Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201 (2015) 360 – 367

$VLDQ&RQIHUHQFHRQ(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV$F(%V)HEUXDU\
7HKUDQ,UDQ

5HYLWDOL]DWLRQRI8UEDQ3XEOLF6SDFHV$QRYHUYLHZ
0DLPXQDK5DPOHH 'DVLPDK2PDU5R]\DK0RKG<XQXV=DOLQD6DPDGL
)DFXOW\RI$UFKLWHFWXUH3ODQQLQJDQG6XUYH\LQJ8QLYHUVLWL7HNQRORJL0$5$6KDK$ODP0DOD\VLD

Abstract

7KHUHFHQWWUHQGLQGLFDWHVWKDWXUEDQWRXULVPJLYHVDSULRULW\RQXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHV,QDGGLWLRQXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVKDYH EHHQ
LQYROYHGLQXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQSURMHFWVWRDFUHDWHV\PERORIWKHFLW\DQGKDYHEHHQSURYHGWREHXVHIXOIRUXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQ
,Q OLQH ZLWK WKLV WUHQG WKLVSDSHU LV WRGLVFXVV LVVXHV UHODWHG WRWKH UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ RI XUEDQ SXEOLFVSDFH 7KH VWXG\ UHYHDOV WKH
WHUPVUHIHUUHGWRWKHUHYLWDOL]DWLRQSURFHVV$SDUWIURPWKDWWKHHOHPHQWVRISXEOLFVSDFHDUHDOVRDSSOLHGWRWKHDUHDEHWWHUNQRZQ
DVRSHQVSDFHDQGFDQEHXVHGLQDPHDQLQJIXOZD\WRWKHSXEOLF
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI$0(5$VVRFLDWLRQRI0DOD\VLDQ(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU5HVHDUFKHUVDQGF(%V&HQWUH
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
IRU(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV)DFXOW\RI$UFKLWHFWXUH3ODQQLQJ 6XUYH\LQJ8QLYHUVLWL7HNQRORJL0$5$0DOD\VLD
Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and cE-Bs (Centre
for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
.H\ZRUGV8UEDQUHYLWDOLVDWLRQUHJHQHUDWLRQUHGHYHORSPHQWSXEOLFVSDFH

1. Introduction

7KH FLW\ LV WKH UHVXOW RI ZHOOGHYHORSHG FLYLOL]DWLRQ SHRSOH OLYLQJ DQG DV D ZRUNLQJ VSDFH $FFRUGLQJ WR 5RQJ
 ³LW LV SUHGLFWHG WKDW LQ VW FHQWXU\ WKH FLW\ ZLOO IDFH XQLTXH SHULRG RI UDSLG HFRQRPLF JURZWK DQG
WHFKQRORJ\ DQG WR HQFRXUDJH XUEDQ FRPPXQLW\ WR UHH[DPLQH WKH GHSWK DQG EUHDGWK RI FRQWHQW UHVHDUFK DQG
UHVSRQGWRFKDQJHVDULVLQJIURPWKHQHZZLWKWKHQHZFKDOOHQJHVVHULHVRISUDFWLFDOSUREOHPV´
,QWKHGHPRFUDWLFVRFLHW\XUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVDUHIRUSHRSOHWRHQMR\QDWXUHDQGSURYLGHDJDWKHULQJSODFHIRUD
VRFLDOHYHQWLVWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDQXUEDQODQGVFDSHDQGUHDOOLIHVFHQDULRVVWDJHV,WLVWRLPSURYH
WKHTXDOLW\RIXUEDQHQYLURQPHQWSURPRWHSHRSOHH[FKDQJHVUHPLQLVFHQWWKHXUEDQKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUHDVZHOODVWR
DURXVH SHRSle’V VHQVH RI LGHQWLW\ DQG EHORQJLQJ WR DOO DQG LW SOD\ YHU\ LPSRUWDQW UROH $FFRUGLQJ WR 7RZQ DQG
&RXQWU\3ODQQLQJ$FW$FWRSHQVSDFHPHDQVDQ\ODQGZKHWKHUHQFORVHGRUQRWZKLFKLVODLGRXWRU
UHVHUYHG IRU OD\LQJ RXW ZKROO\ RU SDUWO\ DV D SXEOLF JDUGHQ SDUN VSRUWV DQG UHFUHDWLRQ JURXQG SOHDVXUH JURXQG


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLODGGUHVVPDLPXQDKUDPOHH#JPDLOFRP

1877-0428 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and cE-Bs (Centre for
Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.187
 Maimunah Ramlee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201 (2015) 360 – 367 361

ZDONRUDVDSXEOLFSODFH&RQWHPSRUDU\XUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHDQGHQYLURQPHQWDUHIDFLQJDVLJQLILFDQWVKLIWIURPWKH
FRPSUHKHQVLYHUDQJHRISROLWLFDOHFRQRPLFWHFKQRORJLFDOVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOEURXJKW
5HFRJQL]LQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH UROH DQG IXQFWLRQ RI XUEDQ SXEOLF VSDFHV WKLV VWXG\ ZLOO GHVFULEH WKH
FULWHULDTXDOLWLHV DQG HOHPHQWV WKDW DIIHFW WKH VXFFHVV RI WKH UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ SURJUDP WR DWWUDFW YLVLWRUV WR WKH XUEDQ
SXEOLF VSDFH $FFRUGLQJ WR +ROODQG  UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ PHDQV WR JLYH QHZ OLIH VWUHQJWK YLWDOLW\ WR DQ DUHD
PHDQZKLOHXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQPHDQVWRLPSDUWQHZOLIHRUVWUHQJWKWRDQHLJKERXUKRRGDQGLWFDQLQFOXGHHIIRUWV
WRUHYLWDOL]HDIODJJLQJHFRQRP\5DVKLGHWDODUJXHGWKDWWKHFRQFHSWRIXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQLQ0DOD\VLDQ
FLWLHV LV WR SURPRWH D ³UHWXUQ WR WKH FLW\´ UHYLWDOL]H WKH FLW\ FHQWUH UHVWRUH DFWLYLW\ DQG LPSOHPHQW LQLWLDWLYHV WR
LPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHHQYLURQPHQW
7KXVWKLVUHVHDUFKZLOOIRFXVRQXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHLQZKLFKWKHFULWHULRQRIVXFFHVVLQDWWUDFWLQJYLVLWRUVDOVR
ZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHGRQXVHUSHUFHSWLRQ7KHWHUPVXFFHVVWKDWDWWUDFWYLVLWRUVLQFOXGHYDULRXVDVSHFWVRIWKH
PRWLYHV DQG SXUSRVHV SHUFHSWLRQ DQG DVSHFWV RI GLYHUVLW\ DQG GLIIHUHQFHV LQ DFWLYLW\ ZLWK LWV EDFNJURXQG DQG
FKDUDFWHUWKDWFUHDWHORFDOIHHOLQJ7KLVVWXG\LVYLWDOLQHIIRUWVWRUHYLWDOL]HRIXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVLQRUGHUIRULWWR
VXUYLYHDQGFDQEHDSSOLHGLQQHZGHYHORSPHQWV

 5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV

,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHWKHUHVHDUFKDLPWKHREMHFWLYHVDUHWR
x 'HILQHWKHWKHRUHWLFDORUVFLHQWLILFUHVHDUFKRQWKHUHYLWDOL]DWLRQRIXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHLQWHUPRIGHILQLWLRQ
FRQFHSWW\SHVDQGSURJUDPV
x (YDOXDWHWKHSXEOLFVSDFHVWKDWQHHGWREHUHYLWDOL]HG
x 3URSRVHDOWHUQDWLYHZD\VLQSODQQLQJIRUUHYLWDOL]DWLRQRIXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFH

2. Review process

7KH UHYLHZ SURFHVV EDVHG RQ WKH PHWDDQDO\VLV LQYROYHV MRXUQDOV DUWLFOHV UHVHDUFK SDSHUV DQG 3K'06F
GLVVHUWDWLRQIURPILYHGDWDEDVHVXVLQJVLPLODUWHUPVDQGNH\ZRUGV7KHMRXUQDOVHDUFKSURFHVVXVLQJDFRPELQDWLRQ
RINH\ZRUGVXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQUHJHQHUDWLRQUHGHYHORSPHQWDQGSXEOLFVSDFH
7KHUHIHUHQFHVOLVWRIWKHVWXGLHVDOVRXVHGWRUHH[DPLQHDQGH[WHQGWKHVHDUFKFRYHUVWKHVLVMRXUQDOVDQGDUWLFOHV
SXEOLVKHGEHWZHHQXQWLO2QFHWKHFULWHULDKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHGWKHFRGHIRUVWXGLHVZDVGRQHWRIDFLOLWDWH
WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKHVH ILQGLQJV +HUH DUH WKH YDULDEOHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ VHW XUEDQ UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ SXEOLF VSDFH
UHVHDUFKPHWKRGDQGUHVXOWV)URPWKHRXWFRPHRIWKHVHDUFKDWRWDORIMRXUQDOVDUWLFOHV5HVHDUFK3DSHUVDQG
3K'06F'LVVHUWDWLRQWKDWDUHUHOHYDQWDQGIXOILOOWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVFRQGXFWHG7KHMRXUQDOVDQGDUWLFOHVZHUH
VHOHFWHGIURPWKHOLWHUDWXUHVWKDWZHUHSHUWLQHQWWRWKHSXUSRVHDQGVWXG\DUHDRIWKHUHVHDUFK
7KLVUHVHDUFKLVGRQHE\OLWHUDWXUHVWXGLHVRIPHDQLQJRISXEOLFVSDFHXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQVXFFHVVIXORISXEOLF
VSDFHVTXDUH DQG JRYHUQPHQW SROLFLHV DQG SURJUDP 7KHRU\ DQG SHUVSHFWLYHV RI SXEOLF VSDFH DQG XUEDQ
UHYLWDOL]DWLRQDOVRLQFOXGHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFKWREHDUHIHUHQFH6RPHGLIIHUHQWIDFWRUVVXFKDVPRWLYHVDQGSXUSRVHV
DFWLYLWLHV DQG SHUFHSWLRQV RQ XUEDQ SXEOLF VSDFHV DUH LGHQWLILHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH LQYROYHPHQW DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ RI
YLVLWRUVLQXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHWRZDUGVVXFFHVVRIXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQSURJUDP7KXVWKLVVWXG\LVXQGHUWDNHQWRILOO
WKLV NQRZOHGJH JDS ,W LV YLWDO WR VWXG\ KRZ XUEDQ SXEOLF VSDFH ZLOO WKHQ KHOS LQ WKH UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH FLW\  ,W
ZRXOGWKHQFRQWULEXWHWRLGHQWLI\WKHSXEOLFVSDFHVWKDWQHHGWREHUHYLWDOL]HG7KXVLWZLOOWKHQKHOSWRLGHQWLI\WKH
VXLWDEOHUHYLWDOL]DWLRQSURJUDPRIXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHV

3. Urban revitalization

9DULRXVWHUPVZHUHUHIHUUHGWRWKHVHUHYLWDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVWKDWDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGLQWHUFKDQJHDEO\6SDQGRX
HWDOLGHQWLILHGWKHWHUPVVXFKDV

x 5HJHQHUDWLRQ
x 5HQHZDO
x 5HGHYHORSPHQW
362 Maimunah Ramlee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201 (2015) 360 – 367

x 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ
x &RQVHUYDWLRQ
x 5HVWRUDWLRQ
x 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ
x 5HIXUELVKPHQW
x 5HQDLVVDQFH
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG 9LOHQLVNH  VWDWHG WKDW WKH WHUP RI UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ FDQ LPSO\ SK\VLFDO DQG VRFLDO
FXOWXUDODQGHFRQRPLFGLPHQVLRQV7KHLGHDRIUHYLWDOL]DWLRQLVWREDODQFHWKHFXUUHQWUDSLGGHYHORSPHQWLQXUEDQ
DUHDV WKURXJK WKH FRQVHUYLQJ XUEDQ LGHQWLW\ FXOWXUH DQG WUDGLWLRQV )XUWKHUPRUH WKH UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ SURJUDP FDQ
FUHDWHMRERSSRUWXQLW\WRLQFUHDVHSHRSOHV
LQFRPHSUHVHUYHQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVSURYLGHVVXLWDEOHXUEDQDPHQLWLHVDQG
IDFLOLWLHV IRU WKH XVHU %\ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH WHUP RI UHJHQHUDWLRQ LW DOVR GHDOV ZLWK LVVXHV VLPLODU WR UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ
$FFRUGLQJ WR 1WVKRQD  UHJHQHUDWLRQ HQFRPSDVVLQJ DGGUHVVLQJ LVVXHV OLNH HFRQRPLF UHVWULFWLQJ
XQHPSOR\PHQW VRFLDOGHSULYDWLRQDQGH[FOXVLRQFRQWDPLQDWHGODQGDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOSROOXWLRQ,WLVDOVRD ZLVH
PRYHLQFRQVLGHULQJWKHXUEDQVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWDQGUHJHQHUDWLRQDVZHOODVJLYHQUHMXYHQDWHDQGVKRXOGEH
IXOO\ XWLOL]HG ,Q DGGLWLRQ FRQVHUYDWLRQ FRPPRQO\ XVHV IRU UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ 6DPDGL HWDO  VWDWH WKDW
³FRQVHUYDWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHPRVWFRPPRQO\SUDFWLFHGDSSURDFKWRPRVWKHULWDJHGHYHORSPHQW7KHKHULWDJH
UHYLWDOL]DWLRQDULVHVIURPWKH LVVXHVRI JHQHUDOL]DWLRQGXH WR JOREDOL]DWLRQLQWKHHDUO\GHFDGHRIWKH PLOOHQQLXP´
&RQVHUYDWLRQLVDOVRSK\VLFDOLQWHUYHQWLRQLQWKHIDEULFRIWKHEXLOGLQJWRHQVXUHLWVFRQWLQXHGSHUIRUPDQFH%DUROGLQ
HWDO
*OREDOO\ IHZ UHVHDUFKHV KDYH EHHQ FDUULHG RXW LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH XUEDQ UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ 8UEDQ UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ DV D
SURFHVVWKDWFRPSULVHVRIDVHWRIXUEDQPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHVWRIDFLOLWDWHHFRQRPLFVRFLDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFXOWXUDO
DQGKLVWRULFDOUHGHYHORSPHQWRISUREOHPDWLFGHSULYHGDQGGHUHOLFWXUEDQDUHDV6SDQGRXHWDO %DVHGRQ
XUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVWKHWDUJHWV WREHDFKLHYHGLVWR UHEXLOGWKH FLW\LQ ZKLFKSHRSOH ZRUNDQGOLYH JRRG
HQYLURQPHQWDOTXDOLW\DGHTXDWHVRFLDOFXOWXUDODQGUHFUHDWLRQDOIDFLOLWLHVDQGWRLPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHRIORFDO
UHVLGHQWV
7KHUHDUHORWVRIWHUPVIRUXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQ7KXVWKHUHVHDUFKHUVXVHGZRUGVWKDWKDYHWKHPHDQLQJVLPLODUWR
XUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQVXFKDVXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQXUEDQUHGHYHORSPHQWXUEDQUHQDLVVDQFHDQGXUEDQUHQHZDO7RGD\
WKH WHUP ³XUEDQ FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG UHJHQHUDWLRQ´ LV ZLGHO\ XVHG WR H[SUHVV WKH LQFOXVLRQ RI HFRQRPLF DQG VRFLDO
GLPHQVLRQV LQ XUEDQ FRQVHUYDWLRQ SODQQLQJ DQG WR UHIOHFW WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI LQWHJUDWLYH SODQQLQJ 3HHUDSXQ
,QRWKHUVWXG\XUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQDOVRFDOOHGXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQXUEDQUHQHZDODQGXUEDQUHQDLVVDQFHLV
WKH ILHOG RI SXEOLF SROLF\ WKDW FRPSUHKHQVLYH LQWHJUDWHG YLVLRQ DQG DFWLRQ ZKLFK OHDGV WR WKH UHVROXWLRQ RI XUEDQ
LVVXHVDVHFRQRPLFGHFOLQHHQYLURQPHQWDOGHFD\FRPPXQLW\GHUHOLFWLRQJURZLQJXQHPSOR\PHQWDQGVRPHVRFLDO
SUREOHPV FDXVHG E\ WKHVH XUEDQ LVVXHV WKDW KDV EHHQ VXEMHFW WR FKDQJH /L  0HKWD  5DVKLG HWDO
&RXFKHWDO
7KHUHIRUHDFWLRQVDQGVWUDWHJLHVKDGWDNHQWRDGGUHVVWKHSUREOHPVLQXUEDQDUHDVHVSHFLDOO\UHVWUXFWXULQJXUEDQ
HFRQRPLF VRFLDO UHDFWLRQ DQG UHKDELOLWDWLRQ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO GHVWUXFWLRQ 6R SK\VLFDO DFWLYLWLHV ZLOO KHOS WR
LPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHDQGFUHDWLQJVXVWDLQDEOHFRPPXQLWLHV
&RQFXUUHQWO\0DOD\VLDLVLQDQHIIRUWWRUHYLWDOL]HWKHGHJUDGDWLRQDQGQHJOHFWRIWKHFLWLHVFHQWUHV 0DOD\VLD’V
SRSXODWLRQLQPLGVWRRGDWPLOOLRQDQGWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVSURMHFWVWKHQDWLRQ’VSRSXODWLRQWRJURZWR
PLOOLRQE\5DVKLGHWDO$VDQHIIHFWFLWLHVDQGWRZQVZLOOJURZDQGSOD\VDVLJQLILFDQWUROHLQXUEDQ
JURZWK 'XH WR WKH LPSDFW RI XUEDQ JURZWK WKHUH ZHUH H[FHVVLYH LQGXVWULDO JURZWK LQFUHDVHG PRWRUL]HG
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQPRYHPHQWVDQGVRFLDOOLIHVW\OHH[SHFWDWLRQVFRQWULEXWHWRWKHH[SDQVLRQDQGFRQWLQXHGVSUDZOLQJRI
FLWLHV’5DVKLGHWDO
7KHUHIRUHWKHFLWLHVDQGWRZQVLQ0DOD\VLDQHHGIRUXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQE\FRQVLGHULQJWKHHIIHFWRIXUEDQGHFD\
7KLV LV VXSSRUWHG E\ /L  WKDW XUEDQ UHGHYHORSPHQW UHJHQHUDWLRQ KDV EHHQ D YLWDO FRPSRQHQW RI WKH
XUEDQGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVMXVWEHFDXVHFLWLHVGRWHQGWRDJHDQGEHFRPHREVROHWHSK\VLFDOO\DQGIXQFWLRQDOO\DQG
KHQFHHFRQRPLFDOO\+HQFHXUEDQUHGHYHORSPHQWDUHWDUJHWHGWRHUDGLFDWHVOXPVDQGXQKHDOWK\DUHDWROLYHLQWKH
FLW\FUHDWHEHWWHUVFHQHU\DQGLPDJHRIXUEDQDUHDVLQFUHDVHHFRQRPLFLQXUEDQDUHDFUHDWHFRPIRUWDEOHDQGVDIH
QHLJKERXUKRRGLQFUHDVLQJSURSHUW\YDOXHLQWKHIXWXUHDQGUHVWUXFWXUHVRFLHW\LQSRYHUW\HUDGLFDWLRQ

 Maimunah Ramlee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201 (2015) 360 – 367 363

4. Urban public space

/LWHUDOO\SXEOLFVSDFHFDQEHGHILQHGDVDVSDFHIRUWKHSXEOLF+RZHYHUWKHGLIIHUHQWGHILQLWLRQRIERWKÄSXEOLF’
DQG ÄVSDFe’ FDQ EH LGHQWLILHG LQ D PXOWLFXOWXUDO FRQWH[W )RU H[DPSOH +RQJ .RQJ 3XEOLF 6SDFH ,QLWLDWLYH 
SRLQWHG RXW ³SXEOLF PD\ UHIHU WR HYHU\ VLQJOH LQGLYLGXDO WKH HQWLUH SRSXODWLRQ DV D ZKROH DQG WKH PDMRULW\´
$FFRUGLQJWR%DVVHWWVSDFHLVLGHRORJLFDOVRFLDOO\SURGXFHGGLVSXWHGDQGDOZD\VFKDQJLQJDPRQJVRFLDO
SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF DQG JHRJUDSKLF WHUULWRULHV 6SDFH HVSHFLDOO\ SXEOLF VSDFH EHFRPHV D FRPPHUFLDO FRPPRGLW\
EHFDXVHRIWKHDFWLYLWLHVJHQHUDWHGE\WUDGLWLRQ3XVSLWDVDULHWDO
7KHFRQFHSWRIZKDWSXEOLFVSDFHVFKDQJHRYHUWLPH7KHFRQFHSWRISXEOLFVSDFHFDQEHLQWHUSUHWHGGLIIHUHQWO\
E\FRPPXQLWLHVDFFRUGLQJWRHDFKFXOWXUHDQGLWVHPSKDVLVRQSXEOLFVSDFH,QDGGLWLRQWKHSXEOLFVSDFHVDOVRXVHG
DQG RZQHG E\ DOO SHRSOH QR PDWWHU KRZ ZH FKRRVH WR GHILQH ÄWKH SXEOLF’ $O6KDPV HWDO  .XUQLDZDWL
ZKHUHRQHFDQVHHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHLQGLYLGXDODQGVRFLHW\2NRORHWDO+HQFH
SXEOLFVSDFHVVKRXOGDFFRPPRGDWHFKDQJHDQGSHRSOHIURPDOOVRUWVRI EDFNJURXQGVKRXOGEHDFFHVVLEOHWRSXEOLF
VSDFHV ZLWK WKH ULJKW WR YDULHW\ DQG IOH[LELOLW\ RI 4DPDUX]=DPDQ HWDO  &XUUHQWO\ LQ 0DOD\VLD WKH
FRQFHSWRIÄSXEOLFVSDFH’LVLOOXVWUDWHGE\WKHWHUPRIÄRSHQVSDFe’$FFRUGLQJWRWKH7RZQDQG&RXQWU\3ODQQLQJ
$FW$PHQGPHQW$FWLQ6HFWLRQVWDWHGWKDWRSHQVSDFHLV³RSHQVSDFHPHDQVDQ\ODQGZKHWKHU
HQFORVHG RU QRW ZKLFK LV ODLG RXW RU UHVHUYHG IRU OD\LQJ RXW ZKROO\ RU SDUWO\ DV D SXEOLF JDUGHQ SDUN VSRUWV DQG
UHFUHDWLRQJURXQGSOHDVXUHJURXQGZDONRUDVDSXEOLFSODFH´
*HQHUDOO\WKHVLJQLILFDQFHRISXEOLFVSDFHFDQEHVHHQIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRILQGLYLGXDOFRPPXQLW\DQGFLW\
3XEOLFVSDFHLVDVSDFHZLWKIHDWXUHWKDWDOORZVWKHSHRSOHWRVSHQGWLPHDQGHQMR\WKHLUOLIHDVDSXEOLFUHJDUGOHVVRI
WKHLUGLIIHUHQFHV,QDGGLWLRQSXEOLFVSDFHVFDQEHYLHZHGDVÄORFDOHV’VHWWLQJVLQZKLFKVRFLDOUHODWLRQVDQGDVHQVH
RISODFHDUHFRQVWLWXWHG5DPH]DQLHWDODQGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKHVHQVHRIFRQWLQXLW\IRUDJURXS
RU D VRFLHW\ (UFDQ  7KHVH ZLOO HQVXUH SHRSOH DUH QRW LVRODWHG ZKHQ WKH\ DUH LQ D JURXS RI SHRSOH
8VXDOO\WKHDFWLYLWLHVZLOOEHFDUULHGRXWLQWKHIRUPRIFRPPXQLW\HYHQWVVXFKDVWKHZDWHUIHVWLYDOIORUDOIHVWLYDOV
DQGFXOWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFHV)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKHFRPPXQLW\DQGJURXSDFWLYLWLHVWKDWWDNHSODFHLQSXEOLFVSDFH
DQGFUHDWHVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKHDFKRWKHU,WLVVXSSRUWHGE\6DQJDU³GHVSLWHWKHFKDQJLQJQDWXUHRI
PRGHUQ QHLJKERXUKRRGV DQG FRPPXQLWLHV SXEOLF VSDFHV DUH VWLOO DQ HVVHQWLDO SDUW RI OLIH EHFDXVH WKH\ SURYLGH
RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUGLIIHUHQWSHRSOH±\RXQJROGHWFWRH[SHULHQFHDYDULHW\RIKXPDQHQFRXQWHUV´
,QWKHFLW\GLPHQVLRQWKHSXEOLFVSDFHLVLPSRUWDQWLQWKHDVSHFWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWFXOWXUHDQGHFRQRP\WRZDUG
WKHLPSURYHPHQWDQGEDODQFLQJWKHFLW\7KHUHIRUHLQWKHKLJKGHQVLW\GHYHORSPHQWRIXUEDQDUHDVSXEOLFVSDFHVDV
D EXIIHU ]RQH DV ZHOO DV WKH OREE\ RI WKH FLW\ FHQWUH ,Q DGGLWLRQ SXEOLF VSDFH DOVR DV D VLJQLILFDQW VSDFH IRU
SHQHWUDWLRQRIDLUDQGVXQOLJKWWRWKHFLW\VRWKDWWKHFLW\FDQKDYHDKHDOWK\HQYLURQPHQW















)LJ7KHFRPPXQLW\DQGJURXSDFWLYLWLHVWKDWWDNHSODFHLQSXEOLFVSDFH
6RXUFH3HQDQJ6WDWH7RXULVP'HYHORSPHQWDQG&XOWXUH

3XEOLFVSDFHLVRQHSDUWRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDFLW\\HWSXEOLFVSDFHVSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKHSXEOLFOLIH
DQGHQKDQFHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIH$FFRUGLQJWR(UFDQSRLQWHGRXWWKDWSXEOLFVSDFHVSOD\DEURDGUDQJHRI
364 Maimunah Ramlee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201 (2015) 360 – 367

UROHV ZKLFK FDQ EH FODVVLILHG DV SK\VLFDO HFRORJLFDO SV\FKRORJLFDO VRFLDO SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF V\PEROLF DQG
DHVWKHWLFUROHV,QWKHFRQWH[WRI0DOD\VLD)HGHUDO'HSDUWPHQWRI7RZQ3ODQQLQJVWDWHGWKDW³LQWKHJOREDO
HQYLURQPHQW RSHQ VSDFHV SOD\ D SLYRWDO UROH DW WKH WLPH RI GHFOLQLQJ QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV LQFUHDVLQJ SROOXWLRQ
GHVWUXFWLRQRIR]RQHOD\HUVDQGIHDURIJUHHQKRXVHHIIHFW:LWKRXWRSHQVSDFHVWKHORQJWHUPVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIRXU
FLWLHVLVLQVRPHVHULRXVGRXEW´,IWKHSXEOLFVSDFHSOD\VDVLJQLILFDQWUROHLQDIHZPDWWHUVLQYROYLQJWKHSXEOLFDQG
XUEDQDUHDVSXEOLFVSDFHEHFRPHVLQHYLWDEOHFRPSRQHQWVLQXUEDQDUHDV
*HQHUDOO\ SXEOLF VSDFH FDQ EH VHHQ LQ YDULRXV IRUPV VXFK DV VWUHHWV SOD]DV SDUNV VTXDUHV DQG PDUNHW SODFHV
$O6KDPV HWDO  +DUXQ HWDO  ZKLFK LV D SXEOLF VSDFH DQG SOD\ D QXPEHU RI SK\VLFDO UROH 7KH
RSHQQHVV HQFORVXUH OLQNV QRGHV VTXDUHV DQG VWUHHWV DUH XUEDQ IDEULF FRPSRQHQWV WKDW UHIHUUHG WR GLVWLQJXLVK
VSDFHVWKDWPD\H[SUHVVYLVXDOVHTXHQFHVRIÄVWDWLFDQGG\QDPic’LQD FLW\(O+XVVHLQ\HWDO :LWKRXW
VXFK WKH REMHFWV SHRSOH DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQQRW PDNH D PRYHPHQW RU H[FKDQJH IURP RQH DUHD WR DQRWKHU ,Q
DGGLWLRQ WKHUH DUH DOVR IDFLOLWLHV VXFK DV WUDIILF VLJQV VWUHHW OLJKW SXEOLF WRLOHW SDUNLQJ DUHDV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ
VLJQDJHWRIDFLOLWDWHXVHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KLVIDFLOLW\LVSDUWRIWKHQHFHVVDU\LQIUDVWUXFWXUHRIDVXFFHVVIXOSXEOLF
VSDFH-a’DIDUHWDO
3DUNVDUHSXEOLFVSDFHVWKDWVKRXOGSURYLGHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUSK\VLFDODFWLYLW\VRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQDQGHVFDSHIURP
XUEDQ OLYLQJ IRU SHRSOH RI DOO ZDONV RI OLIH %DJZHOO HWDO 7KLV LV VXSSRUWHG E\ *UHDYHV  WKH
VRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQW\SLFDOO\RFFXULQFRPPRQO\XVHGSXEOLFVSDFHVVXFKDVRQVLGHZDONVRUVPDOOORFDOFRPPHUFLDO
HVWDEOLVKPHQWV VXFK DV EXWFKHU VKRSV KDUGZDUH VWRUHV FDIHV DQG SXEV ,Q RWKHU SHUVSHFWLYH 0HKWD 
PHQWLRQHG WKDW VWUHHW DQG WKHLU VLGHZDONV WKH PDLQ SXEOLF VSDFHV RI WKH FLW\ DUH LWV PRVW YLWDO RUJDQV 7KH VWUHHW
XVHGDVDQH[WHQVLRQRIVKRSVDQGFDIHV(O+XVVHLQ\7KHVHG\QDPLFVSDFHVDUHDQHVVHQWLDOFRXQWHUSDUW
WR WKH PRUH VHWWOHG SODFHV DQG URXWLQHV RI ZRUN DQG KRPH OLIH SURYLGLQJ WKH FKDQQHOV IRU PRYHPHQW QRGHV IRU
FRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGFRPPRQJURXQGVIRUSOD\DQGUHOD[DWLRQ%HVLGHVWKDWWKHQDWXUDOHOHPHQWVDUHLPSRUWDQWIDFWRU
LQ SXEOLF RSHQ VSDFH WKDW LPSURYH FRPIRUW UHOD[DWLRQ SOHDVDQW H[SHULHQFH DQG DQWLFLSDWH XQSOHDVDQW FOLPDWH E\
SODFLQJWUHHVDORQJSHGHVWULDQSDWKDQGVLWWLQJDUHD1DVXWLRQHWDO
7KURXJKRXWKLVWRU\PDQ\HFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVFDUULHGRXWLQWKHFLW\FHQWUHVXUURXQGHGE\SXEOLFVSDFHDVDIRFDO
SRLQW,QWKHFRQWH[WRI0DOD\VLDGXULQJWKH&RORQLDOHUDSXEOLFVSDFHZDVFUHDWHGQRWIRUOHLVXUHEXWWRVHUYHDQ
HFRQRPLFSXUSRVHVXFKDVIUXLWVDQGVSLFHVZHUHLPSRUWDQWFRPPRGLWLHVDQGDVDUHVXOWWKHSODQWVWRFNVKDGWREH
FRQWUROOHG IRU FRPPHUFLDO QHHGV OHDGLQJ WR WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH %RWDQLFDO *DUGHQ 3XODX 3LQDQJ )HGHUDO
'HSDUWPHQWRI7RZQ3ODQQLQJ7KHUHIRUHFRPPHUFLDODFWLYLWLHVPRYHGWRWKHFLW\FHQWUHWRNHHSLWVFORVH
UHODWLRQ ZLWK SXEOLF VSDFH IRU WKH EHQHILW RI WKH YLVLWRUV ZKR FRPLQJ DQG JRLQJ ,Q 0DOD\VLD WKH ZDWHUIURQW
GHYHORSPHQWKDVFUHDWHGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRDWWUDFWPRUHIRUHLJQLQYHVWPHQWLQWKHFRPPHUFLDOSURMHFW
7KHLPSRUWDQFHRISXEOLFVSDFHKDVEHHQZLGHO\UHFRJQL]HGPDLQO\IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRILPSURYLQJTXDOLW\RI
OLIHWKURXJKFRPIRUWDEOHHQYLURQPHQWDQGDEXQGDQWSXEOLFOLIHHQKDQFLQJXUEDQLPDJHWKURXJKXUEDQYLWDOLW\DQG
LPSHOOLQJHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWWKURXJKLQYHVWPHQWZKLFKLVDWWUDFWHGE\JRRGLPDJH/L7KHUHIRUHWKH
FKDQJLQJ QDWXUH RISXEOLFVSDFHDQGWKHHPHUJHQFHRIQHZSXEOLFVSDFHVFDQEHDXWLI\WKHXUEDQHQYLURQPHQWDQG
SOHDVDQWIRUWKHKXPDQEHLQJWRZRUNGZHOODQGUHOD[LQ

5. Relationship between urban revitalization and public space

7KH UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ SURJUDP RI SXEOLF VSDFH KDV EHHQ GHVLJQHG WR EULQJ LQWHUFXOWXUDO FRPPXQLWLHV WRJHWKHU
%DJZHOOHWDO7KHUHIRUHXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVVKRXOGEHFRPHWKHV\PEROVRIWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\FLW\DQG
WRROVLQWKHUHYLWDOL]DWLRQRIFLWLHVWKHUHE\UHFUHDWLQJWKHORVWLGHQWLW\RIDJLYHQFLW\7KHVHSXEOLFVSDFHVUHIOHFWWKH
VRFLDO OLIH DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ RI D SHRSOH 2NROR HWDO  3DLJR  H[DPLQHG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ
SXEOLF VSDFHVDQGFLW\’VGHYHORSPHQWDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ+H IRXQGWKDWWKHHYHQWDQGDFWLYLW\VKDSHWKH
SODFHDQGDOORZVWKHGLUHFWUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQYLVLWRUVDQGSXEOLFVSDFHV

 Maimunah Ramlee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201 (2015) 360 – 367 365


 'HYHORSPHQW

 &XOWXUDO$IILOLDWLRQ
 8UEDQ %XLOW(QYLURQPHQW
 3XEOLF3DUN 'HYHORSPHQW
 6WUHHWV 9RLG6SDFH
 0HPRULDO
0DUNHWV
 3OD\JURXQGV
 :DWHUIURQWV
 &RPPXQLW\2SHQ6SDFHV
 )RXQG $FWLYLW\ZLWKLQ
 6SDFH


9HQXH6SDFH 85%$138%/,&63$&( 6RFLDO&XOWXUDO,QIOXHQFH


 :KDWLQIOXHQFHGRHVFLW\ :KDWLQIOXHQFHGRHVRSHQVSDFHV
 GHYHORSPHQWKDYHRQRSHQVSDFH" KDYHRQDFLW\’VGHYHORSPHQW"


7KHHQGRISXEOLFVSDFH


)LJ7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVDQGFLW\’VGHYHORSPHQW
6RXUFH$GRSWHGIURP3DLJR

5DPH]DQLHWDOVWDWHGWKDWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISXEOLFVSDFHLQUHYLWDOL]LQJWKHFLW\LQWKDWLWJHQHUDWHVDVHQVH

RISDODFHDVZHOODVDVHQVHRIFRPPXQLW\E\HQFRXUDJLQJORFDODFWLYLWLHVDQGVSHFLDOHYHQWVWKDWDUHLQWHJUDOSDUWRI
XUEDQKHULWDJH2QWKHRWKHUKDQG/LPHQWLRQHGWKDW³DOWKRXJKWKHGHWDLOVRIXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQSROLFLHV
GHVLJQHGWRLPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHDQGWRHQKDQFHWKHXUEDQLPDJHKDYHYDULHGIURPQDWLRQWRQDWLRQDQGFLW\WR
FLW\ WKH\ KDYH RQH WKLQJ LQ FRPPRQ WKDW LV WKH\ LQYROYHG WKH XVH RI XUEDQ SXEOLF VSDFH LQ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ
$FFRUGLQJWR/LPHWDOSXEOLFVSDFHVIXQFWLRQDVXVHIXOFRPSRQHQWVRIXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVE\
LPSURYLQJWKHLPDJHRIWKHFLW\DQGWKXVDUHJHQHUDWLRQVLWH’VDWWUDFWLYHQHVVWRSRWHQWLDOLQZDUGLQYHVWRUV
,QRWKHUSHUVSHFWLYHXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQLQYROYHVWKHGLVWUHVVHGXUEDQDUHDVUHYLWDOL]DWLRQWKURXJKDFWLRQVVXFKDV
UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ RI KLVWRULF DUHDV LPSURYHPHQW RI OLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV LQ UHVLGHQWLDO GLVWULFWV UHGHYHORSPHQW RI SXEOLF
VSDFHV VTXDUHV SDUNV XUEDQ IXUQLWXUH DQG VR RQ PRGHUQL]DWLRQ RI XUEDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZDWHU QHWZRUNV JDV
HOHFWULFLW\WUDQVSRUWLQIUDVWUXFWXUH$OSRSL7KLV VWDWHPHQWLVVXSSRUWHGE\6DPDGLHWDOWKDW
XUEDQ KHULWDJH VWUHHW UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ LV GHILQHG DV UHMXYHQDWLRQ RI FXOWXUDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW RXWGRRU VSDFH LQ EHWZHHQ
KHULWDJHEXLOGLQJV,QDGGLWLRQ6DPDGLHWDOVWDWHGWKDWWKHUHVHDUFKDOVRFUHDWHDQHZLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI
WKHKHULWDJHVWUHHW’VUHYLWDOL]DWLRQ
$QRWKHUVLJQLILFDQWUROHRISXEOLFVSDFHVLVHFRQRPLFDQGFRPPHUFLDOZKLFKLVWKHIRFXVRIUHJHQHUDWLRQSURJUDP
(UFDQ)DU]DQHKLQKHUVWXGLHVVWDWHGWKDW³JRRGSXEOLFVSDFHDQGJRRGGHVLJQLVWKHUHIRUH
ERWK WKH RXWFRPH RI D VXFFHVVIXO XUEDQ UHQDLVVDQFH DV ZHOO DV D WRRO IRU PRELOL]LQJ FRPPXQLWLHV WR GHOLYHU WKLV
XUEDQUHQDLVVDQFH´

6. Conclusion

7KHHIIRUWLQIXUWKHULQJWKHNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHWRSLFRIUHYLWDOL]DWLRQRIXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHWKHRU\LVLPSRUWDQW
EHFDXVH LW FDQ KHOS JRYHUQPHQWV SODQQHUV GHYHORSHUV DQG SXEOLF RUJDQL]DWLRQ WR JHQHUDWH JUHDWHU DZDUHQHVV DQG
PRUH VWUDWHJLHV IUDPHZRUN IRU XUEDQ SXEOLF VSDFH )XUWKHUPRUH WKH HIIRUW WR LPSURYH WKH XUEDQ SODQQLQJ TXDOLW\
WRZDUGVXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHLVYLWDOLQRUGHUWRVXUYLYHDQGFDQEHDSSOLHGLQQHZGHYHORSPHQWV
%HVLGHVWKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQWZLOOEHPRUHVHQVLWLYHWRWKHGLUHFWLQYROYHPHQWRISXEOLFVWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHXUEDQ
SXEOLF VSDFHV GR QRW GLVDSSHDU ZLWK PRGHUQL]DWLRQ :LWKRXW WKH SURSHU UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ WR XSKROG WKRVH
366 Maimunah Ramlee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201 (2015) 360 – 367

TXDOLWLHV XUEDQ SXEOLF VSDFH GHWHULRUDWHG GXH WR QDWXUDO DQG WLPH IDFWRUV :KHQ WKLV KDSSHQV WKH XUEDQ SXEOLF
VSDFHV ZLOO ORVH LWV DWWUDFWLRQ DQG WKH DFWLYLW\ RI YLVLWRUV ,Q RUGHU WR UHPDLQ UHOHYDQW WR WKH FXUUHQW XUEDQ
HQYLURQPHQWDSURSHUSURJUDPRIUHYLWDOL]DWLRQRIXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVLVXUJHQWO\LQQHHG6RWKLVDUWLFOHVXJJHVWVD
VWXG\RQWKHVXFFHVVRIXUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQLQSXEOLFVSDFHLQ0DOD\VLD81(6&2&LW\
%\XUEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQSURJUDPLWFDQLPSURYHWKHDUHDDQGJLYHLWPRUHIXQFWLRQDOWKDQWKHSUHYLRXVVLWXDWLRQ
8UEDQUHYLWDOL]DWLRQDOVRFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHSK\VLFDOHFRQRPLFVRFLDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFXOWXUDODQGKLVWRULFDORIWKH
XUEDQDUHD$SDUWIURPWKDWWKHHOHPHQWVRISXEOLFVSDFHDUHDOVRDSSOLHGWRWKHDUHDZLOOEHEHWWHUNQRZQDQGFDQEH
XVHGLQDPHDQLQJIXOZD\WRWKHSXEOLF

Acknowledgements

7KH DXWKRUV RI WKLV VWXG\ DUH ZRXOG OLNH WR DFNQRZOHGJH WR VXSHUYLVRU DQG FRVXSHUYLVRU LQ VXSSRUWLQJ DQG
SURIHVVLRQDOJXLGDQFHWKURXJKRXWWKHVXFFHVVRIWKLVVWXG\

References

$OSRSL& 0DQROH&,QWHJUDWHGXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQ±6ROXWLRQIRUFLWLHVUHYLWDOL]H3URFHGLD(FRQRPLFVDQG)LQDQFH±

$O6KDPV$51JDK.=DNDULD=1RRUGLQ1 6DZDO0=+0:DWHUIURQWGHYHORSPHQWZLWKLQWKHXUEDQGHVLJQDQGSXEOLF
VSDFHIUDPHZRUNLQ0DOD\VLD$VLDQ6RFLDO6FLHQFH±
%DUROGLQ10 'LQ6$0&RQVHUYDWLRQSODQQLQJJXLGHOLQHVDQGGHVLJQRI0HODND+HULWDJH6KRSKRXVHV$VLDQ-RXUQDORI
(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV±
%DJZHOO6(YDQV*:LWWLQJ$ :RUSROH.3XEOLF VSDFH PDQDJHPHQW. /RQGRQ0HWURSROLWDQ8QLYHUVLW\
%DVVHWW607KHUROHRIVSDWLDOMXVWLFHLQWKHUHJHQHUDWLRQRIXUEDQVSDFHV7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLVDW8UEDQD&KDPSDLJQ
&RXFK&6\NHV2 %RUVWLQJKDXV:7KLUW\\HDUVRIXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQLQ%ULWDLQ*HUPDQ\DQG)UDQFH7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIFRQWH[W
DQGSDWKGHSHQGHQF\3URJUHVVLQ3ODQQLQJ±
(O+XVVHLQ\0$5ROHRISXEOLFVSDFHLQDFKLHYLQJVRFLDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQ&DLUR$VLDQ-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV
±
(O+XVVHLQ\$0 (O+XVVHLQ\$$5HGHILQLQJVWDWLFDQGG\QDPLFVSDFHVJHQLXVLQWHJUDWLRQLQKLVWRULF&DLUR$VLDQ-RXUQDORI
(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV±
(UFDQ=0$3XEOLFVSDFHVRISRVWLQGXVWULDOFLWLHVDQGWKHLUFKDQJLQJUROHV0HWX-ID±
)DU]DQHK08UEDQGHYHORSPHQWSODQQLQJUHJHQHUDWLRQDQGSXEOLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQ$FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKH8.DQG,UDQ1HZFDVWOH
8QLYHUVLW\8QLWHG.LQJGRP
)HGHUDO'HSDUWPHQWRI7RZQDQG&RXQWU\3ODQQLQJ2SHQVSDFHVLQXUEDQ0DOD\VLD0DOD\VLD0LQLVWU\RI+RXVLQJDQG/RFDO
*RYHUQPHQW0DOD\VLD
*UHDYHV$8UEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQLQWRURQWR5HEXLOGLQJWKH6RFLDOLQ5HJHQW3DUN4XHHQ’V8QLYHUVLW\
+DUXQ1= 6DLG,7KHFKDQJLQJUROHVRISXEOLFVSDFHVLQ0DOD\VLD+DELWDW0DJD]LQH
+ROODQG6:HDYLQJSROLF\SHRSOH SODFHWRJHWKHUUHYLWDOL]LQJEURDGZD\HDVWZKDWGRHV³UHYLWDOL]LQJ´PHDQ"5HWULHYHG0D\
IURPKWWSZZZPSQKRUJa$VVHWV'RFXPHQW:SSSW5HYLWDOL]DWLRQ:RUNLQJ'HILQLWLRQSGI
+RQJ.RQJ3XEOLF6SDFH,QLWLDWLYH7KHFRQFHSWVRISXEOLFVSDFHV5HWULHYHG2FWREHUIURP
KWWSZZZKNSVLRUJHQJSXEOLFVSDFHSXEOLFVSDFHSKS"SDJH LQWURGXFWLRQ ILOH ZKDW
Ja’afar1+6XODLPDQ$% 6KDPVXGGLQ6ODQGVFDSHIHDWXUHVDQGWUDGLWLRQDOVWUHHWVFKDUDFWHULQ0DOD\VLD$VLDQ-RXUQDORI
(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV±
.XUQLDZDWL:$FFRPPRGDWLYHVWXG\RISXEOLFVSDFHIRUPDUJLQDOL]HGSHRSOH$VLDQ-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV
±
/L/+/LQ-/L; :X)5HGHYHORSPHQWRIXUEDQYLOODJHLQ&KLQD±$VWHSWRZDUGVDQHIIHFWLYHXUEDQSROLF\"$&DVH6WXG\RI
/LHGH9LOODJHLQ*XDQJ]KRX-RXUQDORI+DELWDW,QWHUQDWLRQDO±
/L08UEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQWKURXJKSXEOLFVSDFH$FDVHVWXG\LQVTXDUHVLQ'DOLDQ&KLQD8QLYHUVLW\RI:DWHUORR
/LP+.LP-3RWWHU& %DH:8UEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQDQGJHQWULILFDWLRQ/DQGXVHLPSDFWVRIWKHFKHRQJJ\HVWUHDPUHVWRUDWLRQ
SURMHFWRQWKH6HRXO’V&HQWUDO%XVLQHVV'LVWULFW-RXUQDORI+DELWDW,QWHUQDWLRQDO±
0HKWD37KHLPSDFWRIXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQRQORFDOKRXVLQJPDUNHWV±$FDVHVWXG\RI/LYHUSRRO/LYHUSRRO8.5HWULHYHG0DUFK
IURPKWWSZZZOLYMPDFXN%/7%8(B'RFVPHKWDSGI
0HKWD9$WRRONLWIRUSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHVRISXEOLFVSDFH3HUIRUPDQFH0HDVXUHVRI3XEOLF6SDFHUG,62&$53&RQJUHVV
5HWULHYHG0D\IURPKWWSZZZLVRFDUSQHW'DWDFDVHBVWXGLHVSGI
1DVXWLRQ$' =DKUDK:3XEOLFRSHQVSDFH’VFRQWULEXWLRQWRTXDOLW\RIOLIH'RHVSULYDWLVDWLRQPDWWHUV"$VLDQ-RXUQDORI
(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV±
 Maimunah Ramlee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 201 (2015) 360 – 367 367

1WVKRQD1,7KHUROHRIWKHFLW\GHYHORSPHQWDJHQFLHVLQWKHXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQRIWKHLQQHUFLW\RI-RKDQQHVEXUJ8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH

:LWZDWHUVUDQG
2NROR1 2NROLH$25HYLWDOL]LQJXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVLQ1LJHULDWKURXJKYHJHWDWLYHHQFODYHV-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDO
0DQDJHPHQWDQG6DIHW\±
3DLJR12SHQXUEDQVSDFHPLQGPDS5HWULHYHG1RYHPEHUIURPKWWSVQLFKRODVSDLJRZRUGSUHVVFRPDXWKRUSDLJRQSDJH
3HHUDSXQ:3DUWLFLSDWRU\3ODQQLQJ$SSURDFKWR8UEDQ&RQVHUYDWLRQDQGUHJHQHUDWLRQLQ$PSKDZDFRPPXQLW\7KDLODQG$VLDQ
-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV±
3HQDQJ6WDWH7RXULVP'HYHORSPHQWDQG&XOWXUH:HOFRPHWRYLVLW3HQDQJ5HWULHYHG1RYHPEHUIURP
KWWSZZZYLVLWSHQDQJJRYP\SRUWDO
3XVSLWDVDUL3'MXQDHGL$6XGDU\RQR 3XWUD+6$&\FOLFDOFKDQJHVRIVSDFH7KHSKHQRPHQDRIVSDFHFKDQJHVLQKLVWRULF
UHOLJLRXV.DPSXQJ/XDU%DWDQJ-DNDUWD,QGRQHVLD$VLDQ-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV±
4DPDUX]=DPDQ16DPDGL= $]KDUL1)18QGHUWKHIO\RYHUVRI.XDOD/XPSXU8VHUFHQWHUHGDFWLYLWLHVLQOHIWRYHUVSDFHV
-RXUQDORI$VLDQ%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV±
5DPH]DQL6$]L]=$$ ,GLG6=$3XEOLFVSDFHDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQRIDKLVWRULFOLYLQJFLW\0HODND0DOD\VLD5HWULHYHG0D\
IURPKWWSZZZHSXEOLFDWLRQIDEXWPP\URXWOHGJHYROSGI
5DVKLG$$ 5RVO\'$SULO5HYLWDOL]LQJXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWLQ0DOD\VLDWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQ
3URJUDPPH5HWULHYHG-XQHIURP
KWWSVZZZDFDGHPLDHGX5HYLWDOL]LQJB8UEDQB'HYHORSPHQWBLQB0DOD\VLDBWKURXJKBWKHB,PSOHPHQWDWLRQBRIB8UEDQB5HJHQHUDWLRQ
B3URJUDPPH
5RQJ=,PSURYHPHQWDQGUHYLWDOL]DWLRQRISXEOLFVSDFHVLQWKHKLVWRULFDOFHQWUHRI0DFDRWRZDUGVWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQHZVXVWDLQDEOH
XUEDQHQYLURQPHQW-LDQJQDQ8QLYHUVLW\&KLQD
6DPDGL= <XQXV503K\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDODWWULEXWHVRIXUEDQKHULWDJHVWUHHW’VUHYLWDOL]DWLRQ3URFHGLD±6RFLDODQG%HKDYLRUDO
6FLHQFHV
6DPDGL= <XQXV508UEDQ+HULWDJH6WUHHWs’5HYLWDOL]LQJ$WWULEXWHV$VLDQ-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQW±%HKDYLRXU6WXGLHV
±
6DPDGL=<XQXV502PDU' 6DUXZRQR0,QYHVWLJDWLQJKHULWDJHVWUHHWs’UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ$GXOW’VOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFH3URFHGLD
±6RFLDODQG%HKDYLRUDO6FLHQFHV±
6DQJDU9$+XPDQEHKDYLRXULQSXEOLFVSDFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ6RXWK:DOHV
6SDQGRX0*DUFLD& 0DFDULR58UEDQ5HYLWDOL]DWLRQDQGWUDQVSRUWORFDOIDFWRUVDQGGULYLQJIRUFHVIURPDVWDNHKROGHUVYLHZ
5HWULHYHG-XQHIURP
KWWSVZZZDFDGHPLDHGX8UEDQBUHYLWDOL]DWLRQBDQGB7UDQVSRUWBORFDOBIDFWRUVBDQGBGULYLQJBIRUFHVBIURPBDBVWDNHKROGHUVBYLHZ
9LOHQLVNH,* 8UERQDV98UEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQLQWKHFRQWH[WRISRVW6RYLHWWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ/LWKXDQLDQH[SHULHQFH-RXUQDORI
&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH±