GRAPHS

CIRCLE PARABOLA

ELLIPSE HYPERBOLA
PRECALCULUS -----PARABOLA-----
-----CIRCLE----- General Equation
General Equation 𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 (Axis parallel to y-axis)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 (Axis parallel to x-axis)
Standard Equation Standard Equation
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝 (𝑥 − ℎ) opens to the right

Shortcuts Formula (Without Completing the Square) (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑝 (𝑥 − ℎ) opens to the left
−𝐷 −𝐸 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝 (𝑦 − 𝑘) opens upward
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 ( ) , ( )
2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑝 (𝑦 − 𝑘) opens downward

1
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = √𝐷 2 + 𝐸 2 − 4𝐹 Focus (F) Directrix (D) Axis of
2
Symmetry
y2 (h+p, k) (h-p, k) y=k
Passing through three points x2 (h, k+p) (h, k-p) x=h
1. Label the points A, B, and C.
2. Get the midpoint of points A&B and B&C. -----ELLIPSE-----
Midpoint formula:
General Equation
𝑋1 + 𝑋2 𝑌1 + 𝑌2
( , ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
2 2
3. Get the slope of points A&B and B&C. Change Standard Equation center (h, k)
it to its negative reciprocal.
Major axis horizontal
Slope formula:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
𝑌2 − 𝑌1 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑋2 − 𝑋1
Major axis Vertical where a>b
4. Get the equation of the line using the
midpoint and slope of A&B and B&C. (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Equation of the line formula:
Formulas
(𝑦 − 𝑌1 ) = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑋1 )
Horizontal Vertical
5. Using the two equation of the line you got
from step 4, get x and y by using elimination F1 (h+c, k) F1 (h, k+c)
method. F2 (h-c, k) F2 (h, k-c)
Note: x and y will be the center. V1 (h+a, k) V1 (h, k+a)
6. Get the radius by getting the distance of V2 (h-a, k) V2 (h, k-a)
A&center. W1 (h, k+b) W1 (h+b, k)
W2 (h, k-b) W2 (h-b, k)
Distance Formula
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝐷 = √(𝑋2 − 𝑋1 )2 + (𝑌2 − 𝑌1 )2
𝑎 = √𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 2

𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
-----HYPERBOLA----- -----SYSTEM OF NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS-----
General Equation Solving by substitution:

𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
Standard Equation 𝑦 − 5𝑥 = 1
Transverse axis horizontal 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 1
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
+ − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Substitute the value of y
Transverse axis vertical
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − (5𝑥 + 1) + 2 = 0
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ) 2
+ 2
− =1 Combine similar terms
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0

Formulas Factor

Horizontal Vertical (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

F1 (h+c, k) F1 (h, k+c) Therefore

F2 (h-c, k) F2 (h, k-c) 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1
V1 (h+a, k) V1 (h, k+a) Solving by elimination:
V2 (h-a, k) V2 (h, k-a)
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 − 5𝑥 = 1

𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 Make the equations equal to zero

Note: asymptotes can be determined 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0

using slope 𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
Eliminate y
𝑟𝑢𝑛
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
How to identify the equation of a Circle, Parabola,
Ellipse and Hyperbola Easily It will be
CIRCLE: the equation must have x2 and y2 and having 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
then same coefficients.
−5𝑥 + 1 = 0
PARABOLA: the equation must have either x or y that
has an exponent of 2 (x2 or y2). Add the two equations

ELLIPSE: the equation must have x2 and y2 with the 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0

same sign (it can be negative or positive) and its Factor
leading coefficients are not the same.
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
HYPERBOLA: the equation must have x2 and y2 with
unlike signs and its leading coefficients are not the
same. Therefore
𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1
 = [2(2)+3]+[2(3)+3]+[2(4)+3]
-----SEQUENCES AND SERIES-----
= 27

Arithmetic Sequence --PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION—

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1) 𝑑 Base Case: n=1

Inductive Hypothesis: n=k
n =position Inductive Steps: n=k+1
d =common difference
Proving Summation Identities:
Arithmetic Series
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑛 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 ) 2
2
𝑛 n=1
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1) 𝑑]
2 1(1 + 1)
1=
Geometric Sequence 2

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 1=1 TRUE

r = common ratio n=k

𝑘(𝑘 + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑘 =
2
Geometric Series
n=k+1
Finite
𝑘 + 1(𝑘 + 1 + 1)
𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛) 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 + (𝑘 + 1) =
2
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
=
2
Infinite 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
+ (𝑘 + 1) =
𝑎1 2 2
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + 2(𝑘 + 1) = (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)

𝑘 2 + 𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 2 = 𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 2
-----SIGMA NOTATION----- 𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 2 = 𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 2 TRUE
𝑛
Proving Divisibility by PMI:
∑ 𝑓(𝑖)
𝑖=𝑚
4𝑛+1 + 52𝑛−1 is divisible by 21

Which is read n=1

“the summation of 𝑓(𝑖) from 𝑖 = 𝑚 to 𝑛” 41+1 + 52(1)−1
When expended 42 + 51 = 21 is divisible by 21
𝑓(𝑚) + 𝑓(𝑚 + 1) + 𝑓(𝑚 + 2) + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑛) Assume n=k
Example: 4𝑘+1 + 52𝑘−1 = 21𝑀 4𝑘+1 = 21𝑀 − 52𝑘−1
4
Prove n=k+1
∑(2𝑖 + 3)
𝑖=2
4𝑘+1+1 + 52(𝑘+1)−1

4𝑘+2 + 52𝑘+1
4𝑘+1 ∙ 4 + 52𝑘+1

4(21𝑀 − 52𝑘−1 ) + 52𝑘+1

84𝑀 − 4 ∙ 52𝑘−1 + 52𝑘+1

84𝑀 − 52𝑘 (4 ∙ 5−1 − 5)

1
84𝑀 − 52𝑘 (4 ∙ − 5)
5
4
84𝑀 − 52𝑘 ( − 5)
5
21
84𝑀 − 52𝑘 (− )
5
1
21 [4𝑀 − 52𝑘 (− )]
5
1
21 [4𝑀 + 52𝑘 ∙ ]
5
is true by PMI
Proving Inequality by PMI:
2𝑛 > 𝑛2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 > 5

n=6

26 > 𝑛 6
64 > 36 TRUE
Assume n=k

2𝑘 > 𝑘 2
Prove n=k+1

2𝑘+1 > (𝑘 + 1)2

2𝑘 ∙ 2 > (𝑘 + 1)2

2(𝑘 2 ) > (𝑘 + 1)2

2𝑘 2 > 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1
is true by PMI

Prepared by:

Joanna Marie de Jesus