EF-304 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

WEEK#6

LECTURE#11

FIRST AID TIPS CPR IN 3 SIMPLE STEPS

It is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops
beating First, open a person's airway to check if they are breathing, don't begin
CPR if a patient is breathing normally
Call: o
Blow o
Pump

FIRST AID BURNS

Heat
Electricity o
Chemical
o Radioactive agents

TO DO
The affected area should be immediately kept under cold
It has cooling effect
Dissipates the localize high heat and reduce further
burns o Clothing and jewelry including rings should be removed
o Burnt area should be covered with sterile, non-fluffy dressing
DO NOT
Burst skin blisters o
Remove skin
o Apply creams lotions on the burns
o Feed by mouth-liquid or solid
o Waste time, as burn can result into death

FIRST AID HEAT EXHAUSTION

Heat exhaustion is one of the heat-related syndromes. o
Heat exhaustion can begin suddenly or over time
o It usually occur after working or playing in the heat, perspiring heavily, or
being dehydrated.

TO DO
Move the person out of the heat
Lay the person down and elevate the legs o
Remove tight or heavy clothing
o Have the person drink cool water
o Cool the person by spraying
o Monitor the person carefully

FIRST AID ELECTRICAL SHOCK

Develop when oxygen delivery to the tissue is inadequate to meet the
metabolic requirements of the tissues.

TO DO
Loosen any tight clothing
Ensure the patient is kept warm, but not artificial heat o If
the cause can be removed such as bleeding/burns
o If no fracture make the patient lie down and rise and support his/her legs
o If unconscious place in recovery position
o Seek immediate help/ ambulance
DO NOT
Feed the patient by mouth in spite of thirst o
Make the patient stand up or walk or run o
Allow the patient to smoke

GROUND FAULTS:
An inadvertent contact between an energized conductor and ground o
Occur when current flowing to the load does not return by a prescribed
route
o Provide protection against electrical faults

GROUND FAULTS INCIDENTS:

A double insulated drill was used in a wet location
While winding up a damaged extension cord, an individual in most hard
was electrocuted

BENEFITS OF GROUNDED SYSTEM:

Reduce the risk of transient overvoltage o
Ease of locating a ground fault

GROUND FAULT PROTECTION:

Ground fault protection is equipment protection.

Fault Protection IS NOT:

People protection
It will not prevent shock o
Ground fault prevention
o Protection from 3-phase, phase-phase, or phase-neutral faults
o Protection from high level ground faults
o A guarantee of a selectively coordinated system. In fact, coordination may
be compromised
GROUNDING-HOW TO AVOID HAZARD:
Ground all power supply systems, electrical circuits and equipment o
Don't remove ground pins from cord from cord and plug connected
equipment or extension cord
o Use double insulated tools
o Ground all exposed metal parts of equipment

GROUND FAULT VS SHORT CIRCUIT:

A short circuit is an abnormal connection between two nodes
It is caused when a "hot" conductor makes contact with a neutral
A ground fault is an accidental contact between an energized conductor
and ground
It occurs when the "hot" wire comes into contact with the ground wire

REMEMBER:
Visually inspect all electrical equipment before use.
Remove any equipment with frayed cords. Missing ground prongs, cracked
tools casing etc. from service
Apply a warning tag to you any defective tools don't use it until it has been
properly repaired.
 EF-304 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

WEEK#6

LECTURE#12

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

It is an equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards
o These hazards may result from contact with chemical, radiological
physical, electrical mechanical or other workplace hazards
PPE may include items such as gloves, safety glasses & shoes o
Earplugs or muffs, hard
o Hats, respirators, vests & full body suits
o PPE should be safely designed & constructed.
o Also should be maintained in a clean reliable fashion
o It should fit comfortably, encouraging worker use

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Employers must provide PPE to their workers & ensure its proper use o
Employers are also required to train each worker:
when it is necessary
what kind is necessary
how to properly put it on, adjust, wear & take it off
The limitations of the equipment
Proper care, maintenance, useful life & disposal of the equipment
PPE USE IN HEALTHCARE
Improves personal safety in the healthcare environment o
Provides information on the selection & use of PPE
o Practices how to safely wear & remove PPE

HIERARCHY OF SAFETY & HEALTH CONTROLS

Training & administrative controls o
Engineering controls
o Workplace controls
o Personal protective equipment

TYPES OF PPE USED IN HEALTHCARE

Gloves - protect hands
Gowns/aprons-protect skin and/or clothing o
Masks & respirators - protect mouth/nose o
Goggles - protect eyes
o Face shields-protect face, mouth, nose & eyes

FACTORS INFLUENCING PPE SELECTION

Proper fit
Flexibility & weight o
Comfort & heat stress o
Proper garment design
GLOVES
Purpose - patient care, environmental services, other o
Glove material - vinyl, latex, nitrile
o Sterile or nonsterile
o One or two pair
o Single use or reusable

DO'S & DON'TS OF GLOVE USE

Don't touch your face or adjust PPE with contaminated gloves
Don't touch environmental surfaces except as necessary during patient care o
Change gloves
o Discard in appropriate receptacle

GOWNS
Material
Clean or sterile
FACE PROTECTION
• Masks
protect nose & mouth
should fully cover nose & mouth, prevent fluid penetration
Goggles
protect eyes
should fit snuggly over & around eyes
Personal glasses not a substitute for goggles
Antifog feature improves clarity

FACE PROTECTION
Face shields - protect face, nose, mouth & eyes
Should cover forehead, extend below chin & wrap around side of face

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Purpose - protect from inhalation of infectious aerosols o
PPE types for respiratory protection
Particulate respirators
Half or full-face elastomeric respirators
powered air purifying respirators (PAPR)
ELEMENTS OF A RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM
Medical evaluation o
Fit testing
o Training
o Fit checking before use

KEY POINTS ABOUT PPE

Use it before contact with the patient, generally before entering the room o
Use carefully, don’t spread contamination
o Remove & discard carefully, either at the doorway or immediately outside
patient room
o Immediately perform hand hygiene

HOW TO USE A GOWN

Select appropriate type & size o
Opening is in the back
o Secure at neck & waist
o If gown is too small, use two gowns

HOW TO USE A MASK

Place over nose, mouth & chin
Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge o
Secure on head with ties or elastic
o Adjust to fit
HOW TO USE A MASK
Place over nose, mouth & chin
Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge o
Secure on head with ties or elastic
o Adjust to fit

HOW TO USE EYE & FACE PROTECTION

Position goggles over eyes & secure to the head using the ear pieces or
headband
Position face shield over face & secure on brow with headband o
Adjust to fit comfortably

HOW TO USE GLOVES

Select correct type & size o
Insert hand into gloves
o Extend gloves over isolation gown cuffs

SEQUENCE FOR REMOVING PPE

Gloves
Face shield or goggles o
Gown
o Mask or respirator
HOW TO REMOVE GLOVES
Grasp outside edge near wrist
Peel away from hand, turning glove inside out o
Hold in opposite gloved hand
o Slide ungloved
o Finger under the wrist of the remaining glove
o Peel off from inside
o Discard

HOW TO REMOVE GOGGLES OR FACE SHIELD

Grasp ear or head pieces with ungloved hands o
Lift away from face
o Place in designated receptacle for reprocessing or disposal

HOW TO REMOVE ISOLATION GOWN

Unfasten ties
Peel gown away from neck & shoulder
Turn contaminated outside toward the inside o
Fold or roll into a bundle
o Discard

HOW TO REMOVE A MASK

Untie the bottom, then top o
Remove from face
o Discard
HOW TO REMOVE A RESPIRATOR
Lift the bottom elastic over your head first o
Then lift off the top elastic
o Discard

HAND HYGIENE
Perform hand hygiene immediately after removing PPE
Wash hands with soap & water or use an alcohol-based hand rub

CONTAMINATED AND CLEAN AREAS OF PPE

Contaminated - outside front
Clean – inside, outside back, ties on head & back

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Previously called universal precautions
Assumes blood & body fluid of any patient could be infectious o
Recommends PPE & other infection control practices to prevent
transmission in healthcare setting
o Decisions about PPE use determined by type of clinical interaction with
patient

CONCLUSION
Head protection
Eye & face protection o
Respiratory protection o
Hand & skin protection o
Hearing protection
 EF-304 Occupational safety & health
WEEK#7
Lecture #13
By: Miss Sidra Rahman

Risk:
A risk is the chance or probability of something happening that will
have a negative effect.
It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss
or harmful effects on the environment.
The level of risk reflects:
The likelihood of the unwanted event
The potential consequences of the unwanted event.

Eliminating and Reducing Risks

Consider using a less hazardous process.
Stop workers accessing the hazardous activity, process or substance. o
Provide employees with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
o Ensure you have adequate first-aid and washing
facilities. o Communicate with your workers.

Risk in the Workplace

The frequency of exposure
o The route of exposure
o How severe the injury or adverse health effect of exposure is

Risk assessment:
Identify hazards and risk factors
o Analyse and evaluate the risk
o Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the risk
Risk analysis:
Risk analysis is the process of assessing the likelihood of an adverse
event
Risk analysis is the study of the underlying uncertainty of a given course
of action
Risk analysts often work in tandem with forecasting
professionals o Risk can be analysed using several approaches

Qualitative risk analysis typically means assessing the likelihood

Quantitative risk analysis, attempts to assign a specific financial amount
to adverse events, representing the potential cost to an organization
A qualitative risk analysis produces subjective results because it gathers
data from participants in the risk analysis process
A quantitative risk analysis, examines the overall risk of a project
A quantitative risk analysis provides an organization with more
objective information and data than the qualitative analysis process
 Treat risk:
Risk control strategies are as
follows: o Avoid the risk
o Reducing the likelihood of the event
o Altering the severity of event
o Altering both severity & likelihood

Organizations are at risk every time, they open their doors for their business.
Or any given day,
An employee may be injured,
A customer may have an accident,
Or a consumer may be injured using the organization’s product

Difference between hazard and risk:

To identify and prioritise potential risks, they
must be assessed and acted on accordingly.
How severe will the consequences (or
harm) be?
How likely is it to happen?

Limitations of risk analysis:

Risk is a probabilistic measure and so can never tell you for sure what your
precise risk exposure is at a given time
There are also no standard methods for calculating and analysing risk o
Risk is often assumed to occur using normal distribution probabilities
 EF-304 Occupational safety & health
WEEK#7
Lecture #14
By: Miss Aqsa Khan

Introduction
A safety manager usually in control of the activities & operations in
the company & industrial processes
He makes sure that all these industrial processes & operations
are essential, functional & safe
He also makes sure that the employees are aware of all the safety
rules & regulations when they work in their duties

Operational Role
Safety manager will lead the safety & loss efforts making sure that these
efforts are within the laws & regulations
If there is an accident in any company, the safety manager also assists
in investigating it

Supervisory Role
In any project in a company, the safety manager will plan & guide
the workers ensuring them that they work in safe conditions
The manager also ensures that employees conform to occupational
safety & health administration guidelines when performing tasks

Risk Assessment
It is too significant to maintain the safe environment for staff & business o
It will give you clear idea to concentrate on the risks that occur in your
workplace
o It is critical test of what in your work may cause harm & hazard
o The law will not accept the workers to work in company without risks
Methods of Assessing the Risks in Work Area
Identify the Hazard
Decide who might be harmed & how
Evaluate the risks & decide on precaution

Record your Findings & Implement them

It is very useful to record the results of the practice in risk assessment o
Also when you record the findings, share it with the staff & discuss how
to improve the level of the safety

Review your Assessment & Update

You need to check if there are new updates in your risk assessment o
Check if you need to make any changes or improvements
o Make sure that risk assessment is updated regularly for safety issues

Safety Management

Key elements of successful health & safety management

Key Elements of Safety Management
Set the policy
Organize the staff o
Plan & set standards
o Measure the performance
o Learn from experience – Audit & Review

Quality Management System Challenges

Creating procedures
Distributing procedure
manuals o Maintaining manuals
o Controlling the process

The Elements of Total Management

Management commitment comes first
o The second element is goal setting
o Engineering element comes next
o Training element is also very important
o Accident investigating is another element
o Finally, Employee safety committee plays significant & useful role in
total safety management

Relationship between Total Quality &

Safety Management
Planning
Implementation
o Monitoring
o Improvement

Ethics
It is a branch of philosophy that focuses on morality
o It tells you whether your actions are right or wrong
 There is a strong connection between ethics & safety management o
Safety management should build up an ethical system that can do
analysis & take control of workplace hazards

Safety Committee Duties

Workplace self-inspections
o Accident investigations
o Developing written safety programs
o Facilitating safety training
 EF-304 Occupational safety &
health Lecture #15
By: miss Sidra Rahman
Risk management:
identify what could go wrong o
finding what can cause injury
o decide proper safety control measures
o eliminate or at least to reduce the risks

Risk management committee:

committee can provide a valuable service
It can meet periodically to exchange ideas and information o
Committee provide a communication and support team o
Committee supports safety risk management activities

Risk evaluation:
Involves the determination of a quantitative or qualitative
value; Quantitative risk evaluation
Probability
o Severity

Likelihood
potential severity

Risk mitigation:
strategy to prepare for and reduce the effects of threats o
takes steps to reduce the negative effects
o it is one element of risk management
o principle of this is to prepare a business for all potential
risks o help an organization prepare for the worst
Risk mitigation plan:

Risk control:
identify and implement safety measures to control risks
includes design, planning and implementing of safety control measures

Controls of mitigation:
Need for risk mitigation:

Risk engineering:
Applications of engineering skills and methodologies to the management of
risk
Involves identification of hazard, analysis of risk, evaluation & prioritizing
the risk and finally the risk treatment or risk medication

Risk engineer:
Operate within the risk engineering department
Risk engineer is responsible for:
developing a detailed risk evaluation survey report
o providing accurate and detailed commentary
o also responsible for providing technical expertise
o for delivering desk-based risk engineering customer service
o dealing with higher level/complex accounts
o daily execution of an overall survey strategy
 administering the recommended compliance follow-up reviews

COVID-19 Risk Assessments:

employers should make every reasonable effort o
employers should undertake a risk assessment
o employers must therefore put in place measures to prevent its spread
o Employers must identify all those for whom they have a duty of care
 EF-304 Occupational safety & health
Lecture #16

International Labor Standards on Occupational

Safety & Health:
The International Labor Organization constitution sets forth the principle
that workers must be protected
They need to be protected from sickness, disease & injury arising from
their employment
According to the most recent ILO global estimates, 2.78 million
work-related deaths are recorded every year
Many of these tragedies are preventable through the implementation
of prevention, reporting & inspection

Key Instruments on OSH

Promotional framework for occupational safety & health convention,
2006
Occupational safety & health convention, 1981
o Occupational health services convention, 1985

Health & Safety in Particular Branches of

Economic Activity
Hygiene convention, 1964
Safety & health in construction convention,
1988 o Safety & health in mines convention, 1995
o Safety & health in agriculture convention, 2001

Protection Against Specific Risks

Radiation protection convention, 1960
o Occupational cancer convention, 1974
o Working environment (Air pollution, Noise & Vibration)
convention,1977 o Asbestos convention, 1986
 Chemicals convention, 1990

Occupational Safety & Health

Administration(OSHA) Standards
Fall Protection, Standard 1962.501
- It is designed to protect construction workers from fall-related
accidents
Hazard Communication, Standard 1910.1200
- It is intended to prevent employee injuries caused by exposure to
chemicals
Scaffolding, Standard 1962.451
It protects workers from injuries caused by falls, falling
objects, electrocution or collapse of the scaffold
Respiratory Protection, Standard 1910.134
It requires employers to protect workers exposed to contaminated
air by providing respirators
Ladders, Standard 1926.1053
- It applies to employers in all industries
Powered Industrial Trucks, Standard 1910.178
It requires employers to certify that all forklift drivers have
received the proper training
Fall Protection – Training Requirements, Standard 1926.503
- It requires employers to provide fall prevention training to any worker
exposed to fall hazards
Machine Guarding, Standard 1910.212
- It requires employers to ensure that all hazardous machinery is
properly guarded & that the guards are maintained
Eye & Face Protection, Standard 1926.102
It requires employers to protect workers by providing safety
glasses, goggles or face shields
Lockout/Tagout, Standard 1910.147
- It ensures that dangerous machines are properly shut off
 EF-304 Occupational safety & health
Lecture #17
By: Miss Sidra Rahman

Performance measurement:
Measurement is an accepted part of the ‘plan-do-check-
act’ management process.
Measuring performance is as much part of a health and safety
management system as financial, production or service
delivery management.

OSH management system model:

Management system:

Performance indicators:
Performance indicators provide us with information on:
What’s going on around
o What is happening so far
o Potential problems or dangers that we may need to respond to.

Why measure health and safety performance?

If you don’t measure your performance;
you don’t know if you are succeeding or
failing o you can’t take action

you can identify areas that need improvement

you can take steps to develop a positive safety
culture o you can take action
How measure health and safety performance?
We have two ways of getting information about health and
safety performance:
Reactive measurement
o Proactive measurement

Reactive measurement:
This focuses on collecting information on the outcomes of our
health and safety management system

Proactive measurement:
It is about providing information on how well you are managing
It is about resolving any issues before an incident or an accident occurs.
Inspections
o Interviewing
o Audits
o Monitoring performance
o Monitoring behaviour o
Checking procedures
o Safety sampling

Proactive v/s reactive:

Safety management cannot achieve its stated purposes by responding
alone, since that will only correct what has happened.
Safety management must instead be proactive
 ISO STANDARD 14001
EF-304 Occupational Safety & Health
Miss Aqsa Khan
LECTURE#18, WEEK#09

ISO Standard 14001

It is an internationally agreed standard
It sets out the requirements for an environmental management
system (EMS)
It helps organizations improve their environmental performance
ISO 14001 can be integrated easily into any existing ISO management
system
ISO 14001-2004 & ISO 14001-2015 are revised version of the ISO
14001 o ISO 14001 is suitable for organizations of all types & sizes
o It requires that an organization considers all environmental
issues relevant to its operation
o Like all ISO management system standards, ISO 14001 includes the
need for continual improvement of an organization’s systems

EMS Model
ISO 14001 EMS model consists of:
Policy
Planning
Implementation
Checking & corrective action
Management review

Scope of ISO 14001

This should encourage a clearer & more logical approach to
scoping, driven by external & internal requirements
It should not be used to exclude activities, processes or locations
which have significant environmental aspects
The scope should be clearly documented & made publicly available
 These requirements on scoping will drive clarity in the thinking
of organizations in scoping the management system

Basic Principle &

Methodology
Plan
o Do
o Check
o Act

Monitoring, Measuring & Evaluation

Methods for monitoring, measurement, analysis & evaluation
o Key performance indicators & performance evaluation metrics
o When, where, how & by whom the monitoring, measurement,
evaluation & analysis is carried out
o Specification, management & maintenance of key monitoring equipment
data handling processes

Differences between ISO 14001:2015 &

ISO 14001:2004
Organizational context
Needs & expectations of interested
parties o Leadership & commitment
o Life cycle perspective
o Environmental performance
o Communications

What benefits will it bring to an organization?

Demonstrate compliance with current & future requirements o
Increase leadership involvement & engagement of employees
o Improve company reputation & the confidence of stakeholders
through strategic communication
Achieve strategic business aims by incorporating environmental
issues into business management
Provide a competitive & financial advantage through
improved efficiencies & reduced costs
Encourage better environmental performance of suppliers by
integrating them into the organization’s business systems
 EF-304 Occupational safety & health
Lecture #19
By: Miss Sidra Rahman
Auditing:
aims to find objective evidence
workplace can be a hectic buzz of
activity o OSHA recommends safety audits
o audits identify and correct safety problems

Types of auditing:
Internal auditing - done by staff within the
organization o External auditing - done by a third party

Types of evidence:
Documentation
o Interviews
o Observation

Steps to an effective Safety Audit:

Inspect the General Work Environment
o Do a Walk-through of all Areas
o Make a Complete Listing of All Work
Tasks o Replace, Repair, and Restore

Advance Notice:
OSHA will give employers advance notice of an inspection:
try to get management to fix the condition o
when special preparations are necessary
o worker representatives are not likely to be on-site, unless they
have advance notice
o in other circumstances, the OSHA Area Director thinks a more
complete inspection
 ISO STANDARD 45001 EF-304
Occupational Safety & Health
LECTURE#20, WEEK#11
ISO 45001
Over 6300 people die each day from work-related accidents or
diseases o The burden of occupational injuries and diseases is significant
o ISO standard helps organizations reduce this burden by providing
a framework to improve employee health and safety
o ISO 45001 is a global standard for occupational health &
safety management systems (OH&S MS)
o It applies to all types and sizes of organizations

Why Was ISO 45001 Developed?

Growing demand for a management system based standard for OH&S o
Need for health and safety management system that could be audited
and certified
o Rising health and safety
costs o Increased regulation

Goals of ISO 45001

Develop an OH&S policy
Leadership demonstrates commitment to health and safety
o Establish systematic processes for safety management
o Conduct hazard identification efforts
o Create operational health and safety controls
o Increase awareness and knowledge for employees about health
and safety
o Evaluate OH&S performance and develop plans to improve
continuously o Establish the necessary competencies
o Create and foster an OH&S culture within the organization
o Ensure employees participate fully and meaningfully in the
safety process
o Meet all legal and regulatory requirements
Policy
Top management shall establish, implement and maintain an OH&S
policy
It must include a commitment to provide safe and healthy working
conditions
Should make sure the prevention of work-related injury or ill health
Must be appropriate to the purpose, size of the organization, its
OH&S risks and opportunities

Methodology
‘Continual improvement’ is an umbrella concept that incorporates
elements of continuous improvement
Continual improvement is defined as ‘recurring activity’ to
enhance performance
Continual does not mean continuous, so the activity doesn’t need
to take place in all areas simultaneously
Continuous improvement is defined as ‘on-going and endless
without interruption

Scope
Creation of OH&S policy reinforces the objectives of the organization
while taking into account its internal and external contexts
Establishment, implementation, and maintenance of an OH&S
management system
Continual improvement of OH&S performance
o Assured conformity to the OH&S policy
o Demonstration of compliance with this ISO standard

Leadership & Worker Participation

The responsibilities of leadership and top management include:
Take overall responsibility and accountability for worker protection
Ensure the OH&S policy relates to the context and is compatible with
the strategic direction of the organization
Integrate the OH&S management system into the larger
business processes
Provide resources for the OH&S management system
 Provide resources for the OH&S management system
o Ensure participation by workers in the OH&S system
o Communicate the OH&S system and ensure the organization
conforms to it
o Promote the OH&S system to address nonconformities and
ensure continual improvement
o Create a culture that drives the organizational support for the
OH&S system

Planning
Hazard identification
Assessment of OH&S risks
Identification of OH&S opportunities o
Determination of legal requirements o
Planning to take action
o Setting of OH&S objectives
o Planning to achieve objectives

Support
Establish awareness of OH&S policy, communicate information about
the OH&S management system
Outline with whom the information should be shared
Manage documentation including tracking of updates, control
information & ensure its accessibility & accuracy
Provides an overview of how the organization must support the
OH&S management system

Operation
General provisions for creating and managing documentation o
Hierarchy of controls: to utilize the most effective means of risk
reduction within the organization
o Management of change: to ensure that when planned changes occur
they are managed to control risk
o Outsourcing to make certain risk controls are adequate for
all outsourced processes
 Procurement to validate all incoming materials and services conform
to the system requirements
Contractors to communicate and control internal risks to third parties
& evaluate risks they may introduce into the workplace
Emergency preparedness & response to identify potential emergency
risks
Develop specific and customized plans with key stakeholders to
minimize these risks

Performance Evaluation
Measuring operation risks and hazards
Evaluating the effectiveness of operational controls o
Establishing the timeline for conducting the measures
o Planning for analysis, evaluation, and communication of the
results o Calibrating and verifying the accuracy of all equipment
o Retaining documentation of all measures
o Auditing the OH&S Management system, the OH&S Policy,
OH&S Objectives & the 45001 requirements
o Establishing the frequency of audits and account for significant changes to
the organization, performance improvements, risks, and opportunities
o Ensuring the competency of auditors
o Communicating findings to management, workers, and
worker representatives
o Taking action to address identified nonconformities
o Retaining audit results as evidence of the completion of the audit o
Reviewing audit findings and corrective actions by top management o
Ascertaining that corrective actions, worker engagement, and
opportunities for continual improvement are in place

Conclusion
ISO 45001 will be the ‘gold standard’ for OH&S management standards o
It places a greater degree of specificity into areas such as leadership,
culture, hazard identification, and employee involvement
o Affiliated with many of the generally accepted best practices of
safety management
o Become a universal standard that will eventually replace all other
OH&S management standards