Introduction To Information Technology

UR-CE
CSC1141-Introduction to Information
Technology (10CU).
Lecturer: Albert NGIRUWONSANGA
Mobile: +250 788 471 881
E-mail: ngiruwonsanga.rw@gmail.com
Module description
Total 100 hours

• 48 hours (Face to face/ contact hours)
12 hours of theoretical Part (1 group of MBE, MCsE,
MGE, PGE)
30 hours of practical parts
6 hours of structured exercises
• 52 hours (self study+ Reading+ Examination)
17 November 2019 Computer Science 2

Indicative Content
This module is designed to form the foundation for continuous
learning with introduction to emerging trends such as mobile
applications, digital money, social media etc:
 Introduction to computers,
 Operating Systems for Desktops and Laptops
 Windows Systems for Portable Devices, Tablets and
Smartphones-Android, IoS,
 Word Processing: case, Operating of Microsoft Word,
 Spreadsheet Management: case of Microsoft Excel,
 Presentation Software: Case of Microsoft PowerPoint,
 Internet applications,
 One Laptop Per Child (OLPC),
 Social Media 3
Knowledge and Understanding
Having successfully completed the module, students will be
able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
The concepts and fundamentals of Computer hardware
and software,
Ms-Windows Operating System and application software
like Ms-Word, Ms-Excel, Ms-Power point and Internet
Explorer,
Operating System for Smartphones such as Android, IoS,
Social Media, Facebook. Whatsapp, Twitter

Cognitive/Intellectual & Practical skills/Application of
Knowledge/Numeracy/Analytic Techniques
Having successfully completed the module, students should be
able to:
Describe various input and output devices and their role in
computer.
Apply the knowledge of learnt application software in daily
life activities by using word processing, worksheets,
presentations, and Internet tools.
Demonstrate theoretical and Practical skills in Computer
Science.
Solve minor computer problems related to both hardware
and software.
Use2019computer in numerical
17 November and financial calculation of day
Computer Science 5
Generic competencies (attitude, values, attributes)
Having successfully completed the module, students should be
able to:
 Search study material using computers and internet.
 Be self-contained to perform their assigned responsibility
independently or with little guidance.
 Be self-employed by applying learnt knowledge.
 Use ICT in social life for collaboration, team work and peace
building.

Examination process
• In-course assessment composed of written and practical
test, assignment or homework and handled practical
assignment must be organized. Students have to receive
comments on their works and results where it is needed.
• In-course assessment counts for 50% of the whole course
marks while the final examination will count for 50% and
cover the whole content.

Contents
• Definition of computer
• Evolution of computers
– History of computing
– Generations of computers
(Five generations)
• Basics of computer and its operation:
– Functional Components and their interconnections
(Input unit, computer case, and output units)

Definition
Definition of a computer
• A computer is an electronic device capable of executing
instructions, developed based on algorithms stored in its
memory, to process data fed to it and produce the required
results faster than human beings.

• Electronic device: material which recognize the presence of
electric signal.
• Instructions: (order/request/ )
• Algorithms: A set of instructions given step by step to
accomplish a task,
• Memory: storage devices used to keep trace of data,
• Data : Raw fact of object
• Information : processed data gives information

Definition of Computer
Electronic Device
Accepts and stores input
Manipulates result
Outputs results
Under direction of stored programs and instructions

Hardware
Basic Components of a Computer

Evolution of Computer
The development of the modern day computer was the
result of advances in technologies and man's need to
quantify.
Let us look at some of the important milestones in the

evolution of computers.

ABACUS
•The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in Babylonia.

•is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performi
arithmetic processes.
•Beads on rods to count and calculate
•still widely used in Asia!
Pascal’s Adding Machine
In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal , a French mathematician invented a

calculating machine named as Adding Machine.
This machine was capable of doing Addition and Subtraction. This

device is known as the First Calculator of the world.

Leibniz’s Calculator
In 1671 AD, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a German Mathematician

improved the Adding machine and made a new machine capable of
performing multiplication and division also.

Jacquard Loom - 1801
 First stored program - metal cards. First

computer manufacturing.
 Invented by Joseph Jacquard and
demonstrated in 1801, the Jacquard Loom is an
attachment for powered fabric looms.
Jacquard Loom - 1801
• It uses a chain of punch cards to instruct

the loom on how to make intricate textiles.
• Loom is a weaving apparatus, a hand-operated
or machine-operated device for weaving thread
or yarn into cloth (i.e. used in textile industries).
Babbage’s Difference Engine
Charles Babbage was a famous British mathematician. In 1822,

he designed a machine called Difference Engine. It aimed at
calculating mathematical tables.
Since the technology was not so advanced at that time this
machine could not be made.
Babbage’s Analytical Engine
In 1833, Charles Babbage designed a machine called Analytical

Engine. It had almost all the parts of a modern computer.
Unfortunately, this machine could not be built because of lack of
technology. His designs remained a concept.
His great designs earned him the title of the ‘Father of

Computers’.
Lady Ada
Lord Byron's daughter, Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of

Lovelace, suggested to Babbage that he uses the binary system in
his machine.
She wrote programs for his analytical engine in 1840, becoming the
world's first computer programmer.
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
Hollerith, a Mathematician, invented a fast counting machine

named Tabulating Machine in 1880.
This machine was used by American Department of Census to
complete their 1880 census data. A census is the procedure of
systematically acquiring and recording information about the
members of a given population.
Computer named ‘Mark 1’
Howard Aiken of Harvard University in USA joined hands with

the company IBM.
He developed a computer named Mark I in 1943.
It could perform mathematical operations very fast.
It could perform one operation per second.

ENIAC
The first electronic computer ENIAC was developed in 1946 by

a team lead by Professor Eckert and Mauchly at the University of
Pennsylvania in USA.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was
very huge and very fast.
It could solve 5000 operations per second.
Intel 8080 Processor
In 1974 the Intel 8080 processor was introduced - it became the

basis for the first personal computers.

Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence
Reliability
Versatility
Memory

Characteristics of Computer
Speed: the computer can process data faster than any other
machine with its speed of 1/1M of a sec
Accuracy: a computer's high-speed processing gives 99.99%
error free results
Diligence : not afflicted to tiredness, monotony, lack of
concentration like human beings.
Reliability: the computer can make decisions based on
alternative course of action.
Versatility: can work with different types of data like sound,
graphics, audio.
Memory :computers can store information in the memory and
use them when needed.
What is Data and Information
Data is raw facts
Example: Rwanda, ICT, Africa, 2007
Information is meaningful and arranged form of data
Example: Rwanda is fastest growing ICT country in Africa

according to a public poll held in 2007.

Hardware
Hardware refers to physical components that can be seen and
touched. E.g. CPU, Memory, I/O devices.
Software
Software is a set of programs that make the Hardware of the
computer run. Program is a set of instructions.

Computer system
Computer system
Software
Hardware
Inputs Computer Outputs System Application

Devices Case Devices Software Software
Power Central Examples: Examples: Examples:

Examples: supply processing
unit
Mother
Board/ Carte
Mère
Control unit Arithmetic and Registers
Logic Unit

Classification of Computer Systems
• On the basis of Technology
• Generations of computers
• On the basis of Purpose
• General Purpose, special Purpose computers
• On The basis of size & Speed
• Micro, Mini , mainframe & Super Computers
• On the basis of how it functions (Data handled)
• Analog, Digital & Hybrid Computers

Technology Based Classification of Computer
Systems
Each generation of computer is

characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally
changed the way computers operate,
resulting in increasingly
•smaller, •more efficient and

•cheaper, •reliable devices.
•more powerful
FIRST GENERATION
TIME PERIOD : 1940's-1950's Structure of
a Vaccum
Tube
TECHNOLOGY USED : Vacuum
Tubes
SIZE AND SPEED : Huge, taking up
entire rooms, Slow speed
UNIVAC
LANGUAGE USED : Machine
language
COST : System and working cost very high .
ENIAC

OTHER FEATURES :
•Used a great deal of electricity.
•Generated a lot of heat.
•Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
EXAMPLE: UNIVAC and ENIAC

Second Generation Computers (2nd Generation)
TIME PERIOD : 1950's- 1960's
TECHNOLOGY USED: Transistors
Transistors
SIZE AND SPEED : Lesser size and increased
speed
LANGUAGE USED: Assembly language and
languages like COBOL and FORTRAN UNIVAC 1108
COST: Cost decreased

IBM 1401
OTHER FEATURES : More efficient and reliable.
Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat
that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube.
Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards
for input and printouts for output.
EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604

Third Generation Computers (3rd Generation)
TIME PERIOD: late 1960's-1970's
TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit IBM 360/50
SIZE AND SPEED: Size Lesser and speed further

increased
LANGUAGE USED: Operating System was developed.
COST : Cost decreased further

OTHER FEATURES: Instead of punched cards and printouts,
users interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system,
which allowed the device to run many different applications at one
time with a central program that monitored the memory.
Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass

audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.
EXAMPLE : IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell

– 6000

Fourth Generation Computers (4th Generation)
TIME PERIOD : 1970's-today
TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

The Macintosh 128K,
SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendousthe was
first Macintosh,
the first
speed commercially
successful personal
computer to use
LANGUAGE USED: High Level Languages like images, rather than
text, to communicate.
PASCAL, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA
COST: Reduced Cost

Intel 4004D
Microproce
ssor
•OTHER FEATURES: Microprocessors also moved out of the
realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as
more and more everyday products began to use
microprocessors.
•As these small computers became more powerful, they could

be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to
the development of the Internet.
•Fourth generation computers also saw the development of
GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
EXAMPLE : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh

Fifth Generation Computers (5th Generation)
TIME PERIOD: 1990's -today
TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor
SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed
LANGUAGE USED : Based on Artificial intelligence
COST : Reduced Cost
OTHER FEATURES: Fifth generation computing devices, based
on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used
today.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and
self-organization.

According to purpose
• General purpose- a machine that can be used to process
many types of applications. Ex microcomputers
• Special purpose- a machine that can be used for a specific
application or just ONE application.
Ex: Weather Forecasting and Airlines Reservation

According to data handled
• Analog computers- a computer that manipulates

continuous or approximate types of data
• Digital computers - a computer that manipulates
discrete types of data
• Hybrid computers- a computer that can manipulate
both analog or digital types of data

According to size or capacity
• Microcomputer – smallest in size and the cheapest. It can
handle thousands of records.
• Minicomputer – the medium size computer, bigger and more
expensive than the microcomputer
• Mainframe – a large computer that can handle millions of data,
Support multiple user, does server tasks
• Supercomputer – is a very large computer that manipulates
billions of data

The block diagram of a computer

Basic Units
A computer is designed using four basic units:
1)Input Unit
2)Central Processing Unit (CPU
3)Memory Unit
4)Output Unit

1. Input devices
• Accept data or commands and convert them to electronic

form
• Getting data into the computer
– Typing on a keyboard
– Pointing with a mouse
– Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code reader
– Terminal

Examples:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Speech Input
• Unit Microphone
• Scanner
• Digital Camera

2. Output devices
• Convert from electronic form to some other forms

• May display the processed results
• Usable information
Monitor or screen Printer

• Text • Black and white
• Numbers • Color
• Symbols
• Art
• Photographs
• Video
Examples:
• Monitor or Video Display Unit or screen,

• Printer
• Microfilm and Microfiche
• Graphic Display device (Digitizing Tablet)
• Speech Output Unit or loud speaker
• Projector

3.The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
. Converts data to useful information
• Interpret and execute instructions

• Communicate with input, output and storage
• Three parts
– Control Unit (CU)
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
– (Registers)

Arithmetic / Logic Unit ---- ALU
Performs arithmetic operations

Performs logical operations

Arithmetic Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division

Logical Operations
• Evaluates conditions
• Makes comparisons
• Can compare
– Numbers
– Letters
– Special characters

Control Unit ------ CU
• Part of the hardware that is in-charge

 Directs the computer system to execute stored
program instructions
 Communicates with other parts of the hardware

Registers
Special-purpose, High-speed-Temporary storage,
Located inside CPU
Instruction register Data register
Holds instruction Holds data waiting to be

currently being processed
executed
Holds results from
processing

Computer Memory
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory,
refers to computer components, devices, and recording
media that retain digital data used for computing for some
interval of time.

Types of Memory
Memory
Primary Secondary
ROM RAM
ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM SRAM DRAM

RAM ( Random Access Memory )
Also called: Primary storage or memory or Primary
memory or Main storage or Internal storage or Main
memory or temporary storage. It is also known as the
Read and Write memory.
• RAM - Temporary storage,
• Holds input to be processed,
• Holds results of processing,
• Contains the programs to control the computer and
manipulate input into output,
• This memory is volatile: Whatever information you
store is temporary in nature and when you switch off
the computer everything is erased.
ROM (Read Only Memory )
• It is a memory unit that performs the Read operation only

and does not have a write capability.
• Non-volatile
• Instructions for booting the computer
• Data and instructions can be read, but not modified
• Instructions are typically recorded at factory

An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read
data on the optical media. The two types are CD and DVD
(Digital Versatile/Video Disc).
A flash drive is a removable storage device that connects to

a USB port. A flash drive uses a type
of memory that requires no power to maintain the
data.

Secondary Storage
• Long-term storage
• Non-volatile
• For safekeeping and later re-use

Secondary Storage Examples
• Magnetic disks – read and written by magnetic disk drive
– Hard disk
– Diskette(floppy Disk)
• Optical disks – read and written by optical disk drives
– CD-ROM
– DVD-ROM
• Magnetic tape – read and written by magnetic tape
drives
– Primarily used for back-up

The principal characteristics of a memory.
 Capacity: representing the total volume of information (out

of bits) that the memory can store;
 The access time: corresponding to the interval of time
enters
the request for read/write and the availability of the data;
 Cycle time: representing the interval of minimum time
between two successive accesses;
 Flow: defining the volume of information exchanged per unit
of time, expressed out of bits a second;
 Nonvolatility: characterizing the aptitude of a memory to
preserve the data when it is not fed any more electrically.
Motherboards
 Video Graphics Array (VGA)

17 November 2019
 Digital Visual Interface (DVI)
Computer Science 68
Motherboards(cont)
The main printed circuit board. It contains the buses, or electrical
pathways found in a computer.
•Buses allow data to travel among the various components.
•Also known as the system board, the backplane, mobo, or the
main board.
•Accommodates CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan
assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, internal and external connectors,
various ports, and the embedded wires that interconnect the
motherboard components.

Internal Cables
•Data cables connect drives to the drive controller, which is
located on an adapter card or on the motherboard.
Example: Floppy disk drive (FDD) data cable

USB Ports and Cables

USB Ports and Cables
 USB is a standard interface for connecting
peripheral devices to a computer.
 USB devices are hot-swappable.
 USB ports are found on computers, cameras,
printers, scanners, storage devices, and many
other electronic devices.
 A single USB port in a computer can support
up to 127 separate devices with the use of
multiple USB hubs.
 Some devices can also be powered through
the USB port, eliminating the need for an
external power source.

Parallel Ports and Cables

Parallel Ports and Cables
Parallel ports can transmit 8 bits of data at one time.
To connect a parallel device, such as a printer, a parallel
cable must be used.
A parallel cable has a maximum length of 15 feet (4.5 m).

 To access a printer, a computer must have an interface with
it. The following are common interface types:
 Serial data transfer is the movement of single bits of
information in a single cycle.
 Parallel data transfer is the movement of multiple bits of
information in a single cycle.
 Parallel data transfer is faster than serial data transfer
 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), uses parallel
communication to achieve high data-transfer rates.
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a common interface for printers
and other devices.

Power Supplies

Data Representation On/Off
Binary number system is used to represent the state

of the electronic circuit in memory.
When we press any key from the key board, 8
electrical signals are generated from there to the CPU
to be processed.

Number System Conversion
Different Number Systems:

•Decimal Number System: Use 10 symbols( 0,1,2,… 9)
•Binary Number System: Use 2 symbols (1 and 0)
•Hexadecimal Number System: Use 16 symbols(0,1,2,…9,
A,B,C,D,E,F)
•Octal Number System: Use 8 symbols (0,1,2, …, 7)

Conversion from Dec. N. S to B.N.S
• Continuously dividing a given number by 2 and

keeping the remainder value for each step.
• Read(record) the remainders from the last to the
first.
Ex: Convert 2710 from Dec. system into binary
system

Conversion: Dec. N. S to B.N.S (cont)
• 27:2=13 R=1
• 13:2=6 R =1
• 6:2=3 R=0
• 3:2=1 R=1
• 1:2=0 R=1
Then we say 2710 in Dec. N System = 110112 into

Binary Number System.

Conversion: B.N.S to Dec. N. S
Ex: Convert 110112 from B N S to Dec.

NS
• step1: count the position of each digit

in a given number, from right to left
starting from Zero.
•Step2: Sum ( each digit * 2position)

Conversion: B.N.S to Dec. N. S( cont)
Step1: 1 4 13 0 2 1 1 10
Step2: 1*24+1*23+0*22 +1*21+1*20
= 16+8+0+2+1
=27

Conversion from Dec. N. S to Hex.
N. S
• Continuously dividing a given number by 16
and keeping the remainder value for each
step.
• Read(record) the remainders from the last to
the first.
Ex: Convert 2710 from Dec. system into
Hexadecimal Number System

Conversion: Dec. N. S to Hex. N. S
(cont)
• 27:16=1 R=11
• 1:16=0 R =1
Then we say 2710 in Dec. N System = 1 B into

Hexadecimal Number System. Here, we are
replacing 11 by B which is accepted in
Hexadecimal Number System

Conversion: Hex. NS to Dec. N. S
Ex: Convert 1B from Hex. N.S to Dec.

NS
• step1: count the position of each digit

in a given number, from right to left
starting from Zero.
•Step2: Sum ( each digit * 16position)

Conversion: Hex. NS to Dec. N. S
Step1: 11 B0
Step2: 1*161+11*20
= 16+11
=27

Exercises
1)Convert the 2)Convert the
following Decimal following Hex N. S
number into binary into Decimal number
number, and vice- system, and vice-
versa. versa.
i. 0 i. 13F
ii. 124 ii. E3A
iii.7 iii.24
iv.1357 iv.139C
v.78
Conversion: Dec. N. S to Octal Number System
The same steps as these used to convert

from Dec. N.S into hex. N.S are followed to
convert a given number from Dec. N.S into
Octal Number System and vice-versa

Home work+Exercises
Find out how to convert a given number from Hexadecimal
number system into binary number system and vice-versa.
Find out how to convert a given number from Octal number

system into binary number system and vice-versa.
Find out how to perform arithmetic operations into binary

number system (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).

Binary Operations: ADDITION
1 11
100111
+110010
-------------------
17 November 2019
1011001
Computer Science 92
Measuring Storage Capacity
KB – kilobyte GB – gigabyte
• 1024 bytes • Billion bytes
• Some diskettes • Hard disks
• Cache memory • CDs and DVDs
MB – megabyte TB – terabytes
• Million bytes • Trillion bytes
• RAM • Large hard disks

Types of Software
Software is a set of programs that
govern the operations of computer )
System Software Application Software
( Software that ( Set of programs to

controls internal carry out operations for
computer operations ) a specified application )
Types of Software (CONT)
Software is a set of programs that
govern the operations of computer )
System Software : ( Software that
controls internal computer
operations )
Operating System
Language Processor
( Software which acts as
( Software which
an interface between
converts HLL program
user and the hardware )
into machine language )
System Software
Operating System:
A system program that provides resources to the other
programs.
•It is an environment in which the other programs run.
•It provides an interface to the user.
•There are two types of operating systems: Graphic User
Interface, and Command Line Interface. Examples of Graphic
User Interface are windows 9x, windows XP, Windows NT.
Examples of Command Line Interface are MS-DOS, and UNIX.

Need For Operating System
To make computer system convenient to use

To use computer hardware in an efficient manner
It decides
How to do?
What to do?
When to do?

Functions of Operating System
• File Management
• Device Management
• Memory Management

Application Software
It is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a

specified application.
Example
Programs
• To solve a set of equations
• To process examination results
• To prepare a Pay-Bill for an organization
• To prepare Electricity-Bill for each month
• All Microsoft office tool (word, excel, access, power point)

Activity: Explain the following terms and give examples,
i. Internet, and Intranet,
ii. Web page, Website, and Web 2.0,
iii. WWW, https, and TCP/IP,
iv. Social Media, and blog,
v. E-Learning, and Online learning,
vi. Online registration, and E-Tax Payment,
vii. E-Government, and IREMBO,
viii. Clients and Server machine,
ix. Cyber ethics, and Cyber security,
x. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Thank you!!!

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Total 100 hours

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Let us look at some of the important milestones in the

17 November 2019 Computer Science 13

•The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in Babylonia.

In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal , a French mathematician invented a

This machine was capable of doing Addition and Subtraction. This

17 November 2019 Computer Science 15

In 1671 AD, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a German Mathematician

17 November 2019 Computer Science 16

 First stored program - metal cards. First

• It uses a chain of punch cards to instruct

Charles Babbage was a famous British mathematician. In 1822,

In 1833, Charles Babbage designed a machine called Analytical

His great designs earned him the title of the ‘Father of

Lord Byron's daughter, Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of

Hollerith, a Mathematician, invented a fast counting machine

Howard Aiken of Harvard University in USA joined hands with

17 November 2019 Computer Science 23

The first electronic computer ENIAC was developed in 1946 by

In 1974 the Intel 8080 processor was introduced - it became the

17 November 2019 Computer Science 25

17 November 2019 Computer Science 26

Data is raw facts

Example: Rwanda, ICT, Africa, 2007

Information is meaningful and arranged form of data

Example: Rwanda is fastest growing ICT country in Africa

17 November 2019 Computer Science 28

17 November 2019 Computer Science 29

Inputs Computer Outputs System Application

Power Central Examples: Examples: Examples:

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Each generation of computer is

•smaller, •more efficient and

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17 November 2019 Computer Science 34

COST: Cost decreased

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17 November 2019 Computer Science 36

TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit IBM 360/50

SIZE AND SPEED: Size Lesser and speed further

LANGUAGE USED: Operating System was developed.

COST : Cost decreased further

17 November 2019 Computer Science 37

Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass

EXAMPLE : IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell

17 November 2019 Computer Science 38

TIME PERIOD : 1970's-today

TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

COST: Reduced Cost

•As these small computers became more powerful, they could

EXAMPLE : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh