This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation inf
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
5

economic dispatch problem at the DMS. In the islanded mode, closed, and the state change is directly informed to the V/f
the DSO sends islanding signal to an MG, or an MG controller source controller [34].
may send intentional islanding signal to the DSO. An MG can Fig. 6 shows the generalized overall control strategy
island after a disturbance on the grid and notify the DSO of adopted for the control of networked MGs [46], [47]. Various
unintentional islanding. In such cases, the DSO may request droop controls, (such as P/f and Q/V for AC MGs, P/V
the neighboring MGs to island as well. Resynchronization for DC MGs and P/E for ICs) are performed quickly and
of an MG to distribution feeder or a grid-connected MGdynamically to always maintain load and generation balanced.
is performed by the DSO on request of the incoming MG This level of control is termed as the primary control in
controller. However, resynchronization of two islanded MGs the both hierarchical and distributed control strategies. With
is done only when an agreement between the two MGs the is changes in system loads, the voltage at the PCC and
reached. The responsibility of providing V/f control is takenfrequency of the MG get changed. The frequency and voltage
by one of the MG and voltage level at the PCC is xed. Afterrestoration tasks are performed at the secondary control in
that, interconnection at the PCC is closed, and the V/f source both control strategies to bring back them near to their
is informed about the state change [34]. previous states. The overall economic scheduling is achieved
The hierarchical control requires data collection from allthrough a global consensus by all the MGs in networked
the essential MG components, where communication links are MGs and a control command is sent to the main dispatchable
required between DSO and each local controller. Based on the DER of each MG to reschedule the generation to achieve
gathered information, control and management procedures can the target. In the hierarchical control strategy, DSO performs
be executed at DMS by the central controller to achieve proper economic scheduling from time-to-time and send the optimum
and efcient operation. generation target to the master controller of each MG. The
2) Distributed Control Strategy:In distributed control, master control of each MG commands the local controller
each MG controls all functions locally and independently, of all the generating sources to adjust their power generation
and share essential global information with the other MG to meet the requirement. However, in the distributed control
controllers and the DSO [44]. Fig. 5 shows a typical dis- strategy, the overall economic target is achieved through
tributed control strategy adopted in networked MGs control. the consensus among all the local controllers of different
Functions such as V/f, P/Q and P/V control, power ow,MGs. The information sharing is the key to achieving global
frequency synchronization, and optimum energy management consensus. All the local controller adjust their generations till
are performed at MG level in a fully distributed manner [45].Nash equilibrium is achieved. For this primary control adjust
In order to achieve overall optimal operation, information is the generation and the secondary control restore frequency and
shared with all local controllers within each MG and also withvoltage requirements within the limit [45]. Power electronic
the DSO. Local controllers used to optimize the operation converters at (PECs) play the key role in the effective design
MG level with the information shared until Nash equilibrium of controller and the operation of the system. Fig. 6 shows a
is reached. This control strategy provides high exibility and typical control architecture of networked MGs utilizing PECs.
“plug-and-play” facility. The comparison of some of the features of hierarchical and
distributed control strategies are given in Table II. The detailed
Information Monitoring
analysis of various control strategies used in networked MGs
Seconds
Secondary Control
· Information collection from agents of the
other microgrids
along with their advantages and disadvantages are available
(Quasi-Centralized) · Information sharing with the agents of the in [48], [49].
other microgrids
(Distribution/networked level)
Local microgrid
Other microgrid TABLE II
information
information COMPARISON OF CONTROL STRATEGIES
Load Sharing and Error Correction
and Energy Management Features HierarchicalControl Distributed Control
· Droop control
· Load-frequency control Reliability Moderate High
Primary Control
· Synchronization Plug-and-play Low High
(Distributed) · Real-time load management
Milliseconds Flexibility/expandability Low High
· Optimal power flow Communicationbandwidth Low High
(Microgrid level only) Time/space complexity High Low
Designcomplexity Complex Simple
Economicsoperation Optimal Suboptimal
Fig. 5. Distributed control strategy for networked MGs. Hardware platform Powerful computer Embeddedcontroller

In grid-connected mode, controllers of each MG optimize Presently, researchers are trying to develop a hierarchical
their resources based on well-designed price/incentive broad-
control strategy for networked MGs. For the seamless oper-
cast by the DSO. The DMS collects information from theation of BCM-ICM networked MGs, a hierarchical control
PCCs and the entire DS, and then generate incentive strategyor is proposed and underdevelopment [1], [6]. It is well
price signal to each MG. Also, DMS continuously adjusts explored that hierarchical control strategy provides the best
price/incentive signals based on feedback received from possible
all supervision for a well-dened network. However,
the MGs. In the islanded mode, direct communication of MGs integration of additional MGs may not be an easy task. Thus,
with DSO is not required. Both intentional and unintentional
exibility is low with hierarchical control. Additionally, “plug-
islanding can be performed by any MG and broadcasts infor- and-play” capability is difcult to be achieved. On the other
mation about the islanding. Resynchronization of an MG withhand, distributed control strategy provides more exibility
a distribution feeder is simple; however resynchronization of
for expanding the existing network and thus “plug-and-play”
two islanded MGs is a complicated and challenging task. First,
functionality can easily be achieved. The overall economic
the two MGs negotiate and reach an agreement of providing operation with distributed control may be slightly lesser as
V/f control is taken by one of the MGs and voltage level atcompared to that obtained with hierarchical control. However,
the PCC is xed. After that, interconnection at the PCC ismore exibility and expandability are the future needs to

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publ
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation inf
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
6

Tertiary Control DG1

Global
Consensus

Local Droop Reference Voltage Current PWM+UPS

Networked MGs Communication Network

Consensus Control Generator Control Control Inverter

Local Communication Network

Inner loop

Local MG Power Network

Frequency

Networked MGs Power Network

Virtual
& Voltage
Impedance
Restoration
Secondary Control Primary Control

DG2

Local
Consensus

Droop Reference Voltage Current PWM+UPS

Control Generator Control Control Inverter
Frequency Inner loop
& Voltage
Restoration Virtual
Impedance
Secondary Control Primary Control

Microgrid 1 PCC1

Fig. 6. Generalized overall control strategy adopted for the proper operation of networked MGs.

integrate additional MGs, which are easily achievable with DMS

Master
the distributed control strategy. Thus, more research works
are needed for developing distributed control strategy which
is more suitable for the expansion and proper operation of Slave
Slave
Slave

networked MGs in the future. Microgrid 1 Microgrid 3

Master Microgrid 2 Master Master

C. Communication Slave
Generators
Slave
Storage
Slave
Generators
Slave
Storage
Slave
Generators
Slave
Storage
Slave Slave Slave

Reliable communication is inherent in both hierarchical as Loads Loads Loads

well as distributed control strategies for proper operation of

networked MGs [43]. In hierarchical control, all the localFig. 7. Master-slave communication architecture for networked MGs.
controllers used to communicate with the DSO or networked
MG operator (NMO) and get required control command. The
optimal operation of the entire system depends on proper com- are initiated by the MG controller based on the state change at
munication among all the controllers. In distributed control, the PCC. The master controller delivers the information to the
local controllers within an MG try to optimize the overallgeneration source controllers quickly (within a few cycles) so
operation of the MG and also share information with the that frequency and the voltage of the MG is maintained within
other MGs using some agents so that overall networked MGs the limit. Also, the information sharing between the two
operation become optimal [43]. The optimal operation of the adjacent MGs are consistently needed and this information
system, in this case, depends on a very reliable communica- sharing must already be made on the MG controller.
tion channel. In networked MGs operation, master-slave andIn this type of communication, predened information
publish-subscribe communications are mostly used [34]. regarding the connections for information exchanging is re-
1) Master-Slave Communication: Master-slave communi- quired, which is possible through a unique master-slave com-
cation is a direct communication channel where the controller munication architecture. As a result, “plug-and-play” feature
of DMS is master to initiate communication with all theis not achievable with this type of communication. The
controllers of MGs which work as slaves. Master can read master-slave communication is mostly used in centralized or
the register of the slave to collect measured and controller hierarchical control strategies. Some examples of master-slave
parameter information and also write the control command communication protocols include IEC-61850, Modbus, and
distribution network protocol 3 (DNP3) [34].
into the register of the slave. A typical architecture of master-
slave communication is shown in Fig. 7. 2) Publish-Subscribe Communication: This is an indirect
In master-slave communication, the master initiates the communication channel where each device broadcast infor-
communication and command a slave to do the adjustment and mation (publish) and read broadcast data (subscribe) within
provide the requested information. The master at DMS level an MG as per the communication protocol. Similarly, each
modies the register of the slave at the MG level for obtainingMG publishes information and subscribes data with the DMS
the required control targets by adjusting parameters of the [32]. Fig. 8 shows a typical architecture of this type of
MG controller. Similarly, the main controller at each MG iscommunication.
the master and all the local controllers within the MG are the In publish-subscribe communication, the DMS is still the
slaves (as shown in Fig. 7). Islanding and resynchronization master to initiate communication with the main MG con-

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publ
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation inf
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
7

DMS
Main grid

Microgrid 1 Microgrid 2 Microgrid 3

EMS
Loads · Economic power dispatch DGs
Publish
· Power quality monitoring
Subscribe
Generators
Storage Generators Storage Generators Storage
Loads Loads Loads

Microgrid 1 Pm1 Qm1 Pm2, Qm2 Microgrid 2 Pm3 Qm3 Microgrid 3

Fig. 8. Publish-subscribe communication architecture for networked MGs. ·

EMS1
Voltage-frequency control
· Load/generation monitoring
· Energy storage management
·
EMS2
Voltage-frequency control
· Load/generation monitoring
· Energy storage management
·
EMS3
Voltage-frequency control
· Load/generation monitoring
· Energy storage management

trollers and command them as slaves. However, the infor-

Loads Generators Storage Loads Generators Storage Loads Generators Storage
mation sharing among MGs are fully done through publish-
subscribe communication. Here, pre-knowledge of about the Fig. 9. Energy management system for networked MGs.
MGs for sharing information is not required as in master-
slave communication is the must. Any controller can subscribe
to any set of information. This feature of publish-subscribe enabled among various MGs and/or between an MG and DS
communication reduce complexity and provide exibility [32]. During an emergency condition when there is no supply
to integrate new MGs easily. As PCC shares information from the main grid, all the MGs are enabled as grid-connected
directly with the generation source controllers about the by EMS. In this condition, only critical loads at each MG is
state transition, so islanding and resynchronization can occur supplied, and the remaining power is fed to the DS. The excess
independently. Similar to the master-slave communication, power after supplying the critical loads at DS can be supplied
information sharing must be quick so that the frequency and to the main grid depending on the communication between the
the voltage of the MG are maintained within the limit. DSO and the transmission system operator [51]. However, if
Since predened knowledge of the devices that are sub- the power generation is not sufcient to supply all the loads
scribed to the published information is not required, publish- in the DS then only critical loads of the system is supplied by
subscribe communication architecture provides “plug-and- enabling energy storage at each MG. Thus, networked MGs
play” feature [32]. This type of communication is mostlyprovide some additional hours of supply to the critical loads
adopted in de-centralized and distributed control strategies. using DERs and ESSs of each MG [52]–[54].
Some examples of publish-subscribe communication channelsRecently, many research articles have been published on
include advanced messaging and queuing protocol (AMQP), various issues related to the planning and operation of net-
data distribution service (DDS), and generic object oriented worked MGs. Major aspects of such articles are discussed in
substation events (GOOSE) [34]. Table III. For this, the main objective, important considera-
tions, control strategy, adopted methodologies are discussed
D. Networked Microgrids Operation in this table. Also, remarks on each of the articles are listed
which indicates the need for additional research works in this
The operation of networked MGs mainly involves achieving
highly exploring area.
overall economic dispatch by allowing the best utilization of
DERs. To accomplish this objective, the energy management
system (EMS) at the distribution level and also at each MG IV. B ENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF N ETWORKED
level need to be functioning efciently. The major functions M ICROGRIDS
of EMS at the distribution level include overall economic Networked MGs can serve numerous benets including
operation and power quality of the entire system [17]. On the reliability improvement, black-start support, best utilization of
other hand, the major functions of EMS at MG level include DERs and the overall cost of supply reduction. At the same
voltage-frequency monitoring, loading and generation balanc- time, there are several challenges including stability issues,
ing, and energy storage management at each MG [45]. Fig. the privacy of private and community MGs, cyber-attack,
9 shows a typical schematic diagram of EMS for networked and maintaining proper protection coordination under various
MGs. operating conditions. Some of the most important benets and
In networked MGs, EMS at each MG maintains power challenges of networked MGs are analyzed in this section.
supply within the MG. The excess power generation of an
MG is stored in the storage system or supplied either to the
DS or nearby MG directly through coordination of the EMSA. Benets
at the distribution level [18]. Similarly, the decit power of an Networking of multiple MGs allows integration of locally
MG is supplied either through distribution grid or any otheravailable clean and green energy resources to the grid. This
MG with the help of EMS at distribution level [19]. Thus,networking reduces a signicant portion of the power supply
EMS keep the continuity of supply to the entire system so of the conventional coal-red and nuclear power plants. Con-
that overall power supplied is economic. sequently, the harmful emissions such CO as 2 , SO2 , N Ox
The economic power dispatch of the entire system is doneetc. at get reduced considerably [32]. Some of the other major
a regular interval by EMS. During normal operating condition, benets are analyzed here.
all the MGs may be grid-connected or islanded or mixed, 1) Best Utilization of DERs:The most efcient utilization
depending on the solution of economic dispatch problem by of DERs can be achieved through networked MGs. Locally
EMS [50]. As per the obtained results, power sharing is available DERs can be added to the nearest distribution

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publ
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation inf
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
8

TABLE III
L ITERATURE REVIEW OF RECENTLY PUBLISHED A RTICLES ON PLANNING AND OPERATION OF N ETWORKED MG S

Major Considerations Main Research Objective MethodologyAdopted Remarks References

• Incentive based modeling Ancillary service analysis Convex programming Role of grid operator ignored [8]
• PV, WTs, ESSs ADMM
• Optimum energy scheduling Economicscheduling OBS & ODD Uncertaintiesare ignored [14]
• Priority Indexing of sources and loads
• Coordinatedenergy management Energy management Stochasticprogramming ESSsis not considered [17]
• Uncertaintiesand scenario reduction KKT and Big-M method
• 2-layeredstochastic energy modeling Minimizing operational cost Stochasticoptimization Active dispatchable DGs needed [18]
• Uncertaintiesof DGs and loads
• Distributed energy management Energy management Robust optimization High computation burden [19]
• Uncertaintiesin DERs and loads ADMM
• Energy management Energy management Online ADMM High computation burden [20]
• Online monitoring
• Controller for wide-operating range Developing hierarchical control Software simulation WTs and PV uncertainties [21]
• Communicationfailure modeled are not considered
• Resiliency improvement Networked MGs planning Robust optimization ESSsnot considered [22]
• N − k contingency modeling CPLEX
• Resilience-orientedoperation Networked MGs planning Robust optimization High computation burden [23]
• AC/DC MGs & uncertainties Consensusalgorithm
• Synchronizationissues of MGs Cyber-attach issues Observer based analysis Limited to inverter based MGs only [26]
• Cyber attach consideration
• Self-healingand autonomous operation Energy management Consensusalgorithm Dynamic stability is not guaranteed [27]
• Energy storage and MTs
• Stability issues Stability analysis FAR & Gersgorin theorem Ofine study [28]
• Uncertaintiesand high DERs penetration Linear approximation No ESSs
• Dynamic electricity pricing/incentive Economicscheduling Fuzzy adaptive MOPSO Uncertaintiesare not considered [29]
• PV, WTs, MTs, FCs and ESSs
• Servicerestoration Servicerestoration planning StochasticMILP High performing computer needed [33]
• Various types of DGs, ESSs
• Interconnectionof MGs Developing hierarchical control PSCAD simulator Oine study [41]
• Minimization of load shading
• Voltage control & power management Voltage stability Simulink modeling Longer communication delay cause [45]
• Communicationdelay instability
• Outagedetection & service restoration Economicscheduling MIQP Advance metering infrastructure is [51]
• Reconguration and load curtailment requiredin the entire system
• Voltage and frequency stabilities Developing hierarchical control PSCAD simulator Ofine study and large ESSs needed [55]
• Both small and large signal stabilities
• Control of voltage, frequency, and power Economicscheduling MILP Suboptimalsolution [56]
• Linearizationusing approximation
• Hybrid AC and DC MGs Developing hierarchical control Software simulation Privacy issues are not considered [57]
• Diversity gain
• Economicdispatch issues Economicscheduling MOIA Only application to MGs of [58]
• nondispatchableDGs, ESSs Pareto optimality nondispatchableDGs
• Hybrid energy management modeling Energy management CPLEX & algorithms such as It is a day-ahead scheduling [59]
• Privacy of MGs load shading and ramp down
• Auction based generation control Automatic generation control MATLAB OPC toolbox Reliablecommunication needed [60]
• Short-termenergy planning SimPowerSystems package
• Energy modeling using MPC framework Energy management MILP Uncertaintiesare not considered [61]
• Various types of DGs, ESSs
• Operationalcost minimization Networked MGs planning ICA ESSsis not considered [62]
• Uncertaintiesin DERs and loads
FAR: Formal analysis via reachable; ICA: Imperialist competition algorithm; MILP: Mixed-integer linear programming; MOIA: multiobjective immune algorithm
MIQP: Mixed-integer quadratic programming; MOPSO: Multi-objective particle swarm optimization; MPC: Model predictive control
OBS: Optimal buyer strategy; ODD: Optimal DMS decision ; SOCP: Second order cone programming

network, through which electricity can be supplied to any res-energy is getting utilized for transportation by EVs, where
idential, commercial or industrial consumer. Power generation power is stored in batteries and used later. These EVs may
from remotely installed PV and WT plants can be supplied to work as a backup ESS during emergencies. At the planning
the potential consumers through networking of several MGs stageto of networked MGs, such options should be included
the nearest DS [32], [34]. Therefore, networked MGs enable which can add benets to the ancillary market. Networked
integration of all locally available DERs efciently. MGs provides a huge possibility of ancillary services [43].
2) Overall Cost Reduction:Integration of huge capacity Proper demand response is also achievable.
of power generation from DERs (i.e., PV and WT) which is 4) Resiliency Improvement:The resiliency of a power
free of cost can reduce the overall cost of required power system can be dened as “the ability to prepare adequately to
generation. According to the study conducted by Los Alamos respond comprehensively to and recover rapidly from major
National Laboratory, networked MGs operation by utilizingdisruptions due to extreme events” [1]. Thus, a resilient power
DERs can reduce the utility cost of serving the MGs by at system will be able to withstand disruptions pertaining to
least 10% during normal distribution grid operation [32]. Thissevere weather (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis).
is a signicant reduction in the operational cost of supply.It may include some other sever conditions, such as climate
Also, power production from DERs is emission-free, whichchanges, catastrophic man-made incidents (such as malicious
is highly appreciable in the context of climate change. attach, network operator missteps), and a combination of such
3) Ancillary Services: Ancillary services maintain the incidents [63], [64]. The major elements of power system
proper ow and direction of electricity, address imbalancesresiliency include continuous situation awareness, robustness,
between supply and demand, and help the system recover and preparedness before any extreme event. The other major
after a power system event. Plug-in electrical vehicles (EVs) elements are responsiveness and survivability during an ex-
can also participate in this service. Nowadays, a considerabletreme event and recoverability and rapidity after any extreme

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publ
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation inf
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
9

event is expressed as follows:

event [1]. Fig. 10 shows structural composition of power
system resilience management. Z t4
1 P0 − P (t)
loss= (3)
t4 − t1 t1 P (t)
Extreme Events

Hurricane Flood ... Cyberattach
Robustness Responsiveness Recoverability
Preparedness Survivability
Before During
Perception Comprehension
Continuous Situational Awaremes
Elements of Power System Resilience
Fig. 10. Power system resilience management in networked MGs [1]. Reliability refers to the system ability to consistently supply
Situational awareness enables the comprehension of whereas
extreme situation and even the projection of potential dis-
ruptions. Both infrastructural and operational measures are
deployed in advance of extreme events so as to limit the
impact of any potential disruption. Power system operators
should respond to disruptions in a timely and effective manner
so as to preserve the system functionality. Performance of the
system must be recoverable and restored rapidly to the levelApart from these, the DS and MGs are beneted in net-
prior to the occurrence of the extreme event [1]. The active
monitoring of these elements can improve the resiliency of the
system signicantly [65]. Even if one/more MGs are damagedand economic benets and enhanced reliability and resiliency.
because of an extreme event, the remaining MGs in networked
MGs can supply power to the system partly/fully depending
on the capacities of ESSs and backup generations at each MG.
Simultaneous failure of all MGs are rare and thus resiliency
is higher when MGs are operated in a coordinated manner.
Fig. 11 shows a typical performance curve of the system
in the wake of an extreme event with respect to time. The
performance of the system (i.e., system power supply)
at time t1 when an extreme event occurs. After some time
at t2 , the performance of the system rapidly declines to its
lowest level Pmin . Restoration work started at
back the performance of the system from the lowest level to
the normal level, which is obtained completelytat
System power supply P(t)
Solar Flare Earthquake From (2) and (3), it can be observed that the degree
of resilience ranges from0 to ∞. Specically, ∞ refers
that the system is perfectly resilient, whereas 0 indicates
no resilience. Here, perfect resilience means no performance
degradation because of the extreme event, while 0 resilience
Rapidity Time
means an immediate collapse of the system performance after
After
the extreme event.
Networking of multiple MGs reduces the loss and thus
Projection improves the resiliency of the system signicantly.
5) Reliability Improvement: Improvement of resiliency
also improves reliability of the system. It is to be noted that re-
siliency and reliability of a system are two different measures.
an adequate level of electricity services to the consumes,
an resiliency refers to the ability of the system to
withstand an extreme event and restore supply rapidly [23]. It
is well explored that the system average interruption duration
index (SAIDI) and system average interruption frequency
index (SAIFI) reduces with MGs [66]. In networked MGs
these two reliability induces reduce further and thus reliability
of the overall network enhances.
work MGs. Benets to the DS includes, improved power
quality, better uncertainty management, increased efciency
Similarly, benets to the MGs includes high reliability for
critical loads, V/f support from the DS, increasing benets
by participating in ancillary services and improving operation
efciency and reducing operation cost [34].
B. Challenges
The operation of networked MGs has many challenges re-
P0is
lated to stability, protection, privacy, and reliable performance.
These are analyzed below.
1) Stability of the System:High penetration of DERs with
t3 to bring
uncertainties may lead to serious stability issues in networked
MGs [28]. The presence of uncertainties with major power
4.
sources (PV and WTs) in the system causes the frequent
imbalance between generation and loads. Thus, frequency
stability issues may be more serious in networked MGs than

that in a power system. This may lead to the voltage and

P0
angle stability issues. However, the presence of fast acting
power electronics based controller may handle such issues
efciently. For this advanced control schemes considering
Pmin various stability issues need to be developed. Robust and
stochastic control schemes may be the best alternatives to
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 tackle such issues effectively.
Time t 2) Protection Coordination: Proper protection coordina-
tion is one of the keys requirements to run networked MGs
Fig. 11. System performance during extreme event in networked MGs [1]. with highest reliability [67]. Change in network topology is
frequent in this system in order to obtain the best performance.
The system resilience is dened as the reciprocal of the However, this frequent change in topology cause protection
system's loss of performance as given in [1]: coordination issues as the magnitude and direction of fault
currents can be totally different in various topologies of the
1 system [68], [69]. The optimum settings of protective devices
Resilience= (2) are different for islanded and grid-connected mode of an MG
loss
[70]–[72]. On the other hand, in networked MGs, a large num-
where the quantication of performance loss against extreme ber of topologies are possible because of “ON/OFF” feature of

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publ
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation inf
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
10

PCCs, which make the overall protection coordination issuesIn the future, DERs are supposed to be the prime source
very challenging. Adaptive protection scheme may be a better of electricity throughout the world. According to the Interna-
choice to be adopted for the protection of networked MGs tional Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 2018 report, the
[73]. In this area, extensive research works are needed. global renewable generation capacity increased by 167 GW,
3) Privacy of MGs: On the basis of ownership, an MGand reached 2,179 GW worldwide by the end of the year 2017
may be of the following three types [21]: [84]. Fig. 12 shows the annual growth of renewable energy
(a) Utility MG between 2011-2017. The growth of power generation from
(b) Community MG solar PV and WTs are 32% and 10%, respectively, whereas
(c) Private MG that from DERs is 8.3%. Further, it is expected that the global
DERs production could be doubled by 2030, in which major
Maintaining the privacy of private and community MGs iscontribution will be from solar and wind energy [85].
a concern as all the owners may not wish to share all the
information except power exchange details [59]. Various data Hydro Solar Wind Bioenergy Geothermal
GW
of such an MG need to be handled carefully. These types of1,200
MGs may work as source or sink of electrical power [74]. 1,000
During solution of economic dispatch at the higher control 800
level, special consideration to need to be given while dealing 600
with such MGs [75]–[77]. On the other hand, utility MGs are 400
200
fully exible to participate in optimal energy management 0
during normal and emergency conditions. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

4) Threat of Cyber-Attack:Networked MGs is an active

Fig. 12. Global renewable power generation from various sources [84].
system where various kinds of information and communi-
cation technology (ICT) are involved. So, there is always a
Such a huge energy production from PV and WTs need
possibility of cyber-attack which can hamper the operation
very strong infrastructure to evacuate the generated power
of the entire system. Special attention needs to be given
efciently. In this regard, an efcient and robust networked
so that the system becomes strong enough to avoid any
MGs operation can provide sufcient ability to supply huge
potential cyber-attack [26]. In centralized control scheme, the
power generations from DERs through the active distribution
central control entity collects information from all agents,
network to the consumers. Development of robust control
process the information centrally, and broadcast the control
strategy with “plug-and-play” capability is an earnest require-
commands to all agents based on the one-to-one, bidirectional
ment. Planning of networked MGs needs to considered with
and fully connection communication protocol. Therefore, it
huge inertia perspective by looking into the future renew-
enables global situational awareness which makes it more
able energy generation forecasting. Further, proper protection
resistant towards malicious cyber-attack. On the other hand, in
scheme of such a complexed network must be developed
the distributed control scheme, distributed controllers consists
with the ability to handle multiple MGs connection to the
of local controllers with access to local data and partial
grid and disconnection from the grid properly [86]. Energy
neighbor data, which makes them vulnerable to malicious
storage is going to be the need of the time to handle bulk
attacks. A malicious entity might corrupt the data exchanged
power generations from PV in the day and supply consumers
by attacking the node, communication link, or hijacking the
in the night. The price of batteries (especially, lithium ion
entire node. Thus, the distributed control scheme is more
and lead-acid) are falling rapidly with increased life-cycle.
vulnerable to cyber-attack [26].
This enables inclusion of ESSs even at the planning stage
High computation, communication, and power electronics
[87]. The application of demand response strategy is another
based controllers are presently susceptible to cyber attacks.
key advancement to be considered in networked MGs. It can
Corrupt data can disrupt synchronism of inverters which lead
reduce the size of ESSs and also help to meet the balance
to a wide-spread instability. Similarly, false-data injection to
between demand and supply [47].
power system networks have already been reported [78]–[82].
To achieve advantages of networked MGs completely, there
As networked MGs pose massive computation and communi-
are several issues related to architecture, control, commu-
cation systems, so severe cyber-attack may be in the future.
nication and operation of networking MGs, which must be
Therefore, a proper arrangement must be done to handle such
solved. A proper consensus among various owners of MGs
dangerous issues efciently. An extensive research in this area
to participate in the networked system is very important.
is highly recommended.
Data privacy of MGs participating in this system needs to be
maintained. Making economic load dispatch strategy should
V. FUTURE PROSPECTIVES OFN ETWORKED M ICROGRIDS be dynamic and effective so that power sharing can be made
efciently. Change in the network topology is frequent in
Several wide-spread blackouts have been reported in the the system which can lead to serious protection coordination
past, which have affected millions of consumers and caused issues to the whole system. Also, cyber-threat is an issue.
huge economic losses in many countries [1]. These blackouts
forced policymakers to think of a more reliable and resilient
power system infrastructure. The operation of multiple MGs VI. C ONCLUSION
as a networked MGs is emerging as one of the best alternativesIn this paper, a state-of-the-art literature review on net-
to minimize the effects caused by wide-spread blackouts. worked microgrids has been presented. Its various aspects
Service restoration can be achieved quickly [51], as it has such as architecture, control, communication, and operation
enough ability to support black-start for conventional power have been analyzed. A summary of signicant contributions
plants [83]. available in the literature on various fronts related to the

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publ
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation inf
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
operation of networked microgrids has been presented. Major [16]
potential benets such as the best utilization of distributed
energy resources, overall operational cost reduction, and re-
siliency improvement have been highlighted. Also, some of [17]
the major issues such as stability, protection coordination, the
privacy of private and community microgrids, and the threat of [18]
cyber attach have been discussed. Finally, future prospectives
of this emerging area have been highlighted and discussed.
The major outcome of this study includes realizing the [19]
benets of implementing networked MGs, such as improved
efciency, security, sustainability, reliability, resiliency, and
[20]
economics of the electric power supply. Further, realizing
the need for the development of an effective control strategy,
suitable operation during normal and emergency conditions, [21]
proper protection scheme, and ability to tackle cyber-threats.
Also, realizing the real eld need of networked MGs to [22]
evacuate huge power generation from photovoltaics panels and
wind turbines for achieving sustainable power supply.
[23]
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
[24]
This work was nancially supported by the Department of
Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology,
Government of India, under the project no. DST/EE/2018174.
[25]
REFERENCES
[1] Z. Li, M. Shahidehpour, F. Aminifar, A. Alabdulwahab, and Y. Al-Turki, [26]
“Networked microgrids for enhancing the power system resilience,”
Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 1289–1310, Jul. 2017.
[2] A. R. Malekpour and A. Pahwa, “Stochastic networked microgrid[27]
energy management with correlated wind generators,” IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3681–3693, Sep. 2017.
[3] N. Nikmehr and S. N. Ravadanegh, “Optimal power dispatch of multi-[28]
microgrids at future smart distribution grids,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1648–1657, Jul. 2015.
[29]
[4] F. S. Gazijahani and J. Salehi, “Stochastic multi-objective framework for
optimal dynamic planning of interconnected microgrids,” IET Renew.
Power Gener., vol. 11, no. 14, pp. 1749–1759, 2017.
[5] M. M. Esfahani, A. Hariri, and O. A. Mohammed, “A multiagent-
based game-theoretic and optimization approach for market operation[30] of
multi-microgrid systems,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. PP, no. 99,
pp. 1–1, 2018. [31]
[6] M. Shahidehpour, Z. Li, S. Bahramirad, Z. Li, and W. Tian, “Networked
microgrids: Exploring the possibilities of the IIT-Bronzeville grid,”
IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 63–71, Jul. 2017. [32]
[7] S. J. Ahn, S. R. Nam, J. H. Choi, and S. I. Moon, “Power scheduling of
distributed generators for economic and stable operation of a microgrid,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 398–405, Mar. 2013.
[8] H. Wang and J. Huang, “Incentivizing energy trading for interconnected [33]
microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
[9] K. Dehghanpour and H. Nehrir, “An agent-based hierarchical bargaining
framework for power management of multiple cooperative microgrids,” [34]
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
[10] M. Ross, C. Abbey, F. Bouffard, and G. Jos, “Multiobjective opti-[35]
mization dispatch for microgrids with a high penetration of renewable
generation,”IEEE Trans. Sustainable Enery, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1306–
1314, Oct. 2015. [36]
[11] G. E. Asimakopoulou, A. L. Dimeas, and N. D. Hatziargyriou, “Leader-
follower strategies for energy management of multi-microgrids,” IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1909–1916, Dec. 2013. [37]
[12] M. Fathi and H. Bevrani, “Statistical cooperative power dispatching
in interconnected microgrids,”IEEE Trans. Sustainable Enery, vol. 4,
no. 3, pp. 586–593, Jul. 2013.
[13] T. Xu, W. Wu, W. Zheng, H. Sun, and L. Wang, “Fully distributed
quasi-Newton multi-area dynamic economic dispatch method for active [38]
distribution networks,”IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. PP, no. 99, pp.
1–1, 2017.
[14] A. M. Jadhav and N. R. Patne, “Priority-based energy scheduling in[39] a
smart distributed network with multiple microgrids,”IEEE Trans. Ind.
Informat., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 3134–3143, Dec. 2017.
[15] M. R. Sandgani and S. Sirouspour, “Priority-based microgrid energy [40]
management in a network environment,” IEEE Trans. Sustainable
Enery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 980–990, Apr. 2018.
1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publ
11
A. K. Marvasti, Y. Fu, S. DorMohammadi, and M. Rais-Rohani,
“Optimal operation of active distribution grids: A system of systems
framework,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1228–1237,
May 2014.
Z. Wang, B. Chen, J. Wang, M. M. Begovic, and C. Chen, “Coordinated
energy management of networked microgrids in distribution systems,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 45–53, Jan. 2015.
Z. Wang, B. Chen, J. Wang, and J. kim, “Decentralized energy manage-
ment system for networked microgrids in grid-connected and islanded
modes,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1097–1105, Mar.
2016.
H. Gao, J. Liu, L. Wang, and Z. Wei, “Decentralized energy manage-
ment for networked microgrids in future distribution systems,” IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
W. J. Ma, J. Wang, V. Gupta, and C. Chen, “Distributed energy
management for networked microgrids using online admm with regret,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 847–856, Mar. 2018.
R. Zamora and A. K. Srivastava, “Multi-layer architecture for voltage
and frequency control in networked microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
W. Yuan, J. Wang, F. Qiu, C. Chen, C. Kang, and B. Zeng, “Robust
optimization-based resilient distribution network planning against nat-
ural disasters,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2817–2826,
Nov. 2016.
A. Hussain, V. H. Bui, and H. M. Kim, “Resilience-oriented optimal
operation of networked hybrid microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
K. P. Schneider, F. K. Tuffner, M. A. Elizondo, C. C. Liu, Y. Xu,
S. Backhaus, and D. Ton, “Enabling resiliency operations across mul-
tiple microgrids with grid friendly appliance controllers,”
IEEE Trans.
Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
E. Harmon, U. Ozgur, M. H. Cintuglu, R. de Azevedo, K. Akkaya,
and O. A. Mohammed, “The internet of microgrids: A cloud-based
framework for wide area networked microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Informat., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1262–1274, Mar. 2018.
S. Abhinav, H. Modares, F. L. Lewis, F. Ferrese, and A. Davoudi,
“Synchrony in networked microgrids under attacks,” IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
Z. Wang, B. Chen, J. Wang, and C. Chen, “Networked microgrids for
self-healing power systems,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.
310–319, Jan. 2016.
Y. Li, P. Zhang, and P. B. Luh, “Formal analysis of networked
microgrids dynamics,”IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. PP, no. 99, pp.
1–1, 2017.
X. Hu and T. Liu, “Co-optimisation for distribution networks with multi-
microgrids based on a two-stage optimisation model with dynamic
electricity pricing,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 11, no. 9, pp.
2251–2259, 2017.
H. Lot and A. Khodaei, “AC versus DC microgrid planning,”IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 296–304, Jan 2017.
Z. Wang and J. Wang, “Self-healing resilient distribution systems based
on sectionalization into microgrids,”
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 30,
no. 6, pp. 3139–3149, Nov. 2015.
S. Backhaus, L. Dobriansky, S. Glover, C.-C. Liu, P. Looney,
S. Mashayekh, A. Pratt, K. Schneider, M. Stadler, M. Starke, J. Wang,
and M. Yue, “Networked microgrids scoping study,” Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Tech. Rep., Jan. 2016.
A. Arif and Z. Wang, “Networked microgrids for service restoration
in resilient distribution systems,”
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 11,
no. 14, pp. 3612–3619, 2017.
G. Liu, M. R. Starke, B. Ollis, and Y. Xue, “Networked microgrids
scoping study,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tech. Rep., Oct. 2016.
W. Yuan, L. Zhao, and B. Zeng, “Optimal power grid protection through
a defender-attacker-defender model,” Reliability Engineering & System
Safety, vol. 121, pp. 83 – 89, 2014.
R. B. E. Yamangil and S. Backhaus, “Designing resilient electrical
distribution grids,” Tech. Rep., 2014. [Online]. Available: http:
//arxiv.org/abs/1409.4477v1
D. E. Olivares, A. Mehrizi-Sani, A. H. Etemadi, C. A. ñizares,Ca
R. Iravani, M. Kazerani, A. H. Hajimiragha, O. Gomis-Bellmunt,
M. Saeedifard, R. Palma-Behnke, G. A. Jim énez-Est
évez, and N. D.
Hatziargyriou, “Trends in microgrid control,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1905–1919, Jul. 2014.
T. Morstyn, B. Hredzak, and V. G. Agelidis, “Control strategies for
microgrids with distributed energy storage systems: An overview,”
IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2016.
R. Zamora, “Energy management AND multi-layer control for net-
worked microgrids,” Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University,
USA, 2015.
A. Bidram and A. Davoudi, “Hierarchical structure of microgrids
control system,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1963–1976,
Dec. 2012.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation inf
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
[41] F. Shahnia, R. P. S. Chandrasena, S. Rajakaruna, and A. Ghosh, [64]
“Primary control level of parallel distributed energy resources converters
in system of multiple interconnected autonomous microgrids within
self-healing networks,”IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 8, no. 2, pp.
203–222, Feb. 2014. [65]
[42] S. Peyghami, H. Mokhtari, P. C. Loh, P. Davari, and F. Blaabjerg,
“Distributed primary and secondary power sharing in a droop-controlled
LVDC microgrid with merged AC and DC characteristics,” IEEE Trans. [66]
Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2016.
[43] Y. Han, K. Zhang, H. Li, E. A. A. Coelho, and J. M. Guerrero, “Mas-
based distributed coordinated control and optimization in microgrid and [67]
microgrid clusters: A comprehensive overview,” IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
[44] M. Yazdanian and A. Mehrizi-Sani, “Distributed control techniques in
microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2901–2909,[68]
Nov. 2014.
[45] M. S. Golsorkhi, D. J. Hill, and H. R. Karshenas, “Distributed voltage
control and power management of networked microgrids,” IEEE J. [69]
Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
[46] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, L. G. de Vicuna, and
M. Castilla, “Hierarchical control of droop-controlled ac and dc mi-[70]
crogridsa general approach toward standardization,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 158–172, Jan 2011.
[47] L. Ren, Y. Qin, Y. Li, P. Zhang, B. Wang, P. B. Luh, S. Han, T. Orekan,
and T. Gong, “Enabling resilient distributed power sharing in networked [71]
microgrids through software dened networking,” Applied Energy, vol.
210, pp. 1251–1265, Jan. 2018.
[72]
[48] K. E. Antoniadou-Plytaria, I. N. Kouveliotis-Lysikatos, P. S. Georgi-
lakis, and N. D. Hatziargyriou, “Distributed and decentralized voltage
control of smart distribution networks: Models, methods, and future
research,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2999–3008, Nov.
[73]
2017.
[49] L. Meng, “Hierarchical control for optimal and distributed operation of
microgrid systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Aalborg University, Denmark,
[74]
2015.
[50] T. Liu, X. Tan, B. Sun, Y. Wu, and D. H. Tsang, “Energy management
of cooperative microgrids: A distributed optimization approach,”Int. J.
Electric Power Energy Syst., vol. 96, pp. 335–346, 2018. [75]
[51] Z. Wang and J. Wang, “Service restoration based on AMI and networked
MGs under extreme weather events,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib.,
vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 401–408, 2017.
[52] Y. Chen, Y. Zheng, F. Luo, J. Wen, and Z. Xu, “Reliability evaluation of[76]
distribution systems with mobile energy storage systems,” IET Renew.
Power Gener., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1562–1569, 2016.
[53] M. R. Sandgani and S. Sirouspour, “Coordinated optimal dispatch of
energy storage in a network of grid-connected microgrids,”IEEE Trans. [77]
Sustainable Enery, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1166–1176, Jul. 2017.
[54] A. Ouammi, H. Dagdougui, and R. Sacile, “Optimal control of power
ows and energy local storages in a network of microgrids modeled[78]
as a system of systems,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 23,
no. 1, pp. 128–138, Jan. 2015.
[55] F. Zhang, H. Zhao, and M. Hong, “Operation of networked microgrids [79]
in a distribution system,”CSEE J. Power Energy Syst., vol. 1, no. 4,
pp. 12–21, Dec. 2015.
[56] P. Tian, X. Xiao, K. Wang, and R. Ding, “A hierarchical energy
management system based on hierarchical optimization for microgrid [80]
community economic operation,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 5,
pp. 2230–2241, Sep. 2016.
[57] L. Che, M. Shahidehpour, A. Alabdulwahab, and Y. Al-Turki, “Hi- [81]
erarchical coordination of a community microgrid with AC and DC
microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 3042–3051,
Nov. 2015. [82]
[58] W. Y. Chiu, H. Sun, and H. V. Poor, “A multiobjective approach to
multimicrogrid system design,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 5,
pp. 2263–2272, Sep. 2015. [83]
[59] A. Hussain, V. H. Bui, and H. M. Kim, “A resilient and privacy-
preserving energy management strategy for networked microgrids,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017. [84]
[60] M. H. Cintuglu and O. A. Mohammed, “Behavior modeling and auction
architecture of networked microgrids for frequency support,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1772–1782, Aug. 2017. [85]
[61] A. Parisio, C. Wiezorek, T. Kyntaja, J. Elo, K. Strunz, and K. H.
Johansson, “Cooperative MPC-based energy management for networked
microgrids,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 3066–3074, Nov.[86]
2017.
[62] S. Mojtahedzadeh, S. N. Ravadanegh, and M. R. Haghifam, “Optimal
multiple microgrids based forming of greeneld distribution network [87]
under uncertainty,”IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1059–
1068, 2017.
[63] A. Gholami, T. Shekari, F. Aminifar, and M. Shahidehpour, “Microgrid
scheduling with uncertainty: The quest for resilience,” IEEE Trans.
Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2849–2858, Nov. 2016.
1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publ
12
T. Ding, Y. Lin, Z. Bie, and C. Chen, “A resilient microgrid formation
strategy for load restoration considering master-slave distributed gener-
ators and topology reconguration,”Applied Energy, vol. 199, pp. 205
– 216, 2017.
S. Lei, J. Wang, C. Chen, and Y. Hou, “Mobile emergency generator
pre-positioning and real-time allocation for resilient response to natural
disasters,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
C. C. Liu. Microgrids in distribution system restoration. panel
session IEEE PES GM 2015. [Online]. Available: http://sites.ieee.org/
pes-cascading/les/2015/11/2015 10 PESGM2015P-001078.pdf
M. N. Alam, B. Das, and V. Pant, “An interior point method based
protection coordination scheme for directional overcurrent relays in
meshed networks,”Int. J. Electric Power Energy Syst., vol. 81, pp.
153–164, 2016.
H. Samet, E. Azhdari, and T. Ghanbari, “Comprehensive study on
different possible operations of multiple grid connected microgrids,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1434–1441, Mar. 2018.
T. S. Ustun and R. H. Khan, “Multiterminal hybrid protection of
microgrids over wireless communications network,” IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2493–2500, Sep. 2015.
I. Sadeghkhani, M. E. H. Golshan, A. Mehrizi-Sani, J. M. Guerrero,
and A. Ketabi, “Transient monitoring function-based fault detection for
inverter-interfaced microgrids,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99,
pp. 1–1, 2016.
J. J. Q. Yu, Y. Hou, A. Y. S. Lam, and V. O. K. Li, “Intelligent
fault detection scheme for microgrids with wavelet-based deep neural
networks,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
E. Dehghanpour, H. K. Karegar, R. Kheirollahi, and T. Soleymani,
“Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in microgrids
by using cuckoo-linear optimization algorithm and fault current limiter,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1365–1375, Mar. 2018.
M. N. Alam, “Adaptive protection coordination scheme using numerical
directional overcurrent relays,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., pp. 1–1,
2018.
X. Wang, C. Wang, T. Xu, L. Guo, S. Fan, and Z. Wei, “Decentralised
voltage control with built-in incentives for participants in distribution
networks,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 790–797,
2018.
T. Morstyn, B. Hredzak, and V. Agelidis, “Network topology inde-
pendent multi-agent dynamic optimal power ow for microgrids with
distributed energy storage systems,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP,
no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2016.
T. Xu, W. Wu, H. Sun, and L. Wang, “Fully distributed multi-area
dynamic economic dispatch method with second-order convergence for
active distribution networks,”IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 11,
no. 16, pp. 3955–3965, 2017.
Z. Li, J. Kang, R. Yu, D. Ye, Q. Deng, and Y. Zhang, “Consortium
blockchain for secure energy trading in industrial internet of things,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.
Y. Mo, R. Chabukswar, and B. Sinopoli, “Detecting integrity attacks on
SCADA systems,”IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 22, no. 4,
pp. 1396–1407, Jul. 2014.
Y. Huang, J. Tang, Y. Cheng, H. Li, K. A. Campbell, and Z. Han,
“Real-time detection of false data injection in smart grid networks: An
adaptive CUSUM method and analysis,” IEEE Syst. J., vol. 10, no. 2,
pp. 532–543, Jun. 2016.
S. Bi and Y. J. Zhang, “Graphical methods for defense against false-
data injection attacks on power system state estimation,” IEEE Trans.
Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1216–1227, May 2014.
L. Liu, M. Esmalifalak, Q. Ding, V. A. Emesih, and Z. Han, “Detecting
false data injection attacks on power grid by sparse optimization,”
IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 612–621, Mar. 2014.
O. A. Beg, T. T. Johnson, and A. Davoudi, “Detection of false-data
injection attacks in cyber-physical DC microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Informat., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 2693–2703, Oct. 2017.
C. L. Moreira, F. O. Resende, and J. A. P. Lopes, “Using low voltage
microgrids for service restoration,”IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22,
no. 1, pp. 395–403, Feb. 2007.
“Global renewable generation continues its strong growth, new IRENA
capacity data shows,” Internation Renewble Energy Agency, Tech. Rep.,
Apr. 2018, [Online Available] http://www.irena.org.
“EU doubling renewables by 2030 positive for economy, key to emis-
sion reductions,” Internation Renewble Energy Agency, Tech. Rep., Feb.
2018, [Online Available] http://www.irena.org.
“IEEE guide for design, operation, and integration of distributed re-
source island systems with electric power systems,” IEEE Std 1547.4-
2011, pp. 1–54, Jul. 2011.
V. Krishnamurthy and A. Kwasinski, “Effects of power electronics, en-
ergy storage, power distribution architecture, and lifeline dependencies
on microgrid resiliency during extreme events,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel.
Topics Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1310–1323, Dec. 2016.