S1G7-RBC-M7D2
1.
Imran, U. et al. (2020). “Probabilistic risk assessment of water distribution system in Hyderabad,
Pakistan reveals unacceptable health hazards and areas for rehabilitation.” Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety, 191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110233
Problem Statement Element
Specific, contextual background
of the problem or the ideal
situation or goal (the compelling
‘hook’ to grab the reader’s
attention)
General background of the
problem or opportunity
Scholarly support of problem or
opportunity
Text from article that represents the element; or inserts
‘not present’ if the element is not part of the paper
introduction. You do not need to copy all of the text --- you
can trim lines by inserting the first few words, then …, and
then the last few words.
Pure water is a fundamental element for the human body.
Here in this article the author addresses the health issues
regarding drinking, bathing and household dishwashing in
Hyderabad, Pakistan. In addition the author explores the ways
to minimize these health risks in rural Hyderabad, which then
can be applied to the rest of poor areas of the developing
countries.  Sindh and Hyderabad in particular, is a key region
where improvements are needed before Pakistan can achieve
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
associated with access to clean water and sanitation.
The foremost problem in Hyderabad, Pakistan is the
inadequate method for removal of toxic elements from the
water. The centralized system for the water filtration does not
reduce the unacceptable limitation of drinking water, which is
due to improper sanitation to all households. Secondly the
existence of toxic elements, such as As, Cd, Pb and Cr with
minute amounts are not acceptable to the human body as they
cause serious health problems such as kidney problems,
diabetes and skin cancer etc.
Majority of Hyderabad residents receive drinking water from
the water utility, the water supply is intermittent due to load
shedding or power outages (Imran and Amir, 2015) and it is
of poor quality due to inadequate treatment under such
conditions and/or contamination due to infiltration. As a
consequence, residents who are financially able to, will
purchase bottled water for drinking and sometimes additional

Transition noting the gap,
concern, or opportunity –
establishes the boundaries and
focus of the study
Specific project statement
highlighting the significance
and originality of the work
Consequence of not addressing
the specific problem and/or
benefit of addressing the
problem (i.e., the impact)
non-potable water for other purposes estimates from poorer
districts in Karachi, the other major city in the Sindh province,
suggest that residents spend 7% of their annual salary
(assumed to be $1500 per year) (WorldBank, 2017) for
bottled drinking water, and up to 33% of their salary on non-
potable water for other uses around the house (e.g., washing
dishes, bathing)
In fact, rural populations of Hyderabad are among the poorest
in Pakistan with the lowest living standards (Padda and
Hameed, 2018), in part due to low quality drinking water and
lack of adequate sanitation services. While some efforts to
improve treatment plants are proposed (Anonymous, 2017;
Moore, 2018), there is some question as to the sustained
quality of the water as it passes through the distribution
system post-treatment. Of particular concern from a human
health standpoint, is the concentration of heavy metals in the
water used for drinking water and household purposes.
Mostly the water goes inside the human body by ingestion,
which causes the intake of toxic metal to the body or by some
other ways, which directly affect the human (Karim, 2011;
USEPA,2004). Naz et al., 2016 demonstrated that an element
like (VI) is toxic and highly reactive, in aqueous solutions and
easily interacts with human cells. In an environment where 
pH > 7 and the compound having strong oxidation
characteristics such as, MnO2or chlorine, quickly oxidize Cr
(III) to Cr (VI) (Lindsay et al., 2012). By adopting adequate
assessment techniques can sort out the existing problems and
then find out the way for problem solution. Given the poor
water quality in Pakistan and the known economic limitations
to achieving SDGs in Pakistan associated with infrastructure,
the following study was proposed to (1) evaluate the efficacy
of metal removal in the water treatment plant of Hyderabad,
Pakistan, (2) evaluate 
 If the problem was not properly addressed then there will
serious consequences regarding health issues, that may cause
the serious diseases like kidney failure, cancer, diabetes etc.
however if the problem were properly addressed before
alarming situation to come then it can be controlled before the
critical situation.
2.

Syandri et al. (2020). “Effect of stocking density on the performance of juvenile Gurami Sago
(Osphronemus goramy) in the synthetic sheet pond.” Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 52(2), 717-
726.

Problem Statement Element Text from article that represents the element; or insert ‘not
present’ if the element is not part of the paper introduction

Specific, contextual The effect of stocking density on fish survival, growth

background of the problem or performance and feed efficiency determined for fish species.
the ideal situation or goal (the The previous studies have been conducted for other types of
compelling ‘hook’ to grab the species but gurami sago juveniles species were not considered.
reader’s attention)
                                                                             

General background of the The stocking density effect of gurami sago juveniles in synthetic
problem or opportunity sheet pond have not yet been studied

Scholarly support of problem
or opportunity
Giant gourami has not yet been a major contributor to the
freshwater fish production in Indonesia since this species has
lower growth rate compared to Nile tilapia and common carp
fishes. Based on its high market value and demand, the gurami
sago strain has not been successfully cultivated intensively in
ponds, and relevant aquaculture studies are completed to date is
the effects of salinity on survival and growth of juveniles

1. Finding the optimum stocking density

Transition noting the gap, 2. Examine the effect of stocking density on growth,
concern, or opportunity – survival and feed efficiency of gurami sago juveniles.
establishes the boundaries and 3. To suggest management practices
focus of the study 4. Study limited to only effect of stocking density 

Specific project statement
highlighting the significance
and originality of the work
Gurami sago strain is a new species and not grown in ponds due
to its high market value and low production. One of the main
reasons for low production is the effect of many factors such as
feeding rate, frequency and stocking density. the effects of
stocking density is taken into consideration in this project.
Consequence of not
addressing the specific
problem and/or benefit of
addressing the problem (i.e.,
the impact)
3. 
Rana, I.A. et al. (2020). “Characterizing flood risk perception in urban communities of
Pakistan.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101624.
Problem Statement Element
Specific, contextual background
of the problem or the ideal
situation or goal (the compelling
‘hook’ to grab the reader’s
attention)
General background of the
problem or opportunity
Scholarly support of problem or
opportunity
Transition noting the gap,
concern, or opportunity –
establishes the boundaries and
focus of the study
Specific project statement
Optimum stocking density needs to be determined during the
production phase to obtain maximum production from a limited
land.
Text from article that represents the element; or insert
‘not present’ if the element is not part of the paper
introduction
Flood is the most common and deadliest natural hazard in
the world. Asia is the worst affected region in the world,
accounting for more than 50% of fatalities.
  It is projected that climate change, extreme rainfall events,
and sea-level rise would increase the flood risk.
In developing countries, especially Pakistan, limited studies
have been conducted to examine risk perception and its
determinants. Hence, it is imperative to study risk perception
and its determinants that can influence communities. 
(1) examine the levels of risk perception; (2) determine the
socioeconomic factors influencing risk perception; and (3)
understand the spatial variability of risk perception in three
flood-prone communities (Dhok Ratta, Rawalpindi; Hajipura,
Sialkot; and Khangarh, Muzaffargarh) in the province of
Punjab, Pakistan. 
Risk perception is considered as an important component of
highlighting the significance and social vulnerability assessment and community resilience.
originality of the work Risk perception has also become an important constituent of
disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation.

Consequence of not addressing Climate change could possibly increase the frequency and
the specific problem and/or severity of floods and therefore, it has become essential to
benefit of addressing the assess how communities respond to these events.
problem (i.e., the impact)