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1-Turbomachines - Introduction

Chapter · October 2016

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 Turbomachines I

TURBOMACHINES
4th Year
Mechanical Power Department
Faculty of Engineering
Cairo University

Lect. 1&2

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TURBOMACHINERY-1
MEP 405 A

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MEP 405A

Intended Learning Outcomes of Course (ILOs)

a- Knowledge and Understanding of:
•Basic principles of fluid mechanics as related to
turbomachines
•Basic principles of dynamic similarity
•Basic components of turbomachines
•Basic principles of different models of flow
•Basic design methodology of different types
of turbomachines.
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b- Intellectual Skills
•Problem solving
•Creative thinking
•Analysis
c- Professional and Practical Skills
•Ability to apply basic equations for turbomachines
•Ability to carry out preliminary selection of
overall machine dimensions.
•Ability to apply 2D & 3D principles of flow.
d- General and Transferable Skills
•Computing
•Communication
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Turbomachinary-I
ILO’s MEP 405A
1. Define the different types of turbomachines and the main
components of a turbomachine stage.
2. Describe the nondimensional parameters of turbomachines
and similarity laws.
3. Demonstrate how to get and apply the basic equations of
turbomachines: continuity, energy and Euler's equations.
4. Describe the characteristics of one dimensional flow through
a turbomachine stage.
5. Describe the flow characteristics through two dimensional
cascades of blades.
6. Describe the effect of three dimensional flow on design of
axial stages.
7. Prepare technical reports.
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Course contents
 Basic concepts and laws of fluid mechanics
 Similarity in turbomachines
 One-dimensional flow in turbomachines
 Two-dimensional flow in cascades of blades
 Three-dimensional flow in axial turbomachines

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• Semester work
Class work , sketchbook 20
& quizzes
Lecture Attend. & 20
quizzes
Mid semester Exam 30
Total 70 X 0.45 = 31.5 30

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Introduction
FLUID MACHINES .

Fluid machines are energy converters, they convert or

transform fluid energy into mechanical energy such as
turbines or they convert mechanical energy into fluid
energy such as pumps or compressors. It is to be noted also
that combination of pumps and turbines are found in some
systems such as in fluid transmission systems. These systems
serve to transmit energy or torque according to certain
prescribed characteristics. .

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CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID MACHINES

According to the method of energy transfer:

1. Displacement Machines
2. Dynamic Machines ( Flow or Turbo-Machinery)

Displacement machines are divided into two main classes:

1. Reciprocating machines, such as reciprocating pumps

and compressors.

2. Rotary machines, such as gear pumps and roots blowers.

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Turbomachines are divided into:

1. Radial flow machines, in which the fluid flows mainly

along radial planes normal to axis of rotation of rotor.
2. Axial flow machines, in which the fluid flows axially or
parallel to axis of rotation of rotor.

Between these two extremes there are also types in which

the fluid flows along almost conical surfaces of revolution
and are termed mixed-flow machines.

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Turbomachines may be also classified as:

1. Open type or unshrouded turbomachines.

2. Enclosed or shrouded type.

It must be noted also that fluid machinery are sometimes

divided, according to the type of fluid handled, into:

1. Hydraulic machinery, which deal with incompressible fluids

(liquids), such as hydraulic pumps and turbines.

2. Thermal machinery, which deal with compressible fluids

(gases and vapors), such as fans, compressors, steam and gas
turbines.
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This division is almost obsolete, since all machines are basically

similar and their design is based on the basic laws of fluid
mechanics & thermodynamics. This division is indicated only
when dealing with special problems for every class such as
cavitation phenomenon when dealing with hydraulic machines
or phenomena of choking, surging and supersonic flow, which
occur only in thermal machines. .

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So, fluid machines are classified according to:

A. Type of fluid.
B. Direction of energy transferred.
C. Method of energy transferred.

A. Type of fluid

Gas Liquid
(Thermal (Hydraulic
Machines) Machines)

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B. Direction of energy
transfer

Turbines Pumps
Extract energy Compressors
from fluid Add energy to Add energy to
compressible fluid incompressible
fluids

Fans blowers Compressors

Steam Gas Hydraulic Wind

Turbines Turbines Turbines Turbines

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C. Method of Energy
transferred.
Pelton wheel
Gear Pumps

Dynamic Positive
Machines Displacement

Turbo- Special effect Rotary

Reciprocating
machines e.g. jet pumps

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Single-suction radial flow pump.

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HYDRODYNAMIC TRANSMISSION

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Fluid Coupling Torque Converter

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Fluid Coupling

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1.2. BASIC EQUATIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS AND

THERMODYNAMICS

The basic physical laws of fluid mechanics and

thermodynamics are:

1. Conservation of Matter - The Equation of Continuity.

2. Conservation of Momentum - Newton's Second Law.
3. Conservation of Energy - First Law of Thermodynamics.
4. Second Law of Thermodynamics.

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1.2.1 The Equation of Continuity

 C
A1
n dA    Cn dA
A2

where A1 represents the flow inlet area.

A2 represents the flow exit area.

Considering that  Cn is constant over the cross section area

of flow, the continuity equation will be given by:

 1 Cn1 A1   2 Cn2 A 2  m
 (1.3)

which is the known relation for flow through a duct or a

stream tube, Fig. 1.3.a, where is the rate of mass flow.

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1.2.2 The Momentum Equation

1. Conservation of Linear Momentum

Neglecting body forces, for steady flow conditions, and

assuming C1 and C2 are uniform one gets, Fig. 1.3 b,

F m
 ( C2  C1 )

and if the pressure forces are considered as not part of the

surface (external) forces, we may then write.

F   Fext.  ( p 2 . A2  m
 .C 2 )  ( p1 . A1  m
 .C1 ) (1.6)

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2. Conservation of Angular Momentum

Again for steady flow and uniform velocities, the theorem for
angular momentum can be written, Fig. 1.3.c:

T = Fs. r = (Cu2. r2 - C u1. r1)

Multiplying by angular velocity , we get the power

P = T.  = (Cu2. U2 - Cu1. U1)

or the specific work w = Cu2.U2 - Cu1.U1 (1.8)

where U2 = .r2 and U1 = .r1

Equation (1.8) is called the Euler turbine equation.

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1.2.3 The Energy Equation (First Law of Thermodynamics)

Considering a steady flow fluid machine and applying the First

Law to the control volume enclosing the machine (Fig. 1.4)
equation (1.9) may be rewritten:

 W 1
Q  [ (h2  h1 )  (C 22  C12 )  g ( z 2  z1 )]
 m (1.10a)
2

where: Fig. 1.4 Schematic of an

open flow system.
Q´ & W´ are the rates of heat and
work transfer to the control volume, 2
C
ho the total enthalpy of flow = h +
2
z the potential head

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or in a differential form for unit mass flow rate:

 q –  w = dh + dC2/2 + g dz (1.10b)

where q and w are the specific heat and specific work transfer
respectively.

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1.2.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics

For an infinitesimal process on any system,

ds  Q

T

where
Q is the heat received during the process,
T is the temperature at the part of the control surface where
heat is received,
Ds is the increase in entropy.

This relation is the most convenient analytical form of the

Second Law.

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For steady flow conditions, we get

Q
 2-
S 2 dm  1 
S1 dm  T (1.11)
A2 A1

If heat transfer across the control surface is negligible, then

for steady one-dimensional flow (mass flow is constant), one
gets:

(S2 – S1)  0

which means that the entropy of fluid leaving the machine

should be always greater than the entropy at entry for
adiabatic flow.

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