BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE Input Hardware

- consists of devices that translate data into a form the

Computer hardware computer can process
- the collection of physical parts of a computer system - used to enter data and instructions into computer
- includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and memory from external world
mouse - perform three main functions:
- also includes all the parts inside the computer case, 1. receive data from user
hard disk drive, motherboard, video card, etc. 2. convert data into binary form
- what you can physically touch 3. provide converted data to computer memory for
processing
Two Different Types of Hardware:
1. External Hardware Kinds of input devices:
- monitor 1. Keyboard entry
- printer - data is inputted to the computer through a keyboard
- keyboard - a device that converts letters, numbers, and other
- mouse signals that can be read by the computer’s processor
- microphone 2. Direct entry devices
- create machine-readable data that can be directly
2. Internal Hardware processed by the CPU
- hard drive - pointing devices, scanning devices, voice-input devices
- CPU
- fan Pointing devices
- motherboard - controls the position of the cursor or pointer on the
- sound card screen

The Layout of a Computer Mouse - controls the movement of the cursor

- based on the function of what it can do or pointer on a display screen
Trackball - mostly used in notebook or laptop
The Von Neumann Architect Scheme computer instead of a mouse
- a ball which is half inserted and by
moving fingers on ball, pointer can be
moved
Pointing stick - isometric joystick used as a pointing
device typically mounted in a computer
keyboard
Touchpad - works by sensing the user’s finger
movement and downward pressure
Joystick - the function of joystick is similar to
COMPUTER PARTS
that of a mouse
- commonly used in playing computer
System unit
games
- contains the major components of the computer
Light pen - utilizes a light-sensitive detector to
- helps protect the internal system
select objects or drawing pictures on a
display screen
Front of the Computer Case
Touch screen - has a touch-sensitive transparent
panel covering the screen

Scanning devices
Imaging systems:
Scanners - devices that use light- sensing
equipment to translate images of text,
drawings, photos, and the like into
digital form
Bar-code readers - optical scanners that translate the
symbols in the bar code into digital
code
Bar codes - vertical zebra-striped marks you see
on most manufacturing retail products
Mark & character-recognition:
MICR - Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition
- uses a technology that can recognize
special text written with ink containing
magnetized particles
- widely used in banks to read and sort
checks
OMR - Optical Mark Recognition
- uses a device that reads pencil marks
and converts them into computer-
usable form
OCR - Optical-Character Recognition
- can be used to recognize specific-font
characters
- applications ranges from scanning
accounts codes from a utility and phone
bills to recognizing hand-written and
cursive text
Fax machines - a device that can send or receive
pictures and text over a telephone line
- facsimile machine
Voice-Input Devices
- used to convert a person’s speech into digitized text
and commands that can be stored or processed by a
computer
Processing Hardware
- when a computer receives data from an input device,
the data must go through an intermediate stage before
it can be sent to an output device, like a monitor,
printer, or speakers
- tangible devices in a computer that handle this stage,
being responsible for controlling the storage and
retrieval of data
Kinds of Processing Hardware
1. CPU - reads the list of instructions and
executes each one in order; a list of
instructions a CPU can run in a
computer program
- handles all instructions it receives
from hardware and software running on
the computer
- most run so fast their processing
speed is measured in gigahertz, or a
billion cycles/second
Hertz (Hz) - measures frequencies
2. Video Card - a special circuit board that controls
what is shown on a computer monitor
and calculates 3D images and calculates
3D images and graphics
- used to display a 2D image like a
Windows desktop, or a 3D image like a
computer game
- have their own processor called a
Graphics Processing Unit or GPU
 separate from the CPU
 handles graphics calculations so the
CPU does not have to
3. Sound Card - the part of the computer hardware
that controls the input and output of
the sound signals
- most are integrated with the
motherboard
- offer only line-in, speaker, and
microphone connections
4. Motherboard- mainboard which is the main circuit
board of the computer
- most central part of a computer
- all of the different parts of the
computer are connected to the
motherboard to work together
5. NIC - Network Interface Card or controller
- an expansion card that enables a
computer to connect to a network such
as a home network, or the Internet
using an Ethernet cable
- network interface controller, network
interface controller card, expansion
card, computer circuit board, network
card, LAN card, network adapter or
network adapter card (NAC)
Storage Hardware
Types of Memory
Memory - the place in a computer where
information can be stored and is made
up of two kinds of chips:
1. Volatile - temporary memory
- disappears once the power is lost
2. Non-volatile - permanent memory
- can retain the stored information even
when not powered
Storage Device
- any computing hardware that is used for storing, reproduce them on a large, flat, usually
porting, and extracting data files lightly colored surface
- provides one of the core functions of the modern
computer
Types of Storage Computer Software
- made of one or more computer programs
1. Primary Storage - software: first proposed by Alan Turing and used in
- internal memory or main memory this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957
- a medium holds memory for a short period of time
while the computer is running
- RAM, ROM, Cache

2. Secondary Storage
- auxiliary memory or external memory
- any non-volatile storage that is internal or external to
the computer
- allows for the storage of data ranging from a few
megabytes to petabytes
- hard disk
TYPES:
3. Off-line Storage
- disconnected storage I. System Software
- any storage medium that must be physically inserted - computer software designed to operate the computer
into a system every time a user wants to access or edit hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to provide
data a platform for running application software
- floppy disk, zip diskette, USB flash drive, memory card - includes device derivers, operating systems, servers,
utilities, and window systems
Output Hardware - responsible for managing a variety of independent
hardware components, so that they can work together
Output device harmoniously
- any peripheral that receives data from a computer
usually for display, projection, or physical reproduction Types of System Software
- can receive data from another device, but it cannot 1. Operating System - software connects the
send data to another device hardware with the programs
- monitor, printer, speaker, projector you want to run
- MS-DOS (oldest)
Monitor - displays an image that is received from  disk operating system
the computer  a command line user interface
- only used to display (output) - MS-DOS 1.0
information from a computer and  released in 1981 for IBM
provides no source of input computers
- sends no information back to the
computer Windows - a family of operating systems
Printer - an external hardware output device developed and produced by
responsible for taking electronic data Microsoft Corp.
stored on a computer or computing - provides a software graphical
device and generating a hard copy of user interface (GUI) used on
that data IBM and compatible computers
Speaker - connected to a computer’s sound card
that outputs sound generated by the 2. Utility Programs - a computer program intended
computer for a particular task; usually
Projector - an output device that can take images pertaining to system resource
generated by a computer and management
Microsoft’s Disk Cleanup utility - used to delete
unnecessary files and recovery
disk drive space
Tasks of a Utility Program:
1. File sorting
2. File renaming
3. File conversion (e.g. convert a sound file to MP3)
4. File repair
5. Disk monitoring and defragmentation (defragging)
6. Printing jobs
7. Backing up data
8. Anti-virus

II. Application Software

- a computer software designed to help the user to
perform singular or multiple related specific tasks
- manipulate texts, numbers and graphics in the form of
software focused on a certain task like word processing,
spreadsheet or playing of audio and video files
- ex. games, spreadsheets, word processors, databases,
internet browsers

WHAT IS INSIDE YOUR COMPUTER

Examples of Programming Languages

- Java
- C++
- Python
- Ruby
- Blockly

HOW COMPUTERS WORK

Operating System - the master program that

manages how software uses the
hardware of a computer