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Full Midterm Report Group Dinali Lâm Hà Hiếu
Full Midterm Report Group Dinali Lâm Hà Hiếu
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PROJECT REPORT
UNDERSTANDING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND
IMPLEMENTING SIMPLE SYSTEMS ON GNU RADIO
Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Đỗ Trọng Tuấn
Group 3
Liyanaarachchige Dinali
20170289 EEE K61
Thushanga Jayasinghe
Đỗ Thu Hà 20161213 EEE K61
19/11/2020
Contents
PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................4
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................................5
TABLE OF TASKS FOR MEMBER...................................................................................................................6
I. Wireless Communication - Overview...................................................................................................7
I.I Features of Wireless Communication.............................................................................................7
I.II General structure of a communication system.............................................................................7
I.III Advantages.....................................................................................................................................8
I.IV Types of Paths................................................................................................................................8
a. Direct-path.................................................................................................................................8
b. Multi-path..................................................................................................................................8
c. Multipath propagation..............................................................................................................9
I.V Characteristics of Wireless Channel..............................................................................................9
I.VI Transmission Limitations..............................................................................................................9
a. Attenuation.................................................................................................................................9
b. Distortion....................................................................................................................................9
c. Dispersion.................................................................................................................................10
d. Noise..........................................................................................................................................10
e. Scope of performance deterioration, which affects the output.............................................11
II. Simulation on GNU Radio..................................................................................................................12
II.I AM Transmission..........................................................................................................................12
a. What is amplitude modulation?..............................................................................................13
b. Amplitude demodulation.........................................................................................................14
c. Advantages & disadvantages of amplitude modulation, AM...............................................14
d. Derivatives of Amplitude Modulation....................................................................................15
e. AM overview............................................................................................................................15
f. Flow graph...............................................................................................................................15
II.II Modulation...................................................................................................................................18
a. Definition:.................................................................................................................................18
b. Types of modulation................................................................................................................19
c. Modulation and demodulation................................................................................................20
d. Why use modulation?..............................................................................................................20
e. MPSK modulation:..................................................................................................................21
f. Modulation Sequence..............................................................................................................22
g. With Channel Impairments....................................................................................................26
h. Transmission Channel.............................................................................................................28
II.III Demodulation.............................................................................................................................30
a. Definition:.................................................................................................................................30
b. Need of demodulation..............................................................................................................31
c. Difference between Modulation and Demodulation..............................................................31
d. QPSK and 16-QAM Demodulation........................................................................................31
e. Channel Model with Timing Recovery...................................................................................34
f. With Equalizer.........................................................................................................................37
g. Decoding...................................................................................................................................41
II.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)............................................................44
a. Introduction:............................................................................................................................44
b. Data on OFDM.........................................................................................................................45
c. Perks.........................................................................................................................................45
d. Block diagram..........................................................................................................................46
e. Simulation................................................................................................................................46
f. Results.......................................................................................................................................47
II.5 Image Transfer.............................................................................................................................48
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................50
References.................................................................................................................................................51
PREFACE
With the extremely strong development of information technology in general
and wireless communication systems in particular, the demand for electronic and
telecommunication systems is growing rapidly and strongly. Therefore, it has
design requirements for the manufacture of wireless communication systems with
small and compact dimensions that still meet the required function that the noise
can be avoided as little as possible and suitable for current use needs and aims. The
subject “Wireless Communication” helps us understand more about using Gnu
Radio software to simulate some simple communication systems, know what is
good communication systems and how to mitigate the noise and interference. We
would like to send our most sincere thanks to Assoc. Prof. Do Trong Tuan for
supporting and supervising us during the course. Due to lacking of time and
experience in terms of deeply diving into new software, so our project is inevitable
shortcomings.
Ultimately, we would like to send our sincere thanks to the teachers in the
Institution, the students of previous year and especially to Assoc. Prof. Do Trong
Tuan who enthusiastically guided and explained in detail throughout the course of
study to help us complete this topic.
We sincerely thank you!
LIST OF FIGURE
b. The Source coder: Reduce the amount of source data to be transmitted. Used
to save the required transmission time and bandwidth. (Removal of
redundancy information in the source signal)
e. The Propagation Channel: Attenuates the signal and leads to delay and
frequency dispersion. Furthermore, the environment adds noise (AWGN)
Additive White Gaussian Noise and co – channel interference.’
f. The Source Decoder: Reconstruct the source signal from the rules of source
coding. Final data will be reproduced.
I.III Advantages
Cost effectiveness
Flexibility
Convenience
Speed
Accessibility
Constant connectivity
c. Multipath propagation
In wireless media, signals propagate using three principles, which are reflection,
scattering, and diffraction.
Reflection occurs when the signal encounters a large solid surface, whose
size is much larger than the wavelength of the signal, e.g., a solid wall.
Diffraction occurs when the signal encounters an edge or a corner, whose
size is larger than the wavelength of the signal, e.g., an edge of a wall.
Scattering occurs when the signal encounters small objects of size smaller
than the wavelength of the signal.
One consequence of multipath propagation is that multiple copies of a signal
propagation along multiple different paths, arrive at any point at different times.
Therefore, the signal received at a point is not only affected by the inherent
noise, distortion, attenuation, and dispersion in the channel but also
the interaction of signals propagated along multiple paths.
They are reflected, diffracted and scattered by the environment, and arrive at the
receiver shifted in amplitude, frequency and phase with respect to the direct path
component.
I.V Characteristics of Wireless Channel
Path loss
Fading
Interference
Doppler shift
I.VI Transmission Limitations
The various limitations that affect electromagnetic wave transmissions.
a. Attenuation
The strength of signal falls with distance over transmission medium. The extent
of attenuation is a function of distance, transmission medium, as well as the
frequency of the underlying transmission.
b. Distortion
Since signals at different frequencies attenuate to different extents, a signal
comprising of components over a range of frequencies gets distorted, i.e., the
shape of the received signal changes.
A standard method of resolving this problem (and recovering the original shape)
is to amplify higher frequencies and thus equalize attenuation over a band of
frequencies.
c. Dispersion
Dispersion is the phenomenon of spreading of a burst of electromagnetic energy
during propagation. Bursts of data sent in rapid succession tend to merge due to
dispersion.
d. Noise
The most pervasive form of noise is thermal noise, which is often modeled
using an additive Gaussian model. Thermal noise is due to thermal agitation of
electrons and is uniformly distributed across the frequency spectrum.
Other forms of noise include −
Inter modulation noise (caused by signals produced at frequencies that are
sums or differences of carrier frequencies)
Crosstalk (interference between two signals)
Impulse noise (irregular pulses of high energy caused by external
electromagnetic disturbances).
While an impulse noise may not have a significant impact on analog data, it has
a noticeable effect on digital data, causing burst errors.
Figure 1. 1 The signal with burst errors
The above figure clearly illustrates how the noise signal overlaps the original
signal and tries to change its characteristics.
e. Scope of performance deterioration, which affects the output
The major cause: mobile channel impairments
To resolve this, there are three popular techniques –
1)Equalizer
2)Diversity
3)Channel Coding
Air band radio: VHF transmissions for many airborne applications still use
AM. It is used for ground to air radio communications as well as two-way
radio links for ground staff as well.
These form some of the main uses of amplitude modulation. However, in its
basic form, this form of modulation is being used less as a result of its
inefficient use of both spectrum and power.
In order that a radio signal can carry audio or other information for broadcasting
or for two-way radio communication, it must be modulated or changed in some
way. Although there are a number of ways in which a radio signal may be
modulated, one of the easiest is to change its amplitude in line with variations of
the sound.
In this way the amplitude of the radio frequency signal varies in line with the
instantaneous value of the intensity of the modulation. This means that the radio
frequency signal has a representation of the sound wave superimposed in it.
Figure 2. 1 Amplitude Modulation
From the diagram, it can be seen that the envelope of the signal follows the
contours of the modulating signal.
b. Amplitude demodulation
One of the main reasons for the popularity of amplitude modulation has been the
simplicity of the demodulation. It enables costs to be kept low - a significant
advantage in producing vast quantities of very low cost AM radios.
c. Advantages & disadvantages of amplitude modulation, AM
Advantages
It is simple to implement
it can be demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components
AM receivers being very cheap as no specialized components are needed.
Disadvantages
It is not efficient in terms of its power usage
It is not efficient in terms of its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal to
twice that of the highest audio frequency
It is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based and
obviously AM detectors are sensitive to it.
Although in the current technological climate, AM in its basic form is not nearly
as effective as other modes that can be used, it is still retained in many areas like
broadcasting, because of the number of users. However, it is likely that with time,
its use will decrease still further and ultimately many AM transmissions will cease.
However, its derivatives like quadrature amplitude modulation are widely used as
they offer a very effective form of modulation, especially for data transmission.
d. Derivatives of Amplitude Modulation
AM has advantages of simplicity, but it is not the most efficient mode to use,
both in terms of the amount of space or spectrum it takes up, and the way in which
it uses the power that is transmitted. This is the reason why it is not widely used
these days both for broadcasting and for two-way radio communication.
Even the long, medium and short wave broadcasts will ultimately change
because of the fact that amplitude modulation, AM, is subject to much higher
levels of noise than are other modes.
For the moment, its simplicity, and its widespread usage, mean that it will be
difficult to change quickly, and it will be in use for many years to come
f. Flow graph
• AM Transceiver: takes the audio signal as an input and delivers amplitude
modulated wave to the antenna as an output to be transmitted.
Figure 2. 2 AM transceiver flow graph[CITATION www \l 1033 ]
Figure 2.
Waveform of the Signal after three types of modulation
AM, FM and PM
Radio and television broadcasts and satellite radio typically use AM or FM.
Most short-range two-way radios -- up to tens of miles -- use FM, while longer-
range two-way radios -- up to hundreds or thousands of miles -- typically employ a
mode known as single sideband (SSB).
More complex forms of modulation include phase-shift keying (PSK) and QAM.
Modern Wi-Fi modulation uses a combination of PSK and QAM64 or QAM256 to
encode multiple bits of information into each transmitted symbol.
c. Modulation and demodulation
Modulation is the process of encoding information in a transmitted signal, while
demodulation is the process of extracting information from the transmitted signal.
Many factors influence how faithfully the extracted information replicates the
original input information. Electromagnetic interference can degrade signals and
make the original signal impossible to extract. Demodulators typically include
multiple stages of amplification and filtering in order to eliminate interference.
A device that performs both modulation and demodulation is called a modem --
a name created by combining the first letters of Modulator and Demodulator.
A computer audio modem allows a computer to connect to another computer or
to a data network over a regular analog phone line by using the data signal to
modulate an analog audio tone. A modem at the far end demodulates the audio
signal to recover the data stream. A cable modem uses network data to modulate
the cable service carrier signal.
Sometimes a carrier signal can carry more than one modulating information
stream. Multiplexing combines the streams onto a single carrier -- e.g., by
encoding a fixed-duration segment of one, then of the next, for example, cycling
through all the channels before returning to the first -- a process called time-
division multiplexing (TDM). Another form is frequency-division multiplexing
(FDM), where multiple carriers of different frequencies are used on the same
medium.
d. Why use modulation?
Multiple carriers of different frequencies can often be transmitted over a single
media, with each carrier being modulated by an independent signal. For example,
Wi-Fi uses individual channels to simultaneously transmit data to and from
multiple clients.
e. MPSK modulation:
The M-PSK Modulator Baseband block modulates an input signal using
M-Ary Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and returns a complex baseband output.
Flow graph
Waveform
Figure 2.
Waveform
Figure 2. Channel model with Timing recovery simulation results
[2] Nicola Marchetti, Muhammad Imadur Rahman, Sanjay Kumar and Ramjee Prasad, "OFDM: Principles
and challenges," 2009.
[3] Steve Jordan, Bhaumil Patel, "Image transfer and Software Defined Radio using USRP and GNU
Radio".