CHAPTER 3 : FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL

EQUATIONS

BY, THUNG SU LING

SMK SENTUL UTAMA
 What is in this chapter?
FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Atom Molecule

Relative atomic mass Relative molecular mass

Mole concept

Mass of matter
 Mass of matter

Number
Volume of
Number of moles of
gas
particles

Molecular Chemical formulae Empirical

formulae formulae

Chemical equations
Formulae of Ions
• How to memorise?
One Had So So Playful Little
Ant, Two Bad Cat Caused
Maggie Zillion Lost Two Three
Iron Armour

Negative One Funny

Naughty Clown Broke Into
Our House Two Some Ox Sat
on Couch
Notes to remember…..
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔
• 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑅𝐴𝑀/𝑅𝑀𝑀

• Molar Mass = 1 mole = Ar = 6.02 X 1023

• Molar volume for gas : r.t.p = 24 dm3 , s.t.p = 22.4 dm3
 Examples

Example 1 : Sodium Chloride Example 2 : Magnesium Chloride

Na+ Cl – Mg2+ Cl-

+1 -1 +2 -1

NaCl MgCl2
Practise Until Perfect…..

K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Fe2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag2+ NH4+ Zn2+
F- KF NaF CaF2 MgF2 AlF3
NO3-
Cl-
Br-
OH-
SO4-
CO3-
PO43-
4 basic rules in writing chemical equations
1. Acid + Strong Metal → Salt + hydrogen gas

2. Acid + Metal carbonate → Salt + carbon dioxide + water

3. Acid + Alkali → Salt + water

4. Acid + Metal oxide → Salt + water

 4 acids we need to know!!

• Hydrochoric acid, HCl

• Nitric acid, HNO3
• Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
• Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
Let’s learn to write chemical equation.
Example 1 : Magnesium ribbon + oxygen gas → magnesium oxide
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Example 2 : Hydrochloric acid + marble chips → calcium chloride +

carbon dioxide + water
HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Example 3 : Ammonia + sulphuric acid → ammonium sulphate

2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4

Example 4 : Iron wool + Chlorine gas → Iron(III) chloride

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
How do I do balancing??

Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Mg H Mg H

Cl Cl

Cl
How do I do balancing??

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Mg H Mg H

H
H

Cl Cl

Cl Cl
How do I do balancing??

Cu + AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
Cu Ag Cu
Ag

NO3 NO3

NO3
How do I do balancing??

Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
Cu Ag Cu
Ag

Ag

NO3 NO3

NO3 NO3
How do I do balancing??

Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Cu Ag Cu
Ag

Ag
Ag

NO3 NO3

NO3 NO3
How do I do balancing??

NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O

Na H Na Na H

H H
SO4
H

SO4
O
O
How do I do balancing??

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O

Na Na H Na Na H

H H
H SO4
H

SO4
O
O O
How do I do balancing??

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Na Na H Na Na H H

H H
H
H SO4
H

SO4
O O
O O
 Relative Mass And The Concept of Mole
1. Relative atomic mass is the mass of one atom of the
element compared with 1/12 of mass of an atom of
carbon-12
2. Relative molecular mass is the mass of one molecule
compared with 1/12 of an atom of carbon-12
3. One Mole is an amount of substance that contains as
many particles as the number of atom in exactly 12g of
carbon-12
4. Avogadro constant, N A is the number of particles in one
mole of a substance which contain 6.02 X 1023 particles
 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐠
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞 =
𝐑𝐀𝐌/𝐑𝐌𝐌
Example 1 : Calculate the mass of zinc required to react with excess hydrochloric acid solution which produce 6 dm3 hydrogen
gas and zinc chloride solution at room conditions.
[Relative Atomic Mass L Zn = 65 ; Cl = 35.5 ; 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
Step 1 : Construct and balance the equation.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Step 2 : Transfer information from question to constructed equation.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Mass =?? V = 6 dm3

Step 3 : State the ratio of number of moles from constructed equation.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
1 mole Zn + 2 moles HCl → 1 mole ZnCl2 + 1 mole H2
Step 4 : Calculate the number of moles from information given.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
1 mole Zn + 2 moles HCl → 1 mole ZnCl2 + 1 mole H2
𝟔
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝟐 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝟒

Step 5 : State the ratio of number of moles from constructed equation.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
1 mole Zn + 2 moles HCl → 1 mole ZnCl2 + 1 mole H2
0.25 moles Zn + 0.25X2=0.5 moles HCl → 0.25 moles ZnCl2 + 0.25 moles H2

Step 6 : Calculate the question given.

Mass of Zinc = 0.25 X 65 = 16.25 g
Example 2 : When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, it decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas. Find the
mass of calcium oxide when 20 g of calcium carbonate is heated strongly.
[Relative Atomic Mass : Ca = 40 ; O = 16 ; C = 12]
Step 1 : Construct and balance the equation.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Step 2 : Transfer information from question to constructed equation.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Mass = 20g Mass=??

Step 3 : State the ratio of number of moles from constructed equation.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
1 mole CaCO3 → 1 mole CaO + 1 mole CO2
Step 4 : Calculate the number of moles from information given.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
1 mole CaCO3 → 1 mole CaO + 1 mole CO2
𝟐𝟎
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑 = = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞
(𝟒𝟎 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟑𝐱𝟏𝟔)

Step 5 : State the ratio of number of moles from constructed equation.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
1 mole CaCO3 → 1 mole CaO + 1 mole CO2
0.2 moles CaCO3 → 0.2 moles CaO + 0.2 moles CO2

Step 6 : Calculate the question given.

Mass of Calcium oxide = 0.2 X (40+16) = 11.2 g
 Enrichment Exercises
Question 1
Calculate the maximum mass of iron produced when 58 g iron oxide Fe3O4 is reduced
completely by hydrogen. [RAM : Fe = 56 ; H = 1 ; O = 16]
Answer : 42 g

Question 2
When sodium is heated with excess of oxygen, it will produce white solid as sodium oxide.
Calculate the maximum mass of sodium oxide, Na2O formed when 46g of sodium is heated
in oxygen. [RAM : Na = 23 ; O = 16]
Answer : 62 g

Question 3
5 g of marble chips (CaCO3) is reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid. Calculate the
volume of carbon dioxide gas produced at room conditions. [RAM : C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40,
Molar volume = 24 dm3 at room conditions]
Answer : 1.2 dm3
 Empirical Formula

K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
H
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Ag
Example 1 :
3.12 g of metal X powder is burned in air to form 4.56 g of oxide. Find
the empirical formula of metal X oxide. [RAM : X = 52 ; O = 16]

Element X O
Mass in g 3.12 4.56 – 3.12 = 1.44
RAM 52 16
Number of moles 3.12 1.44
= 0.06 = 0.09
52 16
Simplest mole ratio 0.06 0.09
=1 = 1.5
0.06 0.06
X2 2 3
The empirical formula of metal X oxide is X2O3
Example 2 :
A compound contains a composition by weight
Potassium, K = 41.05% ; Sulphur, S = 33.69% ; Oxygen, O = 25.26%
[RAM : K = 39 ; S = 32 ; O = 16]

Element K S O
Mass in g 41.05 33.69 25.26
RAM 39 32 16
Number of moles 41.05 33.69 25.26
= 1.05 = 1.05 = 1.58
39 32 16
Simplest mole ratio 1.05 1.05 1.58
=1 =1 = 1.5
1.05 1.05 1.05
X2 2 2 3
The empirical formula is K2S2O3
Example 3 : The empirical formula of a compound is
CH3. Its relative molecular mass is 30. Find its molecular
formula. [RAM : C = 12 ; H = 1]
Solution :
Assume (CH3)n = 30
n [12+3(1)] = 30
15n = 30
n=2

Hence, the molecular formula is (CH3)2 = C2H6