CH 3.

General safety Equipment, facilities and controls

The Risk Management Process

1. Identification of a Hazard
2. Identification of the associated Risk
1. Assessment of the Risk
4. Control of the risk, which includes:
 Elimination
 Engineering, a barrier
 Administration control
 Personal Protection Equipment
5. Documentation of the process
6. Monitoring & Review of the process
 Risk Control Measures (in order of preference)
Eliminate EXPOSURE to the hazard if at all possible
If there is NO EXPOSURE there is NO RISK of injury
Minimize the hazard if it can’t be eliminated
Restrict Access to necessary personnel
Train/Educate those at risk
Personnel who is responsible should receive adequate safety training &
be able to demonstrate competency in performing their jobs safely.
Participate in training, exposure monitoring, and surveillance programs
to monitor any adverse health effects caused by exposures
Be aware of the operations and job tasks & effects on exposures,
Be aware of the health hazards related to exposures and know how to
protect yourself
Protect against the damage or injury
Barriers and Safeguards
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Risk Control Measures

 Use a less risky substance

 Use a safer form of that
substance (eg solution instead
of powder)

When feasible, use engineering or administrative controls such as

Fume-cupboard to reduce exposures below the PEL

 Totally enclose the process

(Eg. a glove-box)
 Partially enclose the process
(Eg. with a fume cupboard)
 Ensure good general ventilation
 Reduce exposure times, reduce volumes
 Risk Control Measures

 Protect against the damage or injury

Barriers and Safeguards
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)

Protection: Barriers/Safegards

Hazard 100 % Risk 0 %

 Risk Control Measures
Safeguards Prevents Mechanical Hazards
• Mechanical hazards are exacerbated by crowded work place
conditions and different interaction between workers and equipment.
• High sound levels may be generated by manufacturing equipment
(E.g., ball mill) there by increasing their exposure to noise.
• Injuries like cutting, tearing, shearing, puncturing and crushing
may occur with moving machinery.

Requirements of Safeguards
• Prevent contact
• Securable and durable
• Protect against falling objects
• Do not create new hazard
• Do not create interference
• Allow safe maintenance.
 Risk Control Measures

Personal Protective Equipment, PPE

PPE is the equipment that is necessary to protect yourself from
hazardous materials. PPE could be gloves, safety glasses, lab coat,
shoe covers, respirator or any other item that could protect you
from dangerous materials that you may encounter in the workplace.

When to use PPE

Knowing what to use and when to use it is the key to properly protecting
yourself. There could be situations that would be more of a risk and require
more PPE than others.
 Examples of PPE

Hand
Gloves

Face
Face Shield
Eye
Glasses, Goggles

Ear
Ear Plugs, Ear Muffs

Lung
Mask, Respirator

Head
Hard Hat

The next few slides will help you in determining what you should be using!
 Con…
Do you know what PPE is appropriate for the work you are doing?
Gloves
 select gloves appropriate for the task
 check gloves for leaks
 double glove if necessary
 be alert to unusual sensations in your hands
 do not touch your face, telephone, etc with
contaminated gloves
 use clean hand / dirty hand technique
Safety Glasses
“Eye protection must be worn in any area where there is
the potential for eye injury”
you must wear safety glasses, safety goggles or a full face shield
depending on your work conditions
 Con…

Gloves

• Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers

carefully using appropriate equipment

• Heated metal and glass looks cool, use

tongs or gloves before handling
 Con…
Gloves
• Take care while cleaning up broken glass

• Broken glass and sharp objects do not go in trash cans,

and handled using appropriate Gloves
 Con…
Gloves
• There are many different types of
protective glove
• Use the correct ones for the job you
will be doing
• Remember that you need to select
chemical protection gloves
according to the materials and/or
substances with which you will be
working
• Remove your gloves before using
instruments, telephone, and leaving
the laboratory
 Con…
Protect Your Eye
Goggles

• Wear safety goggles when working with chemicals,

flames, or heating devices or if possibility of flying debris
 Con…
Protect Your Eye
Goggles
• In case of emergency in which a chemical goes
into one’s eye, use the eyewash station

• Flush in water for 15 mins. and notify the Safety officer

 Con…
Head Protection: Hard Hat

• Wear hard hats where there is a potential for:

 Objects falling from above
 Bumps to the head from fixed objects
 Accidental head contact with electrical hazards
• Routinely inspect hard hats for:
 Dents
 Cracks
 Deterioration
• Replace after a heavy blow or electrical shock
• Maintain in good condition
14
Read About Other PPE!
 Risk Control Measures
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Hearing Protection
OSHA recommends that workplace noise levels be kept below 90 dBA as
an 8-hour time-weighted average
 Ear protection devices must be used to prevent the excessive noise.
Eyes
Hazards: chemical or metal splash, dust, gas and vapour, radiation.
Options: safety spectacles, goggles, face-shields.
Head
Hazards: impact from falling or flying objects, risk of head bumping,
Options: a range of helmets and bump caps.
Breathing
Hazards: dust, vapour, gas, oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
Options: disposable filtering facepiece or respirator, half- or full-face
respirators, air-fed helmets, breathing apparatus.
 Risk Control Measures
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Protecting the body
Hazards: temperature extremes, adverse weather, chemical splash, spray
from pressure leaks, impact or penetration, contaminated dust, etc.
Options: conventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, specialist protective
clothing, eg chain-mail aprons, high-visibility clothing.

Hands and arms

Hazards: abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures, impact,
chemicals,
electric shock, skin infection, disease or contamination.
Options: gloves, gauntlets, wristcuffs, armlets.
Feet and legs
Hazards: wet, slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects, metal and chemical
splash, abrasion.
Options: safety boots and shoes with protective toe caps and penetration-
resistant mid-sole, leggings, spats.
 Risk Control Measures
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Chemicals can pose a significant hazard. They should be limited

to the use under a properly working fume hood.

Chemicals can release hazardous fumes which not only harm the
environment, but they can be a major health threat. They must
be handled carefully and disposed of properly.

When a chemical is in the laboratory, the hazards of that chemical

must be communicated to you.

According to OSHA, a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) is required to

relay information regarding procedures, equipment, PPE, and work
practices that are capable of protecting employees from health hazards.
 Before PPE Selection – Survey the Site
Conduct a walk-through to identify sources of hazards to workers
and co-workers from the basic hazard categories:
Impact
Penetration
Compression (roll-over)
Chemical
Heat
Harmful dust
Light (optical) radiation

Review injury/accident data to help identify problem areas

 Proper Use of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
PPE is only one way that you can protect yourself. It is your
responsibility to ensure that the proper PPE is used.
 Risk Control Measures
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The following guidelines have been established to minimize the

hazards in a laboratory setting. It is important to take responsibility
for your actions and to keep in mind that irresponsible acts could
have lasting future effects.

Guide lines: Lab Attire

You should remember the following:
 No open-toed shoes
 No shorts unless a lab coat is used
 Restrain hair when working with hazardous materials
 Remove protective clothing in public
 Use the proper Personal Protective Equipment for the job
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Protect Yourself: Use Proper Attire

• Foot wear that completely

covers the foot is required

• Keep all long hair tied back

• Do not wear loose clothing
that could catch on fire
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Guide lines: Personal Habits
Personal habits play a large role in minimizing hazards.
The following measures must be taken:

 Do not eat, drink, smoke, chew gum or apply cosmetics,

or remove/insert contact lenses while in the laboratory

 Do not store food or beverages in the lab or in chemical

refrigerator

 Do not mouth pipette

 Wash hands before leaving laboratory or after handling

contaminated material
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Guide lines: Safe Practices
These safe practices should be followed to ensure safe working conditions:
 Do not use chipped or cracked glassware

 When working with hazardous materials, have a second person nearby

 Know emergency procedures

 Keep the laboratory neat and clean

 Use hazardous chemicals under a fume hood

 Decontaminate as needed

 All procedures should be performed to minimize aerosol

 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Maintenance of PPE
In order to be able to rely on your equipment, you must take
care of it. Keep the PPE clean and disinfected. It should be
cleaned before and after use when possible.

Proper maintenance can not only extend the life of the

equipment, but also keep cost down. Keeping the cost down on
the Personal Protective Equipment can help to better allocate
the money toward larger equipment needed for research.
 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
 All information necessary to safely handle a particular chemical, must
be readily accessible to any employee using a hazardous chemical.
 Any chemical identified with a label that states “Danger, Caution, or
Warning” must have a SDS
Requirement by OSHA
• All employees must be told about
all hazards and chemicals in the
workplace.

• Manufacturers are required to

provide a copy of the MSDS for
all products they sell.

• Formats are not standard, however

the information that must be
covered in an MSDS are standard.
 The MSDS should contain:
• Identification: Chemical name, emergency contact info,
recommended use, etc.
• Hazard(s) Identification: All hazards regarding the chemical;
required label elements
• First Aid Measures: Important symptoms/effects, acute, delayed;
required treatment
• Fire-Fighting Measures: Suitable extinguishing techniques,
equipment, chemical hazards from fire
• Accidental Release Measures: Emergency procedures; protective
equipment; proper methods of containment & cleanup
• Handling and Storage: Precautions for safe handling & storage,
including incompatibilities
• Exposure Controls/Personal Protection: Permissible Exposure
Limits (PELs), Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), and any other exposure
limit used or recommended by the chemical manufacturer along with
personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements
 MSDS
 Health hazard information
• Methods of exposure.
• First aid.
• Personal protective equipment required.
 Occupational control measures
• Exposure limits.
 Storage & special information
 Labels
– All chemicals must be properly labeled.
– If a label is not readable or is missing, it must be
replaced or the chemical disposed of.
– Must include chemical name, hazard warning, and
manufacturer’s information.
 Failure to comply can result in large fines for health care
institutions.
CH 4. Chemical Hazards: Exposure, effects and control.
Introduction to Chemical Safety
Chemical exposure, effects and control.
 Introduction to Chemical Safety
• Carefully read all labels before removing a chemical from the container

• Never touch, taste, or smell a chemical unless instructed to do so

• Only use the type and the right quantity of chemical to use

• Keep lids on chemical containers when not in use

 Consider all chemicals dangerous

 Cont…
General lab rules
For the chemicals you are working with, you should be familiar with:

the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for using the chemical

the hazards associated with that chemical

PPE required for using that chemical

storage requirements

waste disposal procedures

the procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency

Avoid working alone in the lab

Chemical Hazards And Control
 Chemical Hazards: Forms

• Solids
• Liquids Multiple
• Gases and vapors chemical
hazards
• Aerosols - dust, mist, fumes

Spraying
Welding fumes Dust mist
particulates

Source of photos: OSHA

 Chemical Hazards: Exposure entry routes

Inhalation: Breathed in (most common route)

Ingestion: Swallowing via eating or drinking

Absorption: Drawn through skin or eye surface

Injection: Penetration through the skin

Warning Signs of Potential Chemical Exposure:
• Dust, mist, smoke in the air
• Accumulation of particulates (dust) on surfaces
• Unusual tastes and/or smells
• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, and/or skin irritation

Examples of chemical exposure symptoms:

• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, skin irritation
• Flu-like symptoms
• Difficulty breathing
• Fatigue
• Loss of coordination
• Memory difficulties
• Sleeplessness
• Mental confusion
 Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
Health Risks
Heart Ailments Lung Damage Sterility
CNS Damage Kidney Damage Burns
Cancer Liver Damage Rashes

Safety Risks
Fire Corrosion Explosion
 Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
Exposure Condition Exposure Example
Short-term, high H2S exposure within
ACUTE Immediate
concentration a confined space
Delayed; generally Continuous; for long Silicosis
CHRONIC
for years periods of time Asbestosis

Acute Chronic
 Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
Toxicology?
The science that studies the poisonous or toxic properties of substances
 Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
Hazard Communications Standard Pictograms

Acute Toxicity (fatal or toxic)

Irritant (skin and eye)
Carcinogen
Skin Sensitizer
Mutagenicity
Acute Toxicity (harmful)
Reproductive Toxicity
Narcotic Effects
Target Organ Toxicity
Respiratory Tract Irritant
Aspiration Toxicity
Hazardous to Ozone Layer

Biohazard (infectious agents)

 Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
Almost anything, even food, can cause illness if taken in a large
enough quantity. On the other hand, most hazardous chemicals can
be used safely if the exposure is limited to a small enough exposure.

Toxic effects:
1. Concentration – amount
2. Duration of Exposure – time
 Chemical Exposure and Health Effects

Exposure limits: 14

12
PEL

•PEL are time weighted average

Exposure in PPM
10

6
T
•Levels vary over the shift duration 4

0
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00
AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM
•These limits protect from chronic diseases Time

This represents an employee’s real-time exposure to a substance with a PEL of 10ppm

Since the PEL is 10ppm, is this employee overexposed?” No. The

TWA would be < 10ppm.
 Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
“C” = ceiling limit:
• Level never to be exceeded during the work shift
• Protect from Acute disease or health effects

60
Ceiling

50

40
Exposure

30

20

PEL
10

0
Time
 Chemical Exposure and Health Effects

Toxic chemicals disrupt the normal functions of the body. Effects can be:
Local - at the site of exposure
Systemic
• Affects the entire body
• Target organs - organs or systems where symptoms of exposure appear

Local (direct) effects:

•Irritation (dryness, redness, cracking) - fiberglass
•Corrosion (chemical burn) - acid
•Upper Respiratory Track Infection - inhaling particles
Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
Systemic effects:
• Hepatotoxins
Cause liver damage
Carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines
• Nephrotoxins
Cause kidney damage
Uranium, halogenated hydrocarbons
• Neurotoxins
Cause nerve damage
Mercury, lead, carbon disulfide
• Hematotoxins
Cause blood system damage
Carbon monoxide, cyanides
• Anesthetics
Depress nervous system
Hydrocarbons, propane, isopropyl ethers
Chemical Exposure and Health Effects
Factors affecting exposures:
•form and innate chemical activity
•dosage, especially dose-time relationship
•exposure route
•age
•sex
•ability of chemical to be absorbed
•metabolism
•distribution within the body
•excretion
•presence of other chemicals

Interactions with multiple chemicals:

•Additive effects 2+2=4
•Synergistic effects 2+3>5

•Potentiation effects 2+0>2

•Antagonistic effects 4 + 6 < 10

Overview on Common Chemical Hazards
 Overview on Common Chemical Hazards
Hexavalent chromium:
• Toxic form of chromium;
• Known to cause cancer
• Compounds are man-made and
widely used
• Major source of exposure during
Source: OSHA

“hotwork” on stainless steel and

other alloy steels containing
Cr(VI)
 Overview on Common Chemical Hazards
Asbestos:
• Mineral fibers – chrysotile, amosie,
crocidolite, tremolite, anthophylite,
actinolite, and chemically treated/
altered forms
• Known carcinogen; Source: OSHA

can cause chronic lung disease, as well as

lung and other cancers
• Used in numerous building materials and vehicle products
• Exposure potential during construction and ship repair; as well
as manufacturing of products containing asbestos
 Overview on Common Chemical Hazards
Silica:
• Important industrial material found abundantly in the
earth’s crust; most common form is quartz
• Can cause lung diseases, including silicosis and lung
cancer, as well as kidney disease
• Exposure to respirable crystalline silica
– Inhalation of small particles
in air
– Common with operations
such as cutting, sawing,
and drilling

Source: NIOSH
 Overview on Common Chemical Hazards
Lead:
• Blue-gray, heavy metal occurring
naturally in Earth’s crust
• Can harm many of the body’s
organ systems; variety of ailments
• Exposure
– Inhalation and/or ingestion of airborne particles
containing lead
– Occurs in most industry sectors, including
manufacturing, wholesale trade, transportation, Source of photos: OSHA

construction, remediation, and even recreation

 Overview on Common Chemical Hazards
Welding fumes:
• Content depends on components of
base metal, coatings, and/or filler
materials; and welding temperatures
• Potential health effects
– Acute exposure: eye, nose, and Source: OSHA

throat irritation; dizziness; nausea

– Prolonged exposure: lung damage; various types of cancer,
including lung, larynx, and urinary tract
– Certain fumes and gases can lead to additional health issues
 Overview on Common Chemical Hazards

• Exposure to welding fumes

affected by:
– Welding process
– Materials used
– Location (outside, enclosed space)
– Work practices
– Air movement
– Use of ventilation Source: OSHA
 Overview on Common Chemical Hazards

Toxic atmospheres:
• Confined spaces: storage tanks, process vessels,
bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts, sewers,
underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, open-top
spaces more than 4’ in depth (pits, tubs, vaults)
• Hazardous atmospheres
– Oxygen-deficient
– Hydrogen sulfide
– Carbon monoxide

Source: OSHA
 Biological Hazards
Insects Animals Contaminated Soil

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: CDC

Poisonous Plants Water/Sewage Bloodborne Pathogens

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: OSHA

 Physical Hazards
Types of physical hazards:
Temperature Vibration

Radiation Noise

Source of photos: OSHA

Ergonomic Hazards

Source of photos: OSHA

Hierarchy of Hazard control:
 The End!
Thank You!