Tutorial 2

Communication Mediums
Name: Sufyaan Naushad Ali

Id: 2020001829

1. Explain with the help of the diagram; difference between the Analog and Digital Signal.
An analog signal is a continuous signal that represents physical measurements. Digital signals
are time separated signals which are generated using digital modulation. It uses a continuous
range of values that help you to represent information. Digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to
represent information.

2. Name three types of the Guided Media with its properties.

Twisted Pair.
A twisted pair consists of two insulated conductors twisted together in the shape of a spiral .It
can be shielded or unshielded. The unshielded twisted pair cables are generally very cheap and
easy to install. But they are badly affected by electromagnetic noise interference.

Coaxial Cable.
The source and load impedances are chosen to match the impedance of the cable to ensure
maximum power transfer and minimum standing wave ratio. Other important properties of
coaxial cable include attenuation as a function of frequency, voltage handling capability, and
shield quality.

Optical Fiber.
The most important properties for communications are attenuation, light collection and
propagation, fiber dispersion, and mechanical strength. Nonlinear effects can be important in
some cases, particularly for sensing and high-performance systems.

3. What type of transmission is using frequencies that is ranging from 2GHz to 40GHz and also
indicate the types of link involved in the mentioned range?
S 2 to 4 GHz Short wave

C 4 to 8 GHz Compromise between S and X

X 8 to 12 GHz Used in WW II for fire control, X for cross (as in crosshair). Exotic.[12]

Ku 12 to 18 GHz Kurz-under

K 18 to 27 GHz Kurz (German for "short")

Ka 27 to 40 GHz Kurz-above

4. Describe at least three major challenges faced by the “Line of Sight Transmission”.
-Long-distance transmission over either kind of channel encounters attenuation problems.
-Electromagnetic wave transmissions are affected by solar flares, lightning, moisture in the
environment—including heavy rain, snow, rain clouds or even steady evaporations from cooling
towers—and high wind.
-small coverage

5. Explain the difference between Radio Frequency and Microwave.

They are both on the long wavelength end of the Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radio waves have
wavelengths of 1 m up. The frequency at 1 m is 300 MHz Microwaves have wavelengths of 1
mm (millimeter) to 1 m.

6. Mention five applications of Twisted Pair.

Telephone lines
Modern Ethernet networks

7. What is Bandwidth?
The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet connection in a given amount of
time. Bandwidth is often mistaken for internet speed when it's actually the volume of
information that can be sent over a connection in a measured amount of time – calculated in
megabits per second (Mbps). Modal.

8. Write down the relationship between the Frequency and the Wavelength.
Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other. The wave with the greatest
frequency has the shortest wavelength. Twice the frequency means one-half the wavelength.
For this reason, the wavelength ratio is the inverse of the frequency ratio