CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1
Overview of
Overview of Research
Research
 RESEARCH PROBLEM
RESEARCH PROBLEM
• Must be
Must be SMART.
SMART.
• Must be
Must be written
written in in imperative
imperative form.
form.
• Identifies a
Identifies a specific
specific area.
area.
• Phrased in
Phrased in workable
workable and and manageable
manageable terms.
terms.
• Scope is
Scope is limited
limited to to realistic
realistic parameters
parameters that that are
are not
not too
too narrow
narrow
nor too
nor too broad.
broad.
• Statement must
Statement must be be unbiased,
unbiased, objective
objective andand not
not too
too emotion
emotion
laden.
laden.
• Relationship between
Relationship between variables
variables must
must be
be clearly
clearly identified.
identified.
• Phrases and
Phrases and wordings
wordings must must bebe measurable
measurable and and can
can be
be empirically
empirically
proven.
proven.
• Research problem
Research problem identifies
identifies the
the data
data and
and techniques
techniques needed
needed toto
answer the
answer the questions.
questions.
• The research
The research problem
problem is is stated
stated clearly
clearly in
in grammatical
grammatical terms.
terms.
 RESEARCH TITLE
RESEARCH TITLE &
& OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE
• During
During the
the weekend,
weekend, visit
visit the
the University
University Library
Library and
and look
look for
for Research
Research Titles.
Titles. Each
Each member
member of
of the
the
group must
group must write
write at
at least
least one
one Research
Research Title
Title and
and one
one General
General Objective
Objective of the
of the Research
Research
Title(ORIGINAL).
Title(ORIGINAL).

1. Choose aa Topic.
Choose Topic. Topic
Topic must
must bebe Accountancy
Accountancy (preferably
(preferably MAFIN,
MAFIN, MANAC,
MANAC, INTERNAL
INTERNAL or or EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
AUDIT) OR
AUDIT) OR Business or
Business or Management
Management (ORGBEV,(ORGBEV, OPEMAN,
OPEMAN, PRIMAR,
PRIMAR, FINANCE,
FINANCE, PRODMAN,
PRODMAN, & &
BUSINESS ETHICS).
BUSINESS ETHICS).
Choose a
2. Choose a Company
Company (must (must bebe established
established // has
has access
access to
to basic
basic info/
info/ can
can schedule
schedule anan interview).
interview).
Identify Current
3. Identify Current Problems
Problems // Weaknesses
Weaknesses // Issues
Issues of
of the
the Company
Company that
that relates
relates to
to the
the chosen
chosen
topic (GAP).
topic (GAP).
Use SMART
4. Use SMART in in Writing
Writing the
the Title.
Title.
NOY SD

Write the
5. Write the General
General Objective
Objective of of the
the Research
Research Title.
Title.
Consolidate 5
6. Consolidate 5 Titles
Titles & & Objectives
Objectives in in one
one Short
Short Bond
Bond Paper.
Paper.
Email Soft
7. Email Soft File
File onon June
June 15,
15, before
before 1212 midnight.
midnight.
Submit Hard
8. Submit Hard copy copy on on June
June 16,16, before
before 1212 noon
noon -- Expandable
Expandable Envelope
Envelope located
located at
at the
the Faculty
Faculty
MO

Room.
Room.
Prepare for
9. Prepare for Title
Title Defense
Defense on on June
June 19.
19.
10. Use
10. Use Pro-Quest
Pro-Quest —– University
University Library
Library Internet
Internet Section
Section 3 3rd Floor
Floor
 RESEARCH
RESEARCH

•¢ According
According toto Leedy
Leedy and
and Omrod
Omrod (2010,
(2010, page
page 2)
2)
“systematic process
“systematic process of of collecting
collecting and
and analyzing
analyzing
information in
information in order
order to
to increase
increase our
our understanding
understanding of
of
the phenomenon
the phenomenon with with which
which wewe are
are concerned
concerned or
or
interested.”
interested.”

•¢ SYSTEMATIC
SYSTEMATIC—– logical
logical relationships
relationships and
and not
notjust beliefs
just beliefs
 RESEARCH
RESEARCH

>» According
According toto Garcia
Garcia and and others
others (2011,
(2011, page
page 4),
4), “research
“research is is aa
careful systematic,
careful systematic, and and scientific
scientific investigation
investigation in in some
some field
field of
of
knowledge.” It
knowledge.” It isis an
an orderly
orderly and
and logical
logical way
way of of looking
looking into
into
certain events
certain events inin various
various field
field to
to answer
answer relevant
relevant queries.
queries.


>» Likewise,
Likewise, according
according to to Ardales
Ardales (as (as cited
cited byby Garcia
Garcia andand others,
others,
2011, page
2011, page 5),
5), research
research is is done
done in in aa methodical,
methodical, unbiased
unbiased and and
thorough study
thorough study of of certain
certain occurrences
occurrences through,through, “accurate
“accurate
collection, recording,
collection, recording, analyses,
analyses, and and interpretation
interpretation of of data”
data” toto
develop or
develop or add
add new
new ideasideas or or concepts
concepts to to existing
existing body
body of of
knowledge; and/or
knowledge; and/or to to formulate
formulate or or apply
apply solutions/courses
solutions/courses of of
action that
action that may
may lead
lead toto improvements
improvements of of the
the society
society inin general
general
and in
and in various
various sectors
sectors including
including business
business in in particular.
particular. —–
ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING
 RELEVANCE OF
RELEVANCE OF BUSINESS
BUSINESS RESEARCH
RESEARCH

{- ~ ~

TO
TO
TO SOCIETY
TO SOCIETY TO FIRMS
TO FIRMS
INDIVIDUALS
INDIVIDUALS
XX S XN S
 RELEVANCE OF
RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH

To
» To the the society:
society: According
According to to Garcia
Garcia and
and others
others (2011,
(2011,
pages 1-3),
pages 1-3), research
research leads
leads to:
to:
Inventions,
>» Inventions, discoveries,
discoveries, and and innovations
innovations to
to improve
improve
quality of
quality of life.
life.
Continuous
» Continuous upgradingupgrading of of quality
quality of
of education.
education.
Promotion
>» Promotion of of cordial
cordial interactions
interactions among
among human
human
beings.
beings.
Development
>» Development of of policies
policies that
that help
help economy
economy grows
grows and
and
Stabilize political
stabilize political scenario.
scenario.
 RELEVANCE OF
RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH

> To
To Firms:
Firms: Edralin
Edralin (2000,
(2000, page
page 2) 2) cited
cited that
that research
research isis beneficial
beneficial to
to
business firms,
business firms, asas it
it may
may direct
direct them
them to:
to:

> Effective
Effective financial
financial control
control and
and management
management
Expansion (physical/manpower/capital)
 Expansion (physical/manpower/capital)
WV

 Customer
Customer satisfaction
satisfaction
VV

 Innovation/diversification
Innovation/diversification of of products
products and
and services
services
 High
High quality
quality products/services
products/services
VV

 Efficient
Efficient and
and effective
effective labor
labor force
force
 Sustain
Sustain competitive
competitive advantage
advantage
VV

 Financial
Financial stability
stability (liquidity
(liquidity andand solvency)
solvency)
 Improve
Improve current
current trends/practices
trends/practices
VV

 Develop
Develop innovative
innovative research
research techniques
techniques andand methods
methods
 RELEVANCE OF
RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH


>» To
To individuals:
individuals: research
research is is also
also relevant
relevant to to
individuals because
individuals because according
according toto Edralin
Edralin (2000,
(2000,
page 2)
page 2) it
it provides
provides themthem opportunity
opportunity to/for:
to/for:

>» Acquire
Acquire skills
skills in
in research
research

» Additional
Additional income
income

>» Possible
Possible career
career

>» Provide
Provide input
input to to policy
policy recommendations
recommendations

> Contribute
Contribute new new knowledge
knowledge to to the
the field
field

>» Personal
Personal fulfilment
fulfilment
 TYPES OF
TYPES OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH

Basic
Basic Applied
Applied
Research
Research Research
Research

Action
Action
Research
Research
 BASIC &
BASIC & APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH

Laat

discipline “sie
Audience | Intended for praia ended for a |

strives for precision strives for suitable solution to

a real life problem
 ACTION RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
(According to
(According to Karen
Karen Brooks
Brooks on
on Research
Research Examples
Examples &
& Process)
Process)

2 identify the question, issue, or problem.

This ts always your starting point. You may need time to determine
the right focus for your question.

2. Define a solution.
The solution will be a new instructional technique, strategy. new
environment, or new material that you feel has potential to correct
the problem.

3. Apply the solution and collect data.

Here you will need to define how you will apply the technique and
the method you will use to collect your data_ If possible, it is helpful
to have at least two groups that you can use for your research, one
acting as the test group and one for the control group (the group that
doesn't use the strategy or technique). You will need to define in
advance how you will record reactions to your intervention.

4. Analyze your findings.

Determine whether the solution had an impact on learning. This is
where having a control group to compare your test groups can help
you determine whether the technique has caused a desirable
change. an undesirable change, or no change at all.

5. Take action.
This can be either in the form of revising your intervention and
returning to Step 2 to test another intervention, or by changing your
practice to reflect a successful new technique.
 HOW DO
HOW DO YOU
YOU CLASSIFY
CLASSIFY EACH?
EACH?
An exploratory
An exploratory study
study to
to
Determining the
Determining the Using linear
Using linear algebra
algebra and
and
introduce open
introduce open ended
ended
gravitational constant
gravitational constant inin the
the calculus to
calculus to design
design and
and
inquiry science
inquiry science into
into
“law of
"law of universal
universal develop the
develop the computer
computer you
you
elementary laboratory
elementary laboratory
gravitation”
gravitation” are using
are using
teaching
teaching

An exploratory
An exploratory study
study toto An assessment
An assessment of of the
the
Developing linear
Developing linear algebra
algebra
introduce leadership
introduce leadership subject
subject motivational factors
motivational factors
and calculus
and calculus theories
theories to
to
among students
among students ofof the
the affecting faculty
affecting faculty retention
retention
extend our
extend our knowledge
knowledge of of
College of
College of Business
Business & & among members
among members of of the
the
mathematics
mathematics
Accountancy of
Accountancy of HAU
HAU Faculty of
Faculty of Arts
Arts of
of the
the ADMU
ADMU

Using the
Using the law
law ofof gravity
gravity to
to
design aa slope
design slope of of aa roller
roller
coaster that
coaster that isn't
isn't so
so steep
steep
that it
that it kills
kills people
people
 BUSINESS RESEARCH
BUSINESS RESEARCH

> Cooper
Cooper andand Schindler
Schindler (2011,
(2011, page
page 5)
5) defined
defined business
business research
research as as “a
“a
systematic inquiry
systematic inquiry thatthat provides
provides information
information to to guide
guide managerial
managerial
decisions.
decisions. It is
It is aa process
process of of planning,
planning, acquiring,
acquiring, analysing,
analysing, andand
disseminating relevant
disseminating relevant data,
data, information,
information, and
and insights
insights to
to decisions
decisions makers
makers
in ways
in ways that
that mobilize
mobilize thethe organization
organization toto take
take appropriate
appropriate actions
actions that,
that, in
in
turn, maximize
turn, maximize performance.
performance.


> Similarly,
Similarly, Wipawin
Wipawin said “business
said “business research
research provides
provides the needed
the needed
information that
information that guides
guides managers
managers toto make
make _ informed
informed decisions
decisions to
to
successfully deal
successfully deal with
with problems”.
problems”.


>» According
According toto Edralin
Edralin (2000),
(2000), “business
“business research
research is is a
a systematic
systematic process
process ofof
answering a
answering a question
question or or problem
problem involving
involving a a PROCESS
PROCESS the the methodical
methodical
formulation of
formulation of a a theoretical
theoretical framework
framework and and methodology;
methodology; collection,
collection,
analysis, and
analysis, and interpretation
interpretation of of pertinent
pertinent data;
data; and and presentation
presentation of of
recommendations from
recommendations from which
which courses
courses ofof action
action can
can bebe taken.
taken.
 BUSINESS RESEARCH
BUSINESS RESEARCH

Edralin
» Edralin (2000,
(2000, page
page 1)1) also
also said
said that
that business
business
research is
research is seen
seen asas applied
applied or
or action
action oriented.
oriented.
Firms use
Firms use business
business research
research asas corporate
corporate strategy
strategy
for the
for the purpose
purpose of:of:
Maintaining
» Maintaining competitive
competitive advantage,
advantage, and
and
Attaining
» Attaining organizational
organizational objectives
objectives most
most
efficiently
efficiently
 WHAT IS
WHAT IS BUSINESS
BUSINESS RESEARCH?
RESEARCH?

rr ~ rr ~

MANAGERS
MANAGERS
ANSWERS A
ANSWERS A
THRU A A
THRU PRESENTATION
PRESENTATION TO MAKE
TO MAKE
QUESTION
QUESTION
SYSTEMATIC
SYSTEMATIC RECOMMENDATI
RECOMMENDATI DECISIONS/ /
DECISIONS
ORAA
OR ONS
ONS
PROCESS
PROCESS TAKE
TAKE
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
ACTIONS
ACTIONS
 MAJOR STEPS
MAJOR STEPS IN
IN BUSINESS
BUSINESS RESEARCH
RESEARCH

’’
1 eldentification of
•Identification of research
research problem
problem

eFormulation of
•Formulation of research
research problem
problem and
and objectives
objectives

’
2

3 eDevelopment of
•Development of the
the theoretical
theoretical framework
framework

4 e Designing the
•Designing the research
research methodology
methodology

’¥
5 eCollection, analysis,
•Collection, analysis, and
and interpretation
interpretation of
of data
data

6 e Presentation of
•Presentation of conclusions
conclusions and
and recommendations
recommendations

7 e Taking course
•Taking course of
of action
action
 BRAINSTORMING
BRAINSTORMING
BRAINSTORMING
BRAINSTORMING is aa_group_or_
is individual
group or individual creativity
creativity
technique by
technique by which
which efforts
efforts are
are made
made to to find
find aa conclusion
conclusion forfor
aa specific
specific problem
problem by by gathering
gathering a a list
list of
of ideas
ideas spontaneously
spontaneously
contributed by
contributed by its
its member(s).
member(s). The The termterm was
was popularized
popularized
by Alex
by Alex Faickney
Faickney Osborn
Osborn in in the
the 1953 1953 bookbook Applied
Applied
Imagination.
Imagination.

•¢ According
According toto "Productivity
"Productivity Loss
Loss in
in Idea-Generating
Idea-Generating Groups:
Groups:
Tracking Down
Tracking Down the
the Blocking
Blocking Effect".
Effect". Journal of Personality
Journal of Personality
and Social
and Social Psychology
Psychology 61
61 (3):
(3): 392–403.
392—403. 1991.
1991.
 CRITERIA FOR
CRITERIA FOR GOOD
GOOD RESEARCH
RESEARCH


> The
The purpose
purpose of of the
the research
research oror the
the problem
problem involved
involved should
should bebe
clearly defined
clearly defined andand sharply
sharply delineated
delineated in in terms
terms asas unambiguous
unambiguous
as possible.
as possible.

>» The
The research
research procedures
procedures usedused should
should be be described
described in in sufficient
sufficient
detail to
detail to permit
permit another
another researcher
researcher to to replicate
replicate the
the search.
search.

>The procedural design
The procedural design of of the
the research
research should
should be be clearly
clearly
described and
described and carefully
carefully planned
planned to to yield
yield results
results that
that are
are asas
objective as
objective as possible.
possible.

>» The researcher should
The researcher should report,
report, with
with the
the complete
complete frankness,
frankness,
flaws in
flaws in procedural
procedural design
design and
and estimate
estimate their
their effects
effects in in the
the
findings.
findings.
 CRITERIA FOR
CRITERIA FOR GOOD
GOOD RESEARCH
RESEARCH

» Analysis
Analysis ofof data
data should
should be be sufficiently
sufficiently adequate
adequate to to
reveal its
reveal its significance;
significance; and and the
the methods
methods of of analysis
analysis
used should
used should be be appropriate.
appropriate.

» Conclusions
Conclusions shouldshould be be confined
confined to to those
those justified
justified
by the
by the data
data of of the
the research
research and and limited
limited toto those
those forfor
which data
which data provide
provide an an adequate
adequate basis.
basis.

>» Greater
Greater confidence
confidence in in the
the research
research is is warranted
warranted of of
the researcher
the researcher is is experienced,
experienced, has a
has a_ good
good
reputation in
reputation in research,
research, and and isis a
a person
person of of integrity.
integrity.
 COMMON TYPES OF BUSINESS RESEARCH
Type Furpose scope Respondent Analysis Example

Feasibility Determines Usually selected Percentage Feasibility

study the viability of covers one through Regression study on the
a product’ project Sampling: Ratios comfonter
service/project Semvice and this is done t-test, z-test and pillow of
Which is mot looks at the Tor the (Chi-square FUN py
yet marketing, market study test Dunmnp-It
operational production,
management
. legal, and
financial
aspects

Industry Analyses the Covers one Selected Frequency In-depth

study past and industry and either Percentage study on the
present looks at the through total Time-senes animation
performance marketing, enumeration Ratios Industry
of companies production, or sampling Regression
and predicts management of firms
the future of . and within the
the firms in financial Industry
the industry aspects; It
also looks
Inte
legislations
airecting
Industry
 COMMON TYPES
COMMON TYPES OF
OF BUSINESS
BUSINESS RESEARCH
RESEARCH

Corporate | Aims to Covers one Key Content strategic

Strategy propose firm and informants analysis plan Tor
Strategies to looks ata Percentage Duty Free
improve combination Frequency Philippines
company or all of the
performance functional
areas

Case Describes’ Cavers a Key Content A case

study explores particular informants analysis study of
patterns or topic of Frequency privatization
events in an interest of a Percentage strategy
in-depth person or
manner company

Basic Ams to Covers one 2elected Mathematical | Household

research develop a SPeEcific either modelling vulnerability
theory or theory or through total | Econometric to
concept concept ora | enumeration | techniques employment
group of or sampling Frequency shocks”
related of the target Percentage
theones or respondents
concepts
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMAL
FORMAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
—– DR.
DR. RUFO
RUFO MENDOZA
MENDOZA
r \ r \

1. Question
1. Question oror Problem
Problem 6. Clear
6. Clear Presentation
Presentation ofof
as Starting
as Starting Point
Point Findings &
Findings & Solutions
Solutions
NX S S

r ~

2. Clear
2. Clear Articulation
Articulation of
of 5. Statement
5. Statement ofof the
the
aa Goal
Goal Study Limitations
Study Limitations

3. Specific
3. Specific Plan
Plan of
of 4. Collection
4. Collection & &
Procedures
Procedures Interpretation of
Interpretation of Data
Data
 CHARACTERISTIC OF
CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Table 1-1. Comparison of the Characteristics of Research

Characteristics of Formal Research (by Characteristics of Research (by

Leedy and Ormrod, 2010) Cooper and Schindler, 2003)
1. Research originates witha problem | 1, Purpose is clearly defined.
or question.
2. Research requires a clear 2. Research process is detailed,
articulation of a goal.
3. Research follows a specific planof | 3. [Research design is thoroughly
procedures, planned.
4. Research usually divides the - 4. High ethical standards are applied,
principal problem into more |
manageable sub-problems.
9. Research is guided by the specific 5. Limitations are frankly revealed.
research problem, question, or
hypothesis.
6. Research requires the collection and | 6. Adequate analysis for decision
interpretation of data in attempting maker's needs is presented.
to resolve the problems that
initiated the research.
7. Research is, by its nature, cyclical; 7. Findings are presented
or more exactly, helical. unambiguously.
‘Conclusions are justified.
so 9

Researcher's experience is reflected.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Rationalist-
realist

Empiricist-
realist
 CLASSIFICATION OF
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH

Table 1-2, Dimensions and Classifications of Research

lite tl ava hemo ctan aie ania iae

Purpose Application | Information Type Time
Descriptive Basic Quantitative Cross-sectional
Explanatory Applied Qualitative Longitudinal
Exploratory
 BASIC &
BASIC & APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH

Table 1-3. Comparison of Ba ina

 RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES
RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES

Positivist Perspective
Positivist Perspective (senses,
(senses,
experience, reality
experience, reality is
is objective,
objective, Interpretative Perspective
Interpretative Perspective
reality is
reality is measurable
measurable by by (social constructs,
(social constructs, meanings
meanings as as
observer, tests
observer, tests theory,
theory, assigned by
assigned by people,
people, active
active
empiricism, uses
empiricism, uses analytical
analytical participation is
participation is required,
required,
inquiry, evidence
inquiry, evidence through
through understanding of
understanding of aa process)
process)
observation &
observation & experiments)
experiments)

Critical Perspective
Critical Perspective (as (as Post Modern
Post Modern Perspective
Perspective
historically instituted,
historically instituted, produced
produced (critical revisiting
(critical revisiting ofof the
the past,
past,
and reproduced
and reproduced by by people,
people, challenges social
challenges social and
and political
political ,,
social critique,
social critique, how
how toto change
change the nature
the nature of
of historical
historical andand
social and
social and economic,
economic, challenge
challenge knowledge, accounting
knowledge, accounting is is the
the
the status
the status quo,
quo, circumstances
circumstances to to best example,
best example, standard
standard updates
updates
avoid bias)
avoid bias) etc)
etc)
 COMPARISON OF
COMPARISON OF QUANTITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE &
&
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
Table 1-4. ‘Comparison of Quantitative and ‘Qualitative Research

Category Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Atm The aim is to classify the ‘The aim is to develop a
attributes of the subject of complete or detailed
study, count them, and description of the attributes of
construct statistical models in | the subject of study.
an attempt to explain what is
observed.
Design All aspects of the study are The design emerges as the
carefully designed before the study unfolds.
data are collected.
Data-gathering Researcher uses tools, such as Researcher is the data’
instrument questionnaires or instrument gathering instrument
to collect numerical data.
Types of data Data are in the form of Data are in the ‘form of words,
numbers and statistics. pictures or objects.
Degree of It is relatively objective as it It is relatively subjective since -
partiality seeks precise measurement the individual's interpretation
and analysis of target of events is important,
concepts. especially when using
participant observation, in-
depth interviews, and the like. |
Use of data Quantitative data is more Qualitative data is richer in :
efficient able to test meaning, but time consumin
hypotheses, but may miss and less able to be penaraiteai
contextual detail. ta
Researcher's: Researcher tends to remain Researcher tends to bec a
participation objectively separated from subjectively in me
the subject matter. _| subject
INDUCTIVE &
INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
REASONING
 SOURCES OF
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE

" Scientific
Scientific Method
Method
= Logic
Logic
= Expert
Expert Opinion
Opinion
=" Agreement
Agreement withwith Others
Others
= Sensory
Sensory Experience
Experience
 ROLE OF
ROLE OF THEORY
THEORY IN
IN RESEARCH
RESEARCH
•¢ THEORIES
THEORIES
–
— Set
Set of
of interrelated
interrelated concepts,
concepts, definitions
definitions and
and propositions
propositions that
that are
are
advanced to
advanced to explain
explain and
and predict
predict phenomena.
phenomena. Systematic
Systematic inter-
inter-
relationship ;systematic
relationship ;systematic explanation
explanation

•¢ THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH
RESEARCH -- DICHOTOMY
DICHOTOMY (2 (2 WORLDS)
WORLDS)
–
— World
World of of ideas,
ideas, theories
theories andand models
models
–
— World
World of of observation
observation and and experience
experience
•¢ Theory
Theory —then-Research
–then-Research
•¢ Research-then
Research-then TheoryTheory
•¢ Interaction
Interaction of of Research
Research & & Theory
Theory
–
— Sets
Sets boundaries
boundaries of of phenomena
phenomena
–
— Tools
Tools toto carry
carry out
out empirical
empirical research
research
–
— Narrows
Narrows rangerange ofof facts
facts to
to be
be studied
studied
–
— Summarizes
Summarizes about about an an object
object ofof study
study
 COMPONENTS OF
COMPONENTS OF THEORY
THEORY
•¢ Theory =
Theory = Concepts
Concepts ++ Variables
Variables
•¢ Concepts —– Theory
Concepts Theory
•¢ Variables —– Observation
Variables Observation & & Measurement
Measurement
•¢ Is constant
Is constant aa concept?
concept? Is
Is variable
variable aa concept?
concept?
•¢ Proposition =
Proposition = Concepts
Concepts + + Variables
Variables in
in
statement form
statement form
–Univariate
—Univariate
–Bivariate
—Bivariate
–Multivariate
—Multivariate
 EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
• The
The extent
extent of
of influence
influence of
of agency
agency costs
costs in
in establishing
establishing an
an audit
audit
committee among
committee among companies
companies listed
listed in
in the
the Philippines
Philippines Stock
Stock
Exchange.
Exchange.

• The
The significant
significant volatility
volatility transmission
transmission between
between the
the Philippine
Philippine
Peso and
Peso and Indonesian
Indonesian Rupiah.
Rupiah.

• The
The effects
effects of
of the
the External
External Labor
Labor Flexibility
Flexibility on
on the
the employment
employment
condition of
condition of workers
workers in in selected
selected franchised
franchised andand non-franchised
non-franchised
fast food
fast food chains
chains inin Metro
Metro Manila.
Manila.

• The
The significant
significant correlation
correlation between
between thethe undergraduate
undergraduate thesis
thesis
ratings and
ratings and the
the perceived
perceived extent
extent of
of industry
industry usage
usage of
of the
the
undergraduate theses
undergraduate theses submitted
submitted to
to the
the DLSU
DLSU Marketing
Marketing
Department from
Department from 2000-2001.
2000-2001.
 GROUP WORK1:
GROUP WORK1: BRAINSTORMING
BRAINSTORMING

OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
•¢ reduce
reduce social
social inhibitions
inhibitions among
among group
group members,
members,
•¢ stimulate
stimulate idea
idea generation
generation
•¢ increase
increase overall
overall creativity
creativity of
of the
the group.
group.

Welcome
Welcome Combine &
Combine &
Focus
Focus on
on Withhold
eens Unusual
Unusual Improve
Improve
Quantity Criticism
Ideas
Ideas Ideas
Ideas
 GROUP WORK
GROUP WORK #1:
#1: RESEARCHABLE
RESEARCHABLE TOPICS
TOPICS &
&
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES —– JUNE
JUNE 20,
20, 2014
2014
SUBMIT ON
SUBMIT ON FRIDAY,
FRIDAY, JUNE
JUNE 20,
20, 2014,
2014, --_
-- BEFORE
BEFORE 3PM
3PM AT
AT THE
THE FACULTY
FACULTY ROOM
ROOM WRITE
WRITE YOUR
YOUR GROUP
GROUP NUMBER,
NUMBER,
NAMES OF
NAMES OF MEMBERS
MEMBERS & & SECTION
SECTION (SHORT
(SHORT BOND
BOND PAPER-
PAPER- ONE
ONE FOR
FOR EACH
EACH COMPANY)
COMPANY)

COMPANY PROFILE:
COMPANY PROFILE: Describe
Describe the
the two
two companies
companies in
in not
not more
more than
than TEN
TEN sentences.
sentences.

RESEARCH TITLE:
RESEARCH TITLE: Select
Select a
a researchable
researchable relevant
relevant topic
topic for
for each
each company
company
May not
May not limited
limited to
to business
business organizations
organizations Example:
Example: Threats
Threats to
to Auditing Independence and
Auditing Independence and their
their
Effects to
Effects to the
the Public
Public Accounting Practice in
Accounting Practice in Central
Central Luzon
Luzon

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES :: List
List down
down your
your research
research objectives
objectives ---
---
1) What
1) What does
does it
it aim
aim toto achieve?
achieve?
2) How
2) How would
would itit create
create impact?
impact?
3) How
3) How relevant
relevant is is your
your research
research title?
title?

YOU MAY
YOU MAY REPLICATE
REPLICATE A
A TOPIC/S
TOPIC/S BASED
BASED ON
ON YOUR
YOUR PROQUEST
PROQUEST OUTPUT.
OUTPUT.
 CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
Methods of
Methods of Research
Research

LECTURE -- NATURE
LECTURE NATURE OFOF ACCOUNTANCY
ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PAPER -- CITATION
PAPER CITATION &
& REFERENCING
REFERENCING
1. Background
1. Background of
of the
the Study
Study
–
— 2
2 paragraphs
paragraphs ;; 66 to
to 10
10 sentences
sentences each
each
–
— Providing
Providing background
background oror introduction
introduction to
to the
the study.
study.
–
— Citations
Citations —– Write-up
Write-up —– Citations
Citations —Write
–Write upup or
or Write
Write
up-Citations (Sandwich)
up-Citations (Sandwich)

2. Objectives
2. Objectives
–
— General
General Objective
Objective // Purpose
Purpose ofof the
the Study
Study —– main
main goal
goal
–
— Specific
Specific Objectives
Objectives ofof the
the Study
Study —– supporting
supporting
objectives, sub-problems
objectives, sub-problems in in imperative
imperative form.
form.
–
— In
In Paragraph
Paragraph Form
Form
3. Statement
3. Statement of
of the
the Problem
Problem (Research
(Research Title)
Title) &
& Sub-
Sub-
Problems
Problems
–
— Provide
Provide atat least
least 55 (five)
(five) related
related which
which are
are related
related to
to your
your
research title.
research title. Sub-problems
Sub-problems are are possible questions that
possible questions that
aim to
aim to address
address youryour research
research problem. These are
problem. These are specific
specific
objectives in
objectives in question
question form.
form.
–
— Must
Must bebe in
in question
question form.
form.
–
— Numbered
Numbered

4. Significance
4. Significance of
of Study
Study /Beneficiaries
/Beneficiaries of
of Study
Study —– who
who
will benefit
will benefit from
from your
your study?
study?
–
— At
Atleast
least 55 (five)
(five)
–
— In
In Paragraph
Paragraph FormForm
5. Review
5. Review of
of Related
Related Literature
Literature —– at
at least
least 4
4 (four)
(four) related
related
studies and
studies and other
other related
related literature/
literature/ writings
writings to
to your
your
research topic.
research topic. Please
Please follow
follow citation
citation guidelines.
guidelines.
–
—Should
Should be be More
More than
than Ten
Ten (10)
(10) Paragraphs
Paragraphs
–
—Four Related Studies
Four Related Studies (4)
(4) one
one paragraph
paragraph eacheach
–
—Definitions, concepts, propositions,
Definitions, concepts, propositions, theories,
theories, variables
variables
–
—Tables
Tables & & Figures,
Figures, components,
components, factors,
factors, etc
etc
–
—Perspective
Perspective of of the
the researcher
researcher -- one one paragraph
paragraph
–
—How will it
How will it add
add value
value to
to the
the company?
company? —– one one paragraph
paragraph

•e ***Don’t
***Don’t provide
provide write-ups
write-ups without
without citations!***
citations!***
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

•¢ Discuss
Discuss the
the Nature
Nature of of Accountancy
Accountancy Research
Research
•¢ Practice
Practice Citation
Citation && Referencing
Referencing
•¢ Identify
Identify and
and select
select aa research
research problem.
problem.
•¢ Write
Write aa review
review ofof related
related literature.
literature.
•¢ Write
Write the
the significance
significance of of the
the study.
study.
•¢ Formulate
Formulate thethe scope
scope and
and limitations
limitations of
of the
the study.
study.
 ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH
ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH

syerel-]
Social Marketing f Business
Marketing Business
Research
Research Research
NS Tiela Research
Node Financial Accounting
Financial Accounting Research
Research

Management Accounting
Management Accounting Research
Research

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION Auditing Research
Auditing Research

Tax Research
Tax Research

ACCOUNTANCY others
Others
ACCOUNTANCY
Academic
Academic

Commerce &
Commerce & Industry
Industry
SECTORAL CLASSIFICATION
SECTORAL CLASSIFICATION
Public Practice
Public Practice

Basic
Basic Applied
Applied Government
Government
Accountancy
Accountancy Accountancy
Accountancy
Research
Research Research
Research
 ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH
ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH AS
AS SYSTEM
SYSTEM
•¢ System
System
1. Hierarchy
1. Hierarchy
2. Environment
2. Environment
3. Boundary
3. Boundary
4. Relevance
4. Relevance
•¢ HIERARCHY
HIERARCHY —– Focal
Focal System,
System, Supra-System,
Supra-System, Subsystems
Subsystems
•¢ ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT —– Entities
Entities &
& other
other Systems
Systems
1. Enabling
1. Enabling
2. Functional
2. Functional
3. Normative
3. Normative
4. Diffuse
4. Diffuse
•¢ BOUNDARY
BOUNDARY -– Scope
Scope Functions
Functions (Functions)
(Functions) &
& Extent
Extent of
of Coverage
Coverage of
of Activities
Activities
(Sectors)
(Sectors)
•¢ RELEVANCE
RELEVANCE
 ACCOUNTANCY PERSPECTIVES
ACCOUNTANCY PERSPECTIVES &
& TRENDS
TRENDS
•¢ NORMATIVE
NORMATIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH
—– Starting
Starting point
point of
of accountancy
accountancy research
research
—– Federal
Federal republic
republic ofof Germany
Germany
—– What
What ought
ought toto be
be ;; What
What should
should bebe ;; Deductive
Deductive —– late
late 19
19"th Century
Century to
to beginning
beginning of
of 20
20th
Century
Century
—– Provide
Provide guidelines
guidelines in in properly
properly applying
applying the
the laws
laws —– second
second half
half of
of 20
20th century
century
—– Develop
Develop and
and implement
implement specific
specific accounting
accounting practices
practices

•¢ POSITIVE
POSITIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH
—– Microeconomic
Microeconomic approaches
approaches to to accounting
accounting research
research —– last
last two
two decades
decades ofof 20
20th century
century
—– Resulted
Resulted in in analysis
analysis of
of accounting
accounting
—– Focus
Focus ofof accounting
accounting how how itit impacts
impacts capital
capital markets
markets —– 1960’s
1960's
—– GAAP
GAAP & & IFRS
IFRS
—– Positive
Positive Accounting
Accounting Theory
Theory
—– Critical
Critical Research-
Research- going
going beyond
beyond questioning
questioning whether
whether particular
particular accounting
accounting method
method
should be
should be employed;
employed; extends
extends up up to
to how
how to
to practice
practice accountancy
accountancy andand support
support
economic and
economic and social
social structures…believes
structures...believes in in two
two way
way relationship
relationship between
between accounting
accounting
theory and
theory and practice…as
practice...as social
social conditions
conditions change
change so so does
does theory
theory
 ACCOUNTANCY PERSPECTIVES
ACCOUNTANCY PERSPECTIVES &
& TRENDS
TRENDS
•¢ Critical
Critical Research-
Research-
—– Focuses
Focuses onon the
the critical
critical level
level of
of society;
society; role
role of
of theory
theory inin changing
changing social
social
practices is
practices is more
more important
important thanthan thethe role
role of
of changed
changed social
social practices
practices inin
modifying theories.
modifying theories.
•¢ Interpretative
Interpretative Research-
Research-
– How accountancy
—How accountancy is is socially
socially constructed
constructed and and how
how the
the perceptions
perceptions are
are
attached to
attached to preserve
preserve the the status
status quo.
quo.
– Contends to
—Contends to take
take a a neutral
neutral stand.
stand.
•¢ Post
Post modern
modern Research-
Research-
– Problems could
—Problems could be be addressed
addressed through
through disclosure
disclosure and
and communication.
communication.
—–Subcontracting, globalization, public
Subcontracting, globalization, public disclosures
disclosures etcetc
—–Techniques
Techniques in in accountancy
accountancy shouldshould be be assessed
assessed and and reexamined
reexamined over
over time.
time.

– INTERDISCIPLINARY &
—INTERDISCIPLINARY & EVOLVING
EVOLVING
 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
OF
ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH
ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH

•¢ Financial
Financial Accounting
Accounting -- CONDORSEMENT
CONDORSEMENT

•¢ Management
Management Accounting
Accounting —– PRACTICE
PRACTICE ORIENTED
ORIENTED RESEARCH;
RESEARCH; 17
17
Major Topics
Major Topics

•¢ Auditing
Auditing --
–Analytical
—Analytical Modeling
Modeling
–Behavioral
— Behavioral Experimentation
Experimentation
–Evaluation
—Evaluation Research
Research
 RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL
RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONS

•¢ Ched
Ched Memorandum
Memorandum Order
Order No.
No. 3
3 Series
Series of
of 2007-
2007- requirement
requirement
for research
for research

TWO FOLD
TWO FOLD EXPECTATIONS
EXPECTATIONS FROM
FROM EDUCATORS:
EDUCATORS:

•¢ Coming
Coming up
up with
with research
research outputs
outputs
•¢ Teach
Teach students
students to
to conduct
conduct research
research
 PROMOTING ADVANCEMENT
PROMOTING ADVANCEMENT OF OF
ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH
ACCOUNTANCY RESEARCH IN
IN THE
THE PHILS
PHILS

1. Capacity
1. Capacity Building
Building 2. Research
2. Research Framework
Framework 4. Research
4. Research as
as a
a
3. Core
3. Core Research
Research
Programs in
Programs in Research
Research Development in
Development in the
the Component of
Component of the
the
Competency
Competency
for Accounting
for Accounting Accountancy
Accountancy Accreditation of
Accreditation of
Identification.
Identification.
Educators.
Educators. Profession.
Profession. Accounting Educators.
Accounting Educators.

5. Research
5. Research asas a
a 8. Inclusions
8. Inclusions of
of
6. Institutional
6. Institutional 7. Government
7. Government
Component of
Component of the
the Research in
Research in Accounting
Accounting
Research Program
Research Program and
and Support to
Support to Research
Research inin
Accreditation of
Accreditation of Education in
Education in National
National
Agenda.
Agenda. Accounting Education.
Accounting Education.
Programs.
Programs. Conventions.
Conventions.

Professional Journals
Professional Journals Conferences in
Conferences in
in Accountancy
in Accountancy (Page
(Page Accountancy (Pages
Accountancy (Pages
48)
48) 49-51)
49-51)
 IDENTIFICATION AND
IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION
SELECTION OF
OF THE
THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM
RESEARCH PROBLEM

•¢ Murdick
Murdick (1969)says
(1969)says that
that “in
“in general
general terms,
terms, aa problem
problem is
is a
a felt
felt need,
need, a a question
question
thrown forward
thrown forward for
for solution.
solution. ItIt is
is aa deviation
deviation between
between that
that which
which is
is known
known and
and
that which
that which is
is or
or becomes
becomes desired
desired to to be
be known.
known.

•¢ Sekaran
Sekaran (1992)
(1992) characterizes
characterizes aa research
research problem
problem as as “a
“a situation
situation where
where a
a gap
gap
exists between
exists between the
the actual
actual and
and the
the desired
desired ideal
ideal state.
state.

•¢ Gay
Gay and
and Diehl
Diehl (1992),
(1992), describe
describe the
the research
research problem
problem as
as “a
“a hypothesis
hypothesis or
or
question of
question of interest
interest toto business
business people
people and
and managers
managers that
that can
can be
be tested
tested or
or
answered through
answered through thethe collection
collection and
and analysis
analysis of
of data.
data.
 IDENTIFICATION AND
IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION
SELECTION OF
OF THE
THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM
RESEARCH PROBLEM
•¢ Problem
Problem identification
identification requires
requires the
the researcher
researcher to
to be
be sensitive
sensitive to,
to,
and observant
and observant of,of, what
what is is happening
happening within
within the
the firm,
firm, its
its
environment, and
environment, and the
the target
target business
business community.
community.

•e The
The researcher
researcher must
must be
be able
able to
to ask
ask the
the right
right questions
questions at
at the
the
right time
right time to
to generate
generate research
research problems.
problems.

•¢ Student
Student researchers
researchers might
might find
find identifying
identifying the
the research
research problem
problem
cumbersome due
cumbersome due to
to lack
lack of
of exposure
exposure toto authentic
authentic business
business
operations.
operations.
STRATEGIES TO
STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFYING
IDENTIFYING PROBLEM
PROBLEM AREAS
AREAS

READ LITERATURE
READ LITERATURE
> SURF THE
SURF THE NET
NET
> INQUIRE FROM
INQUIRE FROM
BUSINESS
BUSINESS
PRACTITIONERS
PRACTITIONERS

~
Vv
ASK RECOGNIZED
ASK RECOGNIZED INTERVIEW BUSINESS
INTERVIEW BUSINESS
ASK TECHNOCRATS
ASK TECHNOCRATS
ACADEMECIANS
ACADEMECIANS LEADERS
LEADERS

Vv ™~

ATTEND
ATTEND
INQUIRE FROM
INQUIRE FROM
CONFRENECES/FORAL
CONFRENECES/FORAL
OTHER AGENCIES
OTHER AGENCIES
SYMPOSIA
SYMPOSIA
S
 STRATEGIES TO
STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY
IDENTIFY PROBLEM
PROBLEM AREAS
AREAS

•¢ Read
Read the
the literature
literature
–Books, journals,
—Books, theses, dissertations,
journals, theses, dissertations, monographs,
monographs, and
and
similar research
similar research publications.
publications.

•e Searching
Searching using
using Computer
Computer Technology
Technology
—CD-ROM and/or surfing
–CD-ROM and/or surfing the
the internet.
internet.

•¢ Inquire
Inquire from
from Business
Business Practitioners
Practitioners
–Many business
—Many business practitioners
practitioners (managers,
(managers, technical,
technical, staff,
staff, or
or
entrepreneurs) have
entrepreneurs) have a a good
good grasp
grasp of
of what
what happens
happens inin their
their
industry because
industry because ofof their
their exposure
exposure and
and actual
actual environment.
environment.
 STRATEGIES TO
STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY
IDENTIFY PROBLEM
PROBLEM AREAS
AREAS

•e Ask
Ask Technocrats
Technocrats
–Civil service
—Civil service professionals
professionals from
from government
government agencies
agencies and
and
other departments
other departments affecting
affecting the
the business
business sector
sector can
can also
also
give suggestions.
give suggestions.
–DOF, BIR,
—DOF, BIR, BOC,
BOC, SEC,
SEC, DOT,
DOT, DOLE,
DOLE, DTI,
DTI, NEDA,
NEDA, CHED,
CHED, DOST,
DOST, and
and
the like.
the like.

•e Ask
Ask Business
Business Leaders
Leaders
–Active on
—Active on the
the scene
scene are
are the
the organizations
organizations that
that represent
represent
owners and
owners and major
major stockholders
stockholders in in various
various industries.
industries.
–Ex. Advertising
—Ex. Advertising Board
Board of
of the
the Phil.,
Phil., Bankers
Bankers Association
Association of
of the
the
Philippines, Phil.
Philippines, Phil. Marketing
Marketing Association
Association
 STRATEGIES TO
STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY
IDENTIFY PROBLEM
PROBLEM AREAS
AREAS

•e Ask
Ask Recognized
Recognized Academicians
Academicians
–Teachers from
—Teachers from leading
leading academic
academic institutions
institutions who who have
have
outstanding research
outstanding research track
track records
records can
can suggest
suggest areas
areas in
in
their respective
their respective fields
fields of
of expertise.
expertise.
–The university
—The university research
research office
office of
of an
an HEI
HEI can
can also
also provide
provide
Suggestions.
suggestions.
•¢ Attend
Attend Conferences/Fora/Symposia
Conferences/Fora/Symposia
•¢ Inquire
Inquire from
from other
other agencies
agencies
–Ford Foundation,
—Ford Foundation, United
United States
States Agency
Agency for for International
International
Development (USAID),
Development (USAID), PhilExport
PhilExport andand the
the like.
like.
CRITERIA FOR
CRITERIA FOR PROBLEM
PROBLEM SELECTION
SELECTION

Newness of
Newness of
the Topic
the Topic

Significance of
Significance of Qualifications
Qualifications
the Topic
the Topic of Researcher
of Researcher

Availability of
Availability of Availability of
Availability of
Resources
Resources Data
Data

Time
Time
Constraint
Constraint
 CRITERIA FOR
CRITERIA FOR PROBLEM
PROBLEM SELECTION
SELECTION

•¢ Newness
Newness of of the
the topic
topic
—– It
It has
has not
not been
been done
done before.
before.
•° Qualifications
Qualifications of of the
the Researcher
Researcher
–The researcher/s
—The researcher/s must
must possess
possess technical
technical and
and
conceptual competence
conceptual competence to to conduct
conduct the
the study.
study.
•¢ Availability
Availability ofof Data
Data
–Primary and
—Primary and secondary
secondary data
data must
must available
available toto
complete the
complete the study.
study.
 CRITERIA FOR
CRITERIA FOR PROBLEM
PROBLEM SELECTION
SELECTION

•¢ Time
Time Constraint
Constraint
–Research goals
—Research goals are
are achievable
achievable within
within the
the given
given time
time
frame.
frame.
•¢ Availability
Availability of
of Resources
Resources
–Access to
—Access to funds,
funds, facilities,
facilities, computer
computer technology,
technology, and
and
human resources
human resources exist
exist for
for one
one to
to undertake
undertake the
the study.
study.
•¢ Significance
Significance of of Topic
Topic
–Research findings
—Research findings could
could compromise
compromise a a valuable
valuable
contribution to
contribution to the
the field.
field.
 FORMULATION OF
FORMULATION OF THE
THE RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROBLEM
PROBLEM
AND OBJECTIVES
AND OBJECTIVES

•¢ Formulation
Formulation of of the
the research
research problem
problem
–Once identified
—Once identified and
and selected,
selected, the
the research
research problem
problem
may now
may now bebe stated
stated in
in the
the clearest
clearest terms
terms possible.
possible.
–A well-formulated
—A well-formulated problem
problem statement
statement provides
provides
direction and
direction and focus
focus to
to the
the study.
study.
–Research problems
—Research problems mustmust bebe in
in question
question oror declarative
declarative
form.
form.
 FORMULATION OF
FORMULATION OF THE
THE RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROBLEM
PROBLEM
AND OBJECTIVES
AND OBJECTIVES

•¢ In
In formulating
formulating the the problem
problem statement,
statement, thethe following
following
criteria should
criteria should be be considered:
considered:
–Observe
—Observe correct
correct grammar
grammar for
for clarity
clarity
–Write
—Write inin question
question form
form
–Name
—Name specific
specific area
area
–Phrase
—Phrase thethe topic
topic into
into something
something workable
workable and
and
manageable
manageable
 FORMULATION OF
FORMULATION OF THE
THE RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROBLEM
PROBLEM
AND OBJECTIVES
AND OBJECTIVES

•¢ Criteria
Criteria Cont…
Cont...
–Indicate
—Indicate thethe data
data and
and techniques
techniques to to answer
answer the
the
question
question
–Limit
—Limit the
the scope
scope toto realistic
realistic parameters
parameters
–Use
—Use phrases
phrases and and wordings
wordings that
that are
are measurable
measurable and and
can be
can be proven
proven empirically
empirically
–Cite
—Cite clearly
clearly thethe relationship
relationship of of the
the variables
variables to
to be
be
studied
studied
–Use
—Use wordings
wordings that that are
are unbiased,
unbiased, objective,
objective, and
and not
not
emotion-laden
emotion-laden
 FORMULATION OF
FORMULATION OF THE
THE RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROBLEM
PROBLEM
AND OBJECTIVES
AND OBJECTIVES

•¢ Formulation
Formulation of of Research
Research Objectives
Objectives
–Research objectives
—Research objectives are
are the
the aims
aims oror the
the purposes
purposes that
that
need to
need to be
be attained
attained atat the
the end
end ofof the
the investigation.
investigation.
–Objectives must
—Objectives must provide
provide a a detailed
detailed definition
definition and
and
delimitation of
delimitation of the
the research
research problem.
problem.
–Objectives give
—Objectives give particular
particular and
and specific
specific reference
reference toto the
the
question posed
question posed at at the
the introduction
introduction by by formulating
formulating
subordinate items
subordinate items that
that need
need to to be
be investigated
investigated inin order
order
to answer
to answer the
the question
question
 FORMULATION OF
FORMULATION OF THE
THE RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROBLEM
PROBLEM
AND OBJECTIVES
AND OBJECTIVES

•¢ Criteria
Criteria in
in formulating
formulating research
research objectives
objectives
–State
—State inin declarative
declarative form
form
–Write
—Write clearly
clearly the
the specific
specific variables
variables to
to be
be investigated
investigated
–Use
—Use concepts
concepts thatthat are
are measurable
measurable
–Specify
—Specify thethe relationships/patterns
relationships/patterns that that are
are to
to be
be tested
tested
–Identify
—Identify thethe scope
scope
–Each
—Each statement
statement must must bebe related
related to
to the
the main
main problem
problem
 REVIEW OF
REVIEW OF RELATED
RELATED LITERATURE
LITERATURE
•¢ The
The review
review of of literature
literature is is done
done by by going
going through
through
secondary sources
secondary sources in in various
various libraries
libraries an/or
an/or accessing
accessing
the data
the data through
through the the computer
computer
•¢ Scholarly
Scholarly researcher
researcher like like theses,
theses, dissertations,
dissertations, andand those
those
published in
published in journals always require
journals always require aa section
section onon review
review
of related
of related literatures.
literatures.
•¢ Review
Review of of literatures
literatures cancan be be cited
cited anywhere
anywhere in in the
the
research paper.
research paper.
•¢ More
More so,
so, review
review of of literatures
literatures lay lay the
the foundation
foundation of of any
any
research undertaking.
research undertaking.
 IMPORTANCE OF
IMPORTANCE OF RELATED
RELATED LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•e Serves
Serves as
as aa source
source ofof research
research problems
problems which
which can
can
be gathered
be gathered fromfrom existing
existing studies.
studies.
•¢ Ensures
Ensures that
that important
important variables
variables relevant
relevant to
to the
the
study are
study are not
not overlooked.
overlooked.
•¢ Establishes
Establishes thethe need/significance/justification
need/significance/justification in in
conducting the
conducting the present
present study.
study.
•¢ Provides
Provides a a historical
historical background/perspective
background/perspective about about
the study.
the study.
 IMPORTANCE OF
IMPORTANCE OF RELATED
RELATED LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ Serves
Serves asas aa basis
basis for
for the
the development
development of of the
the
theoretical/conceptual framework.
theoretical/conceptual framework.
•¢ Avoids
Avoids the
the unnecessary
unnecessary duplication
duplication of
of
selecting a
selecting a research
research problem
problem which
which has
has been
been
done before.
done before.
•¢ Helps
Helps to
to give
give more
more focus
focus direction
direction and
and clarity
clarity
to the
to the study.
study.
•¢ Familiarizes
Familiarizes thethe reader
reader with
with previous
previous studies
studies
done related
done related toto the
the present
present topic.
topic.
 CITATION
Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of
publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by ‘p.°). Introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of
publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), “Students often had difficulty using APA

style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found “students often had difficulty using APA style” (p.

199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of
publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

one stated, “Students often had difficulty using APA atyle” (Jones,

1998, pp. 199), But she did not offer an explanation as to why.
 CITATION
CITATION

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of

typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented
1/2 Inch from the left margin, 1.¢., In the same place you would begin 4 néw paragraph.
Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent
paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing
throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time citing s3ources.

This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many

students failed to purchase a atyle manual or to ask

their teacher for help. (p. 199)

 CITATION
CITATION

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to
the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage
you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.|

According to Jones (1995), APA style 18 a difficult citation format for

first-time learners.

APA style 13 a difficult citation format for first-time learners

(Jones, 1995, p. 159),

 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ldentify the relevant

Identify the relevant data
data sources
sources
•¢ Develop
Develop systematic
systematic procedure
procedure and and note-
note-
taking skill
taking skill in
in collecting
collecting literature
literature survey
survey
data
data
•e\Write
Write aa concise
concise review
review ofof related
related
literature.
literature.
 Parenthetical Parenthetical format,
First citation in Subsequent
Type of citation format, first subsequent citations
text citations in text
citation in text in text
One work
One work by
by one
one
Walker (2007)
Walker (2007) Walker (2007)
Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007)
(Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)
(Walker, 2007)
author
author
One work
One work by
by two
two Walker and
Walker and Walker and
Walker and (Walker &
(Walker & Allen,
Allen, (Walker &
(Walker & Allen,
Allen, 20
20
authors
authors Allen (2004)
Allen (2004) Allen (2004)
Allen (2004) 2004)
2004) 04)
04)
One work
One work by
by three
three | Bradley,
Bradley, Ramirez
Ramirez Bradley et
Bradley et al.
al. (Bradley, Ramirez
(Bradley, Ramirez
(Bradley et al., 1999)
authors
authors and Soo
and Soo (1999)
(1999) (1999)
(1999) & Soo,
& Soo, 1999)
1999) (Bradley et al., 1999)
Bradley, Ramirez,
Bradley, Ramirez, (Bradley, Ramirez,
(Bradley, Ramirez,
One work by four Bradley et al.
one work by four Soo, and
Soo, and Walsh
Walsh ‘m006). et al. Soo, &
Soo, & Walsh,
Walsh, 22 | (Bradley
(Bradley et
et al.,
al., 2006)
2006)
authors (2006)
(2006)
(2006) 006)
006)
Walker, Allen, (Walker, Allen, B
One work by five Walker et al.
One work by five Bradlee
Bradley,Romire
Ramirez, Walker et al. radley Ramirez,
radley, a iter & 2 (Walker et
(Walker et al.,
al., 2008)
2008)
authors
authors Ys , (2008)
(2008) ys , Y
and Soo
and Soo (2008)
(2008) Soo, 2008)
Soo, 2008)

One work
One work by
by six
six Wasserstein et
Wasserstein et al.
al. Wasserstein et
Wasserstein et al.
al. (Wasserstein et
(Wasserstein et al., (Wasserstein et
al., (Wasserstein etal.,
al., 22
or more
or more authors
authors (2005)
(2005) (2005)
(2005) 2005)
2005) 005)
005)

Bangko Sentral
Bangko Sentral ng
ng (Bangko Sentral
(Bangko Sentral n n
Groups as
Groups as authors
authors | Pilipinas
Pilipinas (BSP,
(BSP, BSP (2003)
BSP (2003) gg Pilipinas
Pilipinas BSP
BSP ,,200
200| (BSP,
(BSP, 2003)
2003)
2003)
2003) 3)
3)

University of
University of University of
University of (University of
(University of (University of
(University of
Groups as
Groups as authors
authors
Pittsburg (2005)
Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg (2005)
Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg, 2005)
Pittsburg, 2005) Pittsburg, 2005)
Pittsburg, 2005)
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ Such
Such resources
resources should
should be
be valuable,
valuable, rare,
rare, inimitable,
inimitable,
and non-substitutable
and non-substitutable (De
(De Cieri
Cieri &
& Dowling,
Dowling, 1998).
1998).

•¢ Greer
Greer (2001)
(2001) has
has cited
cited the
the shift
shift in
in viewing
viewing human
human
resources from
resources from merely
merely costs
costs toto considering
considering them
them as
as
Strategic organization
strategic organization assets.
assets.
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢e While
While transactional
transactional HRM,
HRM, focuses
focuses on
on the
the
administration of
administration of a
a firm’s
firm’s human
human resources,
resources,
often in
often in a
a reactive
reactive mode
mode to to other
other functional
functional
unit’s requirements
unit’s requirements and and isolated
isolated from
from the
the
firm’s mission
firm’s mission (Mathis
(Mathis & & Jackson,
Jackson, 2000)
2000)
SHRM's contingent
SHRM’s contingent perspective
perspective recognizes.
recognizes.
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ In
In Fact,
Fact, according
according to
to Greer
Greer (2001)HCI
(2001)HCI contain
contain
more risks
more risks than
than investments
investments in
in physical
physical assests.
assests.

•¢ Delaney
Delaney and
and Huselid
Huselid (1996)
(1996) pointed
pointed out
out that
that
the choise
the choise of
of HR
HR practices
practices may.
may.

•¢ Monks
Monks and
and McMackin
McMackin (2001)
(2001) noted
noted that.
that.
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ For
For instance,
instance, Delery
Delery (1993)
(1993) found
found that…
that...

•¢ Snell
Snell and
and Dean
Dean (1994)
(1994) linked
linked aa firm’s
firm’s decision
decision to
to adopt
adopt
integrated manufacturing
integrated manufacturing toto its
its choice
choice of
of compensation
compensation systems.
systems.
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

The few
The few studies
studies that
that have
have considered
considered both
both antecedents
antecedents and
and
consequences include
consequences include Burg,
Burg, Siscovick
Siscovick and
and Brock
Brock (2000), Burton
(2000), Burton
(1996), Lynch
(1996), Lynch and
and Black
Black (1995),
(1995), and
and Sivasubramaniam
Sivasubramaniam (1993).
(1993).

Burg, Siscovick
Burg, Siscovick and
and Brock
Brock (2000)
(2000) linked
linked blahblahblah.
blahblahblah. Burton
Burton
(1996) studied
(1996) studied how
how employment
employment blahblah.
blahblah. Lych
Lych and
and Black
Black (1995)
(1995)
showed that
showed that blahblah.
blahblah. Sivasubramaniam
Sivasubramaniam (1993)
(1993) tested
tested blahblah.
blahblah.
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ Extending
Extending the
the framework
framework proposed
proposed by by
Bhattacharya and
Bhattacharya and Wright
Wright (2000),
(2000), who
who focused
focused on
on
risks of
risks of HCI
HCl as
as antecedents
antecedents to to HR
HR practices
practices to
to firm
firm
outcomes, this
outcomes, this study
study will
will look
look into
into companies
companies
located at
located at CSEZ.
CSEZ.

•¢ The
The development
development of of HRM
HRM reflects
reflects the
the evolution
evolution in
in
the utilization
the utilization of
of people
people in
in organizations
organizations as
as
discussed by
discussed by Shaw
Shaw (1999)
(1999)
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ Money
Money motivated
motivated workers
workers to
to do
do their
their jobs (Locke,
jobs (Locke,
1982 cited
1982 cited in
in Shaw,
Shaw, 1999).
1999).

•¢ As
As discussed
discussed by
by Nankervis
Nankervis et
et al.
al. (1996)
(1996)

•¢ In
In fact,
fact, most
most research
research into
into these
these issues
issues have
have
actually pointed
actually pointed out
out aa lack
lack of
of reputable
reputable research
research
(e.g. Thorne,
(e.g. Thorne, 1999;
1999; Dellaportas
Dellaportas etet al.,
al., 2006).
2006).
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ From
From thethe definitions,
definitions, we we seesee that
that SHRM
SHRM is is
concerned with
concerned with the
the link
link between
between HR HR practices
practices andand
organizational performance
organizational performance (Chadwick,
(Chadwick, 1999; 1999;
Delery &
Delery & Doty,
Doty, 1996;
1996; Huselid
Huselid et et al.,
al., 1997),
1997), with
with
the link
the link between
between HRM HRM and and business
business stategy
stategy
(Butler et
(Butler et al.,
al., 1991;
1991; Huselid
Huselid et et al.,
al., 1997;
1997; Mabey
Mabey et et
al., 1998;
al., 1998; Schuler,
Schuler, 1992;
1992; Schuler
Schuler & & Walker,
Walker, 1990)
1990)
and views
and views HRMHRM as as a
a source
source of of competitive
competitive
advantage (Mabey
advantage (Mabey et et al.,
al., 1998;
1998; Snell
Snell etet al.,
al., 1996)
1996}
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ According
According to
to Kim
Kim (2011)…..
(2011).....

•¢ Chadwick
Chadwick (1999)
(1999) as
as well
well as
as Delery
Delery and
and Doty
Doty (1996)
(1996)
presented....
presented….

•¢ This
This perspective
perspective allows
allows HR
HR system
system operations
operations using
using
additive indices
additive indices (MacDuffie,
(MacDuffie, 1995),
1995), cluster
cluster analysis
analysis
or profile
or profile deviations
deviations (Chadwick,
(Chadwick, 1999).
1999).
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ Bhattacharya
Bhattacharya andand Wright
Wright (2000)
(2000) and
and Trigeorgis
Trigeorgis
(1993) provide….
(1993) provide....

•¢ was
was shown
shown by
by Kulatilaka
Kulatilaka and
and Perotti
Perotti (1991)
(1991)

•¢ Greer’s
Greer’s (2001)
(2001) review
review indicated
indicated that…
that...

•¢ Youndt
Youndt et
et al.
al. (1996)
(1996) studied
studied
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ In
Inaa 1995
1995 UPSE
UPSE discussion
discussion paper,
paper, Fabella
Fabella conceptually
conceptually shows
shows
that...
that…

•¢ In
In accounting
accounting literature,
literature, learning
learning styles,
styles, for
for both
both accounting
accounting
students and
students and the
the profession
profession generally,
generally, have
have been
been actively
actively
examined over
examined over recent
recent decades
decades due
due inin part
part to
to the
the changing
changing
demands facing
demands facing accounting
accounting educators
educators (e.g.
(e.g. AAA,
AAA, 1986;
1986; AECC,
AECC,
1990; IFAC
1990; IFAC 1996;
1996; 2003a).
2003a).
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ These
These researchers
researchers predominantly
predominantly used
used the
the Learning
Learning
Style Inventory
Style Inventory (LSI)
(LSI) developed
developed by
by Kolb
Kolb (1976;
(1976;
1984).
1984).

•¢ In
In contrast,
contrast, other
other US
US studies
studies found
found learning
learning styles
styles
for accounting
for accounting students
students as
as predominantly
predominantly being
being
those of
those of the
the assimilator
assimilator type
type (Baker
(Baker et
et al.,
al., 1987;
1987;
Stout &
Stout & Ruble,
Ruble, 1991a).
1991a).
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ Geiger
Geiger (1992)
(1992) as as well
well as
as Geiger
Geiger and
and Boyle
Boyle
(1992) duplicated
(1992) duplicated TogoTogo and
and Baldwin’s
Baldwin’s study
study
(1990) but
(1990) but conversely
conversely discovered
discovered that
that
assimilating ….
assimilating ....

•¢ Holley
Holley and
and Jenkins
Jenkins (1993)
(1993) examined……
examined......

•¢ Adler
Adler et
et al.
al. (2004)
(2004) investigated
investigated
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ The
The study
study represents
represents an
an "emergent
‘emergent design,
design, in
in which
which
each incremental
each incremental research
research decision
decision depends
depends on on prior
prior
information’ (McMillan
information" (McMillan & & Schumacher,
Schumacher, 2001,
2001, p.p. 398).
398).

•¢ Basu
Basu and
and Jones (2007) went
Jones (2007) went so
so far
far as
as to
to suggest
suggest the
the
need for
need for a
a new
new “intellectual
“intellectual framework
framework in in which
which to
to
consider the
consider the nature
nature and
and form
form of
of regulation
regulation inin
cyberspace” (para.
cyberspace” (para. 4).
4).

•¢ Robins
Robins et
et al.
al. (2003)
(2003) suggested
suggested that
that the
the “therapists
“therapists in
in
dropout cases
dropout cases may
may have
have inadvertently
inadvertently validated…”
validated...” (p.
(p.
541), contributing
541), contributing to to an
an overall
overall climate
climate of
of negativity.
negativity.
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

Others have
Others have contradicted
contradicted this
this view:
view:
Co-presence does
Co-presence does not
not ensure
ensure intimate
intimate interaction
interactionamongall
among all group group members.
members.
Consider large-scale
Consider large-scale social
social gatherings
gatherings in in which hundreds or
which hundreds or thousands
thousands of of people
people
gather in
gather in aa location
location to
to perform
perform a a ritual
ritual or
or celebrate
celebrate anan event.
event.
In these
In these instances,
instances, participants
participants areare able
able toto see
see the
the visible manifestation of
visible manifestation of the
the
group, the
group, the physical
physical gathering,
gathering, yet their ability
yet their ability to
to make
make direct,
direct, intimate
intimate connections
connections
with those around
with those around them
them is is limited
limited byby thethe sheer
sheer magnitude
magnitude of of the
the assembly.
assembly.
(Purcell, 1997,
(Purcell, 1997, pp.
pp. 111-112)
11-112)
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•¢ In
In fact,
fact, most
most research
research into
into these
these issues
issues has
has
actually pointed
actually pointed out
out a
a lack
lack of
of reputable
reputable
research (e.g.
research (e.g. Dellaportas
Dellaportas etet al.,
al., 2006;
2006; Thorne,
Thorne,
1999).
1999).

•¢ Blahblah(see
Blahblah(see discussion
discussion in
in Ginburg,
Ginburg, 1993)
1993)
 PARENTHETICAL
PARENTHETICAL
TYPE OF FIRST CITATION IN SUBSEQUENT FORMAT,
FORMAT, FIRST
CITATION TEXT CITATIONS IN TEXT SUBSEQUENT
CITATION IN TEXT
CITATIONS IN TEXT
One work
One work by
by
Walker (2007)
Walker (2007) Walker (2007)
Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007)
(Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)
(Walker, 2007)
One author
one author

One work
One work by
by Walker and
Walker and Walker an
Walker an Allen
Allen (20
(20 (Walker &
(Walker & Allen,
Allen, 20
20
(Walker &
(Walker & Allen,
Allen, 2004)
2004)
two authors
two authors Allen (2004)
Allen (2004) 04)
04) 04)
04)
One work
One work by
by Bradley, Ramirez
Bradley, Ramirez (Bradley, Ramirez
(Bradley, Ramirez &
& Soo,
Soo, 1 (Bradley et
1 (Bradley et al.,
al.,
Bradley et
Bradley et al.
al. (1999)
(1999)
three authors
three authors and Soo
and Soo (1999)
(1999) 999)
999) 1999)
1999)
Bradley, Ramirez,
Bradley, Ramirez,
One work
One work by
by (Bradley, Ramirez,
(Bradley, Ramirez, Soo,
Soo, &
& (Bradley et
(Bradley et al.,
al.,
Soo, and
Soo, and Walsh
Walsh Bradley et
Bradley et al.
al. (2006)
(2006)
four authors
four authors Walsh,
Walsh, 2006)
2006) 2006)
2006)
(2006)
(2006)
Walker, Allen,
Walker, Allen,
One work by (Walker, Allen, Bradley,
One authors
work by
five authors
five
| padley, Ramirez,
Bradley, Ramirez, | Walker
Walker et
et al.
al. (2008)
(2008) | Walker Allen,
Ramirez, &
Ramirez, & Soo,
Bradley,
Soo, 2008)
2008)
| (Walker
\iver etet al.,
al, 2008)
2008)
and Soo
and Soo (2008)
(2008)
One work by
one Work OY Wasserstein et
Wasserstein et al.
al. | Wasserstein
Wasserstein et
et al.
al. (2
(2 | (Wasserstein
(Wasserstein et
et al.,
al., 2005
2005 | (Wasserstein
(Wasserstein et
et al.,
al.,
six or more
authors (2005)
(2005) 005)
005) )) 2 005)
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authors
Bangko Sentral
Bangko Sentral ng
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Groups as (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipi
oes es
authors
Pilipinas
Pilipinas BSP (2003)
BSP (2003) Bangi 003) Ng PIliD|
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| (BSP,
(asp 2003)
2003)
(BSP, 2003)
(BSP, 2003) ,

Groups as
Groups as University of
University of University of
University of (University of
(University of (University of
(University of
authors
authors Pittsburg (2005)
Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg (2005)
Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg, 2005)
Pittsburg, 2005) Pittsburg, 2005)
Pittsburg, 2005)
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

PPERIODICALS
ERIODICALS
a. Journal
a. Journal Article
Article with
with DOI
DOI
Herbst-Damm, K.L.,
Herbst-Damm, K.L., & & Kulik,
Kulik, J.A.
J.A. (2005).
(2005). Volunteer
Volunteer support,
support, marital
marital status,
status, and
and the
the survival
survival times
times
of terminally
of ill patients.
terminally ill patients. Health
Health Psychology, 24, 225-229.
Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:
doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

b. Journal
b. Journal Article
Article without
without DOI
DOI

Sillick, T.J.
Sillick, T.J. &
& Schutte,
Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional
N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence
intelligence and
and self-esteem
self-esteem mediate
mediate between
between
perceived early
perceived early parental love and
parental love and adult
adult happiness.
happiness. E-Journal
E-Journal of
of Applied
Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48.
Psychology, 2(2), 38-48.
Retrieved from
Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

Light, M.A.,
Light, M.A., & & Light,
Light, I.H.
I.H. (2008).
(2008). The
The geographic
geographic expansion
expansion of
of Mexican
Mexican immigration
immigration in
in the
the
United States
United States and
and its
its implications
implications for
for local
local law
law enforcement.
enforcement. Law
Law Enforcement
Enforcement Executive Forum
Executive Forum
Journal, 8(1), 73-82.
Journal, 8(1), 73-82.
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE
BOOKS
BOOKS

a. Entire
a. Entire book,
book, print
print version
version

Shotton, M.A.
Shotton, M.A. (1989).
(1989). Computer
Computer addiction?
addiction? AA study
study of
of computer
computer dependency.
dependency. London,
London, England:
England:
Taylor &
Taylor & Fancis
Fancis

b. Electronic
b. Electronic version of print
version of print book
book

Shotton, M.
Shotton, M. A.
A. (1989).
(1989). Computer
Computer addiction?
addiction? AA study
study of
of computer
computer dependency.
dependency. Retrieved
Retrieved from
from
http://www.ebookstore.tandt.co.uk/html/index.asp
http://www.ebookstore.tandt.co.uk/html/index.asp

Schiraldi, G.
Schiraldi, G. R.
R. (2001).
(2001). The
The post-traumatic stress disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook:
sourcebook: AA guide
guide to
to healing,
healing,
recovery, and
recovery, and growth.
growth. doi:10.1036/0071393722
doi:10.1036/0071393722

c. Book
c. Book chapter,
chapter, print
print version
version

Haybron, D.
Haybron, D. M.
M. (2008).
(2008). Philosophy
Philosophy and
and the
the science
science of
of subjective
subjective well
well being.
being. In
In M.
M. Eid
Eid && R.
R. J.
J.
Larsen (Eds.),
Larsen (Eds.), The
The science
science of
of subjective
subjective well
well being
being (pp.
(pp. 17-43).
17-43). New York, NY:
New York, Guilford Press.
NY: Guilford Press.
 GUIDELINES IN
GUIDELINES IN CITING
CITING LITERATURE
LITERATURE

DISSERTATION, SCHORLARLY
DISSERTATION, SCHORLARLY WORK, RELATED STUDIES
WORK, RELATED STUDIES &
& THESES
THESES

a. Master’s
a. Master’s thesis,
thesis, from
from aa commercial
commercial database
database

McNeil, D.
McNeil, D. S.
S. (2006).
(2006). Meaning through narrative:
Meaning through narrative: AA personal narrative discussing
personal narrative discussing growing
growing up
up
with an
with an alcoholic
alcoholic mother
mother (Master’s
(Master’s thesis).
thesis). Available
Available from
from ProQuest
ProQuest Dissertations
Dissertations and
and Theses
Theses
database. (UMI
database. (UMI No. 1434728)
No. 1434728)

b. Doctoral
b. Doctoral dissertation,
dissertation, from
from a
a database
database

Adams, R. J.
Adams, R. J. (1973)
(1973) Building
Building aa foundation
foundation for evaluation of
for evaluation of instruction
instruction in
in higher
higher education
education and
and
continuing education
continuing education (Doctoral
(Doctoral dissertation).
dissertation). Retrieved
Retrieved from
from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd

c. Abstract
c. Abstract
Lassen, S.
Lassen, S. R.,
R., Steele,
Steele, M.M. M.,
M., &
& Sailor,
Sailor, W.
W. (2006).
(2006). The
The relationship
relationship of
of school-wide
school-wide positive
positive
behavior support
behavior support toto academic
academic achievement
achievement in in an
an urban
urban middle
middle school.
school. Psychology in the
Psychology in the
Schools, 43,
Schools, 43, 701-702.
701-702. Abstract
Abstract retrieved
retrieved from
from http://www.interscience.wiley.com
http://www. interscience.wiley.com
 OTHERS
O THERS

a. Entry
a. Entry in
in online
online reference
reference work,
work, no
no author
author or
or editor
editor

Heuristic. (n.d.).
Heuristic. (n.d.). In
In Merriam-Webster’s
Merriam-Webster’s online
online dictionary
dictionary (11th
(11th ed.).
ed.). Retrieved
Retrieved
from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic

b. Unpublished
b. Unpublished dissertation
dissertation or
or thesis
thesis

Author, A.
Author, A. A.
A. (1978).
(1978). Title
Title of
of doctoral
doctoral dissertation
dissertation or
or master’s
master’s thesis
thesis
(Unpublished doctoral
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation
dissertation or
or master’s
master’s thesis).
thesis). Name of institution,
Name of institution,
Location.
Location.
Method
Method
Sample and
Sample and Participant
Participant Selection
Selection
Assessments and
Assessments and Measures
Measures
Q-sort measures
Q-sort measures ofof inhibition
inhibition and
and aggressiveness.
aggressiveness.

Results
Results
Outcome of
Outcome of Inhibited
Inhibited Children
Children at
at 23
23 Years
Years
Personality and
Personality and self-esteem.
self-esteem.
Social network.
Social network.
Life history
Life history and
and IQ.
IQ.
Outcome of
Outcome of Aggressive
Aggressive Children
Children at
at 23
23 Years
Years

Discussion
Discussion
Inhibited Children:
Inhibited Children: Delayed
Delayed Social
Social Transitions
Transitions During
During Emerging
Emerging Adulthood
Adulthood
Inhibited Children:
Inhibited Children: Weak
Weak Evidence
Evidence for
for Internalizing
Internalizing Difficulties
Difficulties
Limitations of
Limitations of the
the Present
Present Study
Study
Conclusions and
Conclusions and Future
Future Prospects
Prospects
 SIGNIFICANCE OF
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
THE STUDY
STUDY

•¢ One
One of of the
the primary
primary considerations
considerations in in undertaking
undertaking
research is
research is the
the immediate
immediate or or long-term
long-term benefit
benefit accruing
accruing
to the
to the end-user.
end-user.
•¢ The
The research
research paper
paper may
may bebe beneficial
beneficial to:
to:
–Researchers, students,
—Researchers, students, employees,
employees, managers,
managers,
entrepreneurs.
entrepreneurs.
—Firms, industry, associations,
–Firms, industry, associations, schools,
schools, funding
funding
agencies.
agencies.
–Government, communities,
—Government, communities, consumers,
consumers, suppliers,
suppliers,
investors
investors
 SCOPE AND
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS

•¢ The
The scope
scope andand limitation
limitation should
should indicate
indicate study
study
coverage with
coverage with concrete
concrete reference
reference toto variables,
variables,
sources of
sources of data,
data, method(s)
method(s) toto be
be employed
employed in in
data collection
data collection and and analysis,
analysis, time
time frame, and
frame, and
constraints that
constraints that might
might bebe encountered
encountered in in the
the
conduct of
conduct of the
the investigation.
investigation.
 TABLE OF
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS

•¢ Title
Title Page
Page
•¢ Introduction
Introduction
•¢ Statement
Statement of of the
the Problem
Problem
•¢ Related
Related Literatures
Literatures
•¢ Significance
Significance ofof the
the Study
Study
•¢ Conceptual
Conceptual Framework
Framework
•¢e Assumptions
Assumptions & & Hypothesis
Hypothesis
•¢ Research
Research Design
Design (Research
(Research Method)
Method)