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1 The photomicrographs show a TS of an artery from a non-smoker and a TS of an artery from a

smoker.

non-smoker smoker

What is the reason for the appearance of smoker’s artery?

A A cancerous tumour has formed and is blocking the lumen.

B Nicotine has damaged the artery endothelium causing a plaque.
C Tar has stuck to the artery wall forming a blockage.
D The artery has become constricted due to carbon monoxide.
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2 Which row describes emphysema?

total surface area

lung tissue
of the alveoli

A less elastic decreased

B less elastic increased
C more elastic decreased
D more elastic increased

3 Haemoglobin can bind to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and oxygen.

1 carbon dioxide
2 carbon monoxide
3 oxygen

Which gases share a binding site?

A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3

4 Which row correctly matches a function with B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes?

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5 Some people find it difficult to breath out large volumes of air from their lungs. Their breathing is
noisy and rapid.

Which disease are they likely to be suffering from?

A atherosclerosis
B coronary heart disease
C emphysema
D lung cancer

6 When a person suffers an asthma attack, the tubes of the gas exchange system narrow and extra
mucus is produced.

Which of these changes occur during an asthma attack?

1 Activity of ciliated epithelium increases.

2 Endocytosis in goblet cells increases.
3 Smooth muscles more active.

A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2 and 3

7 Which symptoms may be seen in a person affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?

1 persistent cough
2 less elastic alveoli
3 increased risk of lung infection
4 shortness of breath

A 1 and 4 only B 1, 2 and 3 only C 2, 3 and 4 only D 1, 2, 3 and 4

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8 What describes how smoking contributes to cardiovascular disease?

1 Both nicotine and carbon monoxide speed up the development of plaques in

arteries.
2 Nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate and so increases the body’s
demand for oxygen.
3 Smoking interacts with other risk factors and increases the blood cholesterol level.
4 Tar is deposited in the lining of artery walls and increases the development of
atherosclerosis.

A 4 only
B 2 and 4 only
C 1,, 2 and 3
1
D 1 and 3

9 Where in the respiratory system are both goblet cells and ciliated epithelium found?

10 What is an effect of inhaling tobacco smoke?

A decreased mucus production

B increased movement of cilia
C less oxygen transport by blood
D narrowing of the bronchioles
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11 Which does not increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the alveoli?

A The blood capillaries and alveoli have a large total surface area.
B The blood flow is slowed as it passes through the pulmonary capillaries.
C The walls of the alveoli and capillaries are moist.
D The walls of the alveoli and capillaries are very thin.

12 Which tissues are present in the walls of a trachea and an alveolus?

tissue
epithelium with smooth
cartilage
goblet cells muscle

A trachea   
alveolus    key
B trachea    = present
alveolus    = absent
C trachea   
alveolus   
D trachea   
alveolus   

13 How does nicotine in cigarette smoke increase the risk of cardiac disease?

A by binding with haemoglobin

B by constricting blood vessels
C by inhibiting nerve transmission
D by stimulating the pacemaker
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14 The diagram shows the volume of air breathed in and out while a person is breathing normally
when at rest.

They breathe out the deepest breath they can and then breathe in as much as they can before
breathing normally again.

lung 2
volume

3
6
4
time

Which points would you use to calculate the vital capacity?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

15 Which row correctly shows the areas of the respiratory tract that contain cartilage, cilia (ciliated
epithelium), goblet cells and smooth muscle?

cartilage cilia goblet cells smooth muscle

A bronchiole, bronchus bronchiole, trachea bronchus, trachea bronchiole, trachea

B bronchus, trachea bronchiole, bronchus bronchus, trachea bronchiole, trachea

C bronchiole, trachea bronchus, trachea bronchiole, bronchus bronchiole,

bronchus, trachea

D bronchus, trachea bronchiole, bronchus, trachea bronchiole,

bronchus, trachea bronchus, trachea
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1 Fig. 3.1 shows some cells from the lining of the bronchus from a person who has never
smoked.
Fig. 3.2 shows cells from the same area in a heavy smoker who suffers from chronic
bronchitis.

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2

(a) Using label lines and the following letters, label the structures A to C on Fig. 3.1.

A cilia
B nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope)
C endoplasmic reticulum [3]

(b) Explain why the lungs are at an increased risk of infection when the bronchial epithelium
is damaged as is shown in Fig. 3.2.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]
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(c) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis and
emphysema.

A student used the World Health Organisation database to investigate the link between
cigarette smoking and deaths from COPD. Fig. 3.3 shows deaths from COPD plotted
against the mean annual consumption of cigarettes in 20 countries for the period 1997
to 2002.

70

60

50

deaths
from 40
COPD
per
100,000
30
in a year

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
mean annual consumption of cigarettes

Fig. 3.3

The student concluded that there was no link between cigarette consumption and deaths
from COPD.

Use the information in Fig. 3.3 to discuss the student’s conclusion.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 9]
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2 Fig. 1.1 is a drawing made from an electron micrograph showing a cross-section of an

alveolus and two adjacent capillaries.

alveolar air
space

fibre-secreting
cell

10 m

Fig. 1.1

(a) Calculate the magnification of Fig. 1.1. Show your working and express your answer to
the nearest whole number.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) With reference to Fig. 1.1, describe the process of gaseous exchange in the alveolus.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[4]
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10
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Allergies, such as asthma, are the result of an over reaction by the immune system to a
harmless antigen. When people suffer from an asthma attack, their immune systems
respond to the presence of a specific antigen by producing antibodies. These antibodies
attach to the surface of mast cells in the airways causing these cells to release histamine.
This hormone-like chemical stimulates inflammation in the lining of the airways, which then
makes breathing very difficult.

(c) State the name of the cells of the immune system that secrete antibodies.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Describe the changes that occur in airways, such as the bronchioles, during an asthma
attack that make breathing difficult.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total : 10]
 11
Examination style questions I
3 Scientists at the Tibet Institute of Medical Sciences in Lhasa 4 Fig 5.1 shows a drawing made from an electron micrograph
investigated differences between adult Tibetans who had of a cell from the ciliated epithelium of the bronchus
lived inlhasa{altitude3658m}alltheirlivesandildultHan
Chineseresidenuwhohadlivedthereforabout8years. The
Tibetam and the Han Chinese exercised at maximum effort
andvariousaspectsofthefrbreathingweremeasured
Someoftheresultsareshowninlable3.1 .
Tabl e 3.1

minutevclume/dm' min'
oxygenupt~ke/cm 3 kg' min'
• Minutevolume.Thisisthevolumeofairbreathedin
during one minute
• Oxygenuptake.Thisisthevolumeofoxygenabsorbed
intothebloodduringoneminute.ltisexpressedperkg
ofbodymass
The researchers observed that
• thegreaterminutevolumeofthenativeTibetansresulted
fromagreatertidalvolume
• the tidal volumes of the Tibetam !.hawed a positive
correlation with their vital capacity measurements
• theHanChinesehadlowervaluesforbothtidalvolume
and vital capacity.
a) StatewhatismeantbythetermtidaJvolume. [1)
b) Suggeo;twhytheresearchersalsomeasuredthevital Fig.5.1
capacityofthepeopleinthestudy. [2]
c) Explain how the minute volume at res t would be a) Copyandcompletethetablebelowby11,,-itingthe
determined [2) appropriateletterfromthediagramtoindicatethe
d) Suggeo;ttwodifferences inthestru cture ofthelungs structurethatcarriesouteachofthefunctionslisted
thatmayaccountforthegreateroxygenuptakebythe Thefirstonehasbeencompletedforyou (5)
TibetansshowninTable3.1 [2)
e ) When people who have lived all their lives at low altitude
facilitated diffusion of glucose
gotoaplac:eathighaltitude,suchaslhasa,theyare
oftenbreathless,lackenergyand~fferfromaltitude
sickness. However, with time, they often acclimalile to .,..,obKrespiratkm
the high altitude
In another study, researchers found that the red blood cell ~ ,iteoltfansoiption
count increasesin~chpeoplebyabout30%overseveral

-'"
Explainwhytheredbloodc:ellcountincreasessomuch
whenpeoplevisitplacesathighaltitude [2]
p;,c:kagespmteim into~mes

b) The alveoli in the lungs are lined by a squamous

ep ithel ium . Explainwhygasexchangeoccursinalveoli
[Total : 9]
andnotinthebronchus [3)
(Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology 9700,
c) Describethelikelyappearanceoftheliningofthe
Paper 02 Q4June 2008)
bronc:husinapersonwhohasbeenaheavysmokerfor
(3(
[Total : 11)
(Cil!Tlbridge lntemationa/ AS and A Level Biology 9700,
Paper 02 QI June 2007)

191