Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

Student name
ARMIN MICOLTA HURTADO
Group 203058_45
Identification number
13108443

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?
Electromagnetic modes are analogous to the normal modes of vibration in other systems, such as
mechanical systems. The propagation modes refer to each of the possible configurations adopted by
the electromagnetic waves that travel through the waveguide. The propagation modes depend on the
wavelength, its polarization and the dimensions of the guide. As each mode has an associated cutoff
frequency, the frequency of the signal to be transmitted must be greater than the cutoff frequency,
thus the electromagnetic energy will be transmitted through the guide without attenuation. The
transverse modes are:
In Radio communication systems, we use wireless electromagnetic waves as the channel. The
antennas of different specifications can be used for these purposes. The mode of propagation of
electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere and in free space may be divided into the following three
categories:

The line of sight (LOS) propagation:

Among the modes of propagation, this line-of-sight propagation is the one, which we would have
commonly noticed. In the line-of-sight communication, as the name implies, the wave travels a
minimum distance of sight. Which means it travels to the distance up to which a naked eye can see.
Then we need to employ an amplifier cum transmitter here to amplify the signal and transmit again.
The line-of-sight propagation will not be smooth if there occurs any obstacle in its transmission path.
As the signal can travel only to lesser distances in this mode, this transmission is used for infrared or
microwave transmissions.
Ground wave propagation:
Ground wave propagation of the wave follows the contour of the earth. Such a wave is called a direct
wave. The wave sometimes bends due to the Earth’s magnetic field and gets reflected the receiver.
Such a wave can be termed as a reflected wave.
Skywave propagation
Skywave propagation is preferred when the wave has to travel a longer distance. Here the wave is
projected onto the sky and it is again reflected back to the earth.
The waves, which are transmitted from the transmitter antenna, are reflected from the ionosphere. It
consists of several layers of charged particles ranging in altitude from 30-250 miles above the surface
of the earth. Such travel of the wave from the transmitter to the ionosphere and from there to the
receiver on Earth is known as Sky Wave Propagation. The ionosphere is the ionized layer around the
Earth’s atmosphere, which is suitable for skywave propagation.
 2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?
Total internal reflection is the phenomenon, which occurs when a propagated wave strikes a medium
boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface.
If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than
the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical angle is the angle
of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs. This is particularly common as an optical
phenomenon, where light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as
electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves.

3. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

Snell's Law gives the equation which shows how light is refracted when it travels through two
different mediums that have two different indices of refraction. The formula for Snell's Law is this:

When light travels through empty space, it normally travels in a straight line. However, when light
travels from one medium to another, refraction takes place. Refraction is the bending of light when it
travels from one medium to a different type of medium.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group number and
𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2, incident from the air (𝜂1 =
120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝛺.
Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the meaning of the value obtained for
𝑃1− and 𝑃2+ .
R//: GG=45
CCC=443
𝑓 = 45 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
𝜂2 = 453 𝛺
Coeficiente de reflexión

𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏 𝟒𝟓𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝛑
ℾ= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏𝟏 𝟒𝟓𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝛑
Reflectancia
𝑹 = |ℾ|𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒%
Transmitancia
𝑻 = 𝟏 − 𝑹 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 = 𝟗𝟗%
Potencia reflejada
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾
|𝑷−
𝟏 | = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒% ∗ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝒎𝑽/𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟐

Potencia transmitida
|𝑷+ 𝟐
𝟐 | = 𝟗𝟗% ∗ 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾/𝒎 = 11𝟖𝟖𝟎𝒎𝑾/𝒎
𝟐
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2, coming from a wave
generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air (𝜂1 =
120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚
thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other side of the
wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission 𝜏 seen by the generator.

b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑃𝑡 that is transmitted to the receiver.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of the value obtained for
Ґ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .
Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.
𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂2 = 453 𝛺
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
𝑓 = 45 𝑀𝐻𝑧
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming an angle of
𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave to determine the
value of "d". Note that each layer is (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at point C there is a total
refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its
refractive index.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 453 𝑚𝑚
𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°
𝜃1 = 45,1°
𝑛1 = 1.31
𝑛2 = 1.00029
𝑛4 = 1,45
 Application example

Example: As an example of reference we can take two internet transmission antennas, which through
two communication dishes transmit data and the other receives it, the same happens when data needs
to be transmitted from one antenna, it sends them to the other antenna and this send the data keep in
mind that the transmission is done by means of electromagnetic waves since these allow us a very
fast communication in a short time.

https://www.adslzone.net/2018/01/10/entender-cobertura-movil-dbm/

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/WOW8AclwLQw

References

• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp.
519-524). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/lo
gin.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

• Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/lo
gin.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

• Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video]. Recovered

from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140