CHAPTER 1

Overview of Research
 RESEARCH PROBLEM
• Must be SMART.
• Must be written in imperative form.
• Identifies a specific area.
• Phrased in workable and manageable terms.
• Scope is limited to realistic parameters that are not too narrow nor
too broad.
• Statement must be unbiased, objective and not too emotion laden.
• Relationship between variables must be clearly identified.
• Phrases and wordings must be measurable and can be empirically
proven.
• Research problem identifies the data and techniques needed to
answer the questions.
• The research problem is stated clearly in grammatical terms.
 RESEARCH TITLE & OBJECTIVE
• During the weekend, visit the University Library and look for Research Titles. Each member of the
group must write at least one Research Title and one General Objective of the Research
Title(ORIGINAL).

1. Choose a Topic. Topic must be Accountancy (preferably MAFIN, MANAC, INTERNAL or EXTERNAL
AUDIT) OR Business or Management (ORGBEV, OPEMAN, PRIMAR, FINANCE, PRODMAN, &
BUSINESS ETHICS).
2. Choose a Company (must be established / has access to basic info/ can schedule an interview).
3. Identify Current Problems / Weaknesses / Issues of the Company that relates to the chosen
topic (GAP).
4. Use SMART in Writing the Title.
5. Write the General Objective of the Research Title.
6. Consolidate 5 Titles & Objectives in one Short Bond Paper.
7. Email Soft File on June 15, before 12 midnight.
8. Submit Hard copy on June 16, before 12 noon - Expandable Envelope located at the Faculty
Room.
9. Prepare for Title Defense on June 19.
10. Use Pro-Quest – University Library Internet Section 3rd Floor
 RESEARCH

• According to Leedy and Omrod (2010, page 2)

“systematic process of collecting and analyzing
information in order to increase our understanding of
the phenomenon with which we are concerned or
interested.”

• SYSTEMATIC – logical relationships and not just beliefs

 RESEARCH
 According to Garcia and others (2011, page 4), “research is a
careful systematic, and scientific investigation in some field of
knowledge.” It is an orderly and logical way of looking into
certain events in various field to answer relevant queries.

 Likewise, according to Ardales (as cited by Garcia and others,

2011, page 5), research is done in a methodical, unbiased and
thorough study of certain occurrences through, “accurate
collection, recording, analyses, and interpretation of data” to
develop or add new ideas or concepts to existing body of
knowledge; and/or to formulate or apply solutions/courses of
action that may lead to improvements of the society in general
and in various sectors including business in particular. –
ACCOUNTING
 RELEVANCE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

TO
TO SOCIETY TO FIRMS INDIVIDUAL
S
 RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH

To the society: According to Garcia and others (2011,

pages 1-3), research leads to:
Inventions, discoveries, and innovations to improve
quality of life.
Continuous upgrading of quality of education.
Promotion of cordial interactions among human
beings.
Development of policies that help economy grows
and stabilize political scenario.
 RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH
 To Firms: Edralin (2000, page 2) cited that research is beneficial to
business firms, as it may direct them to:
 Effective financial control and management
 Expansion (physical/manpower/capital)
 Customer satisfaction
 Innovation/diversification of products and services
 High quality products/services
 Efficient and effective labor force
 Sustain competitive advantage
 Financial stability (liquidity and solvency)
 Improve current trends/practices
 Develop innovative research techniques and methods
 RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH
 To individuals: research is also relevant to
individuals because according to Edralin (2000,
page 2) it provides them opportunity to/for:
 Acquire skills in research
 Additional income
 Possible career
 Provide input to policy recommendations
 Contribute new knowledge to the field
 Personal fulfilment
 TYPES OF RESEARCH

Basic Applied
Research Research

Action
Research
BASIC & APPLIED RESEARCH
 ACTION RESEARCH
(According to Karen Brooks on Research Examples & Process)
 HOW DO YOU CLASSIFY EACH?
An exploratory study to
Determining the Using linear algebra and
introduce open ended
gravitational constant in the calculus to design and
inquiry science into
"law of universal develop the computer you
elementary laboratory
gravitation” are using
teaching

An exploratory study to An assessment of the

Developing linear algebra
introduce leadership subject motivational factors
and calculus theories to
among students of the affecting faculty retention
extend our knowledge of
College of Business & among members of the
mathematics
Accountancy of HAU Faculty of Arts of the ADMU

Using the law of gravity to

design a slope of a roller
coaster that isn't so steep
that it kills people
 BUSINESS RESEARCH
 Cooper and Schindler (2011, page 5) defined business research as “a
systematic inquiry that provides information to guide managerial
decisions. It is a process of planning, acquiring, analysing, and
disseminating relevant data, information, and insights to decisions makers
in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions that, in
turn, maximize performance.

 Similarly, Wipawin said “business research provides the needed

information that guides managers to make informed decisions to
successfully deal with problems”.

 According to Edralin (2000), “business research is a systematic process of

answering a question or problem involving a PROCESS the methodical
formulation of a theoretical framework and methodology; collection,
analysis, and interpretation of pertinent data; and presentation of
recommendations from which courses of action can be taken.
 BUSINESS RESEARCH

Edralin (2000, page 1) also said that business

research is seen as applied or action oriented.
Firms use business research as corporate strategy
for the purpose of:
Maintaining competitive advantage, and
Attaining organizational objectives most
efficiently
 WHAT IS BUSINESS RESEARCH?

MANAGERS
ANSWERS A
THRU A PRESENTATION TO MAKE
QUESTION
SYSTEMATI RECOMMENDAT DECISIONS
OR A IONS
C PROCESS / TAKE
PROBLEM
ACTIONS
 MAJOR STEPS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH
1
• Identification of research problem

2
• Formulation of research problem and objectives

3
• Development of the theoretical framework

4
• Designing the research methodology

5
• Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

6
• Presentation of conclusions and recommendations

7
• Taking course of action
 BRAINSTORMING
BRAINSTORMING is a 
group or individual creativity technique by which efforts are
made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering
a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its member(s).
The term was popularized by Alex Faickney Osborn in the
1953 book Applied Imagination.

• According to  "Productivity Loss in Idea-Generating Groups:

Tracking Down the Blocking Effect". Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 61 (3): 392–403. 1991.
 CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH

 The purpose of the research or the problem involved should be

clearly defined and sharply delineated in terms as unambiguous
as possible.
 The research procedures used should be described in sufficient
detail to permit another researcher to replicate the search.
 The procedural design of the research should be clearly
described and carefully planned to yield results that are as
objective as possible.
 The researcher should report, with the complete frankness,
flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects in the
findings.
 CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH
 Analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to
reveal its significance; and the methods of analysis
used should be appropriate.
 Conclusions should be confined to those justified
by the data of the research and limited to those for
which data provide an adequate basis.
 Greater confidence in the research is warranted of
the researcher is experienced, has a good
reputation in research, and is a person of integrity.
COMMON TYPES OF BUSINESS RESEARCH
COMMON TYPES OF BUSINESS RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMAL RESEARCH
– DR. RUFO MENDOZA

1. Question or Problem 6. Clear Presentation

as Starting Point of Findings & Solutions

2. Clear Articulation of 5. Statement of the

a Goal Study Limitations

3. Specific Plan of 4. Collection &

Procedures Interpretation of Data
CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
BASIC & APPLIED RESEARCH
 RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES
Positivist Perspective (senses,
experience, reality is objective,
reality is measurable by
observer, tests theory,
empiricism, uses analytical
inquiry, evidence through
observation & experiments)
Critical Perspective (as
historically instituted, produced
and reproduced by people,
social critique, how to change
social and economic, challenge
the status quo, circumstances to
avoid bias)
Interpretative Perspective
(social constructs, meanings as
assigned by people, active
participation is required,
understanding of a process)
Post Modern Perspective
(critical revisiting of the past,
challenges social and political ,
the nature of historical and
knowledge, accounting is the
best example, standard updates
etc)
COMPARISON OF QUANTITATIVE &
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE REASONING
 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE

 Scientific Method
 Logic
 Expert Opinion
 Agreement with Others
 Sensory Experience
 ROLE OF THEORY IN RESEARCH
• THEORIES
– Set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that are
advanced to explain and predict phenomena. Systematic inter-
relationship ;systematic explanation

• THEORY RESEARCH - DICHOTOMY (2 WORLDS)

– World of ideas, theories and models
– World of observation and experience
• Theory –then-Research
• Research-then Theory
• Interaction of Research & Theory
– Sets boundaries of phenomena
– Tools to carry out empirical research
– Narrows range of facts to be studied
– Summarizes about an object of study
 COMPONENTS OF THEORY
• Theory = Concepts + Variables
• Concepts – Theory
• Variables – Observation & Measurement
• Is constant a concept? Is variable a concept?
• Proposition = Concepts + Variables in
statement form
– Univariate
– Bivariate
– Multivariate
 EXAMPLES
• The extent of influence of agency costs in establishing an audit
committee among companies listed in the Philippines Stock Exchange.

• The significant volatility transmission between the Philippine Peso and

Indonesian Rupiah.

• The effects of the External Labor Flexibility on the employment

condition of workers in selected franchised and non-franchised fast
food chains in Metro Manila.

• The significant correlation between the undergraduate thesis ratings

and the perceived extent of industry usage of the undergraduate
theses submitted to the DLSU Marketing Department from 2000-2001.
 GROUP WORK1: BRAINSTORMING

OBJECTIVES
• reduce social inhibitions among group members,
• stimulate idea generation
• increase overall creativity of the group.

Welcome Combine &

Focus on Withhold
Unusual Improve
Quantity Criticism
Ideas Ideas
 GROUP WORK #1: RESEARCHABLE TOPICS &
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES – JUNE 20, 2014
SUBMIT ON FRIDAY, JUNE 20, 2014, --_ BEFORE 3PM AT THE FACULTY ROOM WRITE YOUR GROUP NUMBER,
NAMES OF MEMBERS & SECTION (SHORT BOND PAPER- ONE FOR EACH COMPANY)

COMPANY PROFILE: Describe the two companies in not more than TEN sentences.

RESEARCH TITLE: Select a researchable relevant topic for each company

May not limited to business organizations Example: Threats to Auditing Independence and
their Effects to the Public Accounting Practice in Central Luzon

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES : List down your research objectives ---

1) What does it aim to achieve?
2) How would it create impact?
3) How relevant is your research title?

YOU MAY REPLICATE A TOPIC/S BASED ON YOUR PROQUEST OUTPUT.