Physics 41 Chapter 22 HW Serway 7th Edition

Conceptual Questions: 1, 3, 8, 12 Problems: 9, 13, 20, 23, 27, 39, 48, 54, 55

Conceptual Questions: 1, 3, 8, 12
Q22.1 First, the efficiency of the automobile engine cannot exceed the Carnot efficiency: it is limited by the
temperature of burning fuel and the temperature of the environment into which the exhaust is dumped. Second,
the engine block cannot be allowed to go over a certain temperature. Third, any practical engine has friction,
incomplete burning of fuel, and limits set by timing and energy transfer by heat.

Q22.3 A higher steam temperature means that more energy can be extracted from the steam. For a constant temperature
T −T T
heat sink at Tc , and steam at Th , the efficiency of the power plant goes as h c = 1 − c and is maximized for a high
Th Th
Th .

Q22.8 (a) When the two sides of the semiconductor are at different temperatures, an electric potential
(voltage) is generated across the material, which can drive electric current through an
external circuit. The two cups at 50°C contain the same amount of internal energy as the pair
of hot and cold cups. But no energy flows by heat through the converter bridging between
them and no voltage is generated across the semiconductors.

(b) A heat engine must put out exhaust energy by heat. The cold cup provides a sink to absorb
output or wasted energy by heat, which has nowhere to go between two cups of equally
warm water.
Q22.12 (a) For an expanding ideal gas at constant temperature, the internal energy stays constant. The
gas must absorb by heat the same amount of energy that it puts out by work. Then its
ΔQ ⎛V ⎞
entropy change is ΔS = = nR ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
T ⎝ V1 ⎠
(b) For a reversible adiabatic expansion ΔQ = 0 , and ΔS = 0 . An ideal gas undergoing an
irreversible adiabatic expansion can have any positive value for ΔS up to the value given in
part (a).

Problems: 9, 13, 20, 23, 24, 27, 39, 48, 54, 55

P22.9 Tc = 703 K Th = 2 143 K

ΔT 1 440
(a) ec = = = 67.2%
Th 2 143

(b) Qh = 1.40 × 105 J , Weng = 0.420 Qh

Weng 5.88 × 10 4 J
P = = = 58.8 kW
Δt 1s
13.  An ideal gas is taken through a Carnot cycle. The isothermal expansion occurs at 250°C, and the 
isothermal compression takes place at 50.0°C.  The gas takes in 1 200 J of energy from the hot reservoir during 
the isothermal expansion.  Find (a) the energy expelled to the cold reservoir in each cycle and (b) the net work 
done by the gas in each cycle. 
 
 
P22.13 Isothermal expansion at Th = 523 K
Isothermal compression at Tc = 323 K
Gas absorbs 1 200 J during expansion.

⎛T ⎞ ⎛ 323⎞
(a) Q c = Q h ⎜ c ⎟ = 1200 J⎜ = 741 J
⎝ Th ⎠ ⎝ 523⎟⎠

(b) W eng = Q h − Q c = (1200 − 741) J= 459 J

Tc 4.00 Q
P22.23 ( COP)Carnot refrig = = = 0.013 8 = c
ΔT 289 W
∴ W = 72.2 J per 1 J energy removed by heat.

Section 22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines

P22.27 In a cylinder of an automobile engine, just after combustion, the gas is confined to a volume of 50.0 
cm3 and has an initial pressure of 3.00 × 106 Pa. The piston moves outward to a final volume of 300 cm3 and the 
gas expands without energy loss by heat. (a) If  γ  = 1.40 for the gas, what is the final pressure? (b) How much 
work is done by the gas in expanding? 
 
γ γ
(a) i i = Pf V f
PV

γ
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 50.0 cm 3 ⎞
1.40

Pf = Pi ⎜ i ⎟ = ( 3.00 × 106 Pa ) ⎜ ⎟ = 244 kPa

⎜ Vf ⎟ 3
⎝ 300 cm ⎠
⎝ ⎠

Vi
γ
⎛V ⎞
(b)
∫
W = PdV
Vi
P = Pi ⎜ i ⎟
⎝V ⎠

Integrating,

γ −1
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛V ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 3 0.400 ⎤
⎞
W =⎜ ⎟ PV ⎢1 − ⎜ i ⎟ ⎥ = ( 2.50) ( 3.00 × 106 Pa )( 5.00 × 10−5 m 3 ) ⎢1 − ⎜ 50.0 cm3 ⎟ ⎥
⎝ γ − 1⎠ ⎢ ⎜⎝ V f ⎟ ⎥
i i

⎣ ⎠ ⎦ ⎢
⎣ ⎝ 300 cm ⎠ ⎥⎦
= 192 J
 ⎛ Vf ⎞
P22.39 ΔS = nR ln ⎜ ⎟ = R ln 2 = 5.76 J K
⎝ Vi ⎠

There is no change in temperature for an ideal gas.

FIG. P22.39

P22.20 (a) First, consider the adiabatic process D → A :

γ
γ γ ⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 10.0 L ⎞
53

PD VD = PA VA so PD = PA ⎜ A ⎟ = 1 400 kPa ⎜ ⎟ = 712 kPa

⎝ VD ⎠ ⎝ 15.0 L ⎠
⎛ nRTD ⎞ γ ⎛ nRTA ⎞ γ
Also ⎜ ⎟ VD = ⎜ ⎟ VA
⎝ VD ⎠ ⎝ VA ⎠
γ −1
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 10.0 ⎞
23

or TD = TA ⎜ A ⎟ = 720 K ⎜ ⎟ = 549 K
⎝ VD ⎠ ⎝ 15.0 ⎠
Now, consider the isothermal process C → D : TC = TD = 549 K
γ
⎛V ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ VA ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ VD ⎞ PA VAγ
PC = PD ⎜ D ⎟ = ⎢ PA ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎜ ⎟= γ −1
⎝ VC ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ VD ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ VC ⎠ VCVD
1 400 kPa ( 10.0 L )
53

PC = = 445 kPa
24.0 L ( 15.0 L )
23

Next, consider the adiabatic process B → C : PBVBγ = PCVCγ

PA VAγ ⎛V ⎞
But, PC = from above. Also considering the isothermal process, PB = PA ⎜ A ⎟
VCVDγ −1 ⎝ VB ⎠
⎛V ⎞ γ ⎛ PA VAγ ⎞ γ V V 10.0 L ( 24.0 L )
Hence, PA ⎜ A ⎟ VB = ⎜ V which reduces to VB = A C =
γ −1 ⎟ C
= 16.0 L
⎝ VB ⎠ ⎝ C D ⎠
V V VD 15.0 L
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 10.0 L ⎞
Finally, PB = PA ⎜ A ⎟ = 1 400 kPa ⎜ ⎟ = 875 kPa
⎝ VB ⎠ ⎝ 16.0 L ⎠

State P(kPa) V(L) T(K)

A 1 400 10.0 720
B 875 16.0 720
C 445 24.0 549
D 712 15.0 549

(b) For the isothermal process A → B : ΔEint = nCV ΔT = 0

⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 16.0 ⎞
so Q = −W = nRT ln ⎜ B ⎟ = 2.34 mol ( 8.314 J mol ⋅ K ) ( 720 K ) ln ⎜ ⎟ = +6.58 kJ
⎝ VA ⎠ ⎝ 10.0 ⎠

For the adiabatic process B → C : Q= 0

⎡3 ⎤
ΔEint = nCV ( TC − TB ) = 2.34 mol ⎢ ( 8.314 J mol ⋅ K ) ⎥ ( 549 − 720) K = −4.98 kJ
⎣2 ⎦

and W = −Q + ΔEint = 0 + ( −4.98 kJ) = −4.98 kJ

 For the isothermal process C → D : ΔEint = nCV ΔT = 0
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 15.0 ⎞
and Q = −W = nRT ln ⎜ D ⎟ = 2.34 mol ( 8.314 J mol ⋅ K ) ( 549 K ) ln ⎜ ⎟ = −5.02 kJ
⎝ VC ⎠ ⎝ 24.0 ⎠
Finally, for the adiabatic process D → A : Q= 0
⎡3 ⎤
ΔEint = nCV ( TA − TD ) = 2.34 mol ⎢ ( 8.314 J mol ⋅ K ) ⎥ ( 720 − 549) K = +4.98 kJ
⎣2 ⎦
and W = −Q + ΔEint = 0 + 4.98 kJ = +4.98 kJ

Process Q(kJ) W(kJ) ΔEint (kJ)

A→B +6.58 –6.58 0
B→C 0 –4.98 –4.98
C→D –5.02 +5.02 0
D→A 0 +4.98 +4.98
ABCDA +1.56 –1.56 0

The work done by the engine is the negative of the work input. The output work Weng is
given by the work column in the table with all signs reversed.

Weng −WABCD 1.56 kJ

(c) e= = = = 0.237 or 23.7%
Qh QA →B 6.58 kJ
Tc 549
ec = 1 − = 1− = 0.237 or 23.7%
Th 720

P22.24 COP = 0.100COPCarnot cycle

or
Qh ⎛Q ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 0.100 ⎜ h ⎟ = 0.100 ⎜ ⎟
W ⎝ W ⎠Carnot cycle ⎝ Carnot efficiency ⎠

Qh ⎛ Th ⎞ ⎛ 293 K ⎞ FIG. P22.24

= 0.100 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.100 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.17
W ⎝ Th − Tc ⎠ ⎝ 293 K − 268 K ⎠

Thus, 1.17 joules of energy enter the room by heat for each joule of w ork done.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25.  An ideal refrigerator or ideal heat pump is equivalent to a Carnot engine running in reverse. That is, 
energy Qc is taken in from a cold reservoir and energy Qh is rejected to a hot reservoir. 
Th – Tc
 (a) Show that the work that must be supplied to run the refrigerator or heat pump is    W = Qc  
Tc
Tc
(b) Show that the coefficient of performance of the ideal refrigerator is  COP =  
Th – Tc
 
 
⎡ (Q h ) ⎤
P22.25 (a) For a complete cycle, ΔEint = 0 and W = Qh − Qc = Qc ⎢ − 1⎥ .
⎢ Qc ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Q h Th
We have already shown that for a Carnot cycle (and only for a Carnot cycle) = .
Qc Tc

⎡T − T ⎤
Therefore, W = Qc ⎢ h c⎥ .
⎣ Tc ⎦

(b) We have the definition of the coefficient of performance for a refrigerator,

Qc
CO P = .
W
Tc
Using the result from part (a), this becomes CO P = .
Th − Tc
−1 000 J
P22.48 ΔShot =
600 K

+750 J
ΔScold =
350 K

(a) ΔSU = ΔShot + ΔScold = 0.476 J K

T1
(b) ec = 1 − = 0.417
T2

Weng = ec Qh = 0.417 ( 1 000 J) = 417 J

(c) Wnet = 417 J− 250 J = 167 J

T1ΔSU = 350 K ( 0.476 J K ) = 167 J

*P22.54 (a) For the isothermal process AB, the work on the gas is

⎛V ⎞
WAB = − PA VA ln ⎜ B ⎟
⎝ VA ⎠
⎛ 50.0 ⎞
WAB = −5 ( 1.013 × 105 Pa )( 10.0 × 10−3 m 3 ) ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10.0 ⎠
WAB = −8.15 × 103 J

where we have used 1.00 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa

FIG. P22.54
−3
and 1.00 L = 1.00 × 10 m 3

WBC = − PB ΔV = − ( 1.013 × 105 Pa ) ⎡⎣( 10.0 − 50.0) × 10−3 ⎤⎦ m 3 = +4.05 × 103 J

WCA = 0 and Weng = −WAB − WBC = 4.10 × 103 J = 4.10 kJ

(b) Since AB is an isothermal process, ΔEint, AB = 0

and QAB = −WAB = 8.15 × 103 J

3R 5R
For an ideal monatomic gas, CV = and CP =
2 2

PBVB ( 1.013 × 10 )( 50.0 × 10 ) 5.06 × 10 3

5 −3

TB = TA = = =
nR R R

PCVC ( 1.013 × 10 )( 10.0 × 10 ) 1.01× 103

5 −3

Also, TC = = =
nR R R

⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5.06×103 −1.01×103 ⎞
QCA = nCV ΔT = 1.00⎜ R ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 6.08 kJ
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ R ⎠

so the total energy absorbed by heat is QAB + QCA = 8.15 kJ+ 6.08 kJ = 14.2 kJ

5 5
(c) QBC = nCP ΔT = ( nRΔT ) = PBΔVBC
2 2

QBC =
5
2
(1.013 × 105 ) ⎡⎣(10.0 − 50.0) × 10−3 ⎤⎦ = −1.01× 104 J = −10.1 kJ

Weng Weng 4.10 × 103 J

(d) e= = = = 0.288 or 28.9%
Qh QAB + QCA 1.42 × 104 J

(e) A Carnot engine operating between Thot = TA = 5060/R and Tcold = TC = 1010/R has
efficiency 1 − Tc/Th = 1 − 1/5 = 80.0%.
The three-process engine considered in this problem has much lower efficiency.
*P22.55 At point A, i i = nRTi
PV and
n = 1.00 mol

At point B, i i = nRTB so
3PV TB = 3Ti

At point C, ( 3Pi )( 2Vi ) = nRTC and

TC = 6Ti

At point D, Pi ( 2Vi ) = nRTD so

TD = 2Ti
FIG. P22.55
The heat for each step in the cycle is
3R 5R
found using CV = and CP = :
2 2

QAB = nCV ( 3Ti − Ti ) = 3nRTi

QBC = nCP ( 6Ti − 3Ti ) = 7.50nRTi
QCD = nCV ( 2Ti − 6Ti ) = −6nRTi
QDA = nCP ( Ti − 2Ti ) = −2.50nRTi

(a) Therefore, Qentering = Qh = QAB + QBC = 10.5nRTi

(b) Qleaving = Qc = QCD + QDA = 8.50nRTi

Qh − Qc
(c) Actual efficiency, e= = 0.190
Qh

Tc T
(d) Carnot efficiency, ec = 1 − = 1 − i = 0.833
Th 6Ti
The Carnot efficiency is much higher.