STEP 3 THE NATURE OF GRAMMAR

PRESENTED BY : KARLA JOHANNA GAITAN SANCHEZ

PRESENTED TO: CRISTIAN FELIPE CANON 

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

LICENCIATURA EN LENGUA EXTRANJERA CON ÉNFASIS EN INGLES

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
1. Read the document “Grammar” Chapter 7, pages 80-95, in ‘Yule, G. (2010).
The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press’; found in the
Course Contents, UNIT 1, in the Knowledge Environment; and also read the
text “Grammar” Chapter 4, pages 19-24, in ‘Bauer, Laurie.; The Linguistic
Student's Handbook’

2. Based on the first text, you need to post the following analysis:

2.1. Identify all the parts of speech used in the following sentence (e.g. woman =
noun):
Answer:
The = articles
Woman = noun
Kept = verb
A = articles
Large = adjective
Snake = noun
In = preposition
A = articles
Cage = noun
But = conjunction
Escaped = verb
Recently = adverb
“The woman kept a large snake in a cage, but it escaped recently”.
2.2. What prescriptive rules for the “proper” use of English are not obeyed in the
following sentences and how would they be “corrected”?

*The old theory consistently failed to fully explain all the data.
In the first sentence the rule was used: You should not divide an infinitive and
the correct form would be:
The old theory could not fully explain all the data.
*I can’t remember the name of the person I gave the book to
In the second sentence the rule was used: you should not end a sentence with a
preposition and the correct way to write it is:
I can't remember the name of the person to whom I gave the book
2.3. Tasks

2.3.1. Another term used in the description of the parts of speech is “determiner.”
What are determiners? How many examples were included in this chapter?
in English, a determiner is a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a
noun, not after, and it also comes before any other adjectives used to describe the
noun. Determiners are required before a singular noun but are optional when it
comes to introducing plural nouns. For example, consider the placement and
usage of the common determiner the in the sentences below:
The bunny went home.
I ate the chocolate cookie for dessert.
Metal cans are recyclable.
The metal cans are recyclable.
2.3.2 In this chapter, we discussed “correction” in grammar. What is
hypercorrection?
Hypercorrection is a misspelling, grammar or pronunciation that comes from the
desire to correct or avoid common mistakes
for example, omitting the intervocalic d in the ado ending
the one who says "bacalado" instead of cod commits hypercorrection

2.3.3. The structural analysis of a basic English sentence (NP + V + NP) is often
described as “Subject Verb Object” or SVO. The basic sentence order in a Gaelic
sentence (V + NP + NP) is described as “Verb Subject Object” or VSO.
After looking at the examples below (based on Inoue, 1979), would you describe
the basic sentence order in these Japanese sentences as SVO or VSO or
something else?

2.3.3.1 Jakku-ga gakkoo-e ikimasu

 Jack school to go
 S         O        V

(“Jack goes to school”)

2.3.3.2 Kazuko-ga gakkoo-de eigo-o naratte imasu

Kazuko school at English learn be
S               O                   V
(“Kazuko is learning English at school”)

2.3.3.3 Divergence in the syntactic patterns of languages is responsible for the

patterns of errors made by English-language learners. Given that English-language
learners from Korea produce sentences such as *I ice-cream like and *I book read,
what can you say about word order in Korean? (Taken from Gordon T. 2012)
Korea always uses the order subject-object-verb, in the sentences the verb comes
at the end, in English structures sentences the verb comes after the subject or the
question.
4. Based on the second text please answer: In the text we can see that in the
history of linguistics we have two forms to understand grammar: a Prescriptive
form and a Descriptive one; why the second comprehension it is considered a
breakthrough in Linguistics?
.