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Department of Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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D. F. Covey and W. F. Hood
Results
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Suicide Substrates and the Aromatase Mechanism
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D. F. Covey and W. F. Hood
Table 2
Evidence for irreversible time-dependent inactivation
Microsomes (0.058 mg protein per 0.5 ml) in the presence (+) or absence (-) of 100 /UMNADPH were incubated with inhibitors for 60 min
at 37°in air. An aliquot was removed for aromatase activity determination, and the remaining microsomes were pelleted at 100,000 X g for
60 min at 4°.The supernatant was discarded and the pellet (Pi) was resuspended for aromatase activity and protein content determination.
A portion of the resuspended microsomes were put through the centrifugation procedure again. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet
(P2) was resuspended for aromatase activity and protein content determination. Activities are expressed as percentage of initial control
microsome activity.
1,4-ADD
fiM)Control (10 (iM)Testolactone (400
+Initial 4,6-ADD(10/iM) +
microsomes
Resuspended pellet (P,) 95.1 (0.028)6 42.2 (0.037) (0.030) 59.2 (0.033) 31.3(0.030) 73.9 (0.028)
Resuspended pellet (P2)100a 69.6 (0.020)9.4 65.3(0.017)0.83.8 12.7(0.019)14.9 65.9(0.015)16.9 33.1 (0.020)58.8 55.5(0.018)
Specific activity, 65.2 pmol estrogen per 5 min per 0.058 mg protein.
' Numbers in parentheses, actual protein concentration in 0.5-ml assay.
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Suicide Substrates and the Aromatase Mechanism
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Discussion
3. Brodie. A. M. H.. Schwarzel, W. C., Shaikh, A. A., and Brodie. H. J. The of estrogens. Endocrinology, 71: 920-925, 1962.
effect of an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, on 14. Kelly, W. G., Judd, D., and Stolee, A. Aromatization of A"-androstene-3,17-
estrogen-dependent processes in reproduction and breast cancer. Endocri dione, 19-hydroxy-A4-androstene-3,17-dione, and 1g-oxo-A'-androstene-
nology, 700. 1684-1695, 1977. 3,17-dione at a common catalytic site in human placental microsomes.
4. Brodie, A. M. H. Recent advances in studies on estrogen biosynthesis. J. Biochemistry, 16: 140-145, 1977.
Endocrinol. Invest., 2. 445-460, 1979. 15. Kitz, R., and Wilson, I. B. Esters of methanesulfonic acid as irreversible
5. Brodie, H. J., Kripalani, K. J., and Possanza, G. Studies on the mechanism inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. J. Biol. Chem., 237. 3245-3249, 1962.
of estrogen biosynthesis. VI. The stereochemistry of hydrogen elimination at 16. Lineweaver, H., and Burk, D. The determination of enzyme dissociation
C-2 during aromatization. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91: 1241-1242, 1965. constants. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56. 658-666, 1934.
6. Covey, D. F., and Hood. W. F. Enzyme-generated intermediates derived 17. Marcotte, P. A., and Robinson, C H. Evaluation of a series of 10/3 substituted
from 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione and 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione estr-4-ene-3,17-dione derivatives/inactivators of human placental estrogen
cause a time-dependent decrease in human placenta! aromatase activity. synthetase (aromatase). Fed. Proc., 40: 1867, 1981.
Endocrinology, 108: 1597-1599, 1981. 18. Meigs, R. A., and Ryan, K. J. Enzymatic aromatization of steroids. J. Biol.
7. Covey, D. F., and Hood, W. F. Studies on the mechanism of the time- Chem., 246. 83-87, 1971.
dependent decrease in human placental aromatase activity caused by 4- 19. Metcalf, B. W., Wright, C. L., Burkhart, J. P., and Johnston, J. O. Substrate-
androstene-3,6,17-trione. Fed. Proc., 40: 818, 1981. induced inactivation of aromatase by allenic and acetylenic steroids. J. Am.
8. Covey, D. F., and Hood. W. F. Aromatase enzyme catalysis is involved in Chem. Soc., 703. 3221-3222, 1981.
the potent inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis caused by 4-acetoxy- and 4- 20. Osawa, Y. Mechanism of aromatization. In: R. O. Scow (ed.), Endocrinology
hydroxy-4-androstene-3.17-dione. Mol. Pharmacol., 21: 173-180, 1982. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Endocrinology, pp. 814-
9. Covey, D. F., Hood, W. F., and Parikh, V. D. 10/8-Propynyl-substituted 819. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1973.
steroids: mechanism-based enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of estro 21. Schwarzel, W. C.. Kruggel. W. G.. and Brodie, H. J. Studies on the mecha
gen biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem., 256. 1076-1079, 1981. nism of estrogen biosynthesis. VIII. The development of inhibitors of the
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Discussion
Dr. Zumoff: I have a question for Dr. Longcope concerning the to be necessarily the case with the aromatization. Therefore, I think
concept he presented of the relative validity of the blood and the urine that increased aromatization does occur in people who are obese
methods of measuring conversion. I think that if one is concerned about since, as I mentioned, adipose tissue is the site of aromatization. The
how much androstenedione is converted to estrone, which is then more adipose tissue, the more activity.
capable of affecting an organ distant from the area in which it is formed, Dr. Osawa: I have a comment and question to Dr. Covey in relation
thereby having to travel through blood, then it is the blood conversion to his mechanism that suggests that, for an inhibitor to be suicide
which is the valid one from the point of view of the distant biological active, it requires first and second hydroxylations before actual etio-
effect, rather than the overall conversion which is measured in the glycosamine inhibition occurs. We have recently found that 19-noreth-
urine. As he pointed out from the ratios between the urine and the isterone compared to the 17a-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone is an effective
blood conversion rate and the overall increase in the urine conversion suicide inhibitor the action of which is time and dose dependent and
rate, I would estimate that very obese women should have virtually no requires NADPH. It is certainly a better suicide inhibitor than A'-
increase in blood conversion rate. This would account for the fact that testololactone. This is the major ingredient of contraceptive pills, so
these very obese women who have such a high increase in urinary the pill-taking woman may have in effect an inhibited aromatase system!
conversion rate may have no detectable increase in blood estrone Compared to that, 17a-ethinyltestosterone is not an inhibitor at all. This
levels. steroid has an angular methyl group as a requirement in its mechanism
Dr. Longcope: If you remember my diagram (Chart 1), Step 1 is the and also a conjugated acetylenic ketone in this case, which is required
overall aromatization in the tissues; then Step 2 is the estrogen going in the mechanism. But in this steroid you have to open the D ring up to
into the pool of free estrogen in the blood. This is a measurement we make it ketoacetylene. Whether this is true or not has to be tested. Yet
make when we determine the conversion in blood. This will also be the at least there is no hydrogen to be oxidized by the monooxygenase in
measurement we make for urine if Step 3, the direct conjugation of the usual sense. Still, they are active suicide inhibitors. How do you
estrogen in the tissue, does not occur. From the data of all groups, in accommodate that in your mechanism?
normal-weight individuals the p values measured in blood and urine are Dr. Covey: I don't! I'll let Dr. Robinson respond after I do. As you
essentially identical, indicating that no conjugation of estrogen occurs know, Dr. Osawa, there is some disparity between the way Dr. Metcalf
in the tissue without the estrogen first entering the blood pool. This is and his group believe that propargylestradiene works as a suicide
different in obese individuals. In their case, the data of McDonald substrate and the way I believe that it works. None of the experiments
indicate that it is not the conjugation in the tissue of origin but a very which either he or I or my group has done would in fact unambiguously
slow release or entry of estrogen formed in the tissues into the blood distinguish one of those mechanisms from the other. So I certainly
pool. There is no evidence that I am aware of for the necessity for could not say for sure that oxygen is not inserted directly into the
conjugation first. So if you continue infusion for 48 hr, then blood p acetylene of propargylestrenedione (RED) and that inactivation in some
and urine p will be similar. This is an infusion period which I find a little part might not result from that. In the end, there are 2 ways to resolve
impractical, and I think most people would. Under those conditions, it that. You could make more chemical modifications, hoping to subtract
is easier to measure the urinary p, which will be higher, as I indicated, out one of the 2 mechanisms. The drawbacks to that approach are that
by a factor in our groups of 4 times. It is not the conjugation in the you have made a chemical modification and you must accept that, in
tissue of origin that presents a problem here. This is the problem that attempting to redesign the system to answer one question, you will
occurs when you measure androgen interconversions in the urine, as necessarily introduce new structural differences which may raise other
opposed to in the blood, where there is conjugation and further metab questions simultaneously. The second way would be to start to study
olism in the tissue where the conversion occurs. This does not appear the metabolism of the steroid itself by the enzyme. Both of those
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A New Hypothesis Based on Suicide Substrate Inhibitor Studies
for the Mechanism of Action of Aromatase
Douglas F. Covey and William F. Hood
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