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪/‬ﻳﺞ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻴﺰ‪,‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ‪ / TENS‬ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪. "/‬‬

‫‪ (2‬ﺻﻼ‪ u‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‪ #‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ;‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻒ( ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ
ﺷﺪ
‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮˆ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ -‬ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ )‪(NMES‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫> ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ C‬ﺳﺎ>‪ I‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺎ‪/‬ژ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ > ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﺼﺐ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ‪I‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺼﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ <ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﺿﺮ ﻳﺪ
‪:‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺮ[‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ‪> (EMS) I‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ " ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[ ‪ /‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ‪ I‬ﻓﻌﺎ‪ C‬ﺳﺎ>‪  I‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻳﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪/‬ﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪ . "/‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫‪ / ENDOREHIN‬ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﻮ ( " ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‪  #‬ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ‪ #‬ﻣﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﻃﺮ„ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ )‪ < (ESTR‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ " ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼ„ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪ " #‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪ TENS‬ﻋﻮ‪ ‘/‬ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺴﺎﻟﺖ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪/ " D‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺒﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﺨﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫" ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮ "ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ< ﺑﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ‪ < / /‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ < ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪TENS‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ ‪ /‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮ <ﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ < ‪/‬ﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ " ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪: "/‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪/‬ﺗﺮ"<‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺮ ‪ - /‬ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ‪ /‬ﮔﻲ‪ -‬ﺧﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﮔﻲ‪ / -‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﮕﺸﺖ‪ / -‬ﻫﺎ[ <ﻧﻮ‪ -‬ﺳﺮ ‪ /‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪218‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ

ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮕﺮ‪ -,‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﮔﺮ ‪ / - / ,‬ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ ﻫﻤﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪ‪
/‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ‪"/ -‬ﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻢ‪ / -‬ﺷﺎﻧﻪ " ﻛﻢ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ " ﺻﺪﻣﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫"‪</‬ﺷﻲ " ﻛﻤﺮ ‪.... " /‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‪g ،‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ [/‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ‪ " Y‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ " ‪ Duty cycle‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ‪ < Y‬ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺑﺎ<ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﺪ( " ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ
‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ| ﺧﺮﺟﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ  >ﻣﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ| ﺧﺮﺟﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ‪ Duty cycle‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮ| ﺧﺮﺟﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪/‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪219‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژ‪ 6‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ !
ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫) ‪(Microwave & Shortwave Diathery‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ < ﻫﺰ‪ ,/‬ﺳﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ "‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ < ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ‪ #‬ﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻮ ﻧﺪ‪" ،‬ﻟﻲ ﺗﺎ "ﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( " ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮ‪ ,‬ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻛﺴﻲ < "ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬
‫ ‪/ /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﺗﺮﭘﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﮔﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺪﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺮ
ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ <ﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ :‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ‪"/‬ﻧﺪ " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮ " ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ /‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ / /‬ﻏﺸﺎﻫﺎ[‬
‫ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪/ /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﭙﺎﺳﻢ ﻫﺎ[ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺎ[ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ [ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
ﻧﻮ‪"/‬ﻟﻮژ[‬ ‫ ‪" /‬ﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪" /‬ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺗﻴﻚ( " ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪#‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰ"ﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ"< ‪ /‬ﺗﺎﻧﺪ"‪ ،,‬ﻣﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﭘﺮ ( ﺟﻨﺐ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‪. "/‬‬ ‫" <ﺧﻢ ﻫﺎ؛ ﺷﻞ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻋﻀﻼ
" ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ ‪. /‬‬
‫ﺻﻮ‪ %‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪0‬‬ ‫‪ P"/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( " ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﺰﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ :‬ﮔﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ﻻ< ﺑﺮ[ ﮔﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ < ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻓﺮ"ﺳﺮ‪ ،(IR) u‬ﮔﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ / Y‬ﻳﻮﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ " ﮔﺮ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫ً‬
‫)ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ[ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﻮ
‪ / ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬
‫‪ (27/12 MHz‬ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ‪ [/‬ﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( )‪/ " (Shortwave‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪(microwave) Y‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪220‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺮ ( " ‪ [/‬ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ < ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﻮ‪ " ,‬ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻧﺪ<(ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ )‪ 2450‬ﻣﮕﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ( ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﺮژ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ‪/ /‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ < ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻋﺒﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﻦ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ‪
/‬ﻧﻔﻮ‪g‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮ ( " ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ <ﻳﺮﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ ‪3‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ <ﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ < ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﻧﺮژ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪ
ﻣﻴﺪ‪" ،,‬ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺪ
‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ " ,‬ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺎ<ﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ ‪. /‬‬
‫ﺧﺎ<ﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪/ ,‬ﮔﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ‪ P‬ﺧﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ " ﻋﻀﻼ
ﺑﺰ‪/‬گ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ . /‬ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ‪ P‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻨﻚ‬
‫ ‪ P"/ /‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎ<ﻧﻲ‪ " ،‬ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/ / /‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼ"(‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪ‪[/‬‬
‫ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫< ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻫﻢ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ < ﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ‪. "/‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ " ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ " ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﮔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ <‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ‪0‬‬
‫ﻣﺪ‪ /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﺪ<( ﻫﺎ " ﻧﻮ^‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( < ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ < ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺧﺎ<ﻧﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎ<‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻣﺪ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ،1‬ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺗﻮ‪ " ,‬ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ )ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ(‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎ<‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺧﺎ<ﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﻧﺸﺎ‪ (  ,‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ‪ " /‬ﻃﺮ„ ﺳﺮ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫< <ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ / ,‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫‪221‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ "‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ^ ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺧﺎ<ﻧﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ :‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪ ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ‪,"/‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻳﻲ )‪ ،(air gap‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺘﻜﻲ )‪ ،(pad‬ﻛﺎ„ " ﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪ [ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺮ‪(  /‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ [ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ( ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( " ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ " ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ  ‪ ,‬ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ " /‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪,"/‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ ،Y‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ " ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎ"[ ﻣﻘﺪ‪< /‬ﻳﺎ [ ‪ #‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫" ﺧﻮ‪ (,‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ ﻛﺎ‪ :U‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺘﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺬ‪/ #‬ﻳﺰﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ < ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ(‬ ‫ﺳﺖ " ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ " ﭘﺎﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺮژ[ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ / Y‬ﻣﺮ< ﺑﻴﻦ " ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ‪ -‬ﻋﻀﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻀﻠﻪ‪-‬‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﺧﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﻀﺎ[‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ " (,‬ﺣﺪﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻔﻮ‪ / g‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‪2 ،‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ ‪ ,"/‬ﻟﮕﻦ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﺪ( " ‪/ ,"/‬ﺳﺖ ‪ ( "/‬ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫  ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ[ ‪/‬ﻳﺰﻣﻮ‪ / Y‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ < ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ " ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ " ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ < ﻋﻀﻼ
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬
‫ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ  " ﮔﺮﻣﺎ[  (‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ P"/ / .‬ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻃﺮ„ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫)ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ( ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ < ﻳﻚ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ ،Y‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎ<‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮ‪/ ,  /‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﮕﻨﺘﺮ"‪ ,‬ﻧﺮژ[ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ،,‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪) /‬ﻧﺘﻦ( ﻣﻮ‪ / Y‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻟﻘﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻛﺮ ( " ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ^ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪D‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،2‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻟﻘﺎ ‪ /‬ﻃﺮ„‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ ،/‬ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻟﮕﻮ[ ﮔﺮ‬ ‫<ﻧﻮ ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﻳﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮ^‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ " ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮ^ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪ [ "‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﺖ‪ < .‬ﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ / /‬ﺳﻄﻮ”‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻮ‪ ) /‬ﻳﭙﻞ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺎ„ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﺑﺪ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮ " ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ<( ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻮ‪ #‬ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ[ ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺮ"[‪ ،‬ﻟﮕﻮ[ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻳﺮ( [ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ / / /‬ﻣﺠﺎ"‪
/‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ " ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪222‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ < ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﺮ"ﻗﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ <‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ " ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪/ /‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪ P"/ /‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﺗﻌﺮ‪ A‬ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ C‬ﮔﺰ ﺷﺪ‪0‬‬
‫‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ‪،‬ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ " ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﺗﻌﺮ‪A‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪/‬ﺣﺘﻲ " ﺣﺴﺎ‪Z‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺐ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮ‪ ,  /‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ‪،#‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ [ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" " ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼ"(‪ / ،‬ﻣﻮ‪ [ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ‪/ ,‬ﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﻮﺣﻲ ﺳﺘﺨﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ " ﻧﺮ‪ u‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮ‪ / ,‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﺷﻮ <ﻳﺮ "ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ<( ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻧﺸﻮ ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ‪/‬ﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﺨﻮ‪ / " ,‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻔﻮ‪ g‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻀﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﺪ‪،,‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ " Y‬ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ‪["/‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﺣﻢ ) ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﮕﻲ( " ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪ‪ /‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﭘﺮ"ﺗﺰﻫﺎ[ ﻓﻠﺰ[ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ <ﻳﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ
ﻧﺮژ[‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺳﻴﺎ‪/ D‬ﻧﺪ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ,/‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰ[‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪ
‬ ‫)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ,/‬ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻲ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ /‬ﮔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ‪ ,  /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ ﺧﺎ<ﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﺮ ( " ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪ
‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ /‬ﮔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪﺗﻲ ﻗﻮ[ ﺷﺪ( "‬
‫‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺟﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻤﺎ ﺷﻴﺎ[ ﻓﻠﺰ[ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ
"‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻜﻪ( < ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،/‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻧﻴﺮ"ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ " ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ " ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫< ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ
"ﻳﮋ( ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮ"ﺗﺰ ﻓﻠﺰ[‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ‬ ‫< ﺣﺪ ﺳﺖ <ﻳﺮ ﮔﺮ ‪ P‬ﺧﻮ‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﻲ ‪/ " /‬‬
‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪ( ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺣﺮ‪
/‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ﻣﺤﻞ ﻋﻤﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ "‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼ"(‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﺣﺮ‪
/‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ ﺧﺎ<ﻧﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ <ﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ"ﻣﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪223‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﭘﺲ < ﻃﻲ ﻣﺪ
<ﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ( ‪ D‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ / /‬ﺑﺪ"‪ ,‬ﻟﺒﺎ‪،Z‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ‪" /‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺒﺎ‪ Z‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ < ﻣﻮ ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮﺗﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ[ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ " /‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﺰ[ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ( /"/‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﺟﺬ‪#‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ[ ﺳﻴﺐ ﻳﺪ( " ﺗﺮƒ ﺧﻮ‪ ( /‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺒﺎ‪ Z‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻴﺮﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ " ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ < ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎ( " ‪/‬ﻳﺰ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺘﻼ‪/ D‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻣﻮ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,"/‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ )ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎ< ﻗﻠﺒﻲ( ﺷﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ "ﺟﻮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﺮژ[ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺰ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ " ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﻧﻔﺮﺳﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺘﻼﻻ
ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ " ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﭘﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻣﻮ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,"/‬ﻣﻴﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻮ‪ D‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ "ﺟﻮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﮔﺮ‬
‫< ‪/‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻲ " ﺧﺎﻣﻮ‪ P‬ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ(‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﺶ < ﺣﺪ ﺗﻔﺎ‪ A‬ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺰ"ﻻﺳﻴﻮ‪["/ ,‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ P‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( "‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪224‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ‪ [/‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} " ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ "ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ‪"/‬ﺷﻦ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺴﺖ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ < ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪ /‬ﭼﺸﻢ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺴﺖ‪،‬ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ < ‪"/‬ﺷﻬﺎ[ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻬﺮ(‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‪،‬ﺳﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ " ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪/ Z‬‬ ‫ﻻﻣﭗ ‪/‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ‪"/‬ﺗﻴﻦ " ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭼﺸﻢ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪،‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﺎ‪[/‬‬ ‫" ﺷﺮﻳﻂ "‪/‬ژﻧﺲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ " ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ < ,‬ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ 2‬ﻧﻮ‪ " /‬ﻗﺮ‪ ,  /‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ 2‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻢ " ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ [ ﺧﺎ} <‬ ‫" ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ < ,‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ[ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ ‪/‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﭼﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺣﻴﻬﺎ[ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ " ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ 0‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  0‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﺻﺪﻣﺎ
"‪ ( /‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮ( ﭼﺸﻢ "‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮژ[ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ
ﺧﻠﻲ ﭼﺸﻢ " ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ (Source) /‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ
ﺑﺮ ‪["/‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮ"ﻧﻲ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪ " /‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ < ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ‪ < [/‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺧﻠﻲ " ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ " ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮ( ﭼﺸﻢ ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‪.‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻲ ﺳﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫"ﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﭗ ﻫﺎ " ﻧﺠﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺮ <‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ["/‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( "ﺟﻮ ‪ . /‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻣﺬﻛﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮ‪ [/ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ‪["/‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} )ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻛﺮ( ﭼﺸﻢ( "‬
‫‪225‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ ‪/‬ﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"

‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﻘﺮ‪ /‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ " ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ ،/‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ < ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ " ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮ‪ /‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ " :‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ " ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ ‪ [/‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎ[ ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪< ,‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻠﻮ " ﻋﻘﺐ‬ ‫‪ 0‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 14‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻮﻛﻮ‪Z‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ .‬ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪ / /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ "‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ‪ .‬ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ < ﻧﻮ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ  " ‪/‬ﺗﻔﺎ^ ‪ / ,‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ <‪ :‬ﺷﺪ
ﻧﻮ‪ ،/‬ﻣﺪ
‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪/ /‬ﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ[‬ ‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ " <"ﻳﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮ[ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ "ﺟﻮ ‪ / . /‬ﻃﻮ‪ D‬ﺗﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/ /‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﺷﻮ ‪"< .‬ﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ " ﭼﺎﻧﻪ " ‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‪ / /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﻓﻘﻲ " ﻋﻤﻮ [ ﺗﺎ <"ﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎ( ﻣﺨﺼﻮ} ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪/ 90‬ﺟﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ / ,‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‬
‫< ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ‪/‬ﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺑﺰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ " ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺟﺬ‪ #‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻗﺮ‪  /‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﻃﻮ‪< D‬ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ‬ ‫< ﻧﻬﺎ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎ
ﺧﺎ} ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫< ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﻮ ‪.‬ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮ‪" /‬ﺟﻮ ‪ /‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎ ‪ hruby‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮ‪/ / / /‬ﺳﺘﺎ[ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪Z‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ ﺧﻠﻲ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪،Z‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻓﺸﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﻞ ﻛﺮ( ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ P"/ / .‬ﻳﮕﺮ < ﭘﺪﻳﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﺮ‪ ["/‬ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ (‬ ‫‪ tyndall‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ
ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻔﺎ„‬
‫< ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[ ﻟﻨﺰﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﺎ}‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪"< ,‬ﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﺳﻴﻮ‪ " ,‬ﺧﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً " ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫  ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ[ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮ<ﺷﻲ " ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ‪ [/‬ﭘﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ[ ﻫﻤﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮ<[‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ < ,‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﻤﻮ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ 6X< ,‬ﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﺮ[ ‪g‬ﺧﻴﺮ( ﺳﺎ<[ " ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪ 40X‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ  ‪ .‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ " ﺑﺰ‪ /‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ( < ﭼﺸﻢ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ "‪/‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ <‪ X 5/0‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 16X‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ[ <ﻣﺎﻳﺶ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺪ < ‪ 5‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 36‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪"< .‬ﻳﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ"ﺳﻜﻮپ " ﭼﺸﻤﻲ < ‪ 0‬ﻟﻲ ‪15‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪226‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ C‬ﻳﺞ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪:0‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﻻً ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﭼﺎ‪ /‬ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﺻﻮ‪
/‬ﺗﺼﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ ﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮ‪ A‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺷﻮƒ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ  (‬
‫ﺷﺪ( " ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮ ‪.‬ﻻ< ﺑﻪ ‪g‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﺼﺎ"ﻳﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﻛﻪ <ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ
ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪227‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﺴﻔﺎﻟﻮﮔﺮ‪) I‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ A‬ﻣﻐﺰ( ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﺣﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ‪ ,‬ﻗﺸﺮ ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪/ /‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻧﺴﻔﺎﮔﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ["/ /‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﻫﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫)‪ (EEG‬ﻧﺎ ‪. /‬‬ ‫< ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ( " ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮ( ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪/‬ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻫﺮﻣﻲ "ﻗﻊ ‪ /‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻗﺸﺮ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪/ .‬‬
‫ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ ﻣﻐﺰ ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‪ 1929 D‬ﻫﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺮﮔﺮ )‪ (Hons Berger‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺷﺪ( " ﻣﻮ‪ / EEG Y‬ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎ<ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎ
ﻣﻮ‪Y‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮ " < ‪< ,‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ "ﻗﻊ ‪ /‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻤﺠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﮋ"ﻫﺶ ﻫﺎ[ ﻓﺮ"ﻧﻲ ‪< /‬ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺷﺪ( " ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ EEG‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ " ‪"/‬ﻧﻲ ﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺻﻮ‪
/‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ‪ [/‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪" ،‬ﻟﻲ ﻫﻨﻮ< ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪[/‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ‪ /‬ﺣﺪ" ‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ""ﻟﺖ " ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ[ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫"ﺟﻮ ‪ . /‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ 0/1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 100‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ‪/‬ﺳﺪ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ‪ /‬ﺛﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎ"‪ #‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮ‪,"/‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪ EEG‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ‪g‬ﻫﻨﻲ ﻓﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ[ ﻗﺸﺮ ﻣﻐﺰ ‪ / /‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ EEG D‬ﻓﺮ ‪ /‬ﺣﺎ‪ D‬ﺳﺘﺮﺣﺖ‬ ‫ ‪ . /‬ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ " ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮ"ﻫﻬﺎ[ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮ‪"/‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﻟﺤﻈﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ[ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 8‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 13‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ‪ /‬ﻳﺎ < ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"
ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ‪/‬ﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ[ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ(‬
‫ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻳﺎ < ﻣﻮ‪ Y‬ﺑﺘﺎ )ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫" ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ < ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﺮ"ﻫﻲ < ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﺖ <ﻳﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻮ‪ / ,‬ﺟﺮﺣﻲ <‬
‫‪ ECG‬ﺳﻮ ﺑﺮ < ‪ EEG‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺧﻮ ﺑﺨﻮ [ ﻣﻐﺰ ‪< /‬ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺘﺮﺣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮ‪" #‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ‪ EEG‬ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎ‪ ,/‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ [ < ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ [/‬ﻣﻐﺰ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻟﻲ < ﺳﻤﺖ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ " ﭼﭗ ﻣﻐﺰ ‪/‬‬
ﺟﺪ[ ‪ /‬ﭘﺮ <‪P‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬
‫ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﻴﺮ"ﻧﻲ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻧﻮ‪ [/‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎ[ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ‪ EEG‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﺑﺮ[ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻏﻠﺐ ﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎ[ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ < ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺮ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ‪ ["/‬ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪ / EEG‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺗﻮﻣﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﻐﺰ[ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫‪228‬‬
‫< ‪ 13‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ” <ﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 0/ 5‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 3/5‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ ﻟﺘﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ 4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 7‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪ 8‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 13‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ < ‪ 13‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ < ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﺎ‪/‬ﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮ"< ﻣﺸﻜﻼ
‫ﭘﻴﺎ ‪ EEG‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﮔﺮ ﺳﺮ " ﺻﺪ[ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺎ‪ / Y/‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ< ﻫﻢ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫< ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﭼﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮ‪ EEG /‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮﻫﺎ ‪EEG‬‬
‫< ‪ EEG‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪" ,‬ﺳﻴﻠﻪ [ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬ﻳﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫"ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺻﺮ^ ﺳﺖ " ﻧﻮ^ ﺗﺸﻨﺠﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺻﺮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ‪ ,‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ[ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪229‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ / D‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪/ .‬‬ ‫" ‪ ["/‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ < ﻣﻐﺰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ‪/ EEG‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﻧﺪ<( ﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ < ﻧﺪ<( ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ EEG D‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ < ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ‪ ECG /‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫‪/‬ﻧﺞ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ )< ‪ 1‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 30‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ( ﺑﻮ ( " ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ [/‬ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ﺑﻮ ( " ﻣﻘﺪ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ /‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ "‪ [ "/‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺳﺖ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣﭙﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻮﻳﺮ ‪ /‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪/ / 20‬ﺑﺎ‪(/‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪ<( ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎ( ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ < .‬ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮ” ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪D‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮ‪" P‬ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪(A1,A2) .‬‬
‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺳﺖ "ﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺸﺘﺮƒ ‪[/‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﺗﺎﺧﻴﺮ
ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ[ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻤﺠﻤﻪ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﮔﺬ‪ [/ )/‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫[ < ﺟﻔﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ[ ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫"ﺳﻂ ( ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺬ„ ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ )‪ (MONTAGE‬ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮ ‪ . .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[ ‪ < EEG‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ[‬
‫ ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎ‪ D‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ " ﺛﺒﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ "‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪ " /‬ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ #‬ﺷﺪ( ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪. /‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﭘﺎ‪/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﭼﻮ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻧﻞ ﺟﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ‪ /‬ﻧﺰ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻗﺮ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﻨﺪ[ ﻓﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻮ [ " ‪ ...‬ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ ‪ " /‬ﺣﺎ"[ ﻛﺎﻧﻜﺘﻜﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" " ﭘﺮ[‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻣﭙﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺮ )ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ < EEG‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ " ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ "‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ EEG‬ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ‪ 8 [/‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﺒﻮﻫﻲ < ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‪ EEG‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﻜﻲ < ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ < ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ‪ [/‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( < ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ‪EEG‬‬ ‫ﻼ ‪ EEG /‬ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ[ ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ‪/‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ < ‪ 25‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮ""ﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ " ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﻟﮕﻮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻜﺎ‪ /‬ﺳﺎ<[‬ ‫ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ‪ / EEG‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ / ,‬ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ[‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺎ< ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪/ D‬‬
‫‪ CCU,ICU‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺣﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ‪/‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﻮ ( " ‪" /‬ﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺮ"ﺟﻲ ﻧﺸﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻛﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ EEG D‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[‬
‫ﺷﺪ( ‪ / /‬ﻃﻲ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ[ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪, /‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ " ﭘﺮ <‪ P‬ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪230‬‬

‫ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ‪/‬ﻳﺞ ‪" EEG‬ﺟﻮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ[‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ C‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮƒ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪0‬‬

‫‪/‬ﻳﺘﻔﻜﺖ " ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ( ﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﺪ( ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻧﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﺖ <‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻏﺘﺸﺎﺷﺎ
‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ / .‬ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﻮ( ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﺬ‪ /‬ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ  ( ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ P"/‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﮔﺮ ‪ .‬ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪ‪ [/‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ < ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ ‪" /‬ﻗﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﻮﻳﺰﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ EEG‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺰﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ D‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ‬
‫< ﻣﻮ‪ /‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺎﻻ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪. / [/‬ﺗﻤﺎ‪ Z‬ﻧﺎﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪ‪ ,‬ﺧﺘﻼﻻﺗﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫" ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ[ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺷﺎ‪ (/‬ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮ ‪ ).‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮ‪/‬ﻫﺎ[ ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ < ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫‪ [/ EEG‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻣﭙﺪﻧﺲ ﺑﺮ[ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ﻧﻮ ﭼﻚ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ).‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ
ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﺎ‪ D‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺸﺪ‪ /‬ﻫﻨﺪ( ﻛﻤﺒﻮ ﺑﺮ‪A‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻃﺮ[ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫‪231‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫‪(EMG) Electromyogram‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺎ‪ L‬ﻫﺎ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ A‬ﻋﻀﻼ‪7‬‬

‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < /‬ﻛﺴﻮ‪ < ,‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﺎ[‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ < ‪/‬ﻫﻬﺎ[ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ  ( ﻫﺎ[‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ [ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ [ "‪ /‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪/‬ﺑﺎ‪ (/‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ " ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ < ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ‪/ /‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ"ﻣﻴﻮﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ )‪ (EMG‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ /‬ﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ( ﻧﺘﻘﺎ‪ D‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪/‬‬
‫< ﻛﺴﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ )ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ( ﺧﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﺮ ﺧﺖ‪.‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ < "ﺣﺪﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ [/‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺰء ﻳﻚ "ﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻮ‪ A‬ﻧﺤﻮ( ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ‪/ /‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺪ ﺳﺖ <‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ [ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻰ ﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ C‬ﻋﺼﺒﻲ > ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺨﺎ‪k‬‬ ‫_‬

‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻳﺎ ‪/‬ﻓﺮﻧﺲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻃﺮ„‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﻓﺮ‬

‫‪ 25-2000‬ﺳﻠﻮ‪ C‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ‪ I‬ﻛﻪ > ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫_‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻏﻮﻃﻪ "‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪ (EMG) /‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ[‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ I‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ ‪ I‬ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ C‬ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ [ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪< ،‬ﻳﺮ ﺟﺪ ﻛﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ‪/‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺷﻮ‪ /‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﻫﺎ[ )‪(EMG‬‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺳﺘﺮﺣﺖ ‪ " /‬ﻃﺮ„ ﻳﻮ‪ (/‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ [ ‪ /‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ [ " ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ D‬ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ " ﺑﺮ[ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ‪ " < /‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻏﺎ< ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻮ<ﻧﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪232‬‬

‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﺑﺰ‪/‬ﮔﺘﺮ[ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ "‬ ‫‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ "ﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ " ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪</‬ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻜﭙﺎ‪/‬ﭼﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪/‬ﺳﺎﻟﻲ < "ﺣﺪﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﺪ<( ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺻﺎ„ ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ" ﺳﻮ<ﻧﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ‪< /‬ﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬ‪/‬ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ < / (EMG) ,‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫" ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪/‬ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ[ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮƒ ﺳﻮ<‪,‬‬
‫"ﺣﺪﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ "‪ /‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﻚ "ﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺪ( ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ "‪ . /‬ﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮ(‬ ‫ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﺷﻜﻞ <ﻳﺮ ﺑﻠﻮƒ ﻳﺎﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ‪ [ /‬ﺷﺨﺺ ‪/‬ﺟﺤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( )‪ / (EMG‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪) . /‬ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ‪ [ /‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ‪ /‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮ( ‪100m/sec‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ[ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪,‬‬

‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮ ‪< (.‬ﻳﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ "ﺣﺪﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ‪ ["/‬ﻳﻜﻲ < ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ[ ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ "ﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬ ‫  ﻳﺎ ﭘﺲ < ﻳﻜﭙﺎ‪/‬ﭼﻪ ﻛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪["/ /‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺎ ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻟﻲ < ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ[‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪ D‬ﻳﮕﺮ[ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ .  ,‬ﭘﺲ < ﻋﺒﻮ‪ /‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ < ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ [/‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ"ﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪/ .‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﮔﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺻﺪ[ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪<،‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫‪ /‬ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪/ / .‬ﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً < )‪ (EMG‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺖ " ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ[ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ [ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﻴﺪ‪ " ,‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻜﭙﺎ‪/‬ﭼﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ[ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎ‪ ,‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ‪ 100V‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ < ‪ 0/1 – 0/5‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎ‪/‬ﭼﻪ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ "ﻟﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪< .‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ " ﻏﺎ< ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﻴﺮ[ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ‪ /‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫‪< /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ[ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺒﺎ‘ ﻫﺎ[ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪233‬‬
ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ " ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮ ‪ / .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‪ < [/‬ﻣﻮ‪، /‬ﺳﻴﺐ ﻫﺎ[ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 40-60 m/Sec‬ﺳﺖ " ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ < ‪10m/Sec‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺎ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪ /‬ﻫﺪﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ EMG‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ < ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﺎ[ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ[‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﻮ^ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ ‪. "/‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺞ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪0‬‬
‫ﺿﺢ ﻧﺒﻮ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ > ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻗﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
/‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﻲ  ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ I‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ  ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ  ﺧﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺣﺬ‪n‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﺗﻔﺎ! ﻣﻲ ﻓﺘﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬
ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻦ "‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪B‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﺮ ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ I‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ  ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮ ﻋﺪ? ﻗﺮﮔﻴﺮ‪ I‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ  ﻋﺪ?‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎ‪ m‬ﺳﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻮ ﻏﺘﺸﺎ;  ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺎ‪ g‬ﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻓﺘﺎ ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﺑﺮ ‪I‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ
‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ <ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻬﺎ‪ " ,‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﺎ[ ﻛﺎ‪EMG،/‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺪ‪ / ,‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻓﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ"( ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ "ﺣﺪﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻋﺼﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺴﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ)ﻳﻦ ﻋﺼﺎ‪#‬‬
‫  ﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺴﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ[ ﺣﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ (.‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ < ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ‪،‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ( ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎ‪ / #‬ﺑﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ < ﻋﺼﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺴﻲ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﺎ‪ D‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺎ ‪ /‬ﻋﺼﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ ‪ u/‬ﻧﻤﻲ ﻫﺪ " ﻫﻴﭻ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻲ ﻳﺪ( ﻧﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻋﺼﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺴﻲ ﺑﺎ "‪ "/‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺨﺎ^‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﺎ<ﺗﺎﺑﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮ‪ < /‬ﻋﺼﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ[ ‪ / / H‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺟﻮ ‬
‫ﻣﻲ "‪/‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰ‪ ,‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﺼﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺴﻲ‬
‫" ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺪ( ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎ[ ‪ H " M‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻳﻨﺪ‪ / .‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ[ ﮔﺴﺘﺮ ( ﻓﻘﻂ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ‪ M‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ( ﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻋﺼﺎ‪#‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ‪
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ " ﻧﻘﻄﻪ "‪< " /‬ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮ[ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻧﺪ<( ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎ"
‫<ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻻ< ﺑﺮ[ ﭘﻴﻤﻮ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﺎ‪ " ,‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺴﺎ"[ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ <ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺪ(‪،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﺼﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺴﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ " ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ[ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ < ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﺪﻳﺖ ﻋﺼﺎ‪ #‬ﺣﺴﻲ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪234‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ  ﻫﻨﮕﺎ?‬

‫ﻧﺪ> ﮔﻴﺮ‪ I‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪ g‬ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ  ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪) Pre Amp‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﻪ(‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎ‪ C‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ Display‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮپ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪Base line ............................. C‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪Batch analyzer ...........‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻮژ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪Bauls ........................‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﻖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻰ >  ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎ >ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻤﻰ ‪Binocular .......................................‬‬
‫ ﻗﻄﺒﻰ ‪Bipolar ..............................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﺮ ﻧﺪ‪Bleaching ............................‬‬
‫ﻣﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻰ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻛﻮﺗﺮ ‪Blend .............................‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺪ ‪Blockage ..............................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ‪Body .......................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﺎپ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪Boost................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ  ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ‪> g‬ﻣﺎ ﺧﺎ‪Burst ........ s‬‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎ‪A‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪B.T.P.S ..........................‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪Cable ......................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺳﻴﻮ ‪Calibration ................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪Capture ..................................‬‬
‫ژ@ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻋﺎ ‪Abnormal .......................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺬ‪Absorption ........................................... A‬‬
‫ﻗﺖ ‪Accuracy .................................................‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻓﻠﻮ‪Airflow .................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪B‬ﻣﺎﻟﮕﺎ? ‪Amalgam separator ...........‬‬
‫>ﻳﺮﺳﺘﻰ ‪Arm rest .........................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻴﺎ‪Assistant ............................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ‪Atomizer ............................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮ‪B‬ﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰ ‪Auto analyzer ................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ‪Autoclave ...............................‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ>ﮔﺮ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪Back protection...................‬‬
‫ﭘﺸﺘﻰ ‪Backrest................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ‪Bar code ............................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻓﺸﺎ ‪Bar .................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
236 ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ‬
Detector ....................................... >‫ﺷﻜﺎ ﺳﺎ‬
Diathermy ........................................ ‫ﻳﺎﺗﺮﻣﻰ‬
Dielectric .................................... ‫ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
Discrete ............................................. ‫ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ‬
Display ................................................ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
Distillation ........................................... ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬
Distribution .................................... ‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﺪﮔﻰ‬
Doctor console ............. ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺰ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚ‬
Double wrapped ................. ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
Dry heat sterilization ..................................
‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ‬
Drying ............................................ ‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ‬
Duty cycle .... C‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺷﻦ ﺑﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‬
E
E.R.V.................................... ?>‫ﺣﺠﻢ > ﺑﺎ‬
E.T ................................................ |‫ﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮ‬
E.V(Electrovalve)................................ ‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻰ‬
Earthen wave ...................................... ‫ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻰ‬
ECG(electrocardiogram) ..................................
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻮ| ﻗﻠﺐ‬
EEG(Electroencephalogram) .........................
‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻐﺰ‬
Einthoven ........................................‫ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻮ‬
Electrode ............................................ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ‬
EMG (Electromyogram) ...................................
g‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻋﻀﻼ‬
EMS .......................  ‫ﻣﺤﺮˆ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ‬
Endoscope ................................... ‫ﻧﺪﺳﻜﻮپ‬B
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
236
Cardia..................................................... ‫ﻗﻠﺒﻰ‬
Cardioversion .......... ‫ﻣﺪ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮ ﻫﻠﻴﺰ‬
Cassette ............................................... ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺖ‬
Cat Scanning .......... CT‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ‬
Cell counter ......................... C‫ﺷﻤﺎﺷﮕﺮ ﺳﻠﻮ‬
Cell........................................................ C‫ﺳﻠﻮ‬
Cellulose membrane ................. ‫ﻗﺸﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻰ‬
Centrifuge ..................................... ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮژ‬
Cesium ................................................. ‫ﺳﺰﻳﻢ‬
Closed ....................................... ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
Coagulation .................................. ‫ﺟﻮ; ﻓﺖ‬
Coil ................................................... ‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ‬
Computed Tomography .......................CT
Condenser ...................................... ‫ﻛﻨﺪﻧﺴﻮ‬
Conductivity ................................... ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬
Contrast ............................................. n‫ﺧﺘﻼ‬
CRT ...................................... C‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‬
CSF ..................................... ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻰ‬
CSR (Central sterile room) ............................
‫ﺗﺎ! ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
Cut ................................................. ‫ﺑﺮ; ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
Cuvett .................................................. g‫ﻛﻮ‬
D
Data acquisition .................... ‫  ﻫﺎ‬A‫ﻛﺘﺴﺎ‬
Data ........................................................ 
Day light .......................... ‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﮓ ﺧﻮﺷﻴﺪ‬
Demand ...............................................‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
Demineralization.... ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ‬
‫‪237‬‬ ‫"ژ' ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬

‫>ﻳﺮ ﺳﺮ ‪Head rest........................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ‪ESTR............‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪Heating ............................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ‪Excited ............................................‬‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ‪HGB ....................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪Expose ...................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﺬ ‪High pass filter .........................‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫ﺧﺘﻼ‪ n‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪High tension....................‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ  ? ﺟﺒﺎ ‪F.I.C .........................‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﻧﺪ ‪Holder .............................................‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻧﻪ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪Fan .......................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮچ  ﺗﻮﺧﺎﻟﻰ‪Hollow ................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺎ ‪Fault .......................................................‬‬
‫‪Host computer .............................................‬‬
‫‪ RF‬ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﭘﺲ > ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪FID ..............‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺮ‪ d‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪Fix rate ............................................‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ  ‪Flame photometer ...............‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻰ ‪IC .................................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺲ >ﻣﻴﻨﻰ ‪Floor box ...................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻰ‪IC .................................................‬‬ ‫>ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰ; ‪Flow time ....................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ>ﺳﺎ> ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪Image reconstruction ........‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪Fluid .......................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ!  ‪Input power................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮﺳﻨﺖ ‪Fluorescent ...................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻰ ‪Interference .........................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻰ ‪B‬ﻣﭙﺮ ﻓﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮﭘﻰ ‪Fma .............................‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪Interval ................................................‬‬ ‫ﭘﺪ‪ C‬ﭘﺎﻳﻲ ‪Foot switch .....................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻞ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ‪Intra oral camera ...........‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪Freeze ................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪ m‬ﺳﺎ> ‪Inversion .................................‬‬
‫‪G‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ > ? ‪IRV ..........................................‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻧﻮﻟﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪G ................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﻮ ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻰ ‪ISE .............................‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ g‬ﻣﻴﺪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ‪Gauss ...................‬‬
‫‪K‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ‪Generator ..............................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﻟﺘﺎژ ‪KV control ..................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪ ﻟﻴﻪ ‪Ground state .................................‬‬
‫‪KVO(keep vein open) .......................................‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﻖ  ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ > ﻧﺴﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ‪Half band width ..................‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﻢ ﻧﻘﺮ  ‪Half silver mirror...................‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﭙﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪L ......................................................‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ‪Hard flame...................................‬‬
‫‪Laser(Light amplification by simulated‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ ‪HCT..............................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪238‬‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﻛﺘﻰ‪MPV .................................‬‬ ‫)‪emission of radiation‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰ‪.......................................‬‬

‫‪MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) ...........‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺘﻰ ‪Leakage ................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ ; ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮ? ‪Lenthanium ......................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻰ ‪MVV .....................‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪Level switch .........................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮ> ﻧﻤﻮ ‪Leveling ........................................‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﻻﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ ‪Light cure.......................................‬‬
‫‪Noise .............................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ‪Light .......................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺳﺘﻪ  ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ g‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮ? ‪Lithium ................................................‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻰ ‪Nonlinear........................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪Load ..........................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺻﺪﻧﻤﻮ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎ  ﻣﻨﺸﻰ ‪Nurse call ..‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮ ‪Lux ..........................................‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫ﺷﻰء ‪Objective ............................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪M....................................................‬‬
‫ﭼﺸﻤﻰ ‪Ocular ................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ C‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ‪Ma control ................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎ‪Off time ... C‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ‪Main supply voltage ...........‬‬
‫ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪OLP ................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪ > ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‪Maintenance ....................‬‬
‫>ﻣﺎ ﺟﻮ ﻗﻄﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ ‪On time .....................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﻌﻜﻮ‪Matrix inversion ................. m‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ> ‪Open .............................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻪ  > ﻋﺪ   ﻫﺎ ‪Matrix .......‬‬
‫ﺿﺎﻓﻰ‪Optional ...............................................‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪MCH ...........‬‬
‫ﻧﺲ ‪Ounce ...................................................‬‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻰ‪MCHC ..........‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎ‪ k‬ﻛﺴﻴﮋ‪Oxygen saturation ...................‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪MCV....................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ‪Mechanical .......................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ ‪Pacemaker .................................‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪ >ﻟﻮﺷﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪Mega pixel .................‬‬
‫~‪ g‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ‪Particle .......................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻣﺘﺮ ‪Micrometer ...................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﺒﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ ‪PCT ............................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ ‪Microscope ................................‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪Peristaltic ......................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻳﻮ ‪Microwave ....................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ‪PF ..................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮ ‪Monochromator ......................‬‬
‫ﻓﺎ> ‪Phase ........................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻰ ‪Monopolar......................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﺳﻨﺞ ‪Photometer......................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ‪Montage ..............................................‬‬
‫‪239‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻮ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‪Ready ................‬‬
‫‪Real time .......................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻛﺘﺴﺎ‪ A‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ  ﺷﻮ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺴﺎ ‪Refraction ..............................‬‬
‫‪Resolution ...................................................‬‬
‫ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺪ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ  ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﻮﻳﻲ ‪RF radio frequency .............‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ‪Rotation ............................................‬‬
‫ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻴﻘﻪ ‪Rpm ............................................‬‬
‫>ﻣﺎ ﭘﺲ > ﺷﺮ‪ k‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪RRP...........................‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ‪RV ..........................................‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻳﺰﮔﺮﻓﻰ‪RVG(Radiovisography) ........‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮ ‪Prism ..................................................‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪SBS (Step by step) .................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺰﻳﻖ   ﻧﻮﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺮ? ﮔﻴﺮ ‪Scaler ................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻚ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ‪Seat ............................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ‪Quality .................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﮕﺮ ‪Selector.............................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻨﻴﻮ? ‪Selenium ............................................‬‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﮕﺮ ‪Sensor ......................................‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ > ‪Shaker .................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮ| ﻛﻮﺗﺎ ‪Short wave ....................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮ ‪Silicon ..............................................‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎ> ‪Simulator .......................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ  ﻣﺘﺮﻛﻢ ‪Sintered glass........................‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮ‪ k‬ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪Slider .............................‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﻣﭗ ‪Slit lamp ......................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻼﻳﻢ ‪Soft flame .....................................‬‬
‫"ژ' ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﺗﻴﻮ‪Phototube ........................................ A‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ  ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ‪Piggy back............ g‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﺟﺰء ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪Pixel ............................‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮ >ﻣﻴﻦ  ﺑﻴﻤﺎ ‪Plate ................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﭘﻼﻛﺖ ‪PLT ..............................................‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ‪Pointer ...............................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻻﻳﺰﺳﻴﻮ ‪Polarization .............................‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ‪Pound .....................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎ ﺗﻮ>ﻳﻊ ﭘﻼﻛﺘﻬﺎ‪POW .................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪PreAmp ...............................‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻮﻳﻲ ‪Predictive .........................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎ ‪Pressure.................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﺮ‪Probe .................................................... A‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪Pulse ......................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ; ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ‪Pure cutting ................................‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ >ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪Rack ..................‬‬
‫ﻧﺮژ ﻧﻮﻧﻰ‪Radiant energy ..........................‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﮔﺮﻓﻰ ‪Radiography ................................‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ ‪Radiology ......................................‬‬
‫‪Random access analysis ..............................‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ A‬ﺗﺼﺎﻓﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺮ‪Rate .......................................................... d‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪RBC .................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎ ﺗﻮ>ﻳﻊ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪RDW ....................‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬ 240

unicular ......................................... ‫ﺗﻚ ﭼﺸﻤﻰ‬ Solid....................................................... ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬

Unwrapped........................... ‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﺪ‬ Source..................................................... ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
Specific ................................................. s‫ﺧﺎ‬
V
Spectral ........................................... ‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮ‬
V.C ............................................ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻰ‬
Spectrometer .............................. ‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﺳﻨﺠﻰ‬
Vacuum .........................................‫ﻓﺸﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻰ‬
Spirometer .................................... ‫ﺳﭙﻴﺮﻣﺘﺮ‬
VIBI (volume to be infused) ............................
SRF ...................................... ‫ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬C‫>ﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ‬
 ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺰﻳﻖ‬
Steady state ................................. ‫ﻓﻀﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
Vibration ............................................ ;>‫ﻟﺮ‬
Steam generator ............................ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺨﺎ‬
Volume ................................................. ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬
Steam sterilization ..... ‫ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺳﻴﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺎ‬
Voxel ............... ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬3‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬3 ‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺰء‬
Stethoscope ............................ ‫ﮔﻮﺷﻰ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
W Stray light..................................... ‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻰ‬
Warm-up time..... ‫>ﻣﺎ ﮔﺮ? ﺷﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﮕﺎ‬
T
Water quantity ............................... AB ‫ﻣﻘﺪ‬
Target .................................................... n‫ﻫﺪ‬
Water reservoir ....................... ‫ ~ﺧﻴﺮ‬AB ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬
TENS .....  ‫ﺳﺘﮕﺎ ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ ﻫﻨﺪ  ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
WBC ................................ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬
Tesla .................... ‫ ﻣﻴﺪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ‬g‫ﺣﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
Work list .......................................................
Textile ............................................... ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
‫>ﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬B ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ> ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ? ﻳﻚ‬
Thermal switch ......................... ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺣﺮﺗﻰ‬
wrapped ................................. ‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
Thermometer ................................... ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬
X Timer..................................................... ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮ‬
Xenon .................................................. ‫ﮔﺰﻧﻮ‬ Tip ............................................ ‫ﺳﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﭘﻴﺲ‬
x-ray tube ................................. ‫ ﺷﻌﻪ‬A‫ ﺗﻴﻮ‬x TR .......................................‫>ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺮ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎ‬
Transmit ion ........................................ ‫ﻋﺒﻮ‬
Z
TV ................................................... |‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮ‬
Zero position ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻰ‬
U
U.V (ultra violate) ............... ‫ﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ‬
Ultrasonic cleaner .... ‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
 ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪ m‬ﺗﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪B g‬ﻳﻴﮋ‪1378 ،‬‬

‫‪2) Medical instrumentation ، John Webster‬‬

‫‪ (3‬ﻣﻘﺎﻻ‪ g‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮ‪ r‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺮ? ﻓﺰ‪Hpcs I‬‬

‫‪ (4‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮ ﺑﺮﺳﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ  ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ‬

‫‪  MRI‬ﻟﮕﻮﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎ> ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﻟﺢ >ﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﻧﮋ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻰ ﺳﻬﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‬

‫‪ (5‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﻳﻮﻟﻮژ > ﻳﺪﮔﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﻣﻚ ﻧﺠﺎﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪g‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻰ ﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬