The Filipino Revolutionists won

against the Spaniards who

colonized for more than 300 years.
June 12, 1898 raised the
Philippine flag as a symbol of our
independence. Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo was selected the first
president of the Philippine
Republic but this was short lived.
 The filipino-american war resulted in the
defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903. The
peace movements started as early as 1900.
 Many filipino started writing again and the
nationalism of the people remain
undaunted. Filipino writers went into all
forms of literature like news
reporting, poetry, stories,
plays, essays and novels. Their
writings clearly depicted their love of
country and thier longings for
 A new group started to write in English.
 Hence, Spanish, Tagalog , the Vernaculars and
finally , English, were the mediums used in
literature during these times.
 The writers in Spanish were wont to write on
nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes.
 The writers in Tagalog continued in their
lamentations on the conditions of the country and
their attempts to arouse love for one’s native
tongue. The writers in English imitated the themes
and methods of the Americans.
The UP college Folio was later replaced
by the Philippine Collegian.
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez
stand out as a model of perfection in
character delineation, local color, plot
and message.
1933
Footnote to youth by Jose Garcia Villa
- EL NUEVO DIA (THE NEW DAY)

- EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (THE CALL OF

THE NATION)

- EL RENACIEMENTO
KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS
(Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) Written
by Aurelio Tolentino
TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad
MALAYA by Thomas Remigio
WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes
Education became a very important
issue for the united states colonial
government, since it allowed it to spread
thier cultural values, particularly the
english language, to the filipino people.
By 1901, public education was
institutionalized in the philippines, with
english serving the medium of
instruction.
A. Literature in Spanish
 a) Cecilio Apostol - wrote "A RIZAL" and is considered the best poem
in praise of the hero of bagumbayan.
 b) Fernando Ma. Guerero - he collected the best of his poem in a book
called Crisalidas, and one of the poems written in this book was
"INVOCACION A RIZAL"
 c) Jesus Balmori - well-known for his pen name of Batikuling. He
and Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate on the topic -
"REMEMBRANCE and FORGETFULNESS". He was elected Poet
Laureate in spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.
 d) Manuel Bernabe - is a lyric poet. He was more attractive to the
public in a debate with balmori because of the melodious words he
used. He defended OLVIDO
 e) Claro M. Recto - he collected his poems in a book entitled BAJO
LOS COCOTEROS. One of his writings dedicated to Rizal is "ANTE
EL MARTIR".
1. Adelina Guerrea was first woman poet in the
Philippines who was good in Spanish. She obtained
the Nobel Prize in her EL NIDO.
2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books
entitled Aroma de Ensueno.
3. Macario Adriatico wrote of Legend of Mindoro
entitled La Punta de Salto
4. Epifanio de los Santos
 a) Lope K. Santos - "Father of the National language
Grammar", he was also called "apo" of the tagalog writers.
"BANAAG AT SIKAT" was his master piece.
 b) Jose Corazon de Jesus - known as huseng batute, he
was also called the poet of love in his time. "AG ISANG
PUNONG KAHOY", an elegy, is believed to be his
masterpiece.
 c) Armando V. Hernandez - was dubbed "Poet of the
Laborers", his masterpiece is "ANG PANDAY"
 d) Valeriano Hernandez Pena - known as Tandang Anong,
he considers "NENA AT NENENG" his masterpiece.
 e) Inigo Ed Regalado - a popular story teller, novelist and
newspaper man. He reach the peak of his success by the
"sumpong" of his pen.
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso).
 These included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado,
Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario,
Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio
Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay).
 Led by Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus,
Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos
Garmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez.
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan).
 Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano,
Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.
In a way, we can say that we can
trace the beginnings of Philippine
literature in English with the
coming of the Americans. For this
purpose, we can divide this period
into three time frames, namely:
The Period of Re-Orientation (1898-1910)

 English as a literary vehicle came with the

American occupation in August 13, 1898 and
as they say, a choice bestowed on us by
history.
 By 1900, English came to be used as a
medium of instruction in the public schools.
From the American forces were recruited the
first teachers of English.
 By 1908, the primary and intermediate
grades were using English. It was also about
this time when UP, the forerunner in the use
of English in higher education, was founded.
 THE PERIOD OF IMITATION
(1910-1924)
 By 1919, the UP College Folio published
the literary compositions of the first
Filipino writers in English. They were the
pioneers in short story writing.

 They were then groping their way into

imitating American and British models
which resulted in a stilted, artificial and
unnatural style, lacking vitality and
spontaneity.
PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY
AND GROWTH (1925-1941)

 By this time, Filipino writers had

acquired the mastery of English writing.
They now confidently and competently
wrote on a lot of subjects although the
old-time favorites of love and youth
persisted. They went into all forms of
writing like the novel and the drama.
 Poetry. Noteworthy names in this field ,they wrote in free
verse, in odes and sonnets and in other types. Poetry was
original, spontaneous, competently written and later,
incorporated social consciousness.

 Short Story (1925-1941) Poetry and short story

flourished during these times.

 Publications. The Philippine Free Press provided the

first incentives to Filipino writers in English by offering
prizes to worthwhile contribution. Other publication
followed suit.

 The Drama.(1925-1941) Drama during this period did

not reach the heights attained by the novel or the short
story.
 philippineliterature04.snack.ws/american-regime-1898-
1941.html
 britannica.com/event/Philippine-Revolution
 philippineliteraryfestival.com
 ncca.gov.ph