Life is the most difficult exam

many people fail because they try to copy others, not

realizing that everyone has a different question paper

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Department of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Soran University

Subject: Heat Transfer I

Lecturer's name: Khadijeh Mirza

Academic Year: 2020/2021 2

 Time of Lecture

The first session : from 11:00 to 12:15 pm

Rest : 12:15 to 12:45

The second session : from 12:45 to 2:00 pm

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 FIRST SEMESTER

1. Modes of Heat Transfer (Conduction, Convection, Radiation), Thermal Conductivity

2. Steady-State Conduction - One Dimension (The plane wall (One material, Composite

wall), Radial systems (Cylindrical, Spherical ))

3. The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

4. Critical Thickness of Insulation

5. Heat Source Systems (Plane Wall with Heat Sources, Radial Systems with Heat Sources

[Solid Cylinder with Heat Source, Hollow Cylinder with Heat Source

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6. Conduction-Convection Systems, Extended Surface – Fins (Fin Effectiveness, Fin Performance,

Corrected

7. Length (Lc) ), Fin Types, Fin Heat Exchanger Design

8. Thermal Contact Resistance

9. Unsteady State Conduction, Types of boundary conditions Lumped Heat Capacity System,

Applicability of Lumped Heat Capacity System

10. Transit Heat Flow in a Semi-infinite Solid (Constant wall temperature, Constant heat flux),

Convection Boundary Conditions

11. Heisler,s Charts

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 Chapter 1

Introduction
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 Introduction
Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place

between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference.

Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat.

The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be

transferred, but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain

specified conditions.

Heat transfer may be used to predict the temperature of system as a function of time. Most

There are the three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Conduction

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Convection

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Convection

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Radiation

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1

1 – Radiation

2 – Conduction

3 - Convection

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 Conduction heat transfer
Heat flow (𝐪 𝐱 )
Cross sectional area (A) A = a × 𝒃

b
z
y
a

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When the proportionality constant is inserted,

positive constant k

Fourier’s law
Where, k is called the thermal conductivity of the material

qx is the heat-transfer rate

𝝏𝑻
is the temperature gradient in the direction of the heat flow
𝝏𝒙

Negative sign in Fourier’s equation indicates that the heat flow is in the direction of negative
gradient temperature and that serves to make heat flow positive.
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Fourier’s law for Conduction heat transfer

Meter cubic (𝐦𝟐 )

℃
Celsius degree per meter ( )
(W) Watt 𝐦

𝐖
Watts per meter per Celsius degree ( )
𝐦.℃

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 𝒒𝒙 = ?
?
𝒒 ∆𝑻 𝑻𝟏 = 400℃
Or = 𝒌 𝑻𝟐 = 100℃
𝑨 ∆𝒙
3-cm

𝐖
𝐤 = 𝟑𝟕𝟎 𝒒𝒙
𝐦. ℃

𝒒 ∆𝑻 (𝟒𝟎𝟎 −𝟏𝟎𝟎) 𝑴𝑾
= 𝒌 = 370 = 3.7
𝑨 ∆𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟐

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 Conduction heat transfer

States of System:

A steady state system : the temperature of the solid does not change with time.

A unsteady state system : the temperature of the solid is changing with time.

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Energy Balance of solid

𝐪𝐱
Hot
A

z Cold
y
x

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 z
Energy Balance of solid y

input + generation = Accumulation + output

Or

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= ?????????

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Why 𝐪𝐱+𝐝𝐱 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐬:

Use formula of derivative

q(x+△x) − q(x) ′ qx+dx − qx

q′x = lim or qx =
△x→𝟎 △x dx

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 qx+dx − qx ′
′
qx = qx dx = q x+dx - qx
dx

′ 𝜕𝑞𝑥
qx +q′x dx = qx+dx and qx =
𝜕𝑥

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 𝜕T 𝜕 𝜕T
= - kA + (-kA )dx
𝜕x 𝜕x 𝜕x

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 Or
𝒒𝒙 (watt) + generation(watt) = Accumulation (watt) + 𝒒𝒙+𝒅𝒙 (watt)

𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭 𝟑 = 𝐪ሶ .A.dx (watt)

𝐪ሶ ( 𝟑 ) × 𝐀. 𝐝𝐱(𝐦 )
𝐦

dx
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 = A . dx
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 𝐪𝐱 (watt) 𝐪ሶ Adx (watt) Accumulation = ? 𝐪𝐱+𝐝𝐱 (watt)

Change in internal energy = m 𝒄𝒑 ∆T

m = 𝝆𝐯 Change in internal energy = 𝝆𝐯 𝒄𝒑 ∆T

Change in internal energy = ( 𝝆 A . dx) 𝒄𝒑 ∆T (Joule)

𝛛𝐓
Change in internal energy = ( 𝝆 A . dx) 𝒄𝒑 (watt) , 𝝉 = time
𝛛𝛕
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 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻
-kA + kA + (k )Adx +𝒒ሶ Adx = 𝝆𝒄 (Adx)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝝉

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 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻
-kA + kA + (k )Adx +𝒒ሶ Adx = 𝝆𝒄 (Adx)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝝉

÷Adx

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The general three-dimensional heat-conduction equation

𝒅𝒚

𝒚
𝒛

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Heat conducted in and out of a unit volume in

all three coordinate directions

input + generation = output + Accumulation

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𝑨𝒙 = dy.dz

𝑨𝒚 = dx.dz

𝑨𝒛 = dx.dy
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 = dx.dy.dz
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 input – output + generation = Accumulation
𝝏𝑻
(𝒒𝒙 − 𝒒𝒙+𝒅𝒙 ) + (𝒒𝒚 − 𝒒𝒚+𝒅𝒚 ) + (𝒒𝒛 – 𝒒𝒛+𝒅𝒛 ) + 𝒒ሶ dxdydz = 𝝆𝒄 (dxdydz)
𝝏𝝉

𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻
𝒒𝒙 − 𝒒𝒙+𝒅𝒙 = -k(dydz)𝝏𝒙 - [ -k(dydz)𝝏𝒙 - (dydz)𝝏𝒙(k𝝏𝒙)dx ] = -k(dydz)𝝏𝒙 + k(dydz)𝝏𝒙 + (dydz)𝝏𝒙(k𝝏𝒙)dx = (dydzdx)𝝏𝒙(k𝝏𝒙)

𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻
𝒒𝒚 − 𝒒𝒚+𝒅𝒚 = -k(dxdz)𝝏𝒚 - [ -k(dxdz)𝝏𝒚 - (dxdz)𝝏𝒚(k𝝏𝒚)dy ] = -k(dxdz)𝝏𝒚 + k(dxdz)𝝏𝒚 + (dxdz)𝝏𝒚(k𝝏𝒚)dy = (dxdzdy)𝝏𝒚(k𝝏𝒚)

𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻
𝒒𝒛 − 𝒒𝒛+𝒅𝒛 = -k(dydx) 𝝏𝒛 - [ -k(dydx) 𝝏𝒛 - (dydx)𝝏𝒛(k 𝝏𝒛 )dz ] = -k(dydx) 𝝏𝒛 + k(dydx) 𝝏𝒛 + (dydx)𝝏𝒛(k 𝝏𝒛 )dz = (dydxdz)𝝏𝒛(k 𝝏𝒛 )

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 input – output + generation = Accumulation
𝝏𝑻
(𝒒𝒙 − 𝒒𝒙+𝒅𝒙 ) + (𝒒𝒚 − 𝒒𝒚+𝒅𝒚 ) + (𝒒𝒛 – 𝒒𝒛+𝒅𝒛 ) + 𝒒ሶ dxdydz = 𝝆𝒄 (dxdydz)
𝝏𝝉

𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻
(dydzdx) (k ) (dxdzdy) (k ) (dydxdz)𝝏𝒛(k 𝝏𝒛 )
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚

𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻
(dydzdx) (k ) + (dxdzdy) (k ) + (dydxdz) (k ) + 𝒒ሶ dxdydz = 𝝆𝒄 (dxdydz)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝝉

÷ dxdydz

𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝝏𝑻
(k ) + (k ) + (k ) + 𝒒ሶ = 𝝆𝒄
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝝉
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