C h.

9 / Bending of Beams
CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES
1- CROSS SECTION AREA: (mm2, m2)
A   dA
O

A dA l
2- THE FIRST MOMENT OF AREA:
G
(mm3, m3)
The moment of any area is
defined as the product of the
area and the O
distance from the centroid of
the area to the moment axis. By means of this principle,
we may locate the centroid of any simple or composite
area.
Qo   l dA
A
 Q Z   Y dA
A
Q Y   Z dA
A
The first moment of area = ZERO if the axes were centroidal axes
3- CENTROIDS OF AREAS: (mm, m) Y

 Y dA
QZ
Y A  ,
 dA A
G Z
A dA

 Z dA Y Z
QY
Z A  Z
Y

 dA A
A
4- The Second moment of area, The MOMENT OF INERTIA:
(mm4, m4)
Y
The Moment of Inertia (I) is a
term used to describe the capacity
of a cross-section to resist
bending. It is always considered
G Z
with respect to a reference axis dA
such as Z or Y. It is a Z
Y
mathematical property of a section Y
Z
concerned with a surface area and
how that area is distributed about
the reference axis. The reference
axis is usually a centroidal axis
(NOT “Y & Z” axes shown in the
Fig). The moment of Inertia
I Z   Y 2 dA , IY   Z 2 dA
expressed mathematically as:
A A
The Moment of Inertia is an important value which is used to
determine the state of stress in a section, to calculate the
resistance to buckling, and to determine the amount of
deflection in a beam. For example, if a designer is given a
certain set of constraints on a structural problem (i.e. loads,
spans and end conditions) a "required" value of the moment
of inertia can be determined.
Then, any structural element which has at least that specific
moment of inertia will be able to be utilized in the design.
Another example could be in the inverse were true: a specific
element is given in a design. Then the load bearing capacity
of the element could be determined.
Both boards have the same
cross-sectional area, but the
area is distributed differently
about the horizontal centroidal
axis.

5- The polar moment of Inertia (mm4, m4)

Polar moment of inertia, denoted by JO or Ip , is the area moment
of inertia about the X-axis (perpendicular to plan of cross-section
area) given by:
I p  J o   l 2 dA   ( Z 2  Y 2 ) dA   Z 2 dA   Y 2 dA
A A A A

I p  J o  IY  I Z
6- Radius of gyration (mm3, m3)
The radius of gyration is the distance r away from the axis that
all the area can be concentrated to result in the same moment of
inertia. That is,
I r A 2

For a given area, one can define the radius of gyration around
the Y-axis, denoted by rY , the radius of gyration around the Z-
axis, denoted by rZ , and the radius of gyration around the X-
axis, denoted by rO. These are calculated from the relations

IZ IY JO
r  , rY  , rO 
Z
2 2 2

A A A
IZ IY JO
rZ  , rY  , rO 
A A A
 Y Y
A Y A
A
rY
rO
Z rZ
Z Z

It can easily to show from J O  IY  I Z

that rZ2  rY2  rO2

7- Product of Inertia (mm4, m4) Y
The product second moment
of area, Izy, of a beam section
with respect to z and y axes
is defined by
Z
I ZY   Z Y dA
A

when one (or both) of the coordinate

axes is an axis of symmetry
I zy  0
8- Parallel-Axis Theorems: Y1
Y
Suppose that we know the
value of IY, IZ and IZY. We
need to determine the value of
IY1, IZ1 and IY1Z1 (moment of G Z
Inertia according to the new dA dZ
axes Y1 and Z1 “parallel Y Z
axis”) Z
Y
O
I Z 1   Y12 dA Z1
dY
A O1

I Z 1   (Y  dY ) dA
2

I Z 1   Y 2 dA  dY 2  dA  2 dY  Y dA
A A A
I Z 1  I Z  2 dY QZ  dY A 2 Y1
Y

Similarly
IY 1  IY  2 dZ QY  dZ A 2
G Z
d dZ
A Z
Y
Y
Z
O
Z1
dY
Product of Inertia
O1

I Z 1Y 1   Y1 Z1 dA   (Y  dY ) ( Z  dZ ) dA
A A

I Z 1Y 1   Y Z dA  dY  Z dA  dZ  Y dA  dY dZ  dA
A A A A

I Z1Y 1  I ZY  dY QY  dZ QZ  dY dZ A
 Y1
Y
IF Z & Y are CENTROIDAL
axes Then
I Z 1  I GZ  dY A
2

G
IY 1  I GY  dZ A
2 Z
dZ

I Z 1Y 1  I GZY  dY dZ A
It can be seen from Eqs. above dY
that if either GZ or GY is an axis Z1

of symmetry, i.e. IGZY =0, then O1

IZ1Y1 = dY dZ A
Thus for a section component having an axis of symmetry that is
parallel to either of the section reference axes the product second
moment of area is the product of the coordinates of its centroid
multiplied by its area.
9- PRINCIPAL AXES AND PRINCIPAL SECOND
MOMENTS OF AREA
In any beam section there
is a set of axes, neither of
which need necessarily be
an axis of symmetry, for
which the product
second moment of area
is zero. Such axes are
known as principal axes
and the second moments
of area about these axes
are termed principal
second moments of area.
Suppose that the second
moments of area Iz, Iy and the
product second moment of area,
Izy, about arbitrary axes Ozy are
known. By definition

I y   z dA
2

I z   y 2 dA
A

I zy   y z dA
A
The corresponding second
moments of area about
axes Oz1y1 are
 I y1   z1 dA
2

I z1   y1 dA
2

I z1 y1   y1 z1 dA
A
From Fig.
z1 = z cos φ + y sin φ
y1 = y cos φ − z sin φ
I y1   ( z cos   y sin  ) 2 dA
A

I y1   z 2 cos 2  dA   y 2 sin 2  dA  2 y z sin  cos  dA

A A A

I y1  I y cos 2   I z sin   I zy sin 2

2
(1)
 Similarly, we find
I z1  I z cos 2   I y sin 2   I zy sin 2 (2)

 Iz  Iy 
I z1 y1    sin 2  I zy cos 2 (3)
 2 
Equations (1, 2 &3) give the second moments of area and
product second moment of area about axes inclined at an angle
φ to the z axis. In the special case where Oz1y1 are principal
axes, Ozp, yp, Iz(p),y(p) = 0, φ = φp and Eqs. (1) and (2) become

I yp  I y cos 2  p  I z sin 2  p  I zy sin 2 p (4)

I zp  I z cos 2  p  I y sin 2  p  I zy sin 2 p (5)

Since Iz1y1 = Izp,yp = 0, Eq. (3) gives

  Iz  Iy 
0    sin 2 p  I zy cos 2 p 
 2 
2 I zy
tan 2 p  (6)
Iy  Iz
The angle φp may be eliminated from Eqs (4) and (5) by first
determining cos 2φp and sin 2φp using Eq. (6). We have from
trigonometry (double-angle formulas)
sin   cos   sin 2 , cos 2   1  cos 2 
1 1
2 2
tan 2
sin   1  cos 2 , sin 2 
2 1
2 1  tan 2 2
1
cos 2 
1  tan 2 2
 Thus
tan 2 p 2 I zy /( I y  I z ) I zy
sin 2 p   
1  tan 2 p
2
1  4 I /( I y  I z )
2
zy
2
[( I y  I z ) / 2]2  I zy2
1 1 (I y  I z ) / 2
cos 2   
1  tan 2
2
1  4 I /( I y  I z )
2
zy
2
[( I y  I z ) / 2]2  I zy2
Rewriting Eq. (5) in terms of cos 2φp and sin 2φp we have
Iz Iy
I zp  (1  cos 2 p )  (1  cos 2 p )  I zy sin 2 p
2 2
Substituting for cos2φp and sin2φp from the above we obtain
Iz  Iy 1
I zp   ( I z  I y ) 2  4 I 2 zy
2 2
Iz  Iy 1
Similarly I yp   ( I z  I y ) 2  4 I 2 zy
2 2
Note that the solution of Eq. (6) gives two values for the
inclination of the principal axes, φp and φp + π/2, corresponding
to the axes Ozp and Oyp.

SECOND MOMENTS OF AREA OF STANDARD SECTIONS

 It is also useful to determine the second moment of area, about a
diameter, of a circular section. where the z and y axes pass
through the centroid of the section
d 
dA  2 cos   dy
2 
d /2  d 
Iz   y dA   2 cos   y 2 dy
2

A
d / 2
2 
d  d 
y   sin    dy   cos  d
2  2 
y   d / 2     / 2
2
 /2 d  d 
Iz   d cos    sin    cos  d
 / 2
2  2 
d 4  /2  d 4
Iz     d  Iz   Iy
2 2
cos sin
8  / 2 64
EX : The cross section of a beam has the dimensions shown,
determine the he principal axes and the second moment of area
of this section.

2
segm 2 A.(Z1-ZG).(Y1-
A Z1 Y1 A.Z1 A.Y1 local IZ local IY Z1-ZG Y1-YG A.(Z1-ZG)2 A.(Y1-YG) local IZY
ent YG)
mm2 mm mm mm3 mm3 mm4 mm4 mm mm mm4 mm4 mm4
no. mm4

1 960 60 84 57600 80640 5120 1152000 -8 18 61440 297370 0 -135168

2 640 80 40 51200 25600 341333 3413 12 -26 92160 446054 0 -202752

∑ 1600 108800 106240 346453 1155413 153600 743424 0 -337920

ZG= ∑A.Z1/∑A = 68 mm IGZ = local IZ + A.(Y1-YG)2 = 1089877 1.09E+06 mm4

YG= ∑A.Y1/∑A = 66.4 mm IGY = local IY + A.(Z1-ZG)2 = 1309013 1.31E+06 mm4

IGZY = local IZY + A.(Z1-ZG). (Y1-YG) = -337920 -3.38E+05 mm4

 2 I zy  2  (3.3E 5)
tan 2 p    3  2 p  71.56 deg
I y  I z 1.31E 6  1.09 E 6
 p  35.78 deg or 54.22 deg
Iz  I y 1
I zp   ( I z  I y ) 2  4 I 2 zy  0.855E 6 mm4
2 2
Iz  I y 1
I yp   ( I z  I y ) 2  4 I 2 zy  1.545E 6 mm4
2 2
 Yp

p
2
Zp